THE 


MILWAUKEE  IRON  CO 


Franklin  Institute  LipR^RT 


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Class 


Accession 


sanction  of  the  Committee.  The  second  class  shall  include  those  books 
intended  for  circulation. 

Article  VI. --The  Secretary  shall  have  authority  to  loan  to  Members 
and  to  holders  of  second  class  stock,  any  work  belonging  to  the  second 
CLASS,  subject  to  the  following  regulations: 

Section  1.— No  individuMl  shall  be  permitted  to  have  more  than  two  books 
out  at  one  time,  without  a  written  ])ermission,  signed  by  at  least  two  members 
of  the  Library  Committee  ;  nor  shall  a  book  be  kept  out  more  than  TWO 
WEEKS ;  but  if  no  one  has  applied  for  it,  the  former  borrower  may  renew 
the  loan.  Should  any  person  have  applied  for  it,  the  latter  shall  have, the 
preference. 

Section  2— A  fine  of  ten  cents  per  week  shall  be  exacted  for  the  de- 
tention of  a  book  beyond  the  limited  time ;  and  if  a  book  be  not  returned 
with  three  months,  it  shall  be  deemed  lost,  and  the  borrower  shall,  in 
addition  to  his  tines,  forfeit  its  value. 

Section  3.— Should  uny  book  be  returned  injured,  the  borrower  shall  pay 
for  the  injury,  or  replace  the  book,  as  the  Library  Committee  may  direct; 
and  if  one  or  more  books,  belimging  to  a  set  or  sots,  be  lost,  the  borrower 
shall  replace  them  or  make  full  restitution. 

Article  VII.— Any  person  removing  from  the  Hall,  without  permission 
from  the  proper  authorities,  any  book,  newspaper,  or  other  property  in 
charge  of  the  Library  Committee,  shall  be  reported  to  the  Committee,  who 
may  inflict  any  fine  not  exceeding  twenty-five  dollars. 

Article  VIII.— No  Member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  whose 
annual  contribution  for  the  current  year  shall  be  unpaid,  or  who  is  in 
arrears  for  fines,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  the  Library  or  Beading 
Room. 

Article  IX— If  any  member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  shall 
refuse  or  neglect  to  comply  with  the  foregoing  rules,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  Secretary  to  report  him  to  the  Committee  on  the  Library. 

Article  X— Any  Member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  detected 
in  mutilating  the  newspapers,  pamphlets,  or  books  belonging  to  the  Insti- 
tute, shall  be  deprived  of  his  right  of  membership,  and  the  name  of  the 
offender  shall  be  made  public. 


best 
this 
both 
s  for 


on  _  jife 

Insurance  Co.,  Milwaukee. 

GENERAL  OFFICE  at  the  Works,  Bay  View. 

J.  J.  HAGERMAN,  Sec  and  Agent. 


A  -  J?. 


RELIANCE  WORKK'' 


MILWAUKEE,  WIS,, 

EDWARD  P.  ALLIS  &  CO.,  Proprietors, 


MACHINISTS  AND  FOUNDRYMEN. 

Cast  Iron  Water  and  Gas  Pipe. 

STEAM  ENGINES,  &c.,  &c. 

WM.  WRIGHT  &  CO., 


BUILDERS  OF  THE 


Wright  Steam  Engine 

With  Patent  Variable  Cut-Off  regulated  by  the  Governor. 


The  most  Economica.  in  the  Use  of  Fuel,  the  Sim- 
plest in  Construction,  and  altogether  the 
Best  Cut-off  Engine  in  Market. 


MACHINERY  GENERALLY ! 


A  large  stock  of  Patterns  on  hand,  comprising 

BEAM  AND  PHOPELLER  EN&IITES 

OF  ALL  SIZES, 
HORIZONTAL  AND  VERTICAL 

MILL  GEARING,  &c. 


WM.  WRIGHT  &  CO.,  Newburgh,  N.  Y. 

Sales  A-g-eticy,  GO  "Vesey  Street,  lVe>v  York  City. 


New  York  Belting  and  Packing  Co., 

THE  OLDEST  AND  LARGEST  MANUFACTURERS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF 

VULCANIZED  RUBBER  FABRICS, 

ADAPTED  TO  MECHANICAL  PURPOSES, 

Invite  the  attention  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  sale  or  use  of  such  articles 
to  the  high  standard  quality  and  low  prices  of  their  various 
manufactures,  comprising 

Maohine  Belting,  Steam  Packing,  Leading  Hose,  Suction  Hose,  Oar 
Springs,  Wagon  Springs,  Billiard  Cushions,  Grain 
Drill  Tubes,  Etc.,  Etc.,  Etc. 

^^TEST"  HOSE 

made  expressly  for  the  use  of  Steam  Fire  Engines,  and  will  stand  a  pressure  of 
400  pounds  per  square  inch.  Officers  of  Fire  Departments,  requiring  New  Hose, 
will  find  this  much  superior  in  strength  and  quality  to  any  other. 

PATENT  SOLID  EMERY  VULCANITE  WHEELS, 

A  composition  of  rubber  and  emery,  making  a  very  hard  uniform  substance 
of  the  nature  of  stone  throughout.  These  Wheels  for  grinding  and  polishing 
metals,  "gumming"  saws,  etc.,  are  the  most  economical  and  effective  tools  that 
can  be  used. 

f  arelOHse,  31  ail  38  Part  Row,  New  YorL 

John  H.  Cheever,  Treasurer, 

Price-lists  and  further  information  may  be  obtained  by  mail'  or  otherwise  on 
application. 


Practical  Scientific 


AND  TEXT-BOOKS, 


PUBLISHED  BY 


JOHN  WILEY  &  SON,  ASTOR  PLACE.  NEW  YORK. 


AGRICULTURE. 

Downing*s  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America.    2  vols. 

8vo   $5  00 

Dowiiing's  Pelootcrt  Fruits.    1  vol.  12ino   2  50 

Kemp's  Laud.suape  Gariicning.    1  vol.  12mo   2  50 

Liebig's  Agricultural  Chemistry.    1  vol.  12mo   1  00 

ARCHITECTURE. 

DoOTiing's  Cottage  Eesidences.    1  vol.  4to,  profusely 

illnstrateil   6  00 

Hatfield's  American  House  Carpenter.    8vo   3  50 

Holly's  Carpenters'  and  Joipert?'  Hand  Book.    ISmo   75 

Holly's  Art  of  Saw-Filing  Scientifically  Treated  and  Ex- 
plained.   ISmo,  cloth   75 

ASSAYING. 

Bodemnnn  &  Kerl'a  Assaying.    1  vol.  12mo   2  50 

Mitchell's  Assaying  by  Crooker.   8vo   10  00 

ASTRONOMY. 

Norton's  Treatise  on  Astronomy,  Spherical  and  Physical, 

8to   .3  50 

Parker's  Quadrature  of  the  Circle,  etc.    8vo   2  50 

CHEMISTRY. 

Craft's  Short  Course  in  Qualitative  Analysis.   12mo   160 

Fresonius' Qualitative  Analysis.    By  Johnson.    8vo   4  50 

Fresenius' Quantitative  Analysis.    By  Johnson.    8vo...  BOO 

Miller's  Chemical  Physics.    8vo   4  00 

"     Inorganic  Chemisti-y.    8vo   6  00 

"     Organic  Chemistry.    8vo   10  00 

"     Magnetism  and  Electricity.    8vo   2  50 

Thorpe's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis. .,   1  75 

DRAWING  AND  PAINTING. 

Bouvier's  Hand  Book  of  Oil  Painting.    12mo   2  00 

Coe's  Drawing  Books.    15  parts,  separately,  each   20 

Coe's  Drawing  Book.    1  vol.,  oblong  8vo   3  00 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.    8vo   3  00 

Ruskin's  Elements  of  Drawing.    12mo   1  00 

"             "           Perspective.    12mo   1  00 

Smith's  Topographical  Drawing.    8vo   2  00 

'•      Linear  Persi>ective.    8vo   2  GO 

Warren's  Elementary  Free  Hand  Drawing.    12mo   75 

"      Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations.    12mo. .  1  25 

"      Elementary  Projection  Drawing.    12mo   1  .50 

"             "         Linear  Perspective.    12mo   1  00 

"      Shades  and  Shadows.    8vo   3  50 

"      Higher  Perspective.    8vo   4  00 

"      Machine  Con.struction  and  Drawing.   2  vols...  7  50 

ENGINEERING. 

Colburn's  Engineering  and  Mechanism  of  Bailways.  2 

vols.,  folio,  cloth   10  00 

Mahan's  Elementary  Course  of  Civil  Engineering.  8vo, 

new  edition,  edited  by  DeVolson  Wood   5  00 


Mahan's  Fortification  and  Stone  Cutting.   8vo   $1  50 

"      Industrial  Drawing.    8vo   3  00 

"      Field  Fortiflcatious.    8vo   3  50 

Permanent  Fortifications.    8vo   0  50 

Moselcy's  Principles  of  Engineering,  etc.    8vo..  5  00 

"      Bresse's  Hydraulic  Motors.    8vo   2  50 

Wood's  Resistance  of  Materials,  etc.    8vo   2  50 

"     Treatise  on  Bridges  and  Roots    3  50 

IRON,  METALLURGY,  &c. 

Bodemann  &  Kerl's  Assaying.   12mo   2  50 

Crooke's  Kerl's  Gold,  Silver,  Zinc,  etc.   Svo   10  00 

"        "    Copper  and  Iron   10  00 

"        "    Steel,  Fuel,  etc.    Svo   10  00 

MECHANICS,  &c. 

The  Lathe  and  Its  Uses ;  or.  Instruction  in  Art  of  Turning  7  00 
Willis' Principles  of  Mechanism.   8to   7  50 

MEDICAL. 

Green's  Favorite  Prescriptions.    Svo   2  50 

Von  Duben's  Microscopic  Diagnosis   1  00 

MINERALOGY. 

Dana's  Descriptive  Mineralogy.   Svo   10  00 

"    Determinative  Mineralogy.  Svo  

"    Te.Tt-Book  of  Mineralogy.  Svo  

Brush's  Blowpipe  and  Determinative  Mineralogy.    1  vol.    2  50 
Svo  


SHIP  BUILDING. 

Wilson's  Ship  Building.  Theoretical  and  Practical.  Svo,    7  50 

STEAM  ENGINE. 

Trowbridge  on  Non-condensing  Stationary  Engine   2  50 

Trowbridge  on  Heat  as  a  Source  of  Power.    Svo   3  50 

VENTILATION. 

Leeds'  Treatise  on  Ventilation.    Svo   2  50 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Egleston's  Tables  of  Weights  and  Measures   75 


J.  W.  &  Son  are  Importers  of 

WEALE'S  SERIES  OF  RUDIMENTARY 
SCIENTIFIC  WORKS. 

*:,,*  Full  Catalogues  gratis. 


V  Full  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  J.  Wiley  &  Son's  Publications,  gratis. 

J.  W.  &  Son  jmport  to  order  BOOKS,  PERIODICALS,  &c.,  from  England,  France,  and  Germany. 

V  John  Wiley  &■  Son's  Complete  Classified  Catalogue  of  the  most  valuable  and  latest  scientific  publica- 
tions, 114  pages,  Svo,  supplied  gratis  to  order. 


ESTABLISHED  1848. 


WM.  SELLERS  &  CO., 

PHILADELPHIA, 

BEANCH  OFFICE,  93  LIBERTY  STREET,  NEW  YORK, 

MACHINISTS'  TOOLS, 

Railway  Shop  Equipments, 

Locomotive  Turning  &  Transfer  Tables, 

I*IVOT  BRIDaES,  Etc. 

MOST  IMPROVED  FORMS  OF 

INJECTOR    BOILER  FEEDERS, 

NEW  PATTEBNS-SIMPLE-EFFECTIVE. 

No.  2.        No.  3.        No.  4.        No.  5.         No.  6.         No.  7.  No.  8. 

10  H.  P.    25  H.  P.    45  H.  P.     70  H.  P.     100  H.  P.     140  H.  P.     190  H.  P. 
$18.       $25.       $35.        $45-         $55-         $65-  $75. 

SHAFTING  A  SPECIALTY. 

We  have  been  engaged  in  perfecting  a  system  for  the  TRANSMISSION 
OF  POWER  for  28  years,  and  have  been  enabled  to  determine  proportions 
that  are  as  Hght  as  is  consistent  with  the  strength  needed.  All  work  to  stand- 
ard sizes,  and  interchangeable  in  all  parts.  Estimates  furnished,  with  detailed 
priced  Schedules,  including  the  erection  of  the  work  ready  for  the  belts. 


PAMPHLETS,  ESTIMATES,  SPECIFICATIONS  AND  PHOTOGRAPHS, 
WITH  PRICES,  SENT  ON  APPLICA  TION. 


Baldwin  Locomotive  Woi^k.'^^ 


Burnham,  Parry,  Williams  &  Co., 

PHILADELPHIA, 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Locomotive  Engines, 

Especially  adapted  to  every  variety  of  railroad  service,  and  to  the  economical  use  of  Wood,  Coke,  Bituminous  and  Anthracite 
Coa',  as  fuel, 

CLASSIFICATION   OF   PRINCIPAL  PATTERNS. 


CLASS. 


■1-1 U 

■i-i-i 
■I --24 
■l-ii; 

a -24 

6-24 

li-iM 
8-18 
!^20 
8-22 
8-24 
8-26 
8-28 
8-20 
8-38 

s-:30 

8-32 
lO-aH 

lO-as 

10-30 
10-32 
10-34 


SEBVICE. 


CYLINDER. 


Switching  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Do  

Passenger  or  Freight . 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Freight  . 
Do.  . 
Do.  , 
Do.  . 
Do.  . 
Do.  , 
Do.  . 
Do.  . 
Do.  . 


Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Inches. 
9  X  IH 

11  X  lU 

12  X  22 

14  X  22 

15  X  22 

16  X  22 

9  X  le 

11  X  Iti 

14  X  22 
1.5  X  22 

15  X  22 

16  X  22  or  24 

17  X  22  or  24 

12  X  23 

13  X  22  or  24 

14  X  22  or  24 

15  X  23  or  24 

16  X  23  or  34 

17  X  2a  or  24 

16  X  22  or  24 

17  X  22  or  24 

18  X  22  or  24 

19  X  23  or  34 

16  X  32  or  24 

17  X  22  or  24 

18  X  23  or  24 

19  X  22  or  24 
20  X  24 


DRIVERS. 


Diameter. 
incheR. 

36 

36 

44 

48 

48 

48 

36 

36 

48 

48 

44 

48 

48 
54  to  CO 
56  to  66 
56  to  66 
56  to  66 
56  to  66 
56  to  66 
48  to  54 
48  to  54 
48  to  54 
48  to  54 
48  to  54 
48  to  54 
48  to  54 
48  to  54 

48 


TRUCK. 


Two-Wheeled. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Four-Wheeled. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Two- Wheeled. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Foiu:- Wheeled. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Two-Wheeled. 


REMAKES. 


Built  with  tank  on  boiler 
or  with  separate  tender. 


Road  Engine. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

"Mogul"  Pattern. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Teu-Wheeled  Pattern. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

'  Consolidation  "  Pattern. 


Narrow  Gauge  Locomotives,  Mine  Locomotives.  Locomotives  for  Iron  Furnaces, 
Rolling  Mills,  Contractors'  use,  etc.,  etc. 

All  work  accurately  fitted  to  gauges,  and  thoroughly  interchangeable. 

Plan,  Materials,  Workmanship,  Finish,  and  Efficiency  fully  guaranteed.    For  full  particulars  address 


GEO.  BURNHAM,  WM.  P.  HENSZEY 
CHAS.  T.  PARRY,  EDW,  LONGSTRE 
EDW.  H.  WILLIAMS,  JOHN  H.  CONVERSE 


Burnham,  Parry,  Williams  &  Co., 


CHAS.  T.  PARRY,         EDW,  LONGSTRETH,  |-  PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


AMERICAN  MANUFACTURER 

AND 

IRON  WORLD. 


This  Journal,  now  in  its  t\^'elfth  year,  has  received 
a  very  general  endorsement  of  the  trade  of  this  coun- 
try and  England  as  the  representative  exponent  of 
the  Iron  and  Heavy  Hardware  Interests,  being  ex- 
tensively quoted  by  the  press  of  both  countries. 

Its  full  Iron,  Steel,  and  Metal  Alarket  Reports, 
Its  Articles  on  Political  Econoiny, 
Its  Able  Foreign  Correspondence , 
Its  columns  of  Condensed  M amtfacturing. 
Mining  a7id  Railroad  Nezvs, 
Its  Reliable  Statistical  Tables, 
Its  Mojithly  Report  from  Blast  Furnaces, 
Its  Tables  of  Iroitworkers  Wages, 
Its  Ha7^dware  P7'ice  Lists  of  the  principal 
Eastern  and  Wester7i  Markets,  with  our 

new  arrmigcvicnt,  showing  quotations  in  parallel  eolumns. 

are  invaluable  for  reference  to  all  parties  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  or  sale  of  Iron,  Steel,  Hardware, 
Glass,  White  Lead,  etc. 

By  the  purchase  of  two  of  the  Class  Journals  of 
the  country,  absorbing  their  circulation,  the  American 
Manufacturer  now  reaches  a  much  larger  list  of  the 
Iron  and  Hardware  Trade  than  any  other  Journal. 

Published  Weekly.  Price,  Four  Dollars  per  Year,  In  Advance. 

Send  for  Sample  Copies.  F.  WOODS,  Manager, 

AMERICAN  MANUFACTURER, 

Office,  97  Wood  St.  PITTSBURGH. 


WOOD  CUTTING  MACHINElW, 


FOR 


^^^^ 


RAILWAY-CAR  BUILDING,  SHIP-BUILDING,  & 

BAND  SAWING. 


THE  CELEBRATED 

French  "M.  Perin  &Co."  Band  Saw  Blade, 

ANY  LENGTH  AND  WIDTH. 


RICHARDS,  LONDON  &  KELLEY, 


Richards,  London  &  Kel-  ATLANTIC  WORKS, 

ley's  Patent  Band  Saw  j        #-«•  i      /-m  j  i  i  »  -i 

Machines.  Tweiity-Secoiid  Street,  above  Arch, 

SEND  FOE  CIECULAR.  I*H1L  A-I>EL<I*HIA, 


PEIRCE  &  WHALING, 

DEALERS  IN 

IRON,  STEEL, 

HEAVY   AND   WAGON  HARDWARE, 

Steel  Screws^ 

Superior  in  every  way  to  Iron  Screws,  and  sold  on  same  list  and  same  discount. 

Railway  and  Contractors'  Supplies,  Chrome  Steel,  Plow  Material,  &c. 

ORNAMENTAL  H  WORK, 

INCLUDING  STABLE  FIXTURES.  VASES,  FOUNTAINS.  &c. 

The  trade  of  dealers  and  large  consumers  solicited.    Illustrated  Catalogues  furnished  to  the  trade  upon 

application. 

West  "Water  and  Sycamore  Streets, 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 


Crane  Bros.  Manufacturing  Co. 


ALSO, 


PASSENGER  &  FREIGHT  ELEVATORS. 

General  Offices,  No.  10  North  Jefferson  St.,  Chicago. 

These  Machines  are  in  Use  by  the  following  Parties: 


Spearman  Iron  Co.,  Sharpsville,  Pa. 
Pierce,  Kelley  &  Co.,        "  " 
Ormsby  Furnace  Co.,         "  " 
Neshannock  Iron  Co.,  Newcastle,  Pa. 
Wheeler  Iron  Co.,  W.  Middlesex,  Pa. 
iEtna  Iron  Works,  Ironton,  Ohio. 
Columbus  Iron  Co.,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Frnnklin  Iron  Co.,  "  " 

Glasgow-Port- WaRhington  Iron  and  Coal 
Co.,  Port  Waehington,  0. 


Vulcan  Iron  Works,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Garrison,  Choteau  &  Hart,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Winthrop  Iron  Co.,  Ishpeming,  Mich. 
Jackson  Iron  Co.,  Negaunce,  Mich. 
Lake  Superior  Iron  Company,  Marquette, 
Mich. 

Frankfort  Iron  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Bangor  Furnace  Co.,  Bangor,  Mich. 
Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Co.,  Joliet,  111. 
Vigo  Iron  Co.,  Terra  Haute,  Ind. 


Morgan  Iron  Co.,  Champion,  Mich. 
Chas.  Ambos  U  Co.,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Columbus  Coal  Co.,  "  " 

Milton  Furnace  and  Coal  Co.,  Jackson 

C.  H.,  Ohio. 
Chicago,  Wilmington  h  Vermillion  Coal 

Co.,  Streator,  111. 
Duncomb  &  Richards  Coal  Co.,  Ft.  Dodge, 

Iowa. 


1 


A.  Pardee,  Pres. 
James  Jenkins,  Supt. 


Guilford  R.  Wilson,  Vice  Pres. 


Geo.  Beai.s,  Trens. 

T,  Guilford  Smith,  Sec'y. 


The  Union  Iron  Company, 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


ar  j 


,ou,|oII,(l|Mli„9&to 


UNION"  WROUGHT-IRON  BEAMS 


FOR  BUILDINGS  AND  BRIDGES. 

DECK    BEAMS    FOR  BOATS, 

ANGLE  IRON,  CHANNEL  &  T  IRON, 

PLATE  !RON,  &c.,  &c. 


Works,  Foot  of  Hamburg  Street, 
BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 


SUBSTRUCTURE. 
2  Masonry  Abutments.  i  Masonry  Center-Pier. 

I  Masonry  Pier.  q  Pneumatic  Iron  Piers, 


•}33j  S9C  'ucdg  I         -qoTio  J30J  093  'suBds  paxtj  C 

[  ss.iaj,  Noai  ivNoovia  .Lunivd  s.isod] 

•aanxonnxsHadns 


Kellogg  Bridge  C 


Of  Bufifalo ,  N.  Y. 


Bridge  Builders  and  Contractor 


IRON  DRAW  SPAN  AT  LOUISIANA,  MO.,  444  FEET  LONG. 


Engaged  in  the  Manufacturing  and  Construction  of  all 

kinds  of 

Wrought   Iron    Railway,   and    Highway  Bridges, 
Viaducts,  Trestle  Work,  Turn  Tables, 
Roofs,  etc. 

Also,  Combination  Bridges,  of  wood  and  iron, 

And  all  kinds  of  IRON  STRUCTURES. 

Make  Railway  Work  a  specialty.  Iron  used  of  shapes  to  allow  of  being  seen 
and  painted  on  all  surfaces.    Due  attention  paid  to  true  proportion  of  strains. 

Are  prepared  to  receive  orders  for  Charles  H.  Kellogg's  Patent 
Wrought  Iron  Columns. 

Bridge  Builders,  Contractors  and  others  furnished  with  finished  Iron  materials. 

Lithographs  of  Bridges  and  Trestle  Work,  Specifications,  Estimates,  and  all 
necessary  information  furnished  promptly  upon  application. 


CHARLES  KELLOGG,  Pres. 
GEORGE  BEALS,  Vice-Pres. 


S.  D,  BARLOW,  Jr.,  Sec.  and  Treas. 
FREEMAN  REDNER,  Supt. 


KSTA-EXjISHKD   1853.  .  IISrCOI?.3?OJR,^TE;D  1873. 


Bass  Foundry  &,  Machine  Works. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 

STEAM  ENGINES, 

BOILEKS, 

CAR  WHEELS, 

Railroad  Castings, 
MILL  AND  HEAVY  MACHINERY. 

J-.  I.  'WSITE,  Sec.  J-.  H.  ^JlSS,  ^res. 

®.  J'.  FISII:EII,  Traces. 


NORTH  CHICAGO 


OLLING  MILL  CO., 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 

PIG  METAL, 

IRON  AND  STEEL  RAILS 


OFFICE  : 

N.  W.  COR.  RANDOLPH  AND  LA  SALLE  STREETS, 

(17  Metropolitan  Block). 


WORKS  ON  NORTH  BRANCH, 

Foot  of  Waubansia  Ave., 


O.    W.    POTTER,  E.    B.  WARD, 
President.  Treasurer. 

R.C.HANNAH,  ^ 

Secretary. 


HussEY,  Wells  &  Co., 

MANUFACTURERS  OF  ALL  DESCKIl'TIONS  OF 

CAST  STEEL! 

"GRANITE"  BRAND  OF  SIEEL  FOR  EDGED  TOOLS. 


Particular  nttention  paid  to  the  Manufacture  of 

STEEL  FOR  RAILROAD  SUPPLIES. 

Homogeneous  Plates,  for  Locomotive  Boilers  and  Fire-Boxes. 

SMOKE  STAOK  STEEL,  CAST  STEEL  FOUaiKaS,  FOR 
CRANK  PINS,  CAR  AXLES,  ETC. 

Also,  Manufacturers  of  the  Celebrated  Brand, 

"Hussey,  Wells  &  Co.  Spring  Cast  Steel," 

FOR  ELLIPTIC  SPRINGS  FOR  RAILWAY  CARS  AND  LOCOMOTIVES. 

Office  and  Works,  -  -  -  -  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

BRANCH  WAREHOUSES: 

146  E.  Lal<e  St.,  Chicago.         13  dt  15  Custom  House  St.,  Boston. 

30  Gold  St.,  New  York. 


WILEY'S 

American  Iron  Trade 

MANUAL 

OF  THE 

Leading  Iron  Industries  of  the  United  States, 

with  a  description  of  the  iron  ore  regions,  blast  furnaces,  rolling  mills, 
bessexmer  steel  works,  crucible  steel  works,  car  wheel  and  car 
works,  locomotive  works,  steam  engine  and  machine  works, 
iron  bridge  works,  iron  ship  yards,  pipe  and  tube 
works,  and  stove  foundries  of  the  country, 

Giving  their  Location  and  Capacity  of  Product. 

COMPILED  AND  EDITj?D  BY 

THOMA^^  DUNLAP.  , 

TSr  E  W  YORK: 

JOHN  WILEY  AND  SON,  15  ASTOR  PLACE. 

1874. 


Co/VS 
TN 

lis- 

an 


V 


Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-four, 
By    JOHN    WILEY    AND  SON, 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Maclanchlan,  Printer  and  Stcreotypcr, 
1-15  &  1  IT  Mulberry  St.,  near  Grand,  N.  Y. 


LOBDE  LL 


Car  Wheel  Company, 

WILMINGTON,  DEL. 

 »  »  .   

Lobdell's  Patent  Combination  Wheel.     Wheel  with  Hollow  Spoke  and  Kim. 


Lobdell's  Improved  Single  Plate  Wheel. 


LOBDELL'S  PATENT. 

Wheels  for  City  and  Steam  Roads,  with  or  witliout  axles,  Driving  Wheels  and  Chilled  Tires,  Brass  and  Iron 
Castings  for  Cars,  Engines,  Bridges,  Roads,  etc.  Iron  Trucks  and  Wrought-Iron  Work  for  Cars,  Frogs, 
Switches,  Boring  Mills,  Hydraulic  Wheel  Presses,  Axle-Lathes,  and  Railroad  Machinery  executed  in  the  best 
manner  and  on  reasonable  terms. 

This  is  the  oldest  manufactory  of  chilled  wheels  in  the  country.  The  stock  used  is  selected  with  great  care, 
and  is  of  such  kind  as  the  experience  of  Mr.  Lobdell  (thirty-five  years,  during  which  time  he  has  made  the 
subject  his  constant  study)  has  found  to  be  the  best.  All  parts  of  the  manufacture  receive  his  personal  atten- 
tion. 

His  recently  patented  Combination  Wheel  will  meet  the  wants  of  the  age  ;  it  is  stronger,  admits  of  a 
better  chill,  and  is  better  adapted  to  heavy  engines  and  cars  and  high  speed  than  any  other  wheel.  The  recently 
patented  Hollow  Spoke  Wheel  is  free  from  the  defects  heretofore  existing  in  this  form  of  wheel. 

Manufacturers  of  Chilled  Rolls  for  Paper,  Brass,  Copper,  and  Rolling  Mills. 


G-EO.  G.  LOBDELL,  Pres't.  WM.  W.  LOBDELL,  Sec'y.  P.     BRENNAN,  Treas. 


CHAS.  AiiScDCEO.  Q.DOW.  Secy.-^s?^'^ 


Hydraulic 
WheelPresses 

Axle  Lathes, 

Quartering 
IVIachines. 


Having  ad^ed  a 

SCOTT'S 

mm  mmmm^ 

r  To  onr  Foundry,  we  are  now  prepared  to  furnish,  ' 

WITHOUT  CHAEaa  FOE  PATTEKKS, 


OF  ALL  BESfRIPIIONS, 

AT  THE 

SHORTEST  NOTDCE. 

Work  wp.rranted  perfectly  accurate.    Send  for 
circulur  giving  price,  nnd  direc- 
tions UiT  ordering. 

N.  Y.  Steam  Engine  Co.,^ 

98  Chambers  St., 


Milling 

Machines. 

Gear  Moulding 
Machines. 

Box  Boring 
Machines. 


We  have  tbe  best  and  most  complete  assortment  of 

MACHINISTS'  TOOLS 

In  the  country,  comprising  all  those  used  in  Machine,  Locomotive  and  R.  R.  Repair  Shops. 


Bolt  Cutters, 

Shaping 

Machines, 

Car  Wheel 

Borers, 

Slotting 

Machines, 

Etc.,  Etc. 

1^  For  Photographs,  prices 
and  description,  etc.,  please 

address  t^-,™   : :  ^ 

N.T.  STEAM  ENGINE  CO.,  98  CHAMBERS  ST.,  N.  T. 


Engine 

Lathes, 

Planers, 

Upright  and 
Horizontal 
Drills, 

Etc.,  Etc. 


WILEY'S 

American  Iron  Trade  Manual-i874. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

General  Introduction   9 

Introduction  to  Blast  Furnaces   21-  26 

Blast  Furnaces  of  the  United  States.  .  27 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania   27-40 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania   41-  4G 

Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces 

of  Pennsylvania   46-  60 

Recapitulation  for  Pennsylvania   60 

BIjAst  Furnaces  op  Ohio   60 

Introduction  to        "    61-62 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  Ohio   ()2-  68 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Ohio   68  74 

Recapitulation  for  Ohio   74 

Blast  Furnaces  op  Kentucky   74-  75 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  Kentucky   75-  78 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Kentucky   78 

Recajjitulation  of  Furnaces  of  Kentucky..  78-  7'J 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Indiana  

Recapitulation  of  Indiana   79 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Illinois   79-  80 

Recapitulation  of  Illinois   80 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Wisconsin   80-  82 

Recapitulation  of  Wisconsin   83 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Michigan   82-  89 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Michigan   84-  87 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces  of 

Michigan   87 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Michigan   88 

Recapitulation  for  Michigan   89 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Missouri   89-  93 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces  of 

Missouri   89-93 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Missoxiri   89-  91 

Recapitulation  for  Missouri   91-93 


Page 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Tennessee   93-  99 

Introduction  to  Blast  Furnaces   93-  96 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  Tennessee   96 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Tennessee   96-  99 

Recapitulation  of  Tennessee   99 

Blast  Furnace.s  op  Georgia   99-101 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Georgia    99  101 

Recapitulation  of  Georgia   101 

Blast  Furnaces  op  Alabama   101-104 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Alabama   102-104 

Recapitulation  of  Alabama   104 

Blast  Furnaces  of  North  Carolina  104 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  North  Carolina   105-106 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  North  Carolina. . .  106 
Recapitulation  of  North  Carolina   106 

Blast  Furnaces  of  VmaraiA   106-111 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Virginia   106-110 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Virginia   110 

Recapitulation  of  Virginia   Ill 

Blast  Furnaces  of  West  Virginia    111-112 

Coke  Furnaces  of  West  Virginia   111-112 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  West  Virginia   112 

Recapitulation  of  West  Virginia  112 

Blast  Furnaces  op  Maryland   112 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Maryland   113-114 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Maryland   114-115 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  Maryland   115 

Recapitulation  of  Maryland   116 

Blast  Furn.\ces  of  New  Hampshire   116 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Vermont   116-117 

Blast  Furnaces  op  Massachusetts   117-118 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Massachusetts. ...  117 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Massachusetts   118 

Recapitulation  of  Massachusetts   118 


A 


u 


COTITENTS. 


PAGE 

Blast  Furnaces  of  New  York   119-124 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  New  York   120-126 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  New  York   12-1-126 

Recapitulation  of  New  York   126 

Blast  Furnaces  op  Connecticut   120-127 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Connecticut   120-127 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Connecticut   1 27 

Recapitulation  of  Connecticut   127 

Blast  Furnaces  op  New  Jersey   127 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  New  Jersey   128-129 

Recapitulation  of  New  Jersey   129 

Blast  Furnaces  op  JIinnesota,  California, 

AND  Tex^vs   130 

Blast    Furnace     Recapitulation     for  130 
United  States  

Rolling  Mills  of  the  United  States   131 

Illustration  of   132 

New  England,  Maine,  Vermont   133-136 

Massachusetts   136 

Recapitulation  of  Massachusetts   136 

Rhode  Island   136 

Connecticut   137 

New  York  and  New  Jersey   137 

Recapitulation  of  New  York   141-143 

New  Jersey   141-143 

Recapitulation  of   142-143 

Pennsylvania   143-157 

Rccapitidation  of   157 

Delaware   157-158 

Maryland   158-159 

Recapitulation  of   150 

Virginia  and  West  Virginia   160-101 

Ohio   102-109 

Recapitulation  of   109 

Kentucky   109-171 

Tennessee     171 

Indiana   171-173 

Illinois   173-170 

Recapitulation  of   170 

Michigan   170-177 

Missouri   177 

Wisconsm   178-179 

Georgia   179 

CaUfomia   180 

Alabama   180-181 

Kansas   181 

Rolling  Mill  Recapitulation  for  United 

States   181 


PAGE 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  op  United  States  183 

Illustration  of   184 

History  of   184-188 

Details  of  Works   188-193 

Crucible  Steel  Works  op  United  States  193 

Illustration  of   194 

Details  of    195-200 

LocoMOTrv'E  Works  op  United  States   201 

Illustration  of   202 

History  of  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works.  . . .  205-232 

Details  of  Works  in  various  States   232-235 

Car  WoiiKS  of  United  States   239 

Introduction  to   239-241 

Details  of  by  States   241-260 

Railroad  Car  Shops  of  United  States   260-270 

Miscellaneous  Car  and  Railroad  Informa- 
tion ,   270-277 

Directory  op  Master  Mechanics  and 
Master  Car  Builders  in  United 
States   277-292 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  op  United  States..  295 

Illustration  of   290 

Introduction  to   297 

History  of,  in  United  States   298-299 

Details  of  by  States   300-309 

Cast  and  Wrought  Iron  Pipe  and  Tube 

Works  op  the  United  States.  . . .  312 

Illustration  of   318 

Details  of,  by  States   313-329 

Description  of  Pascal  Iron  Works,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Tasker  Iron  Works,  Dela- 
ware  217-326 

Stove  Manufacturers  op  United  States  329-349 

Illustration  of   333 

DetaUs  of,  by  States   354-347 

Recapitulation  of   347 

Consumption  of  Iron  by   348 

Iron  Bridge  Works  op  United  States...  349 

lUvistration  of   350 

Introduction  to   353-361 

Details  of,  by  States   302 

Description  of  PhoenixviUe  Works   362-378 

Statistical  Record,  Production,  Expor- 
tation, Importation,  and  Consump- 
tion OP  Iron  in  the  United  Ptates  893-411 

Iron  Ship  Yards  op  United  States   413^33 

Illustration  of  414 

Details  of,  by  States   423 

Iron  Ore  Regions  op  United  States   435-554 

Details  of,  by  States.    Analysis,  etc.,  etc. .  440-554 

Directory  of  General  Machine  Works  op 

United  States  (separately  paged)   1-172 


Phoenixville  Bridge  Works  of  Pa. 

OFFICE,  40  WALNUT  STREET,  PHILADELPHIA. 


.  CLAEKE,  REEYES  &  CO., 

DESIGN  AND  CONSTRUCT  ALL  KINDS  OF 

Iron  Railway  Bridges,  Viaducts,  Tiirn-Tables,  Roofs, 

AND  SIMILAR  STRUCTURES. 

The  attention  of  the  officers  of  Railway  Companies  is  called  to  our  "  Album  of  Designs,"  showing  the 
various  styles  of  Iron  Railway  Bridges,  Viaducts,  etc.,  that  we  have  constructed  and  are  prepared  to  construct, 
which  we  will  send  by  mail  to  any  person  requiring  such  structures.  We  are  prepared  to  furnish  first-class  iron 
bridges  in  as  short  a  time  as  any  other  bridge-builders  can  do,  and  at  very  reasonable  rates.  We  refer  to  the 
officers  of  the  following  Railway  Companies,  for  whom  we  have  constructed  since  October,  1870,  and  are  now 
constructing  over  100  spans,  amounting  to  17,600  lineal  feet  of  first-class  IRON  BRIDGES. 

Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy— Illinois  Central— Chicago  and  North-Western— Philadelphia,  Wil- 
mington and  Baltimore— Connecticnt  Air  Line— Portland  and  Kennebec— Northern  Pennsylvania 
—Philadelphia  and  Reading— Portland  and  Ogdensburgh— Ne-w-York  Central  and  Hudson 
River  Bridge  Co.— Cambria  Iron  Co.  —  Catawissa  R.  R.  Co. —  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio— Camden  and  Amboy— Philadelphia  and  Westchester— Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi—Grand Trunk  of  Canada— Inter-Colonial  of  Canada. 

Address, 

CLARKE,  REEVES  &  CO., 

410  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


THE  IRON  AGE. 


It  is  the  aim  of  the  conductors  of  The  Iron  Age  to 
make  it  from  week  to  week  a  full,  complete,  and  trust- 
worthy review  of  the  industries  it  represents,  in  both  their 
technical  and  commercial  aspects.  It  is  much  the  oldest, 
most  widely  circulated,  and  best  journal  of  the  kind  in  the 
country,  and  is  the  largest  newspaper  of  any  kind  published 
in  the  world.  It  is  handsomely  printed  on  good  paper,  fully 
illustrated,  well  and  carefully  edited. 


Subscription,      -      -      -      -     $4.00  a  Year. 


A  WEEKLY  JOURNAL 


OF  THB 


HARDWARE  AND  METAL  TRADES. 


ADVERTISING-. 


Per  vertical  inch  of  space  in  single  column. 


One  Insertion, 
One  Month,  - 
Three  Months, 
Six  Months,  - 
One  Year,  - 


40  00 


$2  50 

7  50 
15  00 
25  00 


DAVID  WILLIAMS,  Publisher, 


10  Warren  Street,  New  York. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Abbottsbnrg,  Car  Works  at   2G1 

Abert  G.  A.  (Stoves)   34S 

Ada  Furnace   63 

Addison  Co.  Vt.,  Ores  of   549 

Adirondack  region   504 

Adirondack  Steel  Manufacturing  Co   19!) 

Adrian  Car  Works   258 

Ailrian,  Emperor   3G7 

Agnew,  David   4G2 

Airdrie  Furnace  

Akron  Furnace  G4,  65 

Aln'on  Iron  Works   lliT 

Akron,  Stove  Works  at   344 

Alabama,  Blast  Furnaces  of  101,  104 

Alabama,  Brown  Hematite  Ore  of  442,  444 

Alabama,  Census  Returns  of   180 

Alabama,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  302,  104 

Alabama,  Coal  and  Iron  of  the  Rod  Moun- 

ain  Region  of  446,  448 

Alabama,  Coal  Regions  of  448,  450 

Alabama  Coal,  Superiority  of   450 

Alabama,  Cost  of  making  Pig  Metal   102 

Alabama,  Geolosry  of   449 

Alabama,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  440,  448 

Alabama  Iron  Works   104 

Alabama  Manual  and  Statistical  Register  440 
Alabama,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in. .  104 
Alabama,  Reo  pitulatiou  of  Rolling  Millsof  181 
Alabama,  Rod  or  FossiliferousOre  of .  .440,  441 
Alabama,  Report  of  the  Coal  and  Iron 

Resources  of   440 

Alabama,  Rolling  Mills  of  180,  181 

Alabama,  Tuoraoy's  Geology   440 

Alb:iny  Bridge   £70 

Alb.any  Car  Wheel  Works  SOI 

Albany  Furuaces  122,  123 

^Albany  Iron  Works   140 

Albany,  Stove  Works  at  3;9,  340 

Albion  Mine   4Tl) 

Alburtis.  Furnaces  at   28 

Alciander,  J.  F  50!) 

Alcx.m'lrin,  Rolling  M-ll  near   151 

Allbright  Dio<.  Tuiie  Works  31  i 

Alle  ihany  C".,  W.  Va  5S7 

Allegheny  Car  Wni'ks   251 

Allegheny  City,  C.xr  Wheel  Works  at   .302 

Allegheny  C'.ty,  Ii-on  Works  at  ,   144 

Allegheny  City,  Pipe  and  Tube  woi-ks  at. .  316 
Allegheny  City,  Rolling  Mill  at  Lower,  . . .  143 

Allegheny,  Crucible  Steel  Works  at   l!);) 

AUcghenv  Furnace   55 

Allen,  Frank   40:i 

Allen  Furnace ...    58 

Allentown,  Furnaces  at   28 

Allen  town,  Pip^  and  Tube  Works  at  316 

Allentawn  Rolling  Mill   15'J 

Alloutown,  Rolling  Mills  at   153 

Alliance  Rolling  Mill   1!17 

Allison,  W.  C.  &  Sons  241,  320 

Alpena  Furnace   124 

Altoona,  Car  Works  at   246 

Altoona.  Description  of  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road Car  Shops  at  260,  261 

Altoona,  Furnace  near   55 

Altoona  Iron  Works  148 

Altoona  Manufacturing  Co   240 

Altoona,  Rolling  Mill  at   1-18 

Araenia  Ores  Analyzed   508 

American  Bridge  Co.,  Bridges  built  by   390 


PAGE 

American  Bridge  Company  389,  391 

American  Charcoal  Iron,  tensile  strength  of  16 
American  Crucible  Steel,  equal  to  any  in 

the  world   113 

American  Exports  of  Iron  and  Steel   408 

American  Foundry   304 

American  Iron  Works   143 

American  Manufacturer  439,  477  546,  548 

American  Paper  Car  Wheel  Works   300 

American  Pig  and  Bar  Iron   407 

American  Sheet  and  Boiler  Plate  Works. .  103 

American  Silver  Steel  Works  199 

American  Steamship  Co  430,  431 

American  Steel,  demand  of  by  Russia   13 

American  Steel,  fonner  prejudice  against 

the   13 

American  Steel,  Money  value  of  13,  14 

American  Stove  and  Hollow  Ware  Co   340 

American  Stove  Works   338 

American  Works   256 

Amherst  Furnace   107 

Amherst,  Stove  Works  at   334 

Amoskeag  Fire  Engine   2U3 

Analyses  made  of  the  Pilot  Knob  Ores  by 

Andrew  A.  Blair  485,  487 

Analyses  of  Bessemer  Pig  metal   513 

Analyses  of  Iron  Ores  of  Virginia,  found 

r.oar  to  the  line  of  the  Chesapeake  and 

Ohio  Railroad,  in  the  State  of  Virginia  529 
Analyses  of  Limonite  Ore  of  Bumpass 

Cove,  by  Prof.  Fisher   543 

Analyses  of  Ore  from  Buford  Mountain 

488,  489 

Analyses  of  Ores  found  in  Phelps  County 

4!)2,  490 

Analyses  of  the  Craigharbor  Ore   504 

Analyses  of  the  Ores  of  Sheppard  Moun- 

tam   487,  488 

Analy.ies  of  Titaniferous  Magnetic  Ores. . .  549 
Analysis  of  Bituminous  Coals  found  along 
the  lino  of  the  Chcasapeakc  and  Ohio 

Railroad,  in  the  State  of  Virginia   529 

Anahsis  of  Biown  Hematite  Ores,  made 

by  Mr.  Whittlesey  539 

Analysis  of  Coal  Oi  es  of  Virginia,  by  Prof. 

Rodgers   5"6 

Analysis  of  Limestone   544 

Analysis  of  Limestones  of  Virginia,  near 
to  the  I  ne  of  the  Chesajieake  and  Ohio 

Railroad. . .".   530 

Analysis  of  Magnetic  Oxides  550 

Analysis  of  Ore  from  Cedar  Mountain  ...  467 
Analysis  of  Ore  of  Cumberland  Iron  Moun- 
tain  522 

Analysis  of  Ores  of  Indiana,  by  Prof. 

Owen   456 

Analysis  of  Ore  of  Michigamme  Mine,  by 

Britton  474,  475 

Analysis  of  Ore  of  Spun  Mountain  Mine . .  475 
Analysis  of  Refractory  Sandstone,  by  Prof. 

Frazer  541 

Analysis  of  Spadra  Coal  452 

Analv.sisof  Surface  Ore   508 

Analysis  of  the  Magnetic  Ores  of  East 

Tennessee   542 

Anchor  Nail  and  Tack  Works   1 10 

Anderson,  Gonl.  James  R   100 

Andover  Furnaces  128 

Andover  Mine,  Ore  of  analyzed  503 


'  PAGE 

Anna  Furnace   G2 

Annealing  Pits   303 

Anniston,  Furnace  at   103 

AnshuJtz&Co.  (Stoves)   342 

Anthracite  Furnace   524 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Baldwin  Station. . .  37 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Boonton  129 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Chulasky   40 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Cold  Spring  121 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Cornwall   35 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Dauphin   .38 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Duncannon   38 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Fort  Edward. .  .120, 121 
Anthracite  Fumace  at  Greenwood  Iron 

Works   121 

Anthracite  Fumace  at  Hudson   121 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Ithaca   123 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Kirtland   123 

Anthracilo  Furnace  at  Manchester   123 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Marquette   88 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Minersville   S5 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Napanoch  122 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  North  Cornwall...  36 
Anthracite  Furnace  at  Northumberland..  40 

Anthracite  Fui  nace  at  Ontario  122 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Oxford  128 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Poekskill  123 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Pine  Grove    !i5 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Port  Carbon   S5 

Anthracite  Fumace  at  Ringgold   35 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Shamokin   40 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  St.  Clair   35 

Anthracite  Fui  nace  at  Union  Deposit   38 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Wayawanoa   129 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Williamsburg   40 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Wbifield   40 

Anthracite  Furnace  at  Wrightsville   S7 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  All  any  122,  123 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Blooinsburg   1)9 

Anthracite  Furn  xes  at  Buffalo  122 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Chickies   36 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Columbia   KG 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Elmira  123,  124 

Anthracite   Furnaces  at  Franklin  Iron 

Works   121 

Anthi-acite  Furnaces  at  Geddes  122 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Hudson   121 

Anthr.icite  Furnaces  at  Ironton  122 

Anthracite  Furn.aces  , at  Lebanon   cS 

Anthracite  Fiirna(-es  atLewistown   38 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  ilnnhattanville    .  122 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Marietta  cO,  o7 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  MidilUtown,   38 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Newiioit   ."8 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  PhilUpsburg  128 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Port  Henry   120 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Ponghkecpsie  121 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Ringwood  129 

Antb.raidte  Furnaces  at  Rcranton   E9 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Shcrid.an   "6 

.\nthracite  Furnaces  at  Stanhope   129 

Anthracite  Furnaces  at  Troy    120 

Anthracite  Furnace  in  C'mnecticut  127 

Anthracite  Furnace  in  Indiana  County. .  .  40 
Anthr.actfe  Furnace  in  Lancaster  County  CO.  ^7 

Anthracite  Furnace  in  Morris  County  129 

Anthracite     Furnace    in  Philadelphia 

Countv  32,  34 

Anthracite  Furnace  in  Union  County  ....  40 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Anthracite  Furnace  in  Virginia   IIU 

Anthracite  Furnace  in  Wavne  Township  .  39 

Anthracite  Furnace  in  York  County   cj7 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Berlts  County. .  .30,  31 
Anthracite  I''urniices  in  Blair  County  ....  4(1 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Bucks  County   30 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  (Chester  County. . .  .^1 
Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Columhia  County.  39 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Danville   39 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Dauphin  County  37,  38 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Harrisburj;   37 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Lebanon  County  3.5,  oG 
Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Lehigh  County.  87,  2S 
Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Luzerne  County. .  39 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Maryland  114 

Anthracite  Furnace.s  in  Mifflin  County   38 

Anthracite    Furnaces    in  Montgomery 

County   31 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Montour  County  .  39 
Anthracite   Furnaces    in  Northampton 

County  28,  99 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Northumberlanrt 

County  .v9,  40 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Pennsylvania  27,  41 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Pcrrj-  County   38 

Anthracite  Furnaces  in  Schuylkill  Coun- 
ty 34,  35 

Anthracite  Furnace  of  Massachusetts. .  . .  1 17 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Connecticut   127 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Crown  Point   120 

Anthrac'te  Furnaccsof  Franklin  128,  129 

Anthracite  Furnace  of  Michigan   88 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  New  Jersey. .  .127,  129 
Anthracite  Furnaces  of  New  York . . .  .120,  124 

Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Wisconsin   82 

Anthracite  Pip;  Iron  in  the  United  States, 

by  States,  production  of  -  397 

Anthracite  Pig  Iron  in  the  United  States, 

production  of  3!)0,  398 

Anthracite  Spadra  Coal  of  Arkansas.  .451,  4.52 

Antietam  Furnace   115 

Antwerp  Furnace   73 

Anvil  Furnace   32 

ApoUodorus   3(i7 

Appalachian  Coal  Measures   52(5 

Appleton  Furnaces   81 

Apolo,  Rolling  Mill  at   14(1 

Appomattox  Co.,  Va.,  Ores  of   52.1 

Archbold  &  Co   42f! 

Archer,  R.  S   1(10 

Arches,  Modes  of  Erecting  Bridge   3f;i,' 

Arsrilaccous  Ores  459,  5."5 

Arkansas,  Anthracite  Spadra  Coal  of  451,  452 

Arkaii'as  Br:  nch.  Ores  at   491 

Arl:ans;i«.  JliuiT/d  Resources  of   450 

Arkansas,  Ore  I!e,?ions  of  450,  452 

ArllncTton  Car  Manufacturing  Co   244 

Armor,  Means  of  Connecting  to  the  Ship 

the  418,  419 

Armor  Plates,  E.Yporiments  made  at  Shoe- 

buryn?ss  410,  417 

Armor  Pl.-ites,  llisto-yof  415,  419 

Armstrong  £:  Co.  (Stjves)   312 

Ar.;enic  in  the  Ores   497 

A~,hbrom?r,  C.  11   509 

Aslilancl,  (  harcoal  Furnaces  at   75 

Ashland  Fu  nace  74,  114 

Asliland  I'r.rnaccs   Gl 

A'hcns,  Bridge  Works  at   ci/i 

Atkins  Brothers   34 

Atlanta,  Roliini  Mill  at   ISO 

Atlantic  and  Great  Vv'c torn  Railway,  c!c- 

scrintion  of  the  C,-.r  Shops  of  268,  270 

Atlanf.c  Car  Works   242 

At'aiitio  Iron  and  Nail  Works   153 

Atluitic  Irjn  Works   £03 

Atlantic  Steel  Works   199 

Atlas  Iron  Works  (Locomotive)   2.75 

Auburn,  Furnac?  at   42 

Auchincloss,  V/illiam  S   25 

Augusta,  Car  Works  at  241,  258 

Augu- 1 V  Furnace   43 

Aurora  Furnace   :/j 

Ah  S-djle  Iron  Works   lo8 

Au  S  iblo  Nail  C  j   i;;;8 

An  Sable.  Roll  nT  Mill  at  !  !  ICS 

Austin,  N.  L.  &  C  ).  (Stoves)   335 

Average  Cost  per  ton  of  Pig  Iron  on  Fur- 


PAQE 

nace  Bank,  and  of  Merchant  Bar  in  Mill, 

in  Penn.sylvania,  from  1850-1874   407 

Backus,  Button  Si  Co.,  Stove  Works   339 

Bac'-in,  Asahel   453 

Baird,  Matthew   223 

Baird,  M.  &  Co  228,  231 

Baird,  M   226 

Bain,  A.  N.  &  Co.  (Stoves)   346 

Bakewell,  II.  Si  Son,  (Stoves)   348 

Baker  Si  Smith  Heater   265 

Baker  Mine,  worked  by  Allcntown  Iron 

Co.,   502 

Baker  Mine,  worked  by  Crane  Iron  Co  502 

Baker,  W.  E.  S  94,  547 

Bald  Eagle  Furnace   45 

Baldwin  and  Livezey  Steel  Works   198 

Baldwin  and  Vail   215 

Baldwin  and  Whitney   219 

Baldwin  Compound  Wood  and  Iron  ^Vheels  21 1 
Baldwin  Eight  Wheels  Connected  Engine  221 
Bakivvin  Engines,  Pump  and  Stirrup  of  212 

Balwin  Fast  Passenger  Engine   223 

Baldwin  Flexible  Beam  Truck   218 

Baldwin  Furnace   37 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works.  .15,  205,  232,  234 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Consumption 

of  Materials  in   231 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  description  of 

Mach'nes  used  at  231,  232 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  history  of  205,  232 
Baldwm  Locomotive  works.  Number  of 

men  employed   230 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  number  of  Lo- 
comotives turned  out   230 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  number  of 

Shops  of   230 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Shops,  pur- 
poses for  which  they  are  used   220 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Shops,  number 

of  Machines  in  each   230 

Baldwin,  Matthias  W   205 

Baldwin,  Mr  225,  226 

Baldwin,  Mr.,  death  of   228 

Baldwin,  M.  W.  &  Co   223 

Baldwin  Station,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  188 

Baldwin  Station.  Rolling  Mill  at   151 

Baldwin,  Vail  &  Hufty   215 

Ball,  R.  L.  (Stoves)   340 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad— Mount  Clare 

Shop.s,  description  of   264,  266 

Baltimore  Bridge  Co   388 

Baltimore  Car  Wheel  Co  302,  .?03 

Baltimore,  Furnaces  at   113 

Baltimore,  Furnace  in   114 

Baltimore  Rolling  Mill   158,  159 

Baltimore,  Rolling  MiU  at   158,  159 

Baltimore,  Stove  Works  at   342 

Barney  &  Smith  Manufacturing  Co  303 

Bunipass  Cove,  Brown  Hematite  Ore  of. . .  543 

Bancroft  I'^urnacc   84 

Bangor  Furnace   8(i 

Bangor,  Stove  Works  at   .334 

Barden's  Rolling  Mill   134 

Bar  Iron — Prices  at  Philadelphia  for  1872 

andl&7.3   411 

Barkla,  Wm    273 

Barnesville,  Stove  Works  at  345 

Barney  &  Smith  Manufacturing  Co   251 

Barnum  Mine   470 

Darnum  Richardson  Co   453 

Birnum-Richardsou    Co.'s  Works  (Car 

Wheels)   301 

Barnum-Richardson  Manufacturing  Co..  COl 

BaiTO  Forge,  Furnace  at   44 

Earre  Furnace   44 

Barren  Spring  Furnace   108 

Barrett  B.  &  Co.  (Gas  Pipe)   328 

Barstow  Stove  Co   335,  336 

Bartlett,  General  '   110,  524 

Bartow  Furnaces   100 

Bates,  Jos.  L.  (Stoves)   235 

Bath,  Car  Works  at   241 

Bass  Car  Wheel  Works   £04 

Bath  Furnace   77 

Baxter,  Kvle  ,Si  Co.  (Stoves)   347 

Bay  City,  Pipe  Si  Tube  Works  at   329 

Bay  Furnaces   85,  87 

Bay  State  Rolling  Mill   135 


PAGE 

Bay  State  Rolling  MiU,  Condensing  En- 
gine of   1.35 

Bay  State  Foiling  Mill,  Description  of  185 

Bay  View  Furnaces   82 

Bay  View,  Rolling  Mill  at   178,  179 

Beams,    Manufactured  at    Union  Iron 

Works   1396 

Beaver  Creek,  Furnace  at   110 

Beaver  Falls,  Stove  Works  at  341 

Beaver  Mines   491 

Bedford,  Rolling  Mill  at   168 

Belfont  Furnace   67 

Bclfont  Iron  Works   149,  165 

Belmont.  August   217 

Belmont,  August — Order  from  for  Loco- 
motive   217 

Belmont  Furnace   76,  111 

Belmont  Furnaces   68 

Belmont  Nail  Works   161 

Bellaire  Bridge   382 

Bellair  Furnace   68 

Bellaire  Nail  Works   162 

Bellaire,  Rolling  MiU  at   169 

Belief onte  Car  Works   216 

Belief  onto  Furnace   75 

Belletonte,  Furnace  at   45 

BelleviUe  Nail  Works,  Rolling  Mill  at   173 

Bell,  J.  &  Co.  (Stoves)   342 

Bement  Hvdraulic  Press   300 

Bement,  Mr   192 

Bement  Steam  Hammer   159 

Bement  Wheel  Borer   252 

Bennington  Co.,  Vt.,  Ores  of   549 

Bennington  Furnace  55,  56 

Benson  Si  Co.  (Pipes  and  Tubes)   316 

Benton  Creek  Muies   492 

Benwood  Furnace   68,  111 

Benwood  Iron  Works   161 

BerlvS  County,  Furnaces  in  £0,  31,  41 

Berlin  Cross  Roads,  Furnaces  at  72 

Berlin,  Locomotive  Works  at   230 

Berwick,  Car  Works  at   248 

Berwick  RoUing  Mill   150 

Bessemer,  Cumberland   104 

Bessemer,  Furnace  for  Melting  the  Spie- 

geleisen   166 

Bessemer,  Henry   185 

Bessemer  Iron   466 

Bessemer  Metal   473 

Bessemer  Ore   475 

Bessemer  Ores   503 

Bessemer  or  Pneumatic  Process,  descrip- 
tion of   185,  187 

Bessemer  Pig  Metal.  GO,  90,  104,  505,  506, 

507,  542 

Bessemer  Pig  Metal,  Making  of   37 

Bessemer  Plant   173 

Bessemer  Plant,  Blowing  Engine  to  Fur- 
nish the  Blast   186 

Bessemer  Plant,  Converters  in  which  the 

Molten  Pig  Iron  is  treated   186 

Bessemer  Plant,  Cupola  Furnaces  for  Melt- 
ing the  Pig  Iron   186 

Bessemer  Plant,  Hydraulic  Machinery  of .  166 

Bessemer  Plant — Moulding  Pit   18G 

Be.ssemer  Plant— Of  What  it  Con.sists   186 

Bessemer  Process  488,  512,  514 

Bes.semer  Process,  Conversion  Pig  Metal 

by  the   13 

Bessemer  Process,  Opinion  of  Prof.  Fes- 

quet     512 

Bessemer  process,  where  patented  185 

Bessemer  Rail,  its  value  over  Iron  Rails . .  13 

Bessemer  rails   162 

Bessemer  Steel  14.  79,  80,  459,  497,  524 

Bessemer  Steel,  Money  Value  of   13 

Bessemer  Steel,  Ore  for  in  Alabama   447 

Bes.semer  Steel,  Pig  Iron  by  the  Pneu- 
matic Process  into   390 

Bessemer  Steel  Plant   140 

Bessemer  Steel  Plant,  where  first  one  in 

the  United  States  was  built   187 

Bessemer  Steel  produced  in  1873   13 

Bessemer  Steel,  production  of   188 

Bessemer  Steel  Rails   151 

Bessemer  Steel  Works   13 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  Baldwin  Station.  188 
Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  Bethlehem   188 


rPTDEX. 


v., 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Virginia  llS/TflF*^ 

Blast  Furnaces  of  West  Virginia  Ill,  113 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Wisconsin  80,  82 

Blast,  Heating  the  air  of  the   370 

Block  Coal  in  Indiana   78 

Block  Coal  of  1  ntliana   456 

Block  Coal,  use  of  by  Furnaces  of  Law- 
rence Co.,  Pa   58 

Block-Holing   4B7 

Bloomfield  Furnace   44 

Bloom  Forge  Iron  Works   166 

Bloom  Furnace  39,  71 

Bloomington,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  305 

Bloomington  Stove  Manufacturing  Co ... .  347 

Blooming  train   192 

Bloomsburg,  Furnaces  at   39 

Blowing  Engine  at  Union  Iron  Works  138a 

Blowing  Engine,  largest  in  the  United 

States   90 

Blomng  Engines  of  Coming  Furnaces   123 

Blowing  Engine  of  Elraira  Furnaces   124 

Blue  Block  Ore  of  Kentucky   458 

Blue  Ridge  Bolt  of  Brown  Hematites   531 

Braddock's  Fields,  Car  Works  at   249 

Bradley,  A.  &  Co.  (Stoves)   342 

Bradles',  Osgood   268 

Brady's  Bend  Furnaces   55 

Brady's  Bend  Iron  Works   147 

Brady's  Bend,  RolUng  MiU  at  147 

Braintree   117 

Brakes,  Westinghouse   274 

Brand  &  Corsen  (Stoves)  348 

Brandon  Co.,  Vt.,  Ores  of   548 

Brandt,  John   224 

Brandywine  Rolling  Mill   150 

Brauneisenstein   498 

Braver,  N.  (Co-operative   Foundry  Co.) 

(Stoves)   338 

Brazil  Furnace   78 

Briarfield  Iron  Works   180 

Briarfield  Iron  Works,  brief  sketch  of   180 

Briarfield,  Rolling  MUl  at   ISO 

Briar  Hill  Furnace   63 

Brick,  R.  A.  &  Co   315 

Bridge  across  the  Danube   307 

Bridge,  Albany   376 

Bridge  and  Car  Works  at  Cleveland. .  .388,  389 

Bridge  at  Augusta   S77 

Bridge  at  Keokuk   385 

Bridge  at  Middlctown  384,  385 

Bridge  at  Saco   377 

Bridge,  Beach  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  348 

Bridge,  Bellaire   382 

Bridge,  BoUman's  Patent  Suspension  Truss  385 

Bridge,  Box  Girder  System   356 

Bridge  Companies,  Consolidation  of  357 

Bridge  Companies,  Controversy  between 

rival   356 

Bridge  Company,  Keystone  379,  387 

Bridge,  "deck"   376 

Bridge,  Girard  Avenue  364,  365 

Bridge,  Green  River  .'  382 

Bridge,  Illinois  and  St.  Louis   386 

Bridge,  International     355 

Bridge  Iron,  Advantage  of  367,  368 

Bridge  (Iron)  of  the  St.  Louis,  Kan.sas 
City  and  Northern  Railway,  over  the 

Missouri  river,  at  St.  Charles  36'2,  363 

Bridge,  "  King"  Iron   389 

Bridge,  Largest  Truss  Bridge  in  the  United 

States   383 

Bridge,  Louisville   382 

Bridge,  Monongahela   383 

Bridge  of  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  and 

Northern  Railway,  description  of. .  ..';G2,  363 
Bridge  of  the   St.  Louis,    Kansas  City 
and  Northern  Railway,  Statistics  of  the 

work  on   363 

Brid,ge  over  Menai  Straits   382 

Brid.ge  over  Missouri   River,  description 

of  391,  392 

Bridge,  Parkersburg   382 

Bridge,  P.arobolic  Truss  at"  Saltash   382 

Bridge,  Ri vetted  Lattice   375 

Brid.ge,  St.  Louis  Steel  355,  362 

Bridge,  Steubcnville   382 

Bridge,  Suspension  System   356 

Bridge,  "through"   376 


PAGE 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  Bridgeport   189 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  Chicago   189 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  .at  Johnstown   188 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  Joliet  189,  192 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  Newburg   189 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  Troy   188 

Bes.semer  Steel  Works  of  Illinois   189 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  of  Ohio   189 

Bessemer  Steel  Works  of   the  United 

States  185,  192 

Bessemer  Works  149,  163,  173,  174 

Bessemer  Works  at  Bethlehem   13 

Bessemer  Works  at  Joliet   13 

Bessemer  Works  of  New  Y'ork  188 

Bethlehem,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  at   188 

Bethlehem  Iron  Co   187 

Bethlehem  Iron  Works  :   29 

Bethlehem  Rolling  Mill   155 

Bethlehem  Steel  Works   188 

Beverly,  Stove  Works  at   345 

Beyer  &  McMaster  (Stoves)   345 

Bibb  Furnace   102 

Bierwith,  L.  C  451,  452 

Big  Island,  Furnace  at   107 

Big  Muddy  Furnace   SO 

Big  Pond  Furnace   43 

BiUmyer  &  Smalls,  Car  Works    246 

Bingen,  Furnace  at   29 

Bird,  E.  J   47 

Birdsboro',  Furnaces  at   30 

Birdsborough  Nail  Works   148 

Birdsborough,  Rolling  Mill  at   148 

Bii-mingham  Iron  and  Steel  Works  . .  .137,  145 

Birmingham,  Rolling  Mill  at  137,  145 

Birmingham.  RolUng  Mills  at   146,  147 

Bissel  &  Co.  (Stoves)   342 

Bissell  Pony  Track   228 

Bitner,  Geo.  W.,  Car  Works    247 

Bituminous  Coal   534 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces  of 

Maryland  115,  116 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces  o£ 

Michigan   87 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces  of 

Missouri  89,  91 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces  of 

Pennsylvania,  raw  46,  60 

Bituminous  Coiil  and  Coke  Furnaces  of 

Tennessee   96 

Bituminous  Coal  Furnaces  of  North  Caro- 

hna   lOG 

Bituminous  Coal  of  Alabama   446 

Bituminous  Coal  of  Tennessee   540 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  iVkron  04,  65 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Bellair   68 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Canal  Dover   65 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Cleveland   05 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Columbus  65,  66 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Irondale   60 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Jackson   66 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  LowcUviUe   63 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Struthers   62 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Vinton  Station  ...  67 

Bituminous  Furnace  at  Warren   64 

Bituminous  Funiaco  at  Girard   64 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Hazelton   03 

Bituminous  Furnaces  ,nt  Hubbard   63 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Ironton   67 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Leetonia   64 

Bitutrrinous  Furnaces  at  Martin's  Ferry ...  C8 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Martins^'ille   68 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Mineral  Ridge . . .  64 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Mingo   66 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Nowburg   65 

Bituminous  Furnaces  atNiles   64 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Port  Washington .  65 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Steubcnville   66 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Youngstown   63 

Bituminous  Furnaces  at  Zanesville  67,  68 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  Kentucky  71,  75 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  Ohio  62,  08 

Bog  Ore,  rich   550 

Bog  Ores  508,  523,  549 

Bog  Ores,  Analysis  of   454 

Bog  Ores  of  California   4.52 

Bog  Ores  of  Indiana   457 

Bog  Ores  of  Maryland   460 

Bog  Ores  of  Virginia   523 


PAGE 

Boiler,  Dome  Form   223 

BoUer,  Wagon-top  Form   .    . .  223 

Bollman's  Patent  Suspension  Truss  Bridge  388 

Boomer,  Mr   356 

Bennett  &  Duffy  (Stoves)   347 

Bonney  &  Bush   307 

Bonney,  Jonathan  &  Co   307 

Boone  Furnace   75 

Boonton  Furnaces   129 

Boonton  Iron  Works   141 

Boonton,  Rolling  Mill  at   141 

Booth  &  Gan-ett   324 

Booth  Patent,  Steel-headed  Rail  MiU   163 

Bordentown,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  308 

Boston  and  JIaine  Foundry  Co   335 

Boston  Car  Wheel  Co   301 

Boston,  Locomotive  Works  at   2.33 

Boston  Rolling  Mill   1.35 

Boston,  Stove  Works  at   334,  335 

Bowers,  Dure  &  Co   251 

Bowers,  Mr   251 

Bowers'  Station,  Furnace  at   41 

Bowery  Furnace   115 

Bowman  Bros.  &  Co   29 

Bowron,  Wm.  M   505 

Boyd,  C.  R   523 

BlaekbandOre  459,  521 

Blackband  Ore  of  Indiana   456 

Blackband  Ore  of  Kentucky   458 

Black  Diamond  Steel  Works   197 

Black  Magnetic  Ore   502 

Black  Magnetic  Oxide  Ore   504 

Black  Oxide  of  Manganese   542 

Black  River  Falls,  projected  Bail  Mill 

at   179 

Black  River  Falls,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Blackwell  &  Burr  (Stoves)   338 

Blair,  Andrew  A.,  Analyses  made  of  the 

Pilot  ICnob  Ores,  by  485,  487 

Blair  &  Siemens   475 

Blair  County,  Furnaces  in   40 

Blair  Furnaces   56 

Blake  Crasher   191 

Blake,  Prof   552 

Blanchard  &  Arnold,  Car  Wheels   305 

Blandon  Iron  Works   148 

Blast  Furnace,  Dumping  Ore  and  Coal 

into  369,  370 

Bla.st  Furn.ace  Economy   57 

Blast  Fiu  nace,  Melting"  of  Ore  369 

Blast  Furnace,  Signs  of  a  good  working 

condition  of   500 

Blast  Furnace,  where  first  used   370 

Blast  Furnaces  at  PhoenixviUe  368 

Blast  Furnaces,  Introduction  to   19 

Blast  Furnaces  in  Missouri  89,  93 

Blast  Furnaces  in  New  York  119,  1 26 

Blast  Furnaces  in  Pennsylvania   60 

Blast  Furnaces  in  Pennsylvania,  Capital 

invested  in   60 

Blast  Furnaces  in  the  United  States.  .  .27,  130 
Blast  Furnaces  in  the  United  States,  re- 
capitulation of   130 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Alabama  101,  104 

Blast  Furnaces  of  California   1.30 

Blast  FiuTiaces  of  Connecticut  126,  127 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Georgia  99,  101 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Illinois  79,  80 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Indiana  78,  79 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Kentucky  74,  78 

Blast  Funiaces  of  Maine   116 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Maryland  t  112,  116 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Massachusetts  117,  US 

Blast  Furaaces  of  Michigan  82,  89 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Minnesota   ].''0 

Blast  Furnaces  of  New  Hampshire   116 

Blast  Furaaces  of  New  Jersey  127,  129 

Blast  Furnaces  of  North  Carolina  104,  106 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Ohio  60,  74 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Tennessee   93 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Texas   130 

Blast  Furnaces  of  the  United  States,  capa- 
city of  2,  12 

Blast  Furnaces  of  the  United  States,  num- 
ber of  2,  12 

Blast  Furnaces  of  the  United  States,  rec- 
ord of  2,  12 

Blast  Furnaoes  of  Yennont  116,  117 


VI  nSTDEX, 


PAGE 

Bridge  Work,  the  Arch  as  a  methocl  of 

construction  366,  367 

Bridge  Worlcs  at  Athens   387 

BridKO  Works  iit  BuCEalo  363,  364 

Bridge  Works  at  C.inton  388,  SS'J 

Brid.ire  Works  at  Chicago  390,  391 

Bridge  Works  at  t'mcinnati   389 

Bridge  Works  at  IJayton   389 

Bridge  Works  at  Detroit  391,  392 

Bridge  Works  at  Paterson   388 

Bridge  Works  at  Phillipsburg  387,  388 

Bridge  Works  at  Phopnlxville  364,  379 

Bridge  Worl;s  (Iron)  of  New  Jersey  087,  £88 

Bridge  WorI;s  (Ironi  of  New  York  363,  364 

Bridge  Works  of  Hammond  &  Reeves  389 

Bridge  Worl;3  ot  Illinois  389,  391 

Bridge  Works  (Iron)  of  the  United  States 

355,  393 

Bridges,  American,  Lightness  of  374 

Bridges,  Application  of  Iron  and  Steel  to..  382 

Bridges  at  Montreal   382 

Bridges,  Hcnszoys'  Patent  Wroi^ht  Iron 

Arch   387 

Bridges,  Howe  Truss   38!) 

Bridges,  Long  Span  of  America  382,  386 

Bridges,  Lowthorp's  Patent  Iron  388 

Bridges,  Pleuro-Pnenmatio  Process  357,  358 

Bridges  ''Post's  Patent"   388 

Bridges,  Pratt  Truss  System   391 

Bridgeford  &  Co.  (Stoves)   347 

Bridgeport,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  at  189 

Bridgeport  Car  Works   247 

Bndgeport,  Crucible  Steel  Works  at   199 

Bridgeport,  RolUng  IMill  at   162 

Bridgeport,  Stove  Works  at   345 

Bridgeton,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at   327 

Bridgeton,  Rolling  Mill  at   141 

Bridgewater  Iron  Manufacturing  Co   314 

Bridgewater  Iron  Works   134 

Bridgewater,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  314 

Bridgewater,  Rolling  Mill  at   134 

Briggs  Furnace   118 

Brighton,  Stove  Works  at   335 

Brigiitwood,  Car  Works  at  243,  244 

Brill,  I.  G.  £z  Co.,  Car  Works   249 

Bristol,  Furnace  at   97 

Bristol  Boiling  MUl   148 

British  Metals,  Exports  in  1872-1873   410 

Britton,  Analysis  of  Ore  of  Michigamme 

Mine  by   474,  475 

Britton,  j.  Blodgett   548 

Broad  Top  Coal  Region   518 

Brooke,  E.  &  G   30 

Biooklj-n,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of   199 

Brooks  Locomotive  Works   233 

Brooks,  Major  T.  B  462,  464,  475,  480 

Brown  Hematites  507,  508,  549 

Brown  Hematite  of  Maryland   460 

Brown  Hematite  Ore,  452,  453,  509,  517, 

519,  493,  495,  541,  543 

.Brown  Hematite  Ore,  Analyses  of        538,  539 

Brown  Hematite  Ore,  Commercial  value  of  442 

Brown  Hematite  Ore  of  Alabama  442,  444 

Brown  Hematite  Ore  of  Bumpass  Cove. . .  543 
Brown  Hematite  Ore,  Report  by  Cyrus 

Mendclhal  of  ,539,  540 

Brown  Hematite  Ores  449,460,461,  5213,  524,  534 
Brown  Hematite  Ore  of  East  Tennessee, 

Remarks  by  Troost  541 

Brown  Hematite  Ores  ot  Kentucky  ..457,  458 

Brown  Hematite  Ores  of  Missouri  482,  491 

Brown  Hematite  Ores  of  Putnam  County, 

Analysis  of  5"9 

Brown  Hematite  Ores  of  Tennessee..  .540,  541 

Brown  Hematite  Ores  of  Vermont  549 

Brown  &  Irwin  (Stoves)  34"> 

Brown  Co.,  Wis.,  Or-s  of  550 

Brownellcr.  OrayviUe  &  Co.  (Stoves)   .34') 

Brown  Hill  Furnace   108 

Brownish  Red  Ore   493,  496 

Brown,  John   522 

Brown.  J.  S.  &  Co   46 

Brown  Ochreous  Ores   525 

BroA'nOn!s   5';7 

Brown  Oxide  537 

Brown  Oxides  526,  527,  530 

Broivnsport  Furnace   97 

Brown,  Sir  John   416 


PAGE 

Brown,  Sir  Jolin  &  Co   416 

Brunei,  Mr   «82 

Brunswick  Car  Works  ,  258 

Buck  &  Wright  (Stove.s)   S48 

Buck  Creek  Ore   447 

Buckeye  Bridge  Works   38!) 

Buckeye  Furnace   72 

Buclihorn  Furnaces  69,  1(5 

Buckingham  Co.,  Va.,  Ores  of    5'23 

Buckland  Mines   4il2 

Buckley  Furnace  ,   9() 

Buckley,  H.  G   339 

Bucks  County.  Furnaces  in   SO 

Buena  Vista  Furnace  75,  1111 

Buffalo  and  W.ishiiigton  Railroad   268 

Buffalo,  Car  Wheel  Works  of   301 

Buffalo,  Car  Works  at  244,  215 

Buffalo  Furnace  75,  98, 122 

Buffalo  Gap   531 

Buffalo  Gap  Furnaces   107 

Buffalo  Iron  and  Nail  Works  1.38,  363,  ,?64 

Buffalo,  Iron  Ship  Building  at   432 

Buffalo,  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  South- 
ern Railroad  Shops  at  266,  268 

Buffalo,  New  York  and  Philadelphia  Car 

Shops     268 

Buffalo,  Boiling  Mills  at   138 

Buffalo,  Stove  Works  at   3."8 

Buford  Mountain,  Analyses  of  Ore  from 

the  488,  489 

Buford  Mountain,  Ore  of  481,  483,  485 

Bull,  G.  B.  (Stoves)  338 

Bull's  Eye  Furnace   76 

Burchard,  Charles  270 

Burden  Furnace   120 

Burden,  Henry  140 

Burden  Rotary  Squeezer  138(J!,  140 

Burden  Squeezers   179 

Burgess  Steel  and  Iron  Works   167 

Birrieigh  Drills  469,472 

Burlington,  Car  Works  at    258 

Burhngton,  Stove  Works  at   .340 

Buiiiham   ,  228,231 

Bumum  Vein   504 

Burtis&  GrafiE  (Stoves)  338 

Burt  Manufacturing  Co   .....  .305 

Burton,  G.B.  (Stoves)   343 

Bush  &  Lobdell  Wheel  298,  299 

Bu-hong  &  Co   30 

Bushong  Fuinace   97 

Bushong  Furnace,  Fui'nace  at   97 

Busfcy,  McLeod  &  Co.  (Stoves)   3.36 

Butcher  William,  Steel  Works   197 

Bycrs,  McCuUough  &  Co.  s  Mill  116 

Gabon  Locomotive  Engines  221 

Cab  on  Locomotive  Engine,  Origin  of  221 

Cahawba  Coal  Field  '.  101,  449 

Caisson,  Novel  Features  in  Design  of  360 

Calais,  Car  Works  at  241 

Calcareous  Ores   459 

Caledonia  Furnace   44 

Calhoim  Iron  Works,  Commercial  Value 

ot  Ores  at  443,  444 

California,  Blast  Pnrnacesof   l.'iO 

Calif orn  a.  Car  Wheel  Works  of  309 

California,  Car  Work-:  in  i59 

California,  Furnaces  to  be  Constructed  for  552 

California,  Iron  Ore   552 

California,  Locomotive  Works  in   235 

California,  Railroad  Car  Shops  of .. . .  274,  276 

California,  Rolling  Mill  in   ISO 

Gallic  Fuinace   1()7 

Cambria  Furnace   72 

Cambria  Iron  Co   187 

Cambria  Iron  Works  56, 149,  188 

Cambria  Iron  Works,  Description  of  the.  149 

Cambridge  City,  Car  Works  at  2"5 

Cambriilge,  Rolling  Mill  at   135 

C.ambridgeport,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  301 

Cambridgepo't,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at.  314 

Camden  Iron  Works  (Tube  Works)   316 

Cameron  Furnace   38 

Cameron  Pump  52,  54 

Camden,  Iron  Ship  Yard  at   430 

Camden  Rolling  Mill    141 

Camden  Tool  and  Tube  Works   316 

Cammell  &  Co   410 


PAGE 

Campbell,  F   315 

Campbell  Furnace   92 

Campbell,  Henry  R...   ,215,  220,  222 

Camjibell  Co.,  Tenn.,  Ores  of   541 

Campbell  Co.,  Va.,  Ores  of   523 

Canaan  Furnaces   126 

Canada  &  United  States,  Railroad  through- 
out 277,  292 

Canada  Car  Company   259 

Canada,  Car  Works  of   259 

Canada  Steam  Engine  Company   259 

Canal  Dover,  Fnniace  at   65 

Canal  Dover,  RoUing  Mills  at   168 

Cauda,  F.  E.  &.  Co.,  Bridge  Builders   391 

Cauda,  F.  E.  &  Co.,  Car  Works   255 

Cai-mel  Coal  528,  534 

Canton,  Bridge  Works  at   388 

Canton  RoUuig  Mill   158 

Canton,  Rolling  Mill  at   134 

Canton  Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Co   389 

Cape  Fear  Building  Co   259 

Capon  Furnace   112 

Carbonate  Ores  on  the  Kanawha,  Analysis 

of   526 


Carbonates  452,  458,  459,  508,  521, 

Carbonates  of  Iron  of  Kentucky  457, 

Carbon  Iron  Company  

Carbjn  Stove  Co  

Car  Builders,  Qualifications  of  239, 

Car  Builders,   (master)  throughout  the 

United  States  and  Canada  277, 

Carlisle  Furnace  

Carlisle  Furnace,  when  built  

Carnegie,  Kloman  &  Co  

Carondelet  Furnace  89 

Carondelet,  Mo  

Carondelet,  Rolling  Mill  at  

Carp  Furnace  

Carrick  Furnace  

Car  Shops  at  Englewood  

Car  Shops  at  Peru  

Car  Shops,  description  of  Mount  Clare.  264, 
Car  Shops  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R. 

266, 

Car  Shops,  New  Y'ork  Central  R.  R . .  .277, 
Car  Shops  of  Philadelphia  and  Reading 

Railroad   261, 

Car  Shop  of  Pittsburg,  Ciiicinnati,  and 

St.  Louis  Railroad  ■  270, 

Car  Shops  of  the   Atlantic  and  Great 

Western  Railway  

Car  Shops  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 

of  California  274, 

Car  Shops  of  the  Indianapolis  and  St. 

Louis  Railroad  272, 

Car  Trade,  Statistics  of  239, 

Car  Wheel— Bush  Si  Lobdell  Wheel. .  .298, 
Car  Wheel  Foimdries,  money  value  of  the. 
Car  Wheel  Foundries,  number  of  in  the 

United  States  

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Connecticut  

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Delaware.. .  .306,- 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Georgia  .308, 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Indiana  

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Maiyland  . .  .302, 
Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Massachusetts. . . 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Minnesota  

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Missouri  

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  New  York  

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Pennsylvania  . . . 
Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  the  United  States 
16,  300, 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  the  United  States, 

introduction  to   297, 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Vermont  

Car  Wheel  Fouiulries  of  Virginia  

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Wisconsin  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Albany  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Allegheny  City  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Baltimore  302, 

Car  Works  at  Berwick  

Car  AVheel  Works  at  Bloomington  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Biirdentown  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Brightwood  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Cambridgcport  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Catasauqua  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Chicago  304, 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Cincinnati  303, 


526 
458 
29 
340 
240 

292 
42 
42 
379 
i,  90 
490 
178 
84 
43 
274 
273 
266 

268 
278 

263 

272 

268 

276 

274 
240 
299 
IB 

297 
301 
307 
309 
304 
303 
300 
308 
308 
301 
302 

309 

299 
300 
303 
305 
.301 
302 
303 
248 
305 
308 
300 
.301 
302 
305 
304 


INDEX.  Vll 


PAGE 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Cleveland  SOS,  S04 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Columbus  303 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Cottage  Furnace  309 

Car  Wheel  AVorks  at  Dawson   308 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Dayton  303 

Car  Wlieel  Works  at  Detroit  305 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Duluth  308 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  East  Cambridge  301 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Fort  Waj-ne  304 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Hannibal  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Hanisburg  302 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  High  Bridge  308 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Hudson   300 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  JefEersonviUe   304 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Jersey  City   308 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Litchfield  

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Louisville   309 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Michigan  City  304 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Milwaukee   305 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  New  Albany  304 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Oswego   301 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Thiladelphia  302 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Pittsburgh   302 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Pittsford   300 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Rampago ,   301 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Eichmond   303 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Rome   309 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Rutland   300 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  San  Francisco   309 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  St.  Albans   300 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  St.  Paul   308 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Troy  301 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Watcrford   301 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Watertovra   301 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Wilkesbarre   302 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Wilmington ....  306,  307 

Car  Wheel  Works  at  Worcester  300,  301 

Car  Wheel  Works  of  CalLfoniia   309 

Car  Wheel  Works  o£  Kentucky   309 

Car  Wheel  Works  of  Portsmouth   303 

Car  Wheels,  History  of   298,  299 

Car  Works  at  Albany   245 

Car  Works  at  Altocna   246 

Car  Works  at  Arlington   242 

Car  Works  at  Augusta  241,  258 

Car  Works  at  Bath   241 

Car  Works  at  Belief onte   246 

Car  Works  at  Braddock's  Field   249 

Car  Works  at  Bridgeport   247 

Car  Works  at  Brightwood   243,  244 

Car  Works  at  Brunswick   260 

Car  Works  at  Buffalo   240,  247 

Car  Works  at  Burluigton   260 

Car  Works  at  Calais   243 

Car  Works  at  Cambridge   255 

Car  Works  at  CarU.sIo   250 

Car  Works  at  CartersviUe   260 

Car  Works  at  CassopoUs   259 

Car  Works  at  Catasauqua   249 

Car  Works  at  Chattanooga   260 

Car  Works  at  Chicago   257,  258 

Car  Works  at  Cincinnati   255 

Car  Works  at  Cleveland   254 

Car  Works  at  Connellsville   249 

Car  Works  at  Coiimna   258 

Car  Works  at  Conshocken   250 

Car  Works  at  Dawson   260 

Car  Works  at  Dayton   253,  254 

Car  Works  at  De  Pere   260 

Car  Works  at  Detroit   258,  259 

Car  Works  at  Duluth   260 

Car  Works  at  Elmira   247 

Car  Works  at  Erie   249 

Car  Works  at  Glen  Rock   248 

Car  Works  at  Hannibal   2.57 

Car  Works  at  Houston   259 

Car  Works  at  Huntingdon   248 

Car  Works  at  Indianapolis   253 

Car  Works  at  Jackson   256 

Car  Works  at  Jacksonville   250 

Car  Works  at  Jeflfersonville   253,  255 

Car  Works  at  Jersey  City   240 

Car  Works  at  Laconia   241,  242 

Car  Works  at  Latrobe   246 

Car  Works  at  Lebanon   248,  249 

Car  Works  at  Litchfield   255 

Car  Works  at  McKeesport   249 

Car  Works  at  Mansfield   252 


PAGE 

Car  Works  at  Middletown   248 

Car  Works  at  Michigan  City   25.3 

Car  Works  in  Minnesota   258 

Car  Works  at  New  Haven   244 

Car  Works  at  New  York  City   240 

Car  Works  at  Northumberland   249 

Car  Works  at  Oswego   245 

Car  Works  at  0.\ford   249 

Car  Works  at  Paris   2.56 

Car  Works  at  Petersburg   251 

Car  Works  at  PhiladeliJhia   247 

Car  Works  at  Pittsburgh   247,249 

Car  Works  at  Piqua   253 

Car  Works  at  Portland   241 

Car  Works  at  Quincy   255 

Car  Works  at  Pottstown   249 

Car  Works  at  Reading   249 

Car  Works  at  Richmond   251 

Car  Works  at  St.  Charles   257 

Car  Works  at  St.  Louis   257 

Car  Works  at  Salem   242 

Car  Works  at  San  Francisco    259 

Car  Works  at  Schoharie   246 

Car  Works  at  Scran  ton   247 

Car  Works  at  Steinton   248 

Car  Works  at  Taunton   242 

Car  Works  at  Terre  Haute   255 

Car  Works  at  Tiffin   253 

Car  Works  at  Toledo   253 

Car  Works  at  Tremont   252 

Car  Works  at  Troy   245 

Car  Works  at  Watsontown   249 

Car  Works  at  West  Troy   246 

Car  Works  at  West  Sandwich   242 

Car  Works  at  Wilkesbarre   249 

Car  Works  at  Worcester    242 

Car  Works  at  York   246,  249 

C.ir  Works,  Barney  Si  Smith  Manufactur- 
ing Co  251,  252 

Car  Works  in  Adrian   256 

Car  Works  in  Cahfomia   269 

Car  Works  in  Connecticut   244 

Car  Works  in  IlUnois  255,  256 

Car  Works  m  Indiana  253,  255 

Car  Works  in  Iowa   258 

Car  Works  in  Louisiana   268 

Car  Works  in  Michigan  257,  258 

Car  Works  in  Missouri   257 

Car  Works  in  Tennessee   253 

Car  Works  in  the  United  States,Product  of  15 

Car  Works  in  Vermont   242 

Car  Works  in  Wisconsin    258 

Car  Works  of  Abbottsburg   259 

Car  Works  of  Canada  259 

Car  Works  of  Delaware  250,  253 

Car  Works  of  Georgia  25S 

Car  Works  of  Maine   241 

Car  Works  of  Massachusetts   242,  244 

Car  Works  of  Naugatuck  Railroad  Co  244 

Car  Works  of  N.  Y.,  N.  H.  Si  Hartford 

Railroad  Co   244 

Car  Works  of  New  Jersey   246 

Car  Works  of  New  York  244,  246 

Car  Works  of  North  Carolina   259 

Car  Works  of  Ohio   251 

Car  Works  of  Pennsylvania  246,  249 

Car  Works  of  Texas   261 

Car  Works  of  the  United  States. 15, 16,  241,  292 
Car  Works  of  the  United  States,  Introduc- 
tion to  2-39,  240 

Car  Works  in  the  United  States,  Number 

t   15 

Car  Works  of  Virginia  251 

Car  Works  of  Wilmington  250,  251 

Carter  Funiace   97 

CartersviUe  Car  Works   258 

CartersviUe,  Furnace  at   lOJ 

Carthage  Furnace   124 

Cascade  Furnace   85 

Cascade.  Mich   405 

Cassopolis  Car  Works  2.57,  259 

Cast  and  Wrought  Iron  Pipe  and  Tube 

Works  of  the  United  States  313,  329 

Cast  Iron  Pipe  Works  of  the  United  States, 

Consumption  of  Iron  by  the   19 

Cast  Sieel,  Pittsburg  noted  for  the  finest.  14 

Catasauqua,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   302 

Catasauqua,  Car  Works  at  247 


PAGE 

Catasauqua,  Furnaces  at   27 

Catasauqua  Iron  Works   152 

Catasauqua,  Rolling  Mills  at   152 

Catoctin  Furnace,  No.  3   115 

Cedar  Hill,  Ore  of  481,  485 

Cedar  Mountain  Ore,  Analysis  of  the   487 

Cedar  Point  Furnace  11.3,  114,  120 

Cedartown,  Furnace  at   100 

Cementation,  Steel  by   199 

Census  of  1870,  Details  of  Iron  Industry. .  25 

Census  Return  for  1870   60 

Census  Returns  of  West  Virginia   161 

Central  Alabama,  Ores  of   547 

Central  Car  Works   256 

Central  Falls  Steam  and  Gas  Pipe  Co  314 

Central  Iron  Works  150,  180 

Central  Pacific  Railroad  Shops,  Depcrip- 

tion  of  the  274,  276 

Centre  and  Grant  Furnaces   60 

Chalfant,  J.  W   49 

Chamberlain  &  Co.  (Stoves)   344 

Chambers,  Dr   43 

Champion  and  Morgan  Furnaces,  Iron 

Ores  used  by   84 

Champion  Mine  47.3,  474 

Champion  Mine,  Character  of  Ores  at  the. 

473,  474 

Chandler,  Prof.... 119,  120,  475,  509,  511,  553 

Chapinsville  Furnace   126 

Character  of  Ore  Bods  of  Lake  Superior 

Region   464 

Character  of  Ores  of  Mines  of  Michigamme 

Co  474,  475 

Charcoal  Fuel   552 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Airdrie   77 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Amherst  Furnace. .  .  107 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Anniston   103 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Antwerp   73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Auburn   42 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Bangor   86 

Charcoal  Fiu"nace  at  Barre  Forge   44 

Charcoal  Fui  nace  at  Beaver  Creek  110 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Bellefont   45 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Belmont  Furnace...  76 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Bloonifield   44 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Bloom  Station   71 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Boone  Furnace   75 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Bower's  Station   41 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Bristol   97 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Brownsport   97 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Buena  Vista   110 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Bushong's  Furnace. .  97 
Charcoal  Furnace  at  Capon  Iron  Works..  112 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Carlisle   42 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  CartersviUe   100 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Carthage  124 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Cedartown   100 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Cincinnati  Furnace. .  73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Clarion   46 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Clarksville   98 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Clay   72 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Clermont  Mills   114 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Clifton   125 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Clifton  Forge   107 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Columbia  109,  110 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Columbiana   104 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Cooper   103 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Cornwall   42 

Charcoal  Fui-nace  at  Cornwall  Bridge   127 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Cornwall  Iron  Works  102 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Costigan   77 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Cumberland  Furnace  98 
Charcoal  Furnace  at  Cumberland  Gap ....  97 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Detroit   87 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Dickinson   43 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Douglasville   41 

Charcoal  Funiace  at  Dover   125 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Eddj-ville   77 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Elk  Rapids   86 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Enow   105 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Fonnettsburg   43 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Farm  Iron  Works  ...  99 

Charcoal  Purn.ace  at  Fishkill   125 

Charcoal  Furnace  Five  Mile  Creek   73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Fletcherville  126 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Franklin  Furnace. . .  71 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Gallia   71 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Jennel's  Creek   71 


B 


Vlll 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  GlaioviUe  ll'J 

Ch.ncoal  Furnace  iit  Graham's  Forge  108 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Greensville   !Mi 

Charciial  Furnace  at  Greenupsburg   75 

Charcoal    Furnace  at  Greenwood  Iron 

Works   125 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Hanging  Rock   70 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Haysvi lie   9(i 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Hoclcing  Valley   71 

Cliarcoal  Furnace  at  Hope  Iron   73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Hopewell   44 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Howard   45 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Idaville   43 

Charcoal  Funiace  at  Indian  Mound   nS 

Charcoal  Furnace  atlr.indale  91,  103 

Charcoal  Furnaccat  Iron  Furnace   71 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Ishpennig   84 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Joanna   41 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Kent   ""W 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Kenton  Furnace   71) 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Keystone  Furnace  ...  72 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Kingston  100 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  La  Grange  Furnace. .  97 
Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lambert  Ore  Banks.  97 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Laurel  Furnace   77 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lawton   86 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lchmd  86,  87 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lcnhartsville   41 

Charcoal  Fui  nace  at  Lewis  Furnace   98 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lewiston   45 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lexington  110 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Liberty  Furnace....  109 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lime  Koclf.  127 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Logan   73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Long  Creek  105 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Longdnle  107 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Lynn  Creek   92 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Maramec  Spring....  92 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Mayaretta   42 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Maumee  River   73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Max  Meadows  108 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Menominee   87 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Milesburg   45 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Mill  Creek   44 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Monroe   71 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Mont  Alto   44 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Moselle   91 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Mt.  Hope   42 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Mount  Pleasant   44 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Mount  Savage    75 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Mount  Torrey  Iron 

Works  107 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Munissing   87 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Muirkirk  114 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Nelson  Fiumace   76 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Newmarket   109 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Norwich  125,  126 

Charcoal  Funiace  at  Ore  Hill   105 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Oxbon   124 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Oxford  Furnace  103 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Ozark   92 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Paulding  Furnace. ..  73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Philadelphia  1'24 

Charcoal  Fumaceat  Pilot  Knolj   91 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Pine  Grove  42,  70 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Poplar  Springs   99 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Port  Leyden   125 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Powers'  Station   101 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Principlo   114 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Reading   41 

Charcoal  Fum.rce  at  Redwood   124 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Heed's  Mills  72,73 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Richmond  Furnace. .  44 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Richpath  Mount  107 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Rock  Spring   45 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Rose  Point   4fi 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Rossie  ]  25 

Charcoal  Fui  nace  at  Roup's  VaUey  103 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  St.  Thomas  '.  43 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Salt  Creek       104 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Salt  Petro  Cave   109 

Ch;ircoal  Furnace  at  Sampsonville   72 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Sarat   46 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Sharon  Village   127 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Shenandoah  Iron 

Works   108 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Shipijeasburg   43 

Charcoal  Fni-nace  at  Speedwell        108 


PAGE 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Southampton   43 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Springfield  Furnace.  46 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Spnice  Creek   44 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Stemmer's  Run  113 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Stcrlingbush   124 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Sterlingville  124 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Stonewall  Fur-nace. .  102 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Stoney  Creek   97 

Charcoal  Fuinace  at  Swatara  Station   42 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Tallico  Furnace   98 

Charcoal  FmiiaceatTccumseh  Furnace  101,102 

Charcoal  Funiace  at  Temple   .  41 

Charcoal  Fumai-«  at  Folcnsville   109 

Charcoal  Furnace  at,  Trenton  100 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Tyrone   45 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Unaka   96 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Washington   71 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Wassaic   1 25 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Waynesborough   98 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Wheelersburg   71 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Wolcott  Village  125 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  Worley  Furnace   98 

Charcoal  FiU'nace  at  Yellow  Springs   45 

Charcoal  Furnace  at  York   42 

Charcoal  Furnace  in  Bath  County   77 

Charcoal  Fuu-nacc  in  Boyd  County   75 

Charcoal  Furnace  in  Cherokee  County. . . .  103 

Charcoal  Furnace  in  Franklin  County   44 

Charcoal  Furnace  in  Jackson  County   72 

Charcoal  Furnace  in  Lincoln  County   106 

Charcoal  Furnace  in  Litchfipld  County .. .  126 

Charcoal  Furnace  in  Morgan  Coimty   92 

Charcoal  Furnace  near  Newcastle   46 

Charcoal  Furnace  near  Rome   99 

Charcoal  Furnace  near  Sullivan   92 

Charcoal  Furnace  on  Etowah  River   100 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Ashland   75 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Berlin  Cross  Roads .  72 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Bibb  Furnace   102 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Buffalo  Gap   107 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Catoctin   113 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Copake.   124 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Craig's  Creek   109 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Dublin   110 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Frankfort   86 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Harford  Furnaces . .  113 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Heckton   105 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Ironton          69,  70,  105 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Irvine   7t> 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Lewistown   44 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Lime  Rock   126 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Lincolnton  105,  106 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Mdlerton   125 

Charcoal  Ftmiaces  at  Ncquanee   84 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Onato   85,  87 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Riverton   75,  76 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Rome   100 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Trigg  Furnace   77 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  Wyandotte   87 

Charcoal  Furnaces  at  WytheviUe   108 

Charcoal  Furnaces  in  Baltimore  113 

Charcoal  Furnaces  in  Berks  County   41 

Charcoal  Fui'naces  in  Carter  Coimty   76 

Charcoal  Furnaces  in  Maryland   113 

Charcoal  Furnaces  in  Michigan   84,  87 

Charcoal  Furnaces  in  Virginia   107,  110 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Alabama   102, 104 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Connecticut. . .  126,  127 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Georgia  99,101 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Kentucky  75,  78 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Marquette   84 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Massachusetts....  118 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Missouri   91 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  New  York         194, 120 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  North  Carolina  105,  106 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Ohio   68,74 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania ...  41,  46 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Tennessee  96,  99 

Charcoal  Furnacesof  Western  Tennessee 97,  99 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  West  Virginia   112 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Wisconsin  80,  81 

Charconl  Iron  in  Virginia,  Cost  of  Making  533 
Charcoal  Pig  Iron  in  the  United  States, 

Production  of   396,  398 

Charcoal,  Spiegel  made  with   489 

Charleston,  Stove  Works  at   343 

Charlotte  Furnace   69,  123 

Chatfield'B  Ore  Bed   453 


PAGF, 

Chatham  County,  Furnaces  in   106 

Chatham  Furnaces   124 

Chattanooga   540 

Chattanooga,  Car  Works  at   260 

Chattanooga  Rolling  Mill   171 

Chauvenet.  Regis,  Analysis  of  Ore  from 

Buford  Mountain   488,  489 

Checvo  Ore  Beds   504 

Cherokee  County,  Furnace  in   Ili3 

Cherokee  Furnace    li'O 

Cherry  Valley  Furnaces   64 

Cherry  Valley  Iron  Co   162 

Cheriy  Valley  Mines   492 

Chesapeake  Furnace   113 

Chesa.peake  Nail  Works   151 

Cheshire  Furnace   118 

Chester   423 

Chester  County,  Furnaces  in   31 

Chester,  Iron  Ship  Yards  at  4':;5,  430 

Chester,  Rolling  Mill  near   151 

Chestnut  Grove  Furnace   43 

Chestnut  Hill  Furn.aces   36 

Chestnut  Hill  Ore  Mines  517 

Chicago,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  at   189 

Chicago,  Bridge  Works  at   390,  391 

Chicago  Car  Wheel  Co   305 

Chicago,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   304,  305 

Chicago,  Car  Works  at   257,  258 

Chicago  Furnaces   79 

Chicago,  Rock  Island,  and  Pacific  Rail- 
road, Car  Shops  of   274 

Chicago,  Rolling  Mills  at   173 

Chicago  Stove  Works  347 

Chicago,  Stove  Works  at   347 

Chickies  Furnaces    36 

Chickies  Rolling  Mill   152 

Chilton,  Dr   522 

Chisholm  Henry   187,189 

Chittenden  Co.,  Vt.,  Ores  of   649 

Chocolay,  Furnace  at.   84 

Chromiferous  Ores   516 

Chrome  Iron   548 

Chrome  Steel  Co   190 

Chromic  Iron  Ore   552 

Chubb's  Chilled  Iron  Doors  and  Locks  427 

Chubbuck,  L.  (Stoves)   335 

Chulasky  Furnace  39,  40 

Church,  H.  &  H.  S.  (Stoves)   337 

Cincinnati,  Bridge  Works  at   389 

Cincinnati,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  803,  304 

Cincinnati,  Car  Works  at  2,53 

Cincinnati  Expositions   107 

Cincinnat  i,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  328 

Cincinnati  Railway  Iron  Works   164 

Cincinnati,  Rolling  Mills  at  164,  165 

Cincinnati,  Stove  Works  at   344 

"City  of  Peking,"  description  of  the. .426,  430 

"City  of  Pekuig"  Iron  Ship   426 

"  City  of  Peking,"  Tons  of  Coal  consumed 

by  day   429 

Civilization  of  People,  Indicated  by  the 

Consumption  of  Iron   1 

Claiborne  Co.,  Tenn.,  Ores  of   541 

Clancy,  R.  J  267 

Clara  Furnace   57 

Clarion,  Furnace  at   46 

Clarke,  Reeves  &  Co  364,  365 

Clark  Furnaces   07 

Clarksville  Furnace   98 

Clay,  Fuinace  at   ''2 

Clear  Creek  Furnace   77 

Clendcnning,  W.  W.,  Car  Works   261 

Clermont  Mills,  Furnace  at   114 

Cleveland  Boiler  Plate  MiU   16:J 

Cleveland  Brass  and  Pipe  Works   328 

Cleveland  Bridge  and  Car  Works,  254,  388,  389 

Cleveland  Car  Wheel  Works  at  303,  304 

Cleveland  City  Iron  Works  304,  328 

Cleveland  Co-operative  Stove  Co   343 

Cleveland  Foundry   3(13 

Cleveland,  Furnace  at   65 

Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Co  467,  468 

Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Machinery  of 

the   468 

Cleveland  Iron  Works  ■  ■  164 

Cleveland  Mines  467,  468 

Cleveland,  Rollmg  MiUs  at  163,  164 

Cleveland,  Rolling  Mill  Co   1**' 


INDEX. 


TAGF. 

Cleveland,  Stove  Works  at   343 

Clifton  Forge   531 

Clifton  Forge,  Fnrnace  at   107 

Clifton  Furnace  107,  125 

Clifton  Iron  and  Nail  Works   160 

Clifton.  Rolling  Mill  at   160 

Clinton  and  MUl  Vale  Rolling  Mills,  des- 
cription of  ,■   144 

Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Ores  of   506 

Clinton  Furnace  46,  71 

Clinton  Furnaces   123 

CUnton  Mill,  Rolling  MUl  at   144 

Clove  Furnace   121 

Clove  Mine   507 

Coal,  Amount  used  at  Union  Iron  Works.  138a 

Coal,  Aiialyses  of   449 

Coal  and  Iron  of  the  Red  Mountain  Region 

of  Alabama,  description  of  446,  448 

Coal  Area  of  Virginia   534 

Coal  Burners  for  Locomotives   215 

Coal,  Burning  of  on  Locomotives   222 

Coal  Field,  Catawba,  101,  449 

Coal  Field,  Items  that  affect  the  value 

of  a   534 

Coal  Fields  of  Virginia  534,  535 

Coal  Fields,  Tennessee   449 

Coal  Field,  Warrior   101 

Coal  Measures,  Iron  Ores  from   445 

Coal  Measures  Ores  of  Illinois   455 

Coal  of  Pennsylv.ania   516 

Coal  of    Virginia,  Analyses  of  the  Coal 

of   536 

Coal,  Raymond  Leam   538 

Coal  Regions  of  Alabama  448,  450 

Coal,  Superiority  of  Alabama   450 

Coal,  Use  of  on  Locomotives   226 

Coal,  Value  of  for  Generating  Steam   450 

Coals  Available  for  the  Reduction  of  the 

Iron  Ores  of  Pennsylvania  520,  521 

Coals  of  the  Great  Kanawha   537 

Coatesville,  Rolling  Mill  at   150 

Cobb's  Elliptic  Spring  Seats    264,  265 

Cochran,  Bozeman  &  Co.  (Stoves)  345 

Cochran,  WilUam   303 

Cogan  Station,  Rolling  MUl  at   153 

Cohoes  Rolling  Mill  137,  138 

Coke  and  Raw  Bituminous  Coal  Furnaces 

of  Pennsylvania  46,  60 

Coke  Furnaces  of  West  Virginia  Ill,  112 

Coke  Works  belonging  to  Isabella  Fur- 
naces 53,  54 

Colbath,  J.  &  Co.  (Pipe  Works)   314 

Cold  Blast  Charcoal  Iron    533 

Cold  Blast  Charcoal  Iron  of  United  States, 

Character  of   16 

"  Cold  Fix."  description  of  the   490 

Cold  Rolled  Shafting   143 

Cold  Spring  Furnace   121 

Cole,  B.  J.  &  Co.  (Stoves)   .334 

Cole,  Bugbee  &  Co.  (Stoves)   334 

Coleman's,  R.  W.,  Heirs  35,  42 

Coleraine  Iron  Works   29 

Colliers  Iron  Works   142 

Collins  &  Burgie  (Stoves)   347 

Collins  Furnace   84 

Colwell  Furnace   S6 

Colwell,  Stephen   32 

Columbia  and  Fort  Edward  Furnaces. 120,  121 

Columbia  Co.,  Ores  of   508 

Columbia  County,  Furnaces  in   39 

Columbia  Furnace  109,  110 

Columl.iia  Furnaces   39 

Columbia,  Furnaces  in   36 

Columbia,  Rolling  Mills  at  151 

Columbia  Steel  ar.d  Iron  Works   151 

Columbiana,  Furnaces  at   104 

Columims  Car  and  Car  Wheel  Works   303 

Columbus  Iron  Co.'s  Furnace    06 

"Columbus."  Iron  Steamer   431 

Columbus  Iron  Works   163 

Columbus  RaU  Mill   163 

Columbus,  Rolling  Mills  at   163 

Columbus,  stove  Works  at   349 

Commercial  Value  of  New  York  Ores. 504,  509 
Commercial  Value  of  Ores  in  Chambers 

County  415 

C  impound  Wood  and  Iron  Wheels,  Bald- 
win 211 


PAGE 

Comstock,  Bros.  &  Co.  (Stoves)  348 

Comstock  Foundry   336 

Conant  Furnace   117 

Concord,  Stove  Works  at   334 

Condensing  Engine  of  Bay  State  Rolling 

MUl   135 

Condition  of  Oxidation,  etc  496,  497 

Conemaugh  Station,  Furnaces  at   56 

Conestoaga  Furnace   36 

Connecticut  Anthracite  Furnaces  of   127 

Connecticut,  Blast  Furnaces  of  126,  127 

Connecticut,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  301 

Connecticut,  Car  Works  in   244 

Connecticut,  Census  of   127 

Connecticut,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  . .  .126,  127 

Connecticut,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of   199 

Connecticut,  Iron  Ores  of  452,  454 

Connecticut,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of   314 

Connecticut,   Recapitulation  of  Rolling 

Mills  in   137 

Connecticut  River  Bridge  384,  3S5 

Connecticut,  Rolling  Mills  of   137 

Connecticut,  Stove  Works  of  335 

Connecticut,  Total  Number  of  Charcoal 

Furnaces  in   127 

ConneUsvUle  Car  Works  247 

ConnellsvUle,  Locomotive  Works  at   2.34 

Conshohocken  and  Pennsylvania  Iron  W'ks  155 

Conshohooken,  Car  Works  at   248 

Conshohocken,  Furnaces  in  i .  32 

Conshocken,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at   317 

Conshohocken,  Rolling  MiUs  at   155 

Consolidation  Engines   298 

Continental  Bridge  Co   387 

Continental  Stove  and  Variety  Works  §41 

Converse,  A.  W.  &  Co.,  Pipe  Works   314 

Converse,  John  H   231 

Conversion  of  Pig  Metal  by  the  Bessemer 

Process   13 

Co-operative  Foundry,  (Stoves)  336 

Co-operative  Iron  and  Steel  Works   154 

Co-operative  Stove  Works   341 

Cooper,  Edward   502 

Cooper,  Furnace  at   103 

Cooper,  James  M   195 

Cooper,  Peter   502 

Copake,  Furnaces  at   124 

Copeland,  James   272 

Coplay  Furnaces   28 

Copper  Ore  Found  at  CornwaU  Mine  516 

Corlies,  Joseph  D  315 

Corliss  Engine   175,  242 

Corliss,  Mr   192 

Coming,  Eiastus   187 

Corning  Furnaces  122 

Cornin.g  Furnaces,  Blowing  Engines  of . . .  1 23 

Cort,  Henry   370 

Cornwall  and  Burd  Coleman  Furnaces. ...  35 

CornwaU  and  Stonewall  Furnaces   100 

"CornwaU  B  ink,"  the   530 

CornwaU  Bridge,  Furnaces  at  126,  127 

Cornwall  Charcoal  Furnace   42 

CornwaU  Furnace  102,  126,  127 

Cornwall,  Furnaces  at   42 

Cornwall  Iron  Works,  Furnaces  at   102 

Cornwall  Mine,  Analysis  of  the  Ore  of   516 

Corunna  Car  Works   256 

Coshocton  Iron  and  Steel  Works   162 

Coshocton,  Rolling  Mill  at  162 

Costigan,  F. mace  at   77 

Cost  of  Raising  the  Ores  in  the  Lake  Su- 
perior Region   477 

Co^t  of  Stone-Coal  Iron  (Hot  Blast)  in 

Tennessee   546 

Cottage  Furnace   76 

Cottage  Furnace,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  309 

Coulter  &  Proctor,  (Stoves)  346 

Cove  Creek  Furnace   9(1 

Covington,  Stove  Works  at  ,   347 

Covington  Rolling  MUl   170 

Coxe,  Prof   532 

Cox,  E.  T.,  Prof   456 

G.x.  \\Tiiteman  &  Cox  Stove  Works  340 

Craig  Co.,  W.  Va   5'i7 

Craig's  Creek,  Furnace  at   109 

Crane  Iron  Company   27 

Cramp,  Wm.  &  Sons,  Description  of  the 

Ship  Works  of  430,  432 


PAGE 

Cramp  Wm.  &  Sons'  Ship  Yard — Niunber 

of  Men  Employed  at   432 

Creamer's  Exhaust  VentUators  267 

Crescent  Brand  Steel   197 

Crescent  Iron  and  Nail  Works   153 

Crescent  Iron  Works   161 

Crascent  Steel  Works   197 

Crop  Ends  of  Bessemer  Rails.  164 

Crown  Point  Furnaces   120 

Crown  Pomt,  N.  Y.,  Ores  of    506 

Crown  Point,  Ore  at  504 

Crucible  Steel  13,  14 

Crucible  Steel  in  the  United  States,  Brief 

History  of  195,  196 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  Pompton   199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  198 

Crucil  ile  Steel  Works  at  Allegheny   196 

Crucible  Steel  Works  at  Bridgeport  199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  at  Jersey  City . .  .198,  199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  at  Lewistown   198 

Crucible  Steel  Works  at  Mid  vale,  Philadel- 
phia m 

Crucible  Steel  Works  at  PhUadelphia  .197,  198 

Crucible  Steel  Works  at  Rhinebeck   199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  Brooklyn  199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  Connecticut   199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  Newark  198,  199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  New  Jersey  .  198, 199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  New  York   199 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  Pennsylvania   196 

Crurible  Steel  Works  of  Pittsburg  190,  1;*7 

Ciucible  Steel  Works  of  Syracuse  199 

Crucible    Steel    Works  of   the  United 

states  I'A 

Culbertson  &  Fisher   342 

Cumberland  Bessemer   104 

Cumberl.uid  Estate  ■■  43 

Cumberland  Furnace  43,  9i,  98 

Cumberland  Furnace,  when  Built   43 

Cumberland  Gap   541 

Cumberiand  Gap  Furnace   541 

Cumberland  Gap,  Furnace  at   97 

Cumberland  Gap  Iron  Works   110 

Cumberland  Iron  Mountain   522 

Cumberland  Iron  Works   ^ 

Cumberland  Nad  and  Iron  Works   141 

Cumberland  Regions  of  Maryland  520 

Curalierland  Tube  Works   "2J> 

Cumberland  RoUing  Mill  I™ 

Cimimings  Car  Works   j'lo 

Cupolas,  McKenzie  

Curtis  Stove  Manufacturing  Co   348 

Cut-ofI  Valve  in  Locomotives   220 

Cuyahoga  Falls  RoUing  Mill   107 

Cylindi  ical  Pedesfcd,  Patent  Issued  to  Mr. 

Baldwinfor   214 

Danbury  Furnace   106 

Danforth  Locomotive  and  Machine  Works  2:i4 

Danks'  Rotary  Puddling  Machine  144,  448 

D.anks,  Samuel  

Danks'  System  of  Rotary  Puddling    159 

Danver's  RoUing  MUl   134 

Danville,  Furnaces  in   •"'J 

Danville  Iron  Works    154 

Danville  Mine.  Worked  by  Crane  Iron  Co.  502 

D  inville,  Pa..  Fossil  Ore  of  531 

DanvUle,  Rolling  Mills  at  •  154 

Dauphin  County,  Furnaces  in  37,  38 

Dauphin  Furnace  •  38 

Davenport,  Fairbairn  &  Co  249,  30^ 

Davenport,  W.  R   249 

Davis.  Geo.  &  Co.  (Stoves)  344 

p.tvis,  JohnC...  204,266 

Davis,  W.  E.  &  Co.  (Stoves)  344 

Das-son  Car  Works   358 

Dawsnn  Mnnufacturing  Co  308 

Daj-ton,  Bddcre  Works  at  389 

Da vton,  C:ir  Wheel  Works  at   303 

Dayton,  Car  Works  at  251,  252 

Dayton  Stove  and  Hollow  Ware  Co  345 

Dayton.  Stove  Works  at   3j5 

Decatur  Rolling  MiU  373 

"Deck"  Bridge   376 

Deem  Bed.  Coal  of   534 

Deer  Lake  Furnace   *^4 

Defiance  Stove  Co  344 

DcHaven  &  Son  342 


X 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Delano  Iron  Works   I-IO 

Delaware,  Analysis  o£  Bog  Ores  of   454 

Delaware,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of...  306,  .307 

Delaware  Car  Works   250 

Delaware,  Car  Works  of   250,  251 

Delaware,  Cen.sus  Returns  of.   158 

Delaware,  Iron  Ores  of   454 

Delaware,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills 

in   158 

Delaware  River  422,  425 

Delaware  River  Iron  Ship  Building  and 

Engine  Works  425,  430 

Delaw.ire  Rolling  Mill  142,  l,5ti,  158 

Delaware,  Rolling  Mill  of  157,  158 

Delaware,  Stove  Works  of   .34.'5 

Delos,  Root  &  Co.  (Stoves)  340 

Dennis,  Long  &  Co.  (Pipes)  328 

De  rere.  Car  Works  at   258 

De  Pere,  Furnaces  at   81 

De  Pere  Iron  Works   258,  2(10 

Description  of  Cambria  Ironworks   ll'.t 

Description  of  Escanaba  Furnace   85 

Description  ot   Illinois  and  St.  Louis 

Bridge  ..  .  384,  .387 

Description  of  Milwaukee  Iron  Works ... .  I'lH 
Description  of   Ores  of   North  Caroli- 
na 104,  105 

Description  of  Philadelphia  Furnace .  .3.3,  34 

Description  of  Phoeni-x  Iron  Works   149 

Description  of  the  Iron  Ore  Regions  of 

North  Carolina  509,  515 

Description  of  the  Iron  Ores  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 516,  521 

Despard,  C.  S.  Si  Co.,  Stove  Works  343 

Detmold.  E.  C   370 

Detroit  Bridge  and  Iron  Works,  descrip- 
tion of   391,  302 

Detroit  Car  Manufacturing  Company....  257 

Detroit  Car  Wheel  Works   3C5 

Detroit  Car  Works  256,  257,  305 

Detroit,  Furnaces  at   87 

Detroit,  Rolling  Mill  at   176 

Detroit  Stove  Works   343 

Detroit,  Stove  Works  at   343 

Devlin  &  McCuIla   547 

Devlin,  Mr   547 

Dialogue  ii  Wood,  Iron  Ship  Yard   4.30 

Diamond  St.ite  Rolling  Mill   157 

Dickerson  Mine,  worked  by  Allentown 

Iron  Company  502 

Dickey,  Neill  &  Co.,  Car  Works   259 

Dickinson,  Furnace  at   43 

Dickson  Manufacturing  Company  2.35,  247 

Die,  Forging    374 

Diehton  Furnace  Co  ;  StiB 

Dighton  Rolling  Mill   134 

Dighton,  Stove  Works  at   335 

Dilworth,  Porter  &  Co  147 

Dimensions  of  the  Stacks  of  the  Musen 

Stahl  berg  Works   480 

Dinsmore  Springs  265 

Dis.ston,  Henry  &  Sons  197,  198 

Dockstader,  D.  S   260 

Dodge  County,  Wisconsin,  Ores  of  550 

Dolly  Ann  Furnace   5S\ 

Donaghmore  Furnace   35 

Donegal  Furnace   37 

Dorset  Furnace   117 

Douglas,  E.  A   238 

Douglas  Furnaces   58 

Douglasville,  Furnace  at   41 

Douglasvillo,  Rolling  Mill  at  148 

Dover  and  Bear  Spi'ing  Furnaces   97 

Dover  Furnace   124 

Dover  Rolling  Mill   168 

Doyle,  William,  (Stoves)  .339 

Dupp's  Patent  Heater   271 

Drivers  C.mnected   219 

Droge,  J.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  347 

Duane  Ore  5U6 

Dublin,  Furnace  at   110 

Dudley,  Lord  369 

Dufour,  M.  Faber   370 

Duglas  Thompson.  Car  Wheels  308 

DuUith,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  308 

Duluth,  Car  Works  at   253 

Duluth  Furnace  130 

Dnluth  Iron  Works   308 


PACE 

Dunbar  Furnace   57 

Duncannon  Furnocc   38 

Duncannon  Roiling  Mill   155 

DuncansviUe Nail  Works   148 

Duncansvillo,  Rolling  Mill  at   148 

Dunkirk.  Loconv  tivc  Works  at  233 

Durfee,  W.  S   170 

Durham  Iron  Works   30 

Dutcher,  Vose  &  Adams,  (Stoves)   348 

Dutchess  Co.,  Ores  of   508 

' '  Dwarf, "  Locomotive  called  the  140 

Eads.  James  B.,  Captain ...  355,  361,  384,  380 

Eagle  Car  Works   201 

Eagle  Furnace  45,  03,  72,  73,  lOS 

Eagle  Rolling  Mdl  146,  140 

Eagle  Steam  Pipe  Works   329 

Early  Blast  Furnaces  of  Ohio,  location 

of   61 

Early  History  of  Blast  Furnace  Interest  in 

Ohio  60,  61 

East  Bridgewatcr  Iron  Works   1^4 

East    Boston,   Pipe   and   Tube  Works 

at  .304.  .313 

East  Cambridge,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  351 

East  Dorset   117 

East  Pennsylvania  Fumace   29 

East  St.  Louis  Rolling  Mill   174,  178 

E.a.st  Wareham,  lioUing  Mill  at   134 

East  Weymouth,  Rolling  Mill  at  134 

Easton  liolling  Mill   155 

Eastwick  &  Harrison  216,  2'JO 

Eaton  &  Cole   315 

Eaton  &  Gilbert   245 

Eaton,  Daniel    CO 

Economy  Stove  Works   .341 

Eddy,  a.  W  298,  .^37 

Eddy,  Geo.  W.,  (Car  Wheels)  301 

Eddyville,  Furnace  at   77 

Eddyvillc.  Rolling  M.U  at  170 

Edgar  Thomson  IJr  ssemer  Steel  Works... .  187 

Edge  Hill  Iron  Works   .32 

Edge  Moor  Iron  Woiks   1.51 

Edwards  Mine   471 

Ege,  Michael   43 

Eight  Wheeled  "  C"  Engine   ?51 

Eight  Wheeled  Engine,  Patent  for   216 

Eight  Wheeled  Tenders,  Adoption  of  215 

Elba  Works   504 

Elevated  Railroad  Cars   250 

Elizabeth  Furnace  56,  107,  lOO 

Elizabeth  Rollrng  Mill   142 

Elizahethport,  Rolling  Mill  at   142 

Eliza  Furnaces   46 

Elmira  Car  Works   245 

Elmira  Furnaces  123,  124 

Elmira  Furnaces,  Blowing  Engines  of  124 

Elmira,  Pipe  Works  at   315 

Elmira  Rolling  Mills   139 

Elk  Creek,  Analysis  of  Ore  of   526 

Elk  Rnpida  Furnace   80 

Elk  Ridge  Furnace   115 

Ellet,  Bissell  &  Roebing  350 

Ellct,  Charles   225 

Elliott,  Edward   272 

Ely  &  Ramsay,  (Stoves)   338 

Emaus  Furnace   28 

Embreeville  Furnace   90 

Embreeville  Iron  Property,  Dimensions  of 

the  Furnace  on   544 

Emerson,  C.  P.,  Wrought  Iron  Pipes  314 

Emma  Furnace  45.  65 

Emmr  ns  Dr   509 

Empire  Car  Works   240 

Endor  Furnace   105 

Engine  at    "New  York  Central"  Car 

Shops   269 

Engine,  Baldwin  Eight  'Wheel  Connected.  221 

Kngine,  Baldwin  Fast  Passenger   223 

Engine  Built  at  Cumming's  Works   244 

Engines  called  "  Moguls"   228 

Engine,  Geared   210 

Engines,  Consolidation   228 

Engines,  Equalizing  Beams  on   216 

Engines  named  "Cr.ib.s"   217 

Engines,  Ten-Wheeled  223,  224 

Engines  to  Pump  the  Blast   S70 

England,  Seotland,  and  Wales,  Production 

of  Pig  Iron  in   403 


PAGB 

English  Hydraulic  Crane   190 

English  PrcBsnre  Pump   192 

Enterprise  Iron  Works   106 

Erie,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  302 

Erie  Car  Works,  Description  of   247 

Erie  City  Foundry,  (Pipe  Works)  317 

E lie  Furnace   .59 

Erie  Rolling  Mill   151 

Erie,  Stove  Works  at...  340,  341 

Escanaba,  Furnaces  at   85 

Escanaba  Furnace,  Stack  of   85 

Escanaba,  Shipments  of  Iron  Ore  from  477,  478 
Escanaba,  Sliipmcnts  of  Pig  Iron  from  477,  478 

E.ssex  County,   119 

Estill  Fumace   76 

Etna  Fumace  45,  57,  69,  101 

Etna  Iron  and  Nail  Works   I(i2 

Etna  Iron  Works   07 

Etna  Iron  Works  Co.,  Account  of   99 

Etna  Rolling  Mill,   144 

Etna  Station,  Furnaces  at   49 

Etowah  River,  Furnace  on   100 

Eureka  Furnace   87 

Evans,  Clifton  &  Evans,  Pipes  and  Tubes  328 

Evansdale,  Furnace  at   109 

Evans,  Dalzell  &  Co   327 

Evans  Rolling  Mill   165 

Evansville  Rolling  Mill   172 

E^ansville.  Stove  Works  at   346 

Everest  Mine   504 

Everh.art,  II.  &  Co   346 

Excelsior  Manufacturing  Co.,  (Stoves)  .348 

E.xcelsior  Stove  Works  340,  346,  347 

Exports  of  Iron  and  Metals,  compiled  from 

Returns  of  Collectors  of  Customs   405 

Fairbairn,  Sir  James   355 

Fairfield  Furnace   65 

Fan-  Hill  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill   156 

Fairlie  Double  Truck  Locomotive   233 

Faimiount  Steel  Works    198 

Falcon  Furnace  63,  64 

Falcon  Iron  and  Nail  Works   107 

FalUdll  Furnaces   121 

Fall  River  Iron  Works   133 

Fall  River,  Rolling  Mill  at   132 

Fannettsburg,  Furnace  at   43 

Farist  Steel  Co   199 

Fawn  Iron  Works   99 

Fayette  Furnaces   86 

Fayette  Furnaces,  Excellent  Working  of . .  86 

Fergerson,  Thomas   272 

FerndalcMill   1.52 

Ferric  Oxide   496 

Fcrro-Manganese   549 

Fesquet,  Prof  509,  512,  515 

Fesquet,  Prof.,  Opinion  of,  on  Bessemer 

Process   512 

Feuchter,  Mr   453 

Fibrous  Brown  Hematite  Ore  from  Mc- 

Clanahan's  Furnace,  Commercial  Value 

of   442 

Fibrous  Brown  Hematites   453 

Filcor,  John  H   272 

Filley  &  Lyman,  (Stoves)   3."8 

Finished  Iron   15 

Fink,  Mr   383 

Finlcy's  Patent  Iron  Tubing   324 

Fire  Boxes,  Steel   227 

Firmstone,  William   28 

Fischer,  Leaf  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  347 

Fisher,  Howell   530,  5.33 

Fisher,  Morgan  &  Co   38 

Fisher,  Prof  543 

Fishkill,  Furnace  at   125 

Five  Mile  Creek,  Furnace  ut   73 

Flad  &  PfeifEer  357 

Flad,  Baron   361 

piad.  Col  359,  385,  388 

Fleet  Foundi-y   253 

Fletcher  Furnace   122 

FletcherviUe  Furnace    126 

Florence  and  Millville  Foundries   316 

Florence,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at   316 

Fond  du  Lac  Furnace   81 

Ford,  W.  P.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  334 

Forest  City  Pipe  Works   328 

Forcstdale,  Furnace  at   117 

"  Forest  of  Dean  "   128 


INDEX. 




Furnace  at  Lime  Rock  "^^^^ 

Furnace  at  Loni?  Creek  

Furnace  at  Longdale   W(^'^ 

Furnace  at  Long  Swamp   41 

B'urnace  at  Lowellville   63 

Furnace  at  L^Tin  Creek   92 

Furnace  at  MoKres   56 

Furnace  at  Manchester   123 

Furnace  at  Marfrorctta   42 

Furnace  at  Marquette   87,  88 

Furnace  atMartinsville   ()8 

Furnace  at  Masillon   65 

Furnace  at  Mauraee  River   73 

Furnace  at  Max  Meadows   108,  109 

Furnace  at  May ville   81 

Furnace  at  Menominee   86 

Furnace  at  Milesburg   45 

Furnace  at  Mill  Creek    44 

Furnace  at  Miueville   126 

Furnace  at  Miner.-^ville   35 

Furnace  at  Monocacy  Station   31 

Furnace  at  Monroe   71 

Furnace  at  Mont  Alto   44 

Furnace  at  Monticello   55 

Furnace  at  iloselle   91 

Furnace  at  Moslem   30 

Furnace  at  Mount  Hope   43 

Furnace  at  Mt.  Savase   75 

Furnace  at  Mt,  Torrey  Iron  Works  107 

Furnace  at  Muirklrk  114 

Furnace  at  Munissing   £5,87 

Furnace  at  Napanoch   122 

Furnace  at  Nelson  Furnace   76 

Furnace  at  New  London   127 

Furnace  at  Newmarket   109 

Fui  nacc  at  North  Coi  nwall   36 

Fuinaoe  at  Northumberland   40 

Fni  n:!ce  at  Norwich  123,  126 

Furnac-eiit  OakdalE.   <»6 

Furnace  at  Oak  Hill   73 

Furnace  at  Ontario   122 

Furnace  at  Ore  Hill  105 

Furnace  at  Orrsville   55 

Furnace  at  Otter  Creek   78 

Furnace  at  Oxbow    124 

Furnace  at  Oxford  Furnace    10.3 

Furnace  at  Oziirk   93 

Furnace  at  Phdadclphia  33,  34,  124 

Furnace  at  Pilot's  Knob   91 

Furnace  at  Pine  Grove  35.  43 

Furnace  at  Pittsfoid   110,117 

Furnace  at  Plymouth   117 

Furnace  at  Poplar  Springs   99 

Fu  mace  at  Port  C&rbon   35 

Furn.'ice  at  Port  Leyden  125 

Furnace  at  Principio    114 

Fiunace  at  Prior's  Station  101 

Furnace  at  Reading   41 

Furnace  at  Red  Bank   56 

Furnace  at  Redwood  124 

Furnace  at  Reed's  Mill  72,  73 

Furnace  at  Richmond  110,  118 

Furnace  at  Richnnmd  Fuinace   44 

Furnace  at  Richpnth  Mount   107 

Furnace  at  Hinggold   35 

Furnace  at  llo'  k  S  'ring   45 

Furnace  at  Rose  Point    46 

Furnace  at  Sabb.-.th  Rest   56 

Furnace  at  Safe  Harnor   36 

Furnace  at  Salt  Creek  104 

Furnace  at  Salt  Peti-c  Cave   109 

Furnace  at  SampsouviUe   73 

Furnace  at  Sarah   46 

Furnace  at  Sliainokin   40 

Fuinace  at  Sh;iron  Village   127 

Furnace  at  Shariishurgh  115 

Fui  nace  at  Shouaudoah  Iron  Works   ICS 

Furnace  at  Shippcnsburg    43 

Fuinace  at  Shoals   78 

Fnrnace  at  Suuthamiiton   43  , 

Furnace  at  South  Pittsburg     46 

Furnace  at  South  Shaftsbury   117 

Furnace  at  Speedwell  108 

Fuiniiceat  Springfield  Furnace   46 

Fnrnace  at  Spruce  Creek   44 

Furnace  at  St.  Clair   S5 

Furnace  at  St.  Thomas   43 

Furnace  at  Stemmer's  Rim  113 


PAGE 

Fort  Ann  '   505 

Fort  Edward  and  Columbia  Furnaces.120,  121 

Fort  Edward,  Furnaces  at  120,  121 

Fort  Wayne,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  304 

Fo-sdick,  J.  T   268 

Fossiliferous  Ores  541,  549 

Fossil  or  Dye  Stone  Ores  of  Tennessee.. .  541 
Fossil  Ore,  Analysis  of,  by  Prof.  Troost . .  541 

Fossil  Ores  508,  517,  518 

Fossil  Ores  of  Maryland   4(50 

Fossil  Ores  of  Tcnnes-ee   540 

Fossil  Ores  of  Wisconsin   550 

Foster  Mine   466 

Fountain  Mills,  Furnaces  at   59 

Fountain  Mills,  Rolling  Mill  at   1  15 

Fonts  &  Monroe  Car  Wheels   305 

Foxell  6l  Jones,  (Stoves)   337 

Fox  River  Furnaces   81 

Forges  and  Bloomariea  of   the  United 

States,  Production  of   402 

France,  Production  of  Pig  Iron  in   403 

Francouia  Furnace   ...  116 

Franconia  Iron  and  Steel  Works   135 

Frankf  ord  Creek,  Steel  Works  at   198 

Frankfort  Furnace   86 

Franklin  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Ores  of   506 

Franklin  Co.,  Va.,  Ores  of   523 

Franklin  Fiu-nace  4;i,  CO,  71,  128,  129 

Franklin  Furi-aces   121 

Franklin  Institute,  Geared  Engine,  Re- 
port of  217 

Franklin  Iron  Company,  Brief  Historical 

Account  of  Old  Furnace  of  the   129 

Franklin  Iron  Coinpanj',  Old  Furnace  of. .  129 

Franklin  Iron  Works,  Furnaces  at   121 

Franklin  Ore   503 

Franklimte  Magnetic  Ore   502 

Fiankstown  Furnace   56 

Fiazer,  P..  Jr.,  Prof   544 

Freas  Brothers  &  Thornton,  Car  Works  . .  248 

Frederick  &  Co.,  Car  Works   247 

Freemansburg,  Furnace  at   29 

French,  A.  Si  Co's  "Springs"  269 

Fritz,  John  155,  188 

Fritz's  Feeding  Tables   175 

Fritz's  Power  Feeding  Tables   192 

Frostburg,  Furnace  at   115 

Fuller,  Warren  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  .330 

Fulton  Foundry,  Car  Wheels   304 

Fulton  Furnace   06 

Fulton,  Mr   520 

Fulton,  S.  &  Co   32 

Fulton.  S.  &  Co.,  (Pipe  Works)  317 

Fulton's  Mill  154,  155 

Furnace  and  Hydraulic  Die   375 

Furnace  at  Airdrie   77 

Furnace  at  Akron  64,  05 

Furnace  at  Antwerp   73 

Furnace  at  Ashland   114 

Furnace  at  Auburn   43 

Fui  nace  at  Baldwin  Station   .37 

Furnace  at  Bangor   86 

Furnace  at  Beaver  Creek   110 

Furnace  at  Bellefort   45 

Furnace  at  Belmont  Furnace   76 

Furnace  at  B?nnington  Furnace   56 

Furnace  at  Berlin  Cross  Roads   72 

Furnace  at  Big  Island   107 

Furnace  at  Bloomfield   44 

Furnace  at  Bloom  Station   71 

Furnace  at  Boone  Fnrnace   75 

Furnace  at  Bristol   97 

Furnace  at  Buena  'Vista   110 

Furnaces  at  Bufl'alo  Gap  .- . . .  107 

Furnace  at  Bushong's  Furnace   97 

Funiace  at  Canal  Dover   05 

Furnace  at  Capon  Ironworks  112 

Furnace  at  Cai  lisle   42 

Furnace  at  Cartersville   100 

Furnace  at  Carthage   124 

Fnrnace  at  Cat oct in   115 

Furnace  at  Cedartown   100 

Furnace  at  Cheshire   118 

Furnace  at  Chocolay   84 

Furnace  at  Cincinnati  Furnace   73 

Fnrnace  at  Clarion    46 

Furnace  at  Clarksville   98 

Furnace  at  Clay   72 


PAGE 

Furnace  at  Clermont  Mills  114 

Furnace  at  Clifton   125 

Furnace  at  Clifton  Furnace  107 

Furnace  at  Cold  Spring   121 

Furnace  at  Columbia   109,110 

Furnace  at  Columbus   06 

Furnace  at  Cooper   103 

Furnace  at  Cornwall   42 

Furnace  at  Cornwall  Bridge   126,  127 

Furnace  at  Cornwall  Iron  Works   102 

Furnace  at  Costigan   77 

Furnace  at  Craig's  Creek   109 

Furnace  at  Cumberland  Furnace   98 

Furnace  at  Cumberland  Gap   97 

Furnace  at  Danbury   100 

Furnace  at  Daiiphin   38 

Furnace  at  Dickinson   43 

Furnace  at  DouglasviUe   41 

Furnace  at  Dover   124 

Furnace  at  Dublin   110 

Furnace  at  Duluth   I'iO 

Furnace  at  Dunbar   57 

Furnace  at  Duncannon   38 

Furnace  at  East  Dorset   117 

Furnace  at  Eddyville   77 

Furnace  at  Elk  Rapids   86 

Furnace  at  Elk  Ridge  Landing  115 

Furnace  at  Eraaus    28 

Furnace  at  Erie   59 

Furnace  at  Evansdale   109 

Furnace  at  Fannettsburg   43 

Furnace  at  Farm  Iron  Works   99 

Furnace  at  Fishkill   125 

Furnace  at  Five  Mile  Creek   73 

Furnace  at  Pond  du  Lac   81 

Furnace  at  Forestdale   117 

Furnace  at  Franklin  Furnace   71 

Furnace  at  Frankstown   56 

Fwrnace  at  Frostburg   115 

Furnace  at  Gallia   71 

Furnace  at  Gennell's  Creek   71 

Furnace  at  Girard   64 

Furnace  at  Gladeville   112 

Furnace  at  Graham's  Forge   108 

Furnace  at  Green  Bay   81 

Furnace  at  Greeneviile   90 

Furnace  at  Greenspring  Furnace   114 

Furnace  at  Greenupsburg   75 

Furnace  at  Greenwood  Iron  Works. . .  121,  125 

Furnace  at  Hanging  Rock   70 

Furnace  at  Harford  Furnace   113 

Furnace  at  Harmony   78 

Furnace  at  Haysville   96 

Furnace  at  Hooking  Valley   71 

Furnace  at  Homewood   59 

Furnace  at  Hopewell   44 

Furnace  at  Howard   45,  56 

Furnace  at  Hudson   120,  121 

Furnace  at  Himtsville   127 

Furnace  at  Idaville   43 

Furnace  at  Indian  Mound   98 

Furnace  at  Irondale   91,  103 

Furnace  at  Iron  Furnace   71 

Furnace  at  Iron  Ridge   81 

Furnace  at  Ironton   81.  Ill 

Furnace  at  Ishpenning   84.  85 

Furnace  at  Ithaca   123 

Furnace  at  Jackson   06 

Furnace  at  Joanna   41 

Furnace  at  Jonesboro   96 

Furnace  at  Kent   127 

Fiu-nace  at  Kenton  Furnace   76 

Furnace  at  Keystone  Furnace   72 

Furnace  at  ICingston   100 

Furnace  at  Kittaning   55 

Furnace  at  Knox-ville   90,  115 

Furnace  at  Kutztuwn   31 

Furnace  at  Lambert  Ore  Banks   97 

Furnace  at  Lancsboro   118 

Furnace  at  Laura  Furnace   77 

Furnace  at  Lebanon  Valley   35 

Funiat-e  at  Leesport   31 

Furnace  at  Lcland   86,  87 

Furnace  at  Lenhartsville   41 

Fnrnace  at  Lenox  Furnace   118 

Furnace  at  Lewis  Furnace   98 

Furnace  at  Lewistown  /   45 

Furnace  at  Lexington   110 


Xll 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Fnrnaceat  Stcrlingbush  124 

Furnace  at  SterlinKVillc   12-1 

Furnace  at  Stonewall  Furnace   102 

Furnace  at  Stoncy  Creek   97 

Furnace  at  St.ruthers   (32 

Furnace  at  Swatara  Station   42 

Furnace  at  Tallico  Plains   98 

Furnace  at  Tccumsch  Furnace   101,  102 

Furniioeat  Temple  31,  41 

Furnace  at  Three  Fork  Creek   Ill 

Furnace  at  Tolersvillc  109 

Furnace  at  Trenton   100 

Furnace  at  Tyrone   45 

Furnace  at  Unaka   96 

Furnace  at  Union  Deposit   38 

Furnace  at  Vintou  Station   07 

Furnace  at  Wampum  57,  58 

Furnace  at  Warren   64 

Furnace  at  Washington   71 

Furnace  at  Wassaio  125 

Funiace  at  Wayawanda  129 

Furnace  at  Waynesborough   9S 

Furnace  at  West  Middlesex   58 

Furnace  at  West  Stockbndge  117 

Furnace  at  Wheatland   59 

Furnace  a  t  Wheelersburg   71 

Furnace  at  Williamsburg   40 

Furnace  at  Winfield   40 

Furnace  at  Wolcott  Village   125 

Furnace  at  Worley  Furnace   98 

Furnace  at  Wrightsville   37 

Furnace  at  Yellow  Springs   45 

Furnace  at  York   42 

Furnace,   First,   with    Blast,  Driven  by 

Steam  in  the  United  States   68 

Furnace  in  Baltimore   114 

Furnace  in  Bath  County   77 

Furnace  in  Cherokee  County   103 

Furnace  in  FjankUu  County.   44 

Furnace  in  Indiana  County   40 

Furnace  in  Jackson  County   72 

Furnace  in  Jenkintown   32 

Furnace  in  Lincoln  County   10(i 

Furnace  in  Litchfield  County   120 

Furnace  in  Marshall  County  Ill 

Furniice  in  Morgan  County   92 

Furnace  in  Morris  County   12!) 

Furnace  in  Shenandoah  County  110 

Furnace  in  Union  County   40 

Furnace  near  Altoona   55 

Furnace  near  Great  Harrington   118 

Furnace  near  Hamden   71 

Furnace  near  Leesbiirg   92 

Furnace  near  Newcastle   46 

Furnace  near  Rome   09 

Furnace  uear  Sullivan   92 

Furnace  on  Embreeville  Property,  Dimen- 
sions of   514 

Furnace  on  Embreeville  Property,  How 

the  Blast  is  Furnished   644 

Funiace  on  Embreeville  Property,  Work- 
in  „'s  of   545 

Fui  naco  on  Etowah  River  100 

Furnace  on  Piscataquis  and  Bangor  Rail- 
road ;   110 

Furnaces  at  Albany  122,  VSi 

Furnaces  at  Alloutown   28 

Furnaces  at  Anniston  103 

Furnaces  at  Aiiploton   81 

Furnaces  at  Baltimore   11:! 

]''Mrna,rcs  at  Bethlehem   29 

Furnaces  at  Bibb  Furnace   102 

Furnaces  at  Bloomsburg   39 

Furnaces  at  Boonton   120 

Furnaces  at  Brady's  Bend   5."j 

Furnaces  at  Brazil   7,s 

Furnaces  at  Buffalo  ,   122 

Furnaces  at  Catoct-in   113 

Furnaces  at  Champion   84 

Furnaces  at  Chica'jro   79 

Furnaces  at  Chic-kics   36 

Furnaces  at  ('i.luinl)ia   86 

Furnaces  at  Columbiana   104 

Furnaces  at  (^oncmaugh  Station   66 

Furnaces  at  Copake   124 

Furnaces  at  Coplay   28 

Fmiaces  at  ClomwaU   35 

Furnaces  at  Crown  Point   120 


PAGE 

Furnaces  at  Cumberland  Iron  Works   9' 


Furnaces  at  De  Pere   81 

Furnaces  at  Detroit   87 

Fm-naces  at  Easton   28 

Furnaces  at  Elinira  123,  124 

Furnaces  at  K^canaba   85 

Furnaces  Ht  Etna  Station   49 

Furnaces  at  Fayette   86 

Furnaces  at  Fort  Edward  120.  121 

Furnaces  at  Fountain  Mills   59 

Furnaces  at  Frankfort   86 

Furnaces  at  Franklin  Ironworks   121 

Furnaces  at  Gcodes   122 

Furnaces  at  Grand  Tower   80 

Furnaces  at  Havre  dc  Grace   114 

Furnaces  at  Hecktou   105 

Furnaces  at  Hellertown   29 

Furnaces  at  HoUidaysburgh   56 

Furnaces  at  Hubbard   63 

Furnaces  at  Hudson   121 

Furnaces  at  Irondale   66 

Furnaces  at  Iron  Mountain   91 

Furnaces  at  Iron  ton  67,  103,  122 

Furnaces  at  Ii-vine   70 

Furnaces  at  Johnstown   56 

Furnaces  at  Joliet  79,  80 

Furnaces  at  Knightsville   78 

Furnaces  at  Lebanon   35 

Furnaces  at  Lcctonia   64 

Furnaces  at  Lewistown   44 

Furnaces  at  Lime  Rock   126 

Furnaces  at  Lincolnton  105,  106 

Furnaces  at  Manhattan viUe   122 

Furnaces  at  Marietta  36,  37 

Furnaces  at  Marquette   84 

Furnaces  at  Martin's  Ferry   68 

Furnaces  at  Middlesex  58,  59 

Furnaces  at  Middletown   38 

Furnaces  at  MLUerton   125 

Furnaces  at  Milwaukee   82 

Furnaces  at  Mineral  Ridge   64 

Furnaces  at  Mingo   66 

Furnaces  at  Montour  Coiuity   39 

Furnaces  at  Mount  Savage   115 

Furnaces  at  Negaunee   84 

Furnaces  at  Newburg   66 

Furnaces  at  New  Castle   57 

Furnaces  at  Newport  38,  74,  75 

Furnaces  at  Niles   64 

Furnaces  at  Onoto   87 

Furnaces  at  Orb'sonia   59 

Furnaces  at  Oxford   128 

Furnaces  at  Phfcnixville   31 

Furnaces  at  Pittsliurgh  46,  54 

Furnaces  at  Port  Henry   120 

Furnaces  at  Port  Washington   OS 

Furnaces  at  Poughkc  epsie   121 

Furnaces  at  Red  River  Ironworks   77 

Furnaces  at  Uiddlcsburg   55 

Furnaces  at  Riui^wood   129 

Furnaces  at  Ri\  crt«n  75,  76 

Furnaces  at  Roaring  Springs   56 

Furnaces  at  Robeson  ia   SO 

Furnaces  at  Rockwood   96 

Furnaces  at  R<>up's  Valley   103 

Furnaces  at  Scranton   .39 

Furnaces  at  Sharon   58 

Furnaces  at  SharpsviUe  58,  60 

Furnaces  at  Sheridan   36 

Furnaces  at  Stanhope   129 

Furnaces  at  Stsubcnville   60 

Furnaces  at  TannaliiU   103 

Furnaces  at  Torre  Haute   79 

I'urnaces  at  Trigg  Furnace   77 

I'nni  h  i  -  at  'I  roy   120 

I  'luna.  .-;  at  Turkey  Creek   1"3 

l''uMiai'cs  at  Wheeling   Ill 

Furnaces  .at  Wood's  Ilun    54 

Furnaces  at  Wyandotte   87 

Furnaces  at  W.\-theville   108 

Furnaces  at  Zancsv!  He  67,  68 

Furnaces  in  r.erks  County  30,  41 

Furnaces  in  Blair  County   40 

Furnaces  in  Bucks  County   30 

Furnaces  in  Carbon  Coimly   29 

Furnaces  in  Columbia  Coirnty   39 

Furnaces  in  Conshohocken   32 

Furnaces  in  Danville   39 


36 


60 
38 
32 
32 
36 
£5 
82 


PACK 

Furnaces  in  Dauphin  County  37,  38 

Furnaces  in  Harrisburg   37 

Furnaces  in  Lancaster  County  .36,  37 

Furnaces  in  Lebanon  Coimty  35, 

Furnaces  in  Lehigh  County  27, 

Furnaces  in  Lewistown   38 

Furnaces  in  Luzerne  County   39 

Furnaces  in  Montgomery  County   31 

Furnaces  in  Norristown   31 

Furnaces  in  Northampton  Coimty  28,  29 

Ftu-naces  in  Northumberland  County .  .39,  40 

Furnaces  in  Pennsylvania  27, 

Furnaces  in  Perry  County  

Fiirnaces  in  Philadelphia  County  

Furnaces  in  Pottstown  

Furnaces  in  Pottsville  34, 

Furnaces  in  Schuylkill  County  34, 

Furnaces  of  B,iy"View  

Furnaces  of  Missouri,  Charcoal   91 

Furnaces,  Siemens   li;7 

Furnaces  to  be  constructed  for  California,  652 

Gadsden,  Col   220 

Gage,  Chas.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   348 

Gallatin,  Albert,  Report  on  the  Condition 
of  the  Iron  Manufacturing  Industry  of 

the  Country  2.3,  24 

Gallia  Furnace   71 

Galusha,  Norman  H.,  Stove  Works   338 

Gahvay.  Semple  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  344 

Gardner,  Chilson,  (Stoves)  .365 

Gardner,  F.  &  Co.,  Car  Works  243 

Garey,  Mr  263 

Garhart  &  Co.,  Stove  Works   341 

Garrett,  John  W  2G5,  267 

Gas  Pipe  and  Wrought  Iron  Tube,  M;nu- 

facturing  of  ,318,  S24 

Gauges,  Standard  and  Templets  227 

Gautier,  D.  G.  &  Co.,  Steel  Works   198 

Gaylord  Iron  and  Pipe  Co   328 

Gazette  of  the  National  Association  of 

Iron  Manufacturers   512 

Geared  Engine   216 

Geared  Engine,  Descriittion  of   216 

Geared  Engine,  Report  of  Franklm  Insti- 
tute on   217 

Geanga,  Stove  Woi  ks  of   343 

Geddes,  Furnaces  at   122 

Geisenhainer,  Frederick  W   370 

General  Intr<)duction   I 

GenneU'.s  Creek,  Furnace  at   71 

Genth,  Prof   509,  511,  512 

Georgia,  Blast  Furnaces  of  99,  101 

Georgia,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  .308,  309 

Georgia,  Car  Works  of   258 

Georgia,  Census  of   1111 

Georgia,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  99,  101 

Georgia,  Hematite  Ores  of  454,  455 

Georgia,  Magnetic  Ores  of   454 

Georgia,  Manganese  Ores  of  455 

Georgia,  Ore  Regions  of  454,  453 

Georgia,  Primitive  Ores  of   454 

Georgia,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  for.  101 
Georgia,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills 

ia   ISO 

Georgia,  Rolling  Mdls  of  179,  180 

Georgia,  Specular  Ores  of  454 

Georg'a.  Stove  Works  of   349 

Gibbs,  Burke  Si  Co.  (Stoves)   338 

Gibb.s,  S.  W.  &  Co   3.39 

Gilbert,  Bush  &  Co.,  Car  Works   245 

Giles  Co.,  WostVa.,  Ores  of  537 

Giles  Furnace   103 

Gill  &  Bidwell,  Car  Wheels   .302 

Gill,  G.  W  ,  (Stoves)   344 

Gill,  John  L..  c  ir  W..i  k^   252,  302 

Girani  Aveiiu.'  I!  i.l.;c  17,  364,  31)5 

Girard  Avenu'-  Bi  itl  o,  Description  of  .364,  365 

Girard  Funiace   64 

Girard,  RoUing  Mill  at   168 

Girard  Tube  Works  and  Iron  Co  326 

Gladcvil  e  Furnace   112 

Glamorgan  Furnaces   38 

(riasgow  Furnaces   65 

Glendon  Iron  Works   28 

Glen  Rook  Car  Works  2 18 

Glen  Rolling Mdl   153 

Glenwood  Furnace   110 

Globe  Furnace   66 


moEx.  xiii 


PAGE 


Globe  Rolling  Mill  164,  1(:5 

Gloiinpster  Iron  and  Machine  Co   31() 

Gloucester  Iron  Works   326 

Gloucester,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at . .  316,  3'X 

Goevvey,  John  A.,  (Stoves)  365,  340 

Goodrich  &  Hill,  Car  Wheels   305 

Goodrich  Car  Co   25S 

Goodrich  Mine  ,410 

Goold,  James  &  Co.,  Car  Works    245 

Gosnold  Rolling  Mill   133 

Goss,  W  272,  274 

Gouverneur  Mine   507 

Grace  Furnace  63,  88,  109 

Grace  Furnace,  Description  of   88 

Graff,  Heri>us  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  342 

Graff  Tube  Works  327 

Grafton  Furnaces   64 

Graham,  C,  Bridge  Builder   389 

Graham's  Forge   108 

Grand  Tower  Furnaces   80 

Grant  Locomotive  Works   234 

Gray,  J.  W.  &,  Co.,  (Stoves)   345 

Gray's  Ferry  Plate  Iron  Works  156 

Gray's  Ferry,  Rollinsr  Mill  at   156 

Great  Harrington,  Furnace  near   118 

Great  Britain,  Exportation  of  Railroad 

Iron  to  all  Countries  from   403 

Great  Britain,  Export  of  Metals  of  Home 

Manufacture  from   411 

Great  Britain  to  the  United  States,  Pig 

Iron  Exported  from   401 

Great  Britain  to  the  United  States,  Quan- 
tity of  Iron  of  all  kinds  Exported  from.  402 

Great  Falls,  Stove  Works  at   334 

Great  Western  Manufacturing  Co   349 

Green  Bay  Furnace   81 

Green  Bay,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Green  Castle'  Iron  and  Nail  Works   172 

Green,  D.  P.  &  Co.,  Car  Wheel  Works  ...  308 

Green,  F.  G  315 

Green  Island  Car  Works   245 

Green  Mine   604 

Green  River  Bridge   382 

Greene  Furnace  ".   90 

Green  Spring  Furnace   114 

Greenu|)sbufg,  Furnace  at   75 

Greenville  Rolling  Mill   154 

Greenwood  and  Michigan  Furnaces   84 

Greenwood  Furnace   125 

Greenwood  Furnaces   44 

Greenwood  Iron  Works,  Furnace  at..  121,  125 

Greenwood  Pipe  Co   328 

Greenwood  Stove  Co   344 

Greer  &  King,  (Stoves)   345 

Greer's  Rolling  Mill   lOS 

Gregg,  Chas.,  Manufacturing  Co  315 

Griffe,  John   373 

Griffith,  Isaac  J.  &  Bro.,  Tubes  326 

Griffith,  Jas.  A.,  Tubes  and  Pipes  326 

Griffiths,  Wm   317 

Griswold,  J.  A.  &  Co  187 

Griswold,  John  A   187 

Gulf  Furnace   106 

Haber.shaw,  Wm.  M.   99 

Hackett  Manufacturing  Co.,  (Stoves)  347 

Hagerman,  Mr.  James  J   179 

Haggard,  W.  G   269 

Haight,  Ogden   464 

Half  Stroke  Cut-ofE  in  Locomotives.  220 

Hall  Mine   504 

Hamburg  Iron  Works   148 

Hamburg  Iron  Works,  Product  of  148 

Hamburg,  Rolling  Mill  at   148 

Hamden  Furnace   71 

Hamilton  Foundiy   304 

Hamilton  Furnace   92 

Hamilton,  Wm.  &  Son.  Car  Works   261 

Hammer  at  Femdale  Mill   152 

Hammond  &  Reeves,  Bridge  Works   389 

Hampton  Furnace   30 

Hamtramek  Car  Wheel  Works  305 

Hamtramck  Furnace   87 

Hamtramek  Iron  Works   176 

Hancock  Mines   492 

Hanging  Rock.  Fmnace  at   70 

Hanging  Rock  Region,  Early  History  of 

Iron  making  68,  69 

Hanging  Rock  Region,  Ores  of  459 


PAGE 

Hanging  Rock,  Stove  Works  at  346 

Hannibal,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  308 

Hannibal  Car  Works   259 

Harlord  Furnace   113 

Hard  Fossil  Ore   518 

Harlan  &  Hollingsworth  Co   IS 

Harlan  &  Hollingsworth  Co.,  Car  Works..  250 
Harlan  &  Hollingtworth,  Description  of 

Car  Works  of   250 

Harlan  &  Hollingsworth  Co.,  Iron  Ship 

Yard  423,  425 

Harmar,  Stove  Works  at   346 

Harmony.  Furnaces  at   78 

Harris,  ISrown  &  Go's  Mill   170 

Harris,  D.,  (Stoves)   349 

Hurrisburg  Car  M  inufacturing  Co  302 

Harrisburg,  Car  Wlieel  Works  at  302 

Harrisburg  Car  Works   248 

Harrisburg  Furnace   37 

Harrisburg,  Furnaces  in   37 

Han-isburg  Nail  Works    151 

Harrison  Eaton,  Stove  Works  of  334 

Harrison,  Joseph,  Jr   216 

Hart,  Thomas,  Tubes   326 

Haskell  &  Barker  Car  Co  253,  304 

Haskell,  N.  C.  Iron  Bridge  Works   364 

Haupt,  Gen   527 

Haverstraw,  Rolling  Mill  at   140 

Havre-de-Grace,  furnaces  at   114 

Havre  Furnaces   114 

Hayes,  Dr   459 

Haysville,  Furnace  at   96 

Hazelton  Furnaces   63 

Healey,  Mr   57 

Hearth.  Jonas  S.  &  Co.,  Car  Wheels  301 

Heater.  Baker  &  Smith   265 

Heath,  Mr.....  195,  196 

Heaton,  James   60 

Heaton,  Mr   196 

Heckton,  Furnaces  at   105 

Heel  a  Furnaces  45,  69,  70 

Helena,  Rolling  Mill  at   180 

Hellertown,  Furnaces  at   29 

Helmbacher  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill   117 

Hematite  Hard  and  Soft  Ores   4()5 

Hematite  Mines  466,  467 

Hematite  Ore. .468,  470,  471,  509,  517,  5'21, 

522,  550 

Hematite  Ore  of  Kentucky   458 

Hematite  Ore  of  Missouri   482 

Hematite  Ore  of  Vermont   549 

Hematite  Ores,  Analysis  by  Prof.  Chand- 
ler  506 

Hematite  Ores  of  Tennessee  546 

Hematites,  Fibrous  Brown   453 

Hematites,  found  at  Irondale  Works   491 

Henderson,  David   504 

Henderson's  New  Process   530 

Henry  Clay  Furnace   37 

Henry  Clay  Furnaces   .30 

Henszey,  Mr  228,  231 

Hen-zey's  Patent  Wrought   Iron  Arch 

Bridges   387 

Herrick  Car  Works   247 

HeiTon,  J.  B.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  .342 

Herron,  Mr   365 

Hewitt,  Abram  S  14,  502 

Hibemia  Mine   501 

Hibemia  Rolling  MiU   150 

Hicks  Si  Wolfe,  (Stoves)    337 

High  Bridge,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   3C8 

Highgate,  Stove  Works  at   334 

Himrod  &  Vincent   62 

Himrod,  David   62 

Himrod  Furnaces   63 

Hinkley  &  Rollins,  Stove  Works  334 

Hinkley  Locomotive  Works   233 

Hirsch  Sciew,  A   429 

History  of  Cumberland  Iron  Motmtain.. .  522 

Hitchcock  &  Carter,  (Stoves)  3*13 

Hocking  Valley,  Furnace  at   71 

Hodgman,  S.  A   251 

Hodgson,  Joseph   440 

Hofl.  Fontaine  &  Abbot  321 

Hoffman,  Billings  &  Co  329 

Hoisting  Apparatus  of  Grace  Furnace  ....  88 

Hokendauqua,  Furnaces  at   27 

Holland  Furnace  108 


PAGE 

HoUey,  Alexander  L   187 

Hodidaysburgh,  Furnaces  at   56 

Hiilliday.sburgh  Iron  and  Nail  Works   148 

IloUidaysburgh,  Rolling  Mill  at   148 

Holmes,  J.  W   269 

Homer,  Mr   3.56 

HomewoQd  Furnace   59 

Hope  Furnace  46,  73 

Hi.pe  Rolling  Mill   1.52 

Hopewell  B\irnace  41,  44,  125 

Horse  Shoe  Machine   1.57 

Hot  Blast  Charco.nl  Iron   533 

Hot  Bl.ast  Stove,  Wbitwcll   99 

Hot  Blast  \\'ith  Anthracite  Coal  370 

Houston,  Car  Works  of   25!) 

Houston,  Samuel  264.  266 

Howard  Furnace  45,  56,  10 

Howard,  Furnace  at   56 

Howard,  Rolling  Mill  at   140 

Howard,  Mr  265,  267 

Howell,  Lewis  0   229 

Howe  Truss  Bridge  389,  390 

Hubball  Bros.,  (Stoves)  338 

Hubbard  Furnaces   63 

Hubbard  Rolling  Mill   106 

Hubbard,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Hud.son,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  .300 

Hudson,  Furnace  at  120,  121 

Hudson  Fiurnaces   121 

Hudson  River  Bridge  ,   17 

Hudson  River  Bridge  atPoughkeepsie.. . .  384 

Hudson,  Stove  Works  at  338,  3S9 

Huff  Mine   502 

Hnnncwell  and  Pennsylvania  Furnaces.  .75,  76 

Hunt&  Miller,  (Stoves)   338 

Hunt  Canfield  Iron  Works   137 

Hunter,  Keller  &  Co   315 

Huntingdon  Car  Works   250 

Huntingdon  Furnace   44 

Hunt  Lyman  Furnace   127 

Huntsman,  Mr   195 

Huntsville,  Funiace  at   127 

Huntsville,  Rolling  MiU  at   lo7 

Huronian  Svstem  464 

Hussev,  Wells  &  Co   196 

Hussey,  Wells  &  Co.,  Cast  Spring  Steel...  196 

Hydratcd  Brown  Oxide   550 

Hyd  rated  Oxide  of  Iron   456 

Hydratcd  Oxide  of  Iron,  Analysis  of   456 

Hydratcd  Peroxides   530 

Hj'drated  Sesquioxideof  Iron   542 

Hydraulic  Machinery   359 

Idaville,  Furnace  at   43 

Illinois  and  St.  Louis  Bridge   386 

Illinois  and  St.  Louis  Bridge,  Description 

of   384,  387 

Illinois,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  of  189 

Illinois,  Blast  Furnaces  of  79,  80 

Illinois,  Bridge  Works  of  389,  391 

Illinois,  Car  Wheel  Foimdries  of  .30),  305 

Illinois,  Car  Works  ii  255,  2.56 

Illinois,  Census  Returns  of   175 

Illinois,  Coal  Measure  Ores  of   455 

Illinois,  Ore  Regions  of  455,  456 

Illinoi.s,  Railroad  Car  Shops  of  272,  274 

Illinois,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in ... .  80 
Illinois,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  176 

Illinois,  RoUing  Mills  of  173,  176 

Illinois,  Stove  Works  of   346 

Importation  of  Railroad  Iron  into  the 

United  States   399 

Importations  of  Pig  Metal   3 

Imports  of  Irons  and  Metals,  Compiled  by 

the  Treasury  Department   404 

Indiana,  Blast  Furnaces  of  78,  79 

Indiana,  Block  Coal  of   456 

Indiana,  Bog  Ore  of   457 

Indiana  Car  Co   253 

Indiana,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  304 

Indiana,  Car  Works  in  253,  2.55 

Iowa  Car  Works  260 

Iowa,  Stove  Works  of   348 

Indiana,  Census  Returns  of   178 

Indiana,  Commercial  Value  of  the  Iron 

Ores  of   456 

Indiana  Furnace   40 

Indiana,  Ore  Regions  of    456,  457 


Indiana,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in . . .  79 


XIV 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Indiana,  Recapitulation  ol  Iron  Mills  in . .  172 

Iniiiana,  Rolling  Mills  of   ITl,  17:3 

Intliana,  Stove  Works  of   34(» 

Indiaiiiipohs  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  Shops 

at  M.ittoon,  Ills  272,  27-1 

Indianapolis  Car  Works   253 

Indianapolis.  Ponn.,  and  Chicago  Rail- 
road, Car  Shops  of   273 

Indianapolis  Rolling  Mill   172 

Indianapolis,  Stove  Works  at   244 

Indian  Mound,  Furnace  at   98 

Inexhaustible  Ore  of  Rocky  Mountains. ..  551 

International  Bridge   355 

Introduction,  General   1 

Introduction  to  Blast  Furnaces   19 

Introduction  to  the  Car  Works  of  the 

United  States  239,  240 

Introduction  to  the  Iron  Ore  Regions  of 

the  United  States   437 

Introduction  to  the  Iron  Ship  Yards  of  the 

United  States  415,  421 

"Iron  Age"   ...  538 

Iron  and  Coal  of  the  Red  Mountain  Re- 
gions of  Alabama  446,  448 

Iron  and  Metals,  Exports  of   405 

Iron  and  Melals,  Imports  of   404 

Iron  and  Steel,  American  Exports  of  408 

[ron  Bar,  Average  Cost  of  407 

Iron  Belt  of  Virginia,  Report  on  the  636 

Iron  Bridge,  Advantage  of  367,  308 

Iron  Bridge  Building  355 

Iron  Bridge  of  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City, 
and  Northern  Railway,  over  the  Mis- 
souri River  at  St.  Charles  362,  363 

Iron  Bridge  Works  at  Albany   364 

Iron  Bridge  Works  at  Buffalo  363,  304 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Maryland  .388 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Michigan  391,  392 

Iron  Bridge  Bridge  Works  of  New  Jer- 
sey 387,  388 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  New  York  363,  .364 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Ohio  388,  .389 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Pennsylvania. .  .364,  387 
Iron  Bridge  Works  of  the  United  States, 

16,  17,  355,  392 
Iron  City  Iron  Works  and  Apollo  Sheet 

Mill   146 

Iron  Clad  Ship  La  Glorie   416 

Iron  Clad  Ship  Warrior   416 

Iron  Clad  Ships,  Description  of  416,  421 

Iron  Cliff  Co  466 

Iron  Company,  Lake  Superior  468,  470 

Iron,  Early  History  of  the  Manufacture  in 

the  United  States  of  23,  24 

Iron  Flues  on  Locomotive  Engines  219 

Iron,  Hyd rated  Oxide  of   456 

Iron  In<lustryof  the  Country,  firowth  of  25,  26 

Iron  Industry  of  the  United  States   1 

Iron  Industry  of  the  United  States,  Attrac- 
tion of  Capital  to  the   1 

Iron  Industry  of  the  United  States,  In- 
ducements offered  to  the  Skilled  Labor 

of  Europe   1 

Iron  in  Great  Britain,  Monthly  Quotations 

for  1873   406 

Iron  International  Bridge   17 

Iron  Manufacturing  Industry  of  the  Coun- 
try .IS  Reported  by  Albert'Gallatin... .33,  24 

Iron  Mountain  Furnace   91 

Iron  Mountain  Mine  471 

Iron  Mountain,  Ore  of  186,  481,  490,  538 

Iron  Ore,  Carbonate   452 

Iron  Ore  Extracted  from  Michigan  Mines, 

Approximate  Cost  per  ton  of   480 

Iron  Ore  from  Jefferson  County  445 

Iron  Ore  Lands  of  Virginia,  what  they  can 

be  Bought  for   537 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Alabama  440,  448 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Georgia  454,  455 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Lake  Supeiior..  .404,  468 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Maine   460 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Maryland   460 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Massachusetts  . .  .460,  461 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Michigan  462,  480 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Missouri  481,  498 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  New  Hampshire.. 461,  462 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  New  Jersey  501,  503 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  New  York  503,  509 


PAGE 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  North  Carolina.  .509,  515 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Ohio   4.59 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Penn.sylvania  516,  521 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Ti'unessee  540,  548 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Tennessee,  Descrip- 
tion of  the  540,  548 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  the  United  .States,  In- 
troduction to   4.35 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  the  United  States  440,  452 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Vermont  548 

Iron  Ore.  Shipments  from  Escanaba  of  477,478 

Iron  Ore  Shipments  of  Michigan   463 

Iron  Ores,  Classification  of  4;J9 

Iron  Ores,  Cost  of  Raising  in  Lake  Supe- 
rior Region  479 

Iron  Ores,  Description  of  Ohio   459 

Iron  Ore  of  California  552 

Iron  Ores  of  Connecticut   452,  454 

Iron  Ores  of  Delaware   454 

Iron  Ores  of  Illinois   455,  456 

Iron  Ores  of  Indiana  456,  457 

Iron  Ores  of  Kentucky  457,  458 

Iron  Ores  of  Missouri,  Condensation  of  the 

481,  498 

Iron  Ores  of  Missouri,  Description  of  .481,  498 

Iron  Ores  of  New  York  State  119,  120 

Iron  Ores  of  New  Jersey  127 

Iron  Ores  of  New  Jersey,  Description  of 

the   501,  503 

Iron  Ores  of  North  Carolina,  Description 

of  104, 105 

Iron  Ores  of  Oregon   552 

Iron  Ores  of  Pennsylvania,  Coals  Avail- 
able for  the  Reduction  of  the          :520,  621 

Iron  Ores  of  Putnam  County,  Report  of . .  5.39 

Iron  Ores  of  Rhode  Island  521,  52;j 

Iron  Ores  of  Utah  551 

Iron  Ores  of  Virginia,  Analysis  of  the  529 

Iron  Ores  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  623,  540 

Iron  Ores  of  West  Virginia  537,  540 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ada  Furnace   63 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Akron  Furnace   65 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Albany  Furnaces   123 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Allegheny  Furnace   55 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Allen  Furnace   58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  AUentown  Furnaces...  28 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Alpena  Furnace  124 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Amherst  Furnace   107 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Andover  Furnaces  128 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Anna  Furnace   62 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Antietam  Furnace   115 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Antwerp  Furnace   73 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Anvil  Furnace   32 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Applet.on  Furnaces   81 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ashland  Furnace   74 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ashland  Furnaces   64 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Aurora  Furnace   37 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bald  Eagle  Furnace ....  45 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Baldwin  Furnace   37 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bancroft  Furnaces   84 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bangor  Furnace   86 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Barre  Furnace   44 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Barren  Spring  Furnace.  108 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Barton  Furnaces   100 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bath  Furnace   77 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bay  Furnaces   85,  87 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bay  State  Furnaces. . .  85 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bay  View  Furnaces   82 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Belfont  Furnace   67 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bellair  Furnace   68 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Belief ont  Furnace. . .  45,  75 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Belmont  Furnace. . .  76,  111 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Belmont  Furnaces   68 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bennington  Furnace...  50 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Bcnwood  Furnace. ..  68,  111 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bibb  Furnace   102 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Big  Pond  Furnace   43 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Blair  Furnaces   56 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bloom  Furnace  39,  71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Boone  Furnace   75 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Boonton  Furnaces  129 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bowery  Furnaces  115 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Brady's  Bend  Furnaces.  55 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Brazil  Furnace   78 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Briar  Hill  Furnace   63 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Briggs  Furnace    118 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Brown  Hill  Furnace  108 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Brownsport  Furnace ...  97 


PAGE 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Buckeye  Furnace   72 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Buckhorn  Furnace   60 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Buckley  Furnace    % 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Biiena  Vista  Furnace  75,  110 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Buffalo  Furnace   75 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Buffalo  Gap  Furnaces. .  107 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Burden  Furnace   120 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Bushong -Furnace   97 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Caledonia  Furnace   44 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Callie  Furnace   107 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cambria  Furnace   72 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cambria  Iron  Works. . .  56 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cameron  Furnace   o8 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Campbell  Purnace   92 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Canaan  Furnaces   126 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Capon  Furnace   112 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Carbon  Iron  Co   29 

Iron  Ores  used  by  CarUsle  Furnace   42 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Carondelet  Furnace.  89,  90 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Carp  Furnace   84 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Carrick  Furnace   43 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Carthage  Furnace   1 24 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Catoctin  Furnace   115 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cedar  Point  Fur- 
nace  113,  114,  120 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Centre  and  Grant  Fur- 
naces  .  69 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Chapinsville  Furnace. .  126 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Charcoal  Furnace   46 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Charlotte  Furnace . ,  59,  123 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Chatham  Furnaces   124 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Chattanooga  Furnace. .  100 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Cherokee  Furnace. . .  .  100 
Ii  on  Ores  used  by  Cherry  Valley  Furnaces.  64 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Chesapeake  Furnace. , .  113 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Oneshirc  Furnace   118 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Chestnut  Grove  Furnace  43 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Chicago  Furnaces   79 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Chickies  Furnaces    36 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Chulasky  Furnace   40 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cincinnati  Furnace   73 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Clara  Fumace   57 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Clark  Fumace   97 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Clay  Furnace   72 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Clear  Creek  Fumace. .  .  77 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Clifton  Fumace. . .  107,  125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Clinton  Furnace  46,  71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Clinton  Furnaces   123 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Clove  Furnace   121 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cold  Spring  Fumace. . .  121 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Coleraine  Iron  Works. .  29 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Collins  Purnace   84 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Columbia  Furnace  . .  .39.  40 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Columbus  Iron  Co.'s 

Furnaces   66 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Colwell  Fumace   86 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Conestoga  Furnace   36 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Coplay  Furnaces   28 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Comwall  &  Burd  Cole- 
man Furnaces   35 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cornwall  &  Stonewall 

Furnaces   100 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cornwall  Fumace. ..  42,  102 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cottage  Fumace   76 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Cove  Creek  Fumace  ...  96 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Crown  Point  Furnaces.  120 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Cumberland  Fumace  97,  98 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Cumberland  Gap  Iron 

Works   110 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Dauphin  Fumace   38 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Deer  Lake  Furnace   84 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Donaghmore  Furnace. .  35 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Donegal  Fumace   37 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Douglas  Furnaces   58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Dover  &  Bear  Spring 

Furnaces   97 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Dover  Furnace  125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Duluth  Furnace  130 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Dunbar  Furnace   57 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Duncannon  Fumace. .  .  38 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Durham  Iron  Works. . .  30 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Eagle  Furnace. .  45,  63,  108 
Iron  Ores  used  by  East  Pennsylvania  Fur- 
nace  29 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Elizabeth  Fumace  56,  107, 

109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Eliza  Furnaces   47 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Elk  Rapids  Fumace. ...  86 


INDExX. 


XV 


 C 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mneselman  Fumo 
Iron  Ores  used  by  National  Furnaces. .  r?*^81 
Iron  Ores  used  by  National  Iron  Co.  Fur- 
naces   39 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Nelson  Furnace   76 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Neshannoclc  Furnace. . .  57 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Newburg  Furnaces   65 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ne^\^3ort  Furnace   74 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Norristown  Iron  Works  31 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Northampton  Iron  Works  29 
Iron  Ores  used  by  North  Chicago  Furnaces  79 
Iron  Ores  used  by  North  Pennsylvania 

Furnaces     29 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Norwich  Furnace  126 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Oakdnle  Furnace   96 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ohio  Furnace  70,  71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Oley  Furaace   41 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Olive  FiuT^ace   70 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Onondago  Furnace.. 57,  122 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ontario  Furnace   122 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Oraneje  Furnace  167 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ore  Hill  Furnace   1D.5 

Iron  Ores  use<l  by  Ormsliy  Furnace   58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Osage  Furnace   02 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Otter  Creek  Fiiniace. . .  78 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Oxford  Furnace  110,  128 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ozark  Furaace   92 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Page  County  Furnace. .  103 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Paulding  Furnace   73 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Paxton  Furnaces   37 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Peat  Furmice   85 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Peninsular  Furnace. ...  87 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Pennsylvania  Farna.ce  45 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Pennsylvania  Iron  Works  39 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Peqiiost  Furnace   128 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Philadelphia  Furnace. .  33 

Iron  Ores  used  l)y  Phoenix  Furnace   63 

Iron  Ores  used  by  I'hocnixville  Furnaces..  31 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Pilot  Knob  Furnace   91 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Pine  Creek  Furnace   55 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Pine  Grove  Furnace. 42,  70 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Pioneer  and  Cliffs  Fur- 
naces   84 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Pitts  Fort  Furnace   117 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Planet  Furnace   78 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Plymouth  Furnaces   32 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Pomeroy  Furnace   117 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Poplar  Springs  Furnace.  09 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Port  Carbon  Furnaces . .  35 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Port  Henry  Furnaces  . .  120 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Port  Leyden  Furnace. .  325 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Port  Oram  Furnace. . . .  129 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Poughkeepsie  Fui  naces  121 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Pilncipio  Furnace   114 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Proton  Furnace   65 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Providence  Fiu-nace  ICS 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Raccoon  Fiu-nace   76 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Radford  Furnace   110 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Raven's  Cliff  Furnace. .  108 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Reading  Furnace   30 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rebecca  Furnace   40 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Red  Bank  Furnace   56 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Red  Mountain  Furnaces  103 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Red  River  Furnaces. . . .  77 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Redwood  Furnace   124 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Reed  Island  Furnace. ..  109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Reed's  Mills  72,  73 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rehoboth  Furnace  106 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Richland  Furnace   73 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Richmond  Furnace.  .44,  118 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Ridge  Valley  Fmnace. . .  09 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Ringwood  Furnaces. . . .  129 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Riverside  Furnace   Ill 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Roberts'  Iron  Works   28 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Robcsonia  Furnace   30 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rock  Hill  Furnaces ....  59 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rock  Iron  Works   103 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Roclnvood  Furnaces ....  96 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rodman  Furnaces   56 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rogers  Fiumace   100 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rosena  Furnaces   57 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rossie  Furnace  125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Rough  and  Ready  Fur- 
nace   98 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Round  Mountain  Fur- 
nace   100,  103 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Safe  Harbor  Furnace ...  36 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Salisbury  Furnace   109 


PACK 

Iron  Ores  u.sed  by  EUc  Ridge  Furnace   115 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Elmira  Furnaces  ,  123,  121 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Emaus  Furnace   28 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Emma  Furnace   45 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Embreeville  Furnace. . .  9lj 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Eudor  Furnace   105 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Erie  Furnace   50 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Esoanaba  Furnaces. .  85,  80 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Estill  Furnace   76 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Etna  Furnace  45,  57,  69, 101 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Etna  Iron  Works   67 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Eureka  Furnace   87 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Fairfield  Furnace   65 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Falcon  Furnace  63,  64 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Fallkill  Furnaces  121 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Fawn  Iron  Works   90 

Iron  Ores  u.sed  by  Fayette  Furnaces   80 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Fletcher  Furnace   122 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Fletchcrville  Furnace . .  126 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Fond  du  Lac  Fm-nace. .  81 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Fort  Edward  and  Colum- 
bia Furnaces  121 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Fox  River  Furnaces ....  81 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Frankfort  Furnace   86 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Franklin  Furnace  43, 55,  71, 

129 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Franklin  Furnaces  121 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Frankstown  Furnace. .  .  56 

Iron  Oresused  by  Fulton  Furnace   66 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Gallia  Furnace   71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Giles  Fm-nac«   Ili3 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Girard  Furnace   64 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Glade ville  Furnace   112 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Glanmorgan  Furnace  . .  38 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Glasgow  Furnaces   05 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Glendon  Iron  Works  . .  28 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Glenwood  Furnace   110 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Globe  Furnace   66 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Grace  Furnace. .  63,  92,  109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Grafton  Furnaces   64 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Grand  Tower  Furnaces .  80 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Green  Bay  Furnace   til 

Ii-on  Ores  used  by  Greene  Furnace   96 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Greenspring  Furnace. . .  114 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Greenwood  and  Michi- 
gan Furnaces  84,  85 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Greenwood  Furnace   125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Greenwood  Furnaces. . .  41 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hamden  Furnace   71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hamilton  Furnace   02 

Iron  Oresused  by  Harford  Furnace  ll.'J 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Harrisburg  Furnace ....  37 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Havre  Furnace   114 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hazelton  Furnaces   63 

Iron  Ores  U'od  by  Hecla  Furnace  45,  70 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Henry  Clav  Fm-nace.  .30,  71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Huurod  Furnaces  . .  63 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hocking  Furnace   71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hope  Furnace  46,  73 

Ii-o:i  Ores  used  by  Hopewell  Furnace  41,  44 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hopewell  Furnaces   125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Howard  Furnace   70 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hubbard  Furnaces   63 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Hudson  Furnaces   121 

Iron  Ores  used  "by  Huimewell  &  Penn- 
sylvania Furnaces  75,  76 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Himtingdon  Furnace. . .  41 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Hunt  Lyman  FiuTiace . .  127 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Irondale  Furnace  39,  91 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Iron  Mountain  Furnaces  91 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Iron  Ridge  Furnace   81 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ironton  Furnace   81 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ironton  Mill  Furnace. . .  67 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Ironton  Rail  Mill  Fur- 
nace  67 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Isabella  Furnaces   40 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ithaca  Furnace   12-3 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Jackson  Furnace   71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Jefferson  Furaace  42,  72 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Jefferson  Iron  Works  . .  06 

Ii-on  Ores  used  by  Joanna  Furnace   41 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Joliet  Furnaces   80 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Juniata  Furnace   40 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Jupiter  Furnaces   91 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Kaufman  Furnace   36 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Keel  Ridge  Furnace. ...  58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Kemble  Furnaces   55 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Kent  Furnace  127 

C 


PAGE 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Kenton  Furaace   76 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Keystone  Furnaces   30 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Keystone  Furnaces  of 

Reading  30,  72 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Kitty  Furnace   64 

Iron  Ores  used  at  Knoxvllle  Furnace   115 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Kutztown  Furnace   31 

Iron  Ores  used   by  Lackawanna  Iron 

Works   89 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lafayette  Furnace   78 

Iron  Ores  used  by  La  Grange  and  BcUpse 

Furnaces  97,  98 

Iron  Ores  used  by  La  Grange  Furnace. . . .  114 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lambert  Furnace   97 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lancaster  Fm-nace  Ill 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Latrobe  Furnace   72 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Laura  Furaace   77 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Laurel  Furaace  75,  113 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lawton  Furaace   86 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lebanon  Furnaces   35 

Iron  Oresused  by  LeJjanon  Valley  Furnace.  35 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Leesport  Firrnace   31 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lehigh  Cnme  Iron  Co. .  27 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lehigh  Iron  Works   28 

Iron  Ores  u.sed  by  Leland  Furnace  86,  87 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lenox  Furnace  118 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Leyden  Furnace   100 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Liberty  Fiunace   109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lime  Rock  Furaace. ...  127 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lincoln  Furnace   72 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lochiel  Co.  Furnace. .  .  ."8 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Lockbridge  Iron  Works.  28 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Locust  Grove  Furnace.  11-1 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Logan  Furnace  47,  73 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Levy  Creek  Furnace. .  .  10.3 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lucinda  Furnace   81 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Lucy  Salina  Furnace. . .  107 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Madison  Furnace  97,  105 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mahoning  Furnaces   55 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Maiden  Creek  Furnaces.  41 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Mammoth  Furnace  ....  77 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Manana  Furnace   42 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Manhattan  Furnace. 73,  122 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Maramec  Furnace   92 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Margaretta  Furnace   42 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Marquette  and  Pacific 

Furnace   87 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Marshall  Furnace   38 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Marsh  Furnace   40 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Martha  Furaace   50 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Martin  Iron  Works   111 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mary  Ann  Furnace   41 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Maryland  Furnaces   ll.'l 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Massillon  Furnace   65 

Iron  Ores  used  by  M.itilda  Furaace   39 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Max  Meadow  Furnace. 

lOS,  109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mayville  Furnace   81 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Marion  Furnaces   32 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Middlesex  Furaace   58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Middletown  Furnace.  .  38 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mill  Creek  Furnace   45 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Millerton  Furnace  125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Milton  Furnace   67 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mine  Furnace  110 

Iron  Ores  used  by  MLnersville  Furaace^.  . .  35 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Minerva  Furaace   82 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mingo  Furaaces   66 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Monocacy  Furnace  .  31 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Monitor  Furaace   70 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Monroe  and  Washington 

Furnaces   71 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mont  Alto  Furnace  ....  44 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Montgomery  Furnace..  31 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Monticella  Furnace   55 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Morgan  Furnace   66 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Moselle  Furnace  91,  92 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Moslem  Furnace   SO 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mount  Hope  Furnace  . .  42 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Mount  Penn  Furnace  . .  41 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Mount  Pleasant  Furnace  44 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Mount  Ravage  Furnace.  75 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Mount  Torrey  Furaace.  107 
Iron  Ores  need  by  Mt.  Hickory  Furnace. . .  58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mt.  Laurel  Furnace   31 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Mt.  Vernon  Furnace. . .  70 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Muirkirk  Furnace   114 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Musconetcong  Fnrnaoes  129 


XVI 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Iron  Ores  nsod  by  SiiUy  Ann  Furnace   "11 

Iron  Ores  used  l)y  Sapona  Furnace   lUfj 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sarah  Furnace   4(i 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sancon  Iron  Works   23 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Schoolcraft  Furnace  85,  87 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Scotia  Furnace  , .  92 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Shaft^^bui-y  Furnace...  117 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Shamokin  Furnace   40 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sharon  Furnace  58,  127 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sharpsville  Furnace   58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Shelly  Iron  Works   104 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Shenandoah  Furnace  . .  108 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Shenango  Furnace   50 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sheridan  Furnaces   36 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Shoenberger  Furnaces. .  47 

Iron  Ores  used  by  SUgo  Furnace   46 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Southern  Indiana  Fur- 
nace   78 

Iron  Ores  used  by  South  St.  Louis  Fur- 
naces 89,  90 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Spearman  Furnace   59 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Springfield  Furnace   46 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Spring  Mill  and  Wm. 

Penn  Furnaces   32 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Stanhope  Furnace   35 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Star  Furnace.,  07,  74 

Iron  Ores  used  by  St.  Charles  Furnace ...  36 

Iron  Ores  used  by  St.  Clair  Furnaces   35 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sterling  and  Southfleld 

Furnaces   121 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sterlingbush  and  Ster- 

lingville  Furnaces   124 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Sterling  Furnace   124 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Stewardson  Furnace.  . .  55 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Stickney  Furnace   113 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Stone  Furnace   87 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Stonewall  Furnace.  1U2,  106 
Iron  Ores  used  by  Stump  Creek  Furnace. .  100 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Superior  Furnaces   54 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Swede  Furnace   32 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Swift  Furnace    75 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Tallico  Furnace    98 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Tecumseh  Furnace.  101,  102 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Temple  Furnace   31 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Thomas  Iron  Works. . .  27 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Towanda  Furnaces  122 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Trigg  Si  Centre  Furna- 
ces   77 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Tropic  Furnace   67 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Unaka  Furnace   96 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Union  Furnace.  .40,  87, 122 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Ulster  Furnace  122 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Valley  Furnaces   59 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Van  Buren  Furnace   109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  VandusenviUe  Furnace,  118 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Vernon  Furnace   98 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Vesuvius  Furnace.    70,  106 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Victoria  Furnace   109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Vigo  Furnaces   79 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Vinton  Furnace   67 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Volcano  Furnace   65 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Vulcan  Furnaces   90 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Walton  Furnace   109 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wampum  Furnace   58 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Warren  Furnace   64 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wassaic  Furnace. .....  125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wayawanda  Furnace. . .  129 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wayne  Furnace   98 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Westorman  Furnaces . .  59 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Western  Furnaces   78 

Iron  Ores  used  by  \Vheatland  Furnace   59 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wheeler  Furnace   59 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wheelmg  Furnace  Ill 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wister  Furnace   37 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Wolcott  Furnace   125 

Iron  Ores  used  by  Woodstock  Furnace   lO'i 

Iron  Ores  used  by  York  Furnace   43 

Iron  Ores  used  by  ZanesviUe  Furnace   68 

Iron  Pipe  and  Tube  Manufacturers  of 

Philadelphia  .317,  327 

Iron  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  the  United 

States   19 

Iron  Product  24,  25 

Iron  RcRion  of  Putnam  County,  Informa- 
tion in  regard  to  538,  540 

Iron  Hidge  Furnace   81 

Iron  Ridge  Ores  549,  550 

Iron  KidgoOres,  Analysis  of  550 


425 
18 


V\r,K 

Iron  Ship  Building  14,  252,  41.5,  421 

Iron  Ship  Buildmg  nt  Buffalo  4.>2 

Iron  Ship  "City  of  Peking,"  Description 

of  the  "City  of  Peking"  426,  4.30 

Iron  Ship  Yard  at  Camden  4:30 

Iron  Ship  Yard  of  Penn  Iron  Worloi   432 

Iron   Ship   Yard   of   Wm.    Cramp  & 

Sons  4;10,  432 

Iron  Ship  Yards  at  Chester  18,  425,  430 

Iron  Ship  Yards  at  Wilmington  423,  426 

Iron  Ship  Yards  of  Philadelphia  430,  4.33 

Iron  Ship  Yards  of  the  United  States.  .17,  19, 
415,  421,  422,  4:33 
Iron  Ship  Yards,  Proper  locality  for  their 

Construction  18,  422, 

Iron  Ship  Yards,  the  value  of  the  

Iron  Ships,  Description  of  how  they  are 

Modelled  419,  420 

Iron  Ships  of  the  American  Steamship 

Company,  Description  of   4-31 

Iron  Tank  Steamers  432 

Iron  Trade  of  the  United  States,  Money 

Vahie  of   12 

Iron  Trade,  Review  of  few  portions  of 

the  2,  26 

Iron  Tubing  .324 

Iron  Vessels,  Superiority  of  for  Ocean  and 

Coastwise  Navigation   18 

Iron  Works  at  Blandon   118 

Irondale  Fiu-nace  39,  06,  91,  103 

Irondale  Works   491 

fronton  Furnace   81 

Iron  ton,  Furnaces  at  67,  103,  111,  122 

Ironton  Rail  Mill  Furnace   67 

Ironton  Rolling  Mill   165 

Irvine,  Furnaces  at   76 

Isabella  Furnaces   49 

Isabella  Furnaces,  Coke  Works  belonging 

to  53,  54 

Isabella  Furnaces,  Description  of  49.  54 

Ishpeming,  Furnace  at   84,  85 

Ishpeming,  Mines  in  Vicinity  of  465,  468 

Ithaca  Furnace   123 

Jackson  and  Sharp  Car  Company   250 

.Tackson  &  Shaqj  Co   425 

Jackson  &  Wood  in  Manufacturing  Co. 


248 


Jackson,  Car  Works  at   256 

Jackson  Furnace   71 

Jackson,  Furnace  at   66 

Jackson  Ore  463,  465 

Jackson  Rolling  Mill   176 

Jacksonville  Car  Works   256 

James,  Jacobs  &  Co   315 

James,  William  T   225 

.lefferson  County,  Iron  Ore  from   445 

Jefferson  Furnace  42,  72 

Jefferson  Iron  Works  66,  163 

Jeffersonville,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   304 

Jenkins  Rolling  Mill   149 

Jeffersonville,  Car  Works  at  253,  255 

Jenkintown,  Furnace  at   32 

Jersey  City,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  3  8 

Jersey  City,  Car  Works  at   246 

Jersey  City,  Locomotive  Works  at   2.34 

Jersey  City  Steel  Works   190 

Jewett  ft  Root,  (Stoves)   338 

Joanna  Furnace   41 

Johnson,  Black  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  341 

Johnson,  Walter  R.,  Prof   450 

Johnson,  William   268 

Johnstown,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  at   ISS 

Johnstown,  Funiaces  at   56 

Johnstown,  Rolling  Mill  at   149 

Joliet,   Description    of    Bessemer  Steel 

Works  at  189.  192 

Joliet  Furnaces  79,  80 

Joliet  Iron  and  steel  Co   187 

Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Works  174,  175 

Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Works,  Description 

of  174,  175 

Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Works,  Heating  Fur- 
naces of  175 

Joliet,  Rolling  Mill  at  174,  175 

Joliet  Steelworks,  189,  192 

Joliet  Steel  Works,  Blowing  Engine  of.  ..  189 

Joliet  Steel  Works,  Boiler  House  of   189 

Joliet  Steel  Works,  Converting  Building 
of   189 


PA  OB 

Joliet  Steel  Works,  Description  of  New 

Steel  R,iil  Mill  191,  192 

Joliet  Steel  Works,  Engine  House  of   189 

Joliet  Steel  Work.s,  Melting  House  of   189 

Joliet  Steel  Works,  New  Steel  RaU  MUl  of 

191  192 

Joliet,  Stove  Works  at  !  3-17 

Jones  c&  Abbott,  (Stoves)   315 

Jones  &  Laughlins   143 

Jon&sboro,  Furnace  at   96 

Jones,  J.  M.  Si  Co.,  Car  Works   246 

Junction  Car  and  Flue  Works  326 

Junction  Car  Works   246 

Juneau  Co.,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Juniata  Furnace   40 

Juniata  Iron  Works   146 

Juniata  Rolling  Mill   151 

Juniiita  Wire  Mill   147 

Jupiter  Furnaces   91 

Jurrton,  Henry,  &  Co   128 

Kanawha  Canal   106 

Kanawha  Coal  Fields  538,  540 

Kanawha  Valley   113 

Kansas,  Stove  Works  of  349 

Kaolin   549 

Kasson  Car  Works,  The  Old   267 

Katahdln  Furnace   116 

Katte,  Walter   3S6 

Kauffman  Fm-nace   36 

Keel  Ridge  Furnace   58 

Keesville,  Nail  Factories  at   138 

Keith,  H.  T.  &  J.  N.,  Car  Works  242 

Kellinger  Si  Co.,  (Stoves)   345 

Kellogg  &  Maurice's  Bridge  Works  387 

Kellogg  Bridge  Co   SG3 

Kellogg,  Charles   391 

Kemlile  Furnaces   55 

Kensington  Iron  and  Steel  Works  1.56 

Kensington  Iron  Foundry  and  Pipe  Works  327 

Kensington  Ironworks   145 

Kent  Furnace   127 

Kenton  Furnace  71,  76 

Kentucky,  Analysis  of  Ores  of   4.58 

Kentucky,  Bituminous  Fum.aces  of  74,  75 

Kentucky,  Blast  Furnaces  of  74,  78 

Kentucky,  Car  Wheel  Works  of  S09 

Kentucky,  Census  of  77,  170 

Kentucky,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  75,  78 

Kentucky,  Ore  Regions  of  4.57,  458 

Kentucky,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  in. .  .328,  329 
Kentuok}-,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in.  77 
Kentucky,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  MUls 

of   ITO 

Kentucky  Rolling  Mill   169 

Kentucky,  Rolling  Mills  of  IGO,  170 

Kentucky,  Stove  Works  in   347 

Keokuk,  Bridge  at   385 

Keokuk,  Stove  Works  at   348 

Kerr,  Prof   509,  511 

Keyser,  J.  H.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   337 

Keystone  Bridge  Co  379,  387 

Keystone  Bridge  Co.,  Annual  Capacity  of 

the  Works  of  S79 

Keystone  Bridge  Co.,  Description  of  Works 

6f  379,  .383 

Keystone  Bridge Co.'s Works atPittsburg.  879 

Keystone  Furnace   72 

Keystone  Furnaces   30 

Keystone  Furnaces  of  Reading   30 

Keystone  Iron  Works  146 

Keystone  Rolling  Mill   148 

Keystone  Steel  Works   197 

Kidd,  W.  &  Co   269 

Kidney  Ore  539 

Kidney  Ore,  Analysis  of   539 

Kidney  Ore  of  Indiana  4.56,  457 

Kidney  Ore  of  Kentucky  457,  458 

Kidney  Ores  of  Ohio   459 

Kimball  Manufacturing  Co  259 

King  Iron  Bridge   389 

King  Iron  Bridge  and  Manufacturing  Co . .  389 
Kingsford  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. .  ."01 

Ivlngsley  Iron  and  Machine  Works   134 

Kingston,  Furnace  at  100 

Ifirtland  Furnace   123 

Kittanning,  Furnace  at   55 

Kittanning  Rolling  Mill   147 

Kitty  Furnace   64 


INDEX.  XVll 


r 

Kloman  &  Ciirnegio  Bros  

Klomau,  iViinrew  

Kloman  Property  

Kloman  Property,  Character  of  Ores  at. . . 

Kuightsvillc,  Furnaces  ut  

Knightsville,  Rolling  Mill  at  

Knox,  M.  G.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  

KnoxviUo  Furnace  

Knoxvillc,  Furnace  iit  

Knoxvillu  Rolling  Mill  

Krehljt  ll  s  Torsion  Spring  Power  Hammers 

Krupp  Wheel  

Kut/.town  Furnace  

La  Belle  Nail  Works  

La  Belle  Steel  Works  

Lackawanna  Iron  Works  39, 

LaCleile  Rolling  Mill  

L.aconia,  Car  Works  at  241, 

Lafayette  Furnace  

La  Grange  and  Eclipse  Furnaces  97. 

La  Grange  Furnace  

La  Grunge  Rolling  Mill  

Lake  Angeline.  Mines  at  

Lake  Champlain  District,  Ore  Production 


of. 


',  98 
111 
177 
471 

119 

Lake  Champlain  Region   119 

Lake  Brio  Iron  Works  164 

Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Rail- 
road Shops  at  Builalo,  Description  of.. 

2(i8,  270 

Lake  Shore  Iron  Works   Ki'J 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Co  408.  470 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Co.,  Total  Production 

of   470 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  Region  82,  83 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore  Regions,  Produc- 

of  Fig  Iron  from  the   83 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Regions  4fi4,  408 

Lake  Superior  Mines,  Character  of  ttie 

Machinery  used  at   409,  470 

Lake  Superior  Mines,  Description  of  the 

Workings  of  408 

Lake  Superior  Ore   538 

Lake  Superior  Ore  Regions,  Analy.ses  of 

the  Ores  of   460 

Lake  Supcrinr  Ores,  Cost  of  Rais  ng  the . .  477 
Lake  Supei  ior  Ores,  Description  of  the .  462,  404 

Lake  Sui)erior  Region   478 

Lake  Superior  Region,  Cost  of  Raising  the 

Ores  in  477 

Lake  Superior  Region,  Ores  of    186 

Lakcville,  Stove  Works  at   331 

Lambert  Fur -'ace   97 

Lambert  Ore  Banks,  Furnace  at   97 

Lamborn's,  R.  H.,  Letter  Descriptive  of 

the  Coal  Fields  of  Colorado   551 

Lambot",  Robert  H  '.  uhl 

Lancaster  County,  Fm-naces  in  36,  37 

Lancaster  Furnace   Ill 

Lancaster  Manufacturing  Co.'s  Works. ...  inS 

Lancaster,  Rolling  Mill  at  152 

Lancsboro,  Furnace  at   118 

Lanigan,  James  .32,  31 

L'Anse  475,  476 

L'Anse,  Shipment  of  Ore  from  Port  of .  . .  478 

Larldn,  C   419 

Latrobe,  Benj.  H  3.'-S 

Latrobe,  Car  Works  at   240 

Latrobe  Furnace   72 

Laurel  Furnace  75,  77,  113 

Laurel  Iron  Works   150 

Laurentian  System   464 

Lauth  Patent   .328 

Lauth,  Three  High   144 

Lawrence  Furnace   70 

Lawrence  Iron  Works   165 

Lawson,  A    68 

Lawton  Furnace   86 

Leavenworth,  Stove  Works  at  349 

Lebanon,  Car  Works  at  218,  249 

Lebanon  County,  Furnaces  in   35,  36 

Lebanon  Furnaces   35 

Lebanon,  Furnaces  at   .35 

Lebanon  Manufacturing  Co  218,  219,  251 

Lebanon  Rolling  MlU   1 52 

Lebanon,  Stove  Works  at  3.'J-1,  341 

Lebanon  Valley  Furnace   35 

Leechburg,  Ro'lUng  Mill  at   146 


PAGE 

Lee  County,  Furnace  in   110 

Leeds  Mountain,  Ores  at  491 

Leejier  Iron  Car  Co  257 

Leesburg,  Furnace  near   92 

Leesport  Furnace   SI 

Leetonia,  Furnaces  at   64 

Leetouia,  Rolling  Mill  a,l   102 

Lehigh  Oar  Wheel  and  Axle  Works  3(12 

Lehigh  Car  Manufacturing  Co   248 

Lehigh  County,  Furnaces  in  27,  28 

Lehigh  Crane  Iron  Co   27 

Lehigh  Crane  Iron  Co.,  Blowing  Engine  of  27 

Lehigh  Iron  Works   28 

Lehiuh  Stove  Go   341 

Lchigbton,  Stove  Works  at   841 

Loibrandt  &  McDowell  Stove  Co   340 

Lola  nd  Fumace  86,  87 

Lenhartsville,  Furnace  at   41 

Lenox  Furnace   118 

Leonard,  L.  M.,  (Stoves)   335 

Lesley,  Prof  439,  450,  609,  521 

Lesley,  Prof.  J.  P  504,  543 

Lesquereux,  D   451,  452 

Levant  Iron  Ore   519 

Lewis  Furnace   98 

Lewis,  Geo.  T  9.3,  94,  546,  548 

Lewis  Mountain   491 

Lewistown,  Crucible  Steel  Works  at   198 

Lewistown,  Furnace  at  44,  45 

Lewistown,  Furnaces  in   38 

Lexington,  Furnace  at  ;  110 

Leyden  Furnace   100 

Liberty  Furnace    109 

Liberty  Stove  Works  340 

Licking  Iron  Works   164 

Liebig,  I.  A  451,  452 

Light  Brothers'  Rolling  Mill   1.52 

Light  Loc'omotive  Works   2.j5 

Lignite   549 

Limerick  Bridge,  Stove  Works  at  341 

Lime  Rock,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   301 

Lime  Rock  Furnace   127 

Lime  Ro(  k.  Furnaces  at   120 

Limestone,  Analysis  of   544 

Limestones  of  Virginia  near  to  the  Line  of 
the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad,  An- 
alysis of   530 

Limonctic  Ores   508 

Linionite  523,  624 

Lira<inite  Ore   543 

Limonito  Ore  of  Bumpass  Cove,  Analysis 

of,  by  Prof.  Fisher   543 

Limonite  Ore  of  Maryland   460 

Linionite  Ore  of  Missouri  482,  484 

Limonite  O^es  541,  550 

Lincoln  County,  Furnace  in   106 

Lincoln  Co.,  Vermont,  Ores  of   548 

Lincoln  Fumace   72 

Link  Motion  Introduced  on  Locomotives.  217 

Link  Motion  on  Locomotives  220,  225,  220 

Linville  and  Piper  384 

Linville,  J.  H  382,  385 

Litchfield  Car  Works  257,  305 

Litchfield  County   126 

Lithgrow,  J.  S.  &  Co..  (Stoves)  347 

Littleflcld  Stove  Manufactmiug  Co  339 

Little  Ni.rth  Mountain.   531 

Lobdell  Car  Wheel  Co   299 

Lobdell  Car  Wheel  Company,  of  Wilming- 
ton, Del   105 

LobdoU  Car  Wheel  Works  306,  307 

Lobdell  Car  ^Tieel  Works,  Description 

of  306,  307 

Lobdell,  George  B  .306,  307 

Lobdell,  George  G   297,  298 

Location  of  Iron  Ship  Yards   18 

Lochiel  Company  Furnace   .38 

Lochiel  RolUng  Mill   150 

Lockpiirt  Manufaciuring  Co.'s  Works   139 

Lookridge  Iron  Works   28 

Locust  Grove  Furnace  113 

Locust  Point  RoUing  Mill   159 

Lopan  Furnace  45,  73 

Logan  Iron  and  Steel  Co   198 

Locomotive.  Account  of  Locomotive  called 

the     Lancaster  "   210 

Locomotive  called  "Best  Friend"  209 

Locomotive  called  "Black  Hawk"  213 


PAGE 

Locomotive  called  "MUlcr,"  Description 

of  2U9,  210 

Locomotive  called  the  "  Blair  "   223 

Locomotive  called  the  "  Brandy  wine  ".. .  213 

Locomotive  called  the  "  Indiana"   223 

Locomotive  called  the  "  MifHin  "   H'Zi 

Locomotive  called  the  "  Suaquehaiina  .  223 
Locomotive  called  the  "  Wcotchostcr  ".  . .  214 
Locomotive  Construction,  Introduction  of 

Steel   227 

Locomotive  Engine  called  "Champlain".  220 

Locomotive  Engines,  Cab  on  221 

Locomotive  Engines,   Iron  Flues  Inl re- 
duced   219 

Locomotive  Engines,  Opinions  of  Railroad 

Managers  in  regard  to  early   214 

Locomotive  Engines,  Spe 'd  of   223 

Locomotive  lor  Philadelphia,  German- 
town  and  Norristown  Railroad  Co   206 

Locomotive  Link  Motion  Introduced  217 

Locomotive,  "M.  G.  Bright"  for  Opeiat- 

ing  on  the  Inclined  I'lane   222 

Locomotive,  Miniature  Exhibited  at  I'hil- 

adelphia  206 

Locomotive  Works  at  Berlin   2.^0 

Locomotive  Works  at  Boston   2' 3 

Locomotive  Works  at  Connellsville  234 

Locomotive  Works  at  Dunkirk  233 

Locomotive  Works  at  Jer.scy  City   234 

Locomotive  Works  at  Manchester   2S2 

Locomotive  Works  at  Paterson   234 

Locomotive  Works  at  Philadcliihia   234 

Locomotive  Works  at  Pittsburg   2t5 

Locomotive  Works  at  Portland   ....  232 

Locomotive  Works  at  Providence   2^:1.3 

Locomotive  Works  at  San  Friiiicisco   235 

Locomotive  Works  at  Schenectady  233 

Locomotive  Works  at  Ta union  

Locomotive  Works,  (Atlas  Iron  Works). . .  2.35 

Locomotive  Works,  Baldwin  205,  252 

Locomotive  Works,  (Dickson  Manufactur- 
ing Co    235 

Locomotive  Works  in  California   2;55 

Locomotive  Works  in  Maine  232 

Locomotive  Works  in  Massachusetts   233 

Locomotive  Works  in  New  Hampshire  232 

Locomotive  Works  in  New  Jer.scy  2.34 

Locomotive  Works  in  New  York  2.33 

Locomotive  Works  in  Pennsyhania. .  .234,  235 

Locomotive  Works  in  Rhode  Island   233 

Locomotive  Works  of    Central  Pacific 

Railroad  Co   235 

Locomotive  Works  of  New  York,  New 

Haven  and  Boston  Railroad  Co  2.35 

Locomotive  Works  of  the  United  States,. .  15 
205,  235 

Locomotives,  Baldwin's  Six  Wheels  Con- 
nected 217,  218 

Locomotives,  Burning  Coal  on   222 

Locomotives,  Coal  Burners  for  215 

Locomotives,  Cut-Oflr  Valve  of   220 

Locomotives  for  the  Royal  Railroad  Com- 
mittee of  Wurtembcrg   219 

Locomotives   for    Western  Railroad  of 

Massachusetts   217 

Locomotives,  Freight,  to  burn  Bituminous 

Coal   224 

Locomotives,  Half -Stroke  Cut-Off  in   220 

Locomotives,  Link  Motion  on  220.  2C5,  22(5 

Locomotives,  Number  made  annually  in 

the  United  States   13 

Locomotives,  Slot  'or  Cavity  in  Driving 

Boxes  224,  225 

Locomotives,  use  of  Coal  on   226 

Locomotives,  Variable  Cut  Off  on  225 

Lombard  Car  Works   241 

Long  Creek  Fumace  105 

Loiigdale,  Furnace  at   1(J7 

Long  Span  Bridges  of  America  882,  386 

Loiigstrcth,  Edward  228,  231 

Long  Swamp,  Furnace  at   41 

Louisa  Court  House,  Va.,  Ores  of   523 

Louisiana,  Car  Woi'ks  in  258 

Louisville  Bridge   £82 

Louisville  Car  Wheel  and  Rail«  ay  Supply 

Co   ,309 

Louisville,  Pipe  and  Tuba  Works  at  328 

LouisviUe  Rail  MiU   170 


XVlll 


PAGE 

Louisville  Rollins  Mill   1™ 

Louisville,  Stove  Works  at   347 

Low,  Crowl  &  Co  ,  (Stoves)   343 

Lowellville,  Funiace  at   (i3 

Lowell  Works   220 

Lowthorp,  F.  C,  Bridge  Builder   388 

Lm'iiulii  Furnace   31 

Lucy  Funiace   47 

Lucy  Furnace,  description  of  47,  49 

Lucy  1'' urn aco,  How  Cleared  48,  49 

Lucy  Sahna  Furnace   107 

Luckcns  Rollin};  MUl   150 

Lumh,  E   315 

Luzome  County,  Furnaces  in   39 

Lycll,  Sir  Chas   450 

Lyman  Viaduct   307 

Lynchburg  Boiling  Mill   IKO 

Lynchburg,  RoUing  Mill  at   H'lO 

Lynn   117 

Lynn  Creek,  Furnace  at   9i 

Lynn,  D.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  ^  342 

Lyon,  Shorb  &  Co   45 

McBeth,  Stewart    272 

McComber  Mines   46(1 

McConneUsville,  Stove  Works  at   345 

McCoy,  B.,  (Stoves)   33i) 

McCuUough  Iron  Go's.  Mill   158 

McDavidson,  J.  B.  &  Co.,  Stove  Works. . .  339 

McDonal.l,  Donald   272 

McOco,  James   271 

Mcllvaine's  Kollii.i,'  Will  147,  148 

Mcllvain,  T.  &  Co.,  (.<toves)   341 

McKay  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works  234 

McKec's,  Furnace  at   56 

MrKcc-i<ni  t.  CiiV  Works  at   249 

jr  Kcc-p.iii .  I  ll"  .iiid  Tube  Works  at  317 

M''Kocsp..,  I  K-il.iiu  Mill   147 

McKcniia,  .J.jlm   273 

McKenzie  Cupolas   243,  300 

McMann  &  Russell   315 

McNab  &  Harlan  Manufacturing  Co   315 

McNcal,  J.  &  Sous   315 

MeVay,  Walker  &  Co.,  Car  Works   248 

Madison  Furnace  72,97,  105 

Magee  Furnace  Co   335 

Magnetic  Ore  404,  40.5,  510,  521 

Ma.gnetic  (Ire  .-it  lliiTnliuldt   471 

Magnclii' I  )!■(■  (if  i'.iliinnr,:\   552 

M.agnetii-  ( iri'  ■  if  Ci  .uil  ic n  v  Ore  Bank,  An.a- 
lysis  ..r  510.  511 


UJO 
540 


Magnetic  'lie  of  Xiw  Y 
Magneti<:  t        I 'i  i  -nirc  oC  TiiMnic  Aci<l . . 

Magnetic  ( tre  Vfin>  of  M;nne  

Magnetic  Ores  405,  505,  500,  507,  508.  523, 
527,  530, 

Magnetic  Ores  of  East  Tennessee  542 

Magnetic  Ores  of  East  Tennessee,  Analy.sis 

of   542 

Magnetic  Ores  of  Tvi^t  Tennessee,  0])mion 

of  thorn  by  Dr.  Wulh   512 

M.agnetic  Ores  <if  Imh  i  Ann.  Amilysis  of. .  119 

Magnetic  Ores  of  New  lliuiiiisliire  401 

Magnetic  Ores  of  Southern  New  York   507 

;Magnetic  Ores  of  Tennessee   540 

Magnetic  Ores  of  Vermont   54S 

Magnetic  Oxide   525 

Magnetic  Oxide  Ore   504 

Magnetic  Oxides   .501,  .549 

Magnetic  Oxides,  Analysis  of   550 

Magnetic  Oxides  of  Northi  rn  WiM  onsin, 

described  by  Charles  Whitl  le:-ey    550 

Magnetic  Oxides  (Ores)  of  Massachusetts..  401 

Magnetites  509,  513,  516,  521 

Mahoning  Furnaces   55 

JI  ah  oning  Iron  Works   105 

Maiden  Creek  Furnace   41 

Maine,  Blast  Fnni  hcs  of   110 

Maine,  Car  Woi      of   241 

Maine,  Locom         wnilw  in   Si2 

Maine,  Ore  R.  ^'ions  r.,r   400 

Maine.  Rolling  Mills  of   133 

Maine,  Stove  Works  of   3.34 

M  dlot,  Prof   449 

Mammoth  Furnace   77 

M  immoth  Vein   519 

Jlananda  Furnace   42 

M  inaynnk.  Rolling  Mill  nearly  opposite. .  Iff! 
Manchester,  F  irnace  at   123 


P.\GH 

Manchester  Locomotive  Works   232 

Manganese   519 

Manganiferous  Deposits   549 

Manganiferons  Ores  of  Mi.ssouri  489 

Manliattan  Furnace   73,  122 

Manhattanville,  Furnaces  at   122 

Mansel  Wheel   299 

Mansfield  Machine  Works,  far  Works. .. .  253 
Manufacture  of  Spie.giUiM  ii  witli  Coke 

Fuel  498,  501 

Manufactiu-e  of   Spiegelcisen   with  Coke 

Fuel  in  Prussia  498,  501 

Maramec  Furnace   92 

Maramec  Mines   . ,   491 

Maramec  Ore   491 

March,  Sisler  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   311 

Marg.'iretta  ]'^uniat:e   42 

Marietta  I'urnaei's  36,  o7 

Marietta  Iron  Wui  Ks   108 

Marietta,  RoUing  Mill  at  108 

Marietta.  Stove  Works  at   3  15 

Marion  County,  Rolling  Mill  in  172 

Marquette  and  Pacilie  Furnace   87 

Maripiet  e  and  I'aeiiie  l!,olling  Mill   170 

Maniuette,  Fiiiuaee  ;it  84,  87.  88 

Marshall  Couutv,  Furnace  in   Ill 

Marshall  Fuina'ce   38 

Marsh  Furnace   40 

Marsh,  N.  H   268 

Martha  Fiii  naee   56 

Martin,  Ih  uder.son  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   340 

Martin  Iron  Works     Ill 

Martin,  Mr   190 

Mai-tin  Process  11.  513 

Martin  Process— French  invention   14 

Martin  Steel   197 

Martin's  Ferry   68 

Martin's  Ferry,  Rolling  Mill  at   102 

Mai'tin's  Ferry,  Stove  Works  at   345 

Martinsville,  Furnace  at   08 

Mary  Ann  Furnace   41 

Maryland,  Anthracite  Furnaces  in   114 

Maryland,  Blast  Fui  naees  of   112,  110 

Maryland,  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Fur- 
naces of  11.5,  110 

Marvland,  Car  Wheel  Works  of  302,  .303 

Maiylanil,  Census  of   115 

Maryland,  Census  lletuins  of   159 

Marylanil,  Clmreoal  Furnaces  in   113 

"  Mai  viand," — Description    of    the  Car 

called  the  205,  200 

Maryland  Furnaces   113 

Maryland,  Iron  Bridge  Works  of  368 

Maryland,  Oldest  Blast  Furnace  in  112 

Maryland,  Ore  Regions  of   400 

Maryland,  Railroad  Car  Shops  of  264,  206 

Maryland,  Reea|iituIation  of  Furnaces  in.  110 
Maryland,  Reeaiatulation  of  Rolling  Mills 
in   159 


Maryland,  Rolling  Mills  of  158, 

Maryland,  Stove  Works  of  

Mason,  David  

Mason,  E.  D.,  Col  

Mason,  .Toseph  &  Co  

Masai  Jl  irhine  Works  '  

Mason  Maoirne  Works.  (Locomotive  Wk.s) 


Ma.ssaeliiu:  lis. 
MasMiehusctts, 
Massachusetts, 
Massachusetts, 
Massachusetts, 
Massachusetts, 
Massachitsetts, 
Massachusetts, 
Massachusetts, 

Massachusetis, 


Aulhracite  Fuinaee  of . . . . 

Blast  Furn.aces  of  117, 

Car  Wheel  Foimdries  of. . . 

Car  Works  of  242, 

Census  of  

Locomotive  Works  in  

Ore  Regions  of  460, 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  oP. 

313, 

Recapitidation  of  Furnaces 


Massachusetts,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling 

Mills  in  

Massachusetts,  Rolling  Mills  of  133, 

Massachusetts,  Stove  Works  of  334, 

Massillon  Funiace  

Massillon  Rolling  Mill  

Massillon,  Stove  Works  at  

Massive  Ore  

Master  Car  Builders  throughout  the 
United  Stfites  and  Canada  277, 


Master  Mechanics  and  Master  Cir  Build- 
ers throughout  the  United  States  and 

Canada  271),  294 

Master  Mechanics  throughout  the  United 

States  and  C.nada  277,  279,  292,  291 

Mateer,  Dr.  Wm    43 

Matilda  Furnace   39 

Matt,  Ellis  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   "55 

Matloon,  Rail  Road  Car  Shops  at  272,  274 

M  aumec  River   73 

M  iniuee  Kiver,  Furnace  at   73 

Jlaiii\.  II    I'.,  Jr  526,  53(i 

Jl  i\  Mriiilow  Fuinace  108,  109 

Ma\.  C.  L   274 

M  ivnard.  Prof   543 

Means.  T.  W   09 

Meeres,  Oldhabcr  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   344 

Menii.his  Rolling  MiU   171 

M'  nd(4h.al,  Cyrus    5:.9 

Mendocino  County   130 

Mendocino  Co.,  Cal.,  Ores  of   552 

Menominee,  Furnace  at   i  O 

Mercer  Co.,  W.  Va   5:.7 

Mercer,  Nash  &  Co.,  Car  Wheels  3(i4 

Merlon  Furnaces   -'2 

Metal,  Exports  in  1872  and  1873  in  British  410 

Metallic  Iron,  percentage  of   496 

Metals,  Export  of   Home  Manufacture 

from  Great  Britain  of   411 

Miami  Stove  Works   344 

Micacious  or  Talcose  States   525 

Micneious  O.xide  ;   5C  t 

Miehigamme  Company,  Minesof  474,  475 

Miehigamme  Mine,  Analysis  of  Ore  by 

Britton  474,  475 

Michigan,  Anthracite  Funiace  of   88 

Michigan,  Bituminous    Coal   and  Coke 

Furnaces  of   87 

Mit'higan,  Blast  Furnaces  of  82.  89 

Michigan,  Bridge  Woriss  of  591,  393 

Michigan,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of   3('5 

Michigan  Car  Works   257 

Michigan,  Car  Works  in  25(i,  257 

Michigan,  Census  of   88 

Michigan,  Ceusiis  Reliirn-  of   176 

Michigan,  Cliaieoal  1  luiiaee^  in  84,  87 

Michigan  City,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   304 

Michigan  City,  Car  Works  at   253 

Michigan  Mines,  production  of  Ore  for 

1872  of  476 

Michigan  Mines.   Shipments  of  1873  of 

Iron  Ore  of   477,  478 

Michigan,  Ore  Regions  of   462,  480 

Michigan,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  329 

Michigan,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in .  89 
Michigan,  Recapitulation  of  RoUing  Mills 

of  

Michig.an,  Rolling  Mills  of   176 

Michigan,  Shipments,  of  1873,  of  Pig  Iron 

from   477.  478 

Michigan  Stove  Co.'s  Works,  Annual  Ca 

paeitj'  of  

Michigan,  Stove  Works  of  

lUiddlcburg  Co.,  Vt,  Ores  of  

Middlesex  Furnace  

Middlesex,  Furnaces  at   58, 

Middletown,  Bridge  at   384, 

Middletown  Car  and  Manufacturing  Co. . 

M  ddletinvn  Furnace  

Middletown,  Stove  Works  at  

Midvale,    Philadelphia,    Crucible  Steel 

Works  at  

Midvale  Steel  Works   148, 

Mifllin  Ciauity,  Furnaces  in,  

■Mileslmjg,  Funiace  at  

Milesbiirg  Rolling  Mill  

Mileshurg,  Rolling  Mills  at  

Miles,  Pratt  &  Co.,  Stove  Works  


Miller,  E.  L  

Miller,  General  

Miller,  J.  D.,  (Stoves)  

Miller,  J.  O.,  Stove  Works  

Miller  Platfonns  

Millerton  Furnace  

Mill  Creek  Furnace  

MiUvale,  Rolluig  Mill  at  

Jlillville,  Pipe  &  Tube  Works  at. 
Milton  Fm-uace  


343 
343 
548 
58 
59 
385 
248 
38 
341 

197 
197 
38 
45 
149 
149 
334 
209 
43 
.^43 
343 
274 
125 
44 
1(1 
310 

or 


PAGE 

Milton  Rolling  Mill   155 

Milwaukee,  Car  WheelWorksat   305 

Milwaukee,  Furnaces  at   ti2 

Milwaukee  Iron  Works   178,  17!) 

Milwaukee  Iron  Works,  description  of   179 

Milwaukee,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  320 

Milwaukee,  Stove  Works  at   348 

Mineral  Coal,  in  Iron  Making,  History  of 

Adoption  of,  in  Ohio   61,  (i2 

Mineral  Resources  of  Alabama  4'10 

Mineral  Resources  of  Arkansas   450 

Mineral  RidfTC,  Furnaces  at   64 

Mineral  Ridge  Rollins?  MOl  168 

Mineral  Product  of  the  United  Kingdom.  411 

Minersville  Furnace   35 

Mine  Run  Furnace   110 

Minerva  Furnace   8"^ 

Mineville,  Furnace  at   12fi 

Mine  Worked  by  Andover  Iron  Co   502 

Mine  Worked  by  Bethlehem  Iron  Co  502 

Mine  Woi-kcd  by  Glendon  Iron  Co   502 

Mines  at  Dover   501 

Mines  at  Rockaway   501 

Mines  of  Marquette  and  Escanaba  Regions  402 

Mines  of  Micliigammc  Company          474,  475 

Mines  of  the  Jackson  Mining  Co   465 

Mines  Operated  by  Pittsburg  &,  Lake  An- 

gelinc  Co   471,  48J 

Mingo  Fm'nace   66 

Minnesota,  Blast  Furnaces  of   130 

Minnesota,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of   308 

Minnesota,  Car  Works  in   258 

Mississippi  River,  Survey  of,  at  St.  Louis.  356 
Missouri,  Bituminous  and  Coke  Furnaces 

of   89,  91 

jrissonri.  Blast  Furnaces  in   89,  93 

Missouri  Car  and  Foundry  Co   259,  308 

Missouri,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  308 

Missouri,  Car  Works  in   257 

Missouri,  Census  of   92 

Missouii,  Census  Returns  of   178 

Missouri,  description  of  the  Iron  Ores  of 

481,  498 

Missouri  Furnaces   89 

Missouri,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of   481,  498 

Missom'i,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  329 

Missouri,  Recapitulation  of  Fui  naces  in  . .  93 
Missouri,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  178 

Missouri  River,  Bridge  over.   197 

Missouri,  Rolling  Mdls  of   177,  178 

Missouri,  Stove  Works  of   348 

Mitchell,  Alexander   238 

Mitchell,  Stevenson  &  Co.  (Stoves)   342 

Mocassin  Bend  Mines   492 

"Moguls,"  Engines  called   228 

Mohawk  and  Hudson  Iron  Foundry  and 

Machine  Shop   301 

Monitor  Furnace   70 

Monocaoy  Furnace   31 

Monongahela  and  Alleghany  Works   143 

Monongahela  Bridge   382 

Monroe  and  Washington  Furnaces   71 

Monroe  Co.,  W.  Va   537 

Monroe,  Furnace  at   71 

Mont  Alto  Furnace   44 

Montauk   415 

Montgomery  Daily  Mail   440 

Montgomery  Furnace   31 

Monticello  Furnace   55 

Montour  County,  Furnaces  in   39 

Montreal,  Tubular  Bridges  at   382 

Montrose,  Lent  Si  Co.  (Stoves)   838 

Moore  Car  Wheel  Co   308 

Moore,  Wm.  N.  (Stoves)   347 

Moore's  Elastic  Car  Wheel   308 

Moorhead,  J.  B.  &  Co   32 

More,  Robert  B  275 

Morgan  Furnace   66 

MorreU,  D.  J.,  Hon   149 

Morris  County,  Funiace  in   129 

Morris,  George  W.  (Car  Wheels)   302 

Morris,  Henry  >317 

Morrison,  D.  H.  &  C.  C,  Bridge  Works..  3>S9 

Morris,  Stephen  P   317 

Morris,  Tasker  &  Co  317,  325,  326 

Morris,  Tasker  &  Co.,  Accommodations  for 

their  Workmen  at  Newcastle  325,  .326 

Morse,  James  0  315 


PAGE 

Moselle  Furnace   91 

Moslem  Fiii'nace   30 

Motherhead  ii  Morris  (Stoves)  34(i 

Mott  Haven  Steel  Works   199 

Mott,  J.  L.,  Iron  Works  31.5,  3.37 

Mount  Clare  Shops  of  the  Baltimore  and 

Ohio  Railroad,  Description  of  264,  266 

Mt.  Hickory  Furnace   58 

Mount  Hope  Flu  nace  42,  108 

Mount  Hope  Furnace,  When  Built   42 

Mount  Hope  Mine   502 

Mount  Hope  Mine,  Worked  by  the  Lacka- 
wanna Iron  Co   502 

Mt .  Laurel  Furnace   31 

Mount  Pcnn  Furnace   41 

Mount  Ple.asnnt  Funiace   44 

Mount  Savage  Fmnacc   75 

Mount  Savage  Furnaces   115 

Momit  Savage  Rolling  Mill   159 

Mount  Torrey  Furnace   107 

Moimt  Torrey  Iron  Works,  Furnace  at.  . .  107 

Motmt  Vernon  Furnace   70 

Muck  Bar,  Iron  called   .373 

Muirkirk  Furnaces  114,  370 

Munissing,  Furnace  at   85,  87 

Mimsell  Si  Thompson   3:37 

Murray,  Dougal  &  Co.'s  Car  Works   248 

Murrish,  Prof   550 

Munzinger,  P   323 

Musen-Stahllierg  Iron  Works  488,  489 

Museonetcong  Furniices   129 

Mushet,  Ilol)ert   180 

Mushet's  Alloy  of  Iron  and  Manganese...  549 

Musselman  Furnace   36 

Mowry  Car  and  Wheel  Works  253,  .303 

Myers,  H.  S.  &  Co.,  Car  Works  255 

Myers,  Rouse  &,  Co.  (Stoves)   343 

Nail  Works   160 

Napanoct,  Furnace  at   122 

Napier  Reversible  Gear   144 

Narrow  Gauge  Cars  249,  251 

NaiTOW  Gauge  Engines  229,  232,  2-33 

Narrow  Gauge  Railroad    255 

Nash,  John  &  Co.,  Car  Wheels   304 

Nashua,  Pipe  Works  at   314 

Nashville  &  Decatur  Railroad   447 

Nathan  Washburne,  Steel  Tire  Works  301 

National  Foundry  and  Pipe  Works   c.27 

National  Furnaces   81 

National  Iron  Co.  Furnaces   39 

National  Iron  Works   154 

National  Locomotive  Works   234 

National  Stove  and  Hollow  Ware  Foundry, 

Annual  Capacity  of   346 

National  Tube  Works  31.3,  317 

Neafie  &,  Levy  432 

Neenah  Stove  Works  348,  349 

Negaunee,  Furnaces  at   84 

Negaunee,  Mich   465 

Neilson   370 

Nellis,  A.  J.,  Steel  Works  197 

Nelson  Fnrnace   76 

Nelson,  Wm   358 

Nes,  Dr   14 

Neshannock  Furnace   57 

Nes  Silicon  Steel  Process   139 

New  Alliany,  Car  Wheel  Woi  ks  at  304 

Now  Albany,  Rolling  Mills  at   171,  172 

New  Albany,  Stove  Works  at  .346 

Newark,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  198,  199 

Newark  Rolling  Mill  165 

New  Bedford,  RolUng  MiU  at  133 

Newburg  Bessemer  Works   180 

Newburg  Furnaces   65 

Newburg,  Rolling  Mills  at  163 

Newcastle,  Brief  History  of  325,  326 

Newcastle,  Fumaces  at   57 

Newcastle,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  .  .325,  326 

Newcastle,  Rolling  Mills  at  152,  158 

Newcastle  Sheet  Mill   l.')2 

Nesv  Cumberland,  Stove  Works  at   343 

New  England  Iron  Works   V.o 

New  England  Mine   470 

New  England,  Pipe  and  Tube  Worksot  313,  314 

New  England,  Rolling  Mills  in  133.  137 

New  Hampshire,  Blast  Furnaces  of   116 

New  Hampshire  Iron  Company   116 

New  Hampshire,  Locomotive  Works  in  . . .  232 


143 
143 
338 
503 
127 
109 
314 

75 
328 
169 

5.:;8 


PAGR 

New  Hampshire,  OreRegionsof  461,  463 

New  Hampshire,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  314 

New  Hampshire,  Stove  Works  of   334 

New  Haven  Car  Works   244 

New  Haven  Rolling  Mill    137 

New  Ironsides  Frigate  430 

New  Jersey,  Anthracite  Fumaces  of  127,  129 

New  Jersey,  Blast  Fumaces  of  127,  129 

New  Jersey,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of   308 

New  Jersey,  Car  Works  of  2^16 

New  Jersey,  Census  of  129,  142 

New  Jersey,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  198,  199 
New  Jersey,  Iron  Bridge  Works  of. .  .387,  3S8 

New  Jersey,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  501,  503 

New  Jersey,  Locomotive  Works  in  234 

New  Jersey,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  316 

New  Jersey,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces 

in   129 

New  Jersey,    Eeoapitulatioii  of  Rolling 

Mills  of  142, 

New  Jer.sey,  Rolling  Mills  of  141, 

New  Jersey,  Stove  Works  of  

New  Jersey  Zinc  Co  

New  London  Furnace  

New  Market,  Furnace  at  

New  Market,  Pipe  Works  at  

Newport  and  Cincinnati  Bridge  

Newport,  Furnaces  at  38,  74. 

Newport,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  

Newport,  Rolling  MiU  at.. .  .157,  158,  164, 

New  River,  Ores  of   5:  ,7, 

New  Steel  Hail  Mill  of  Joliet  Steel  Works 

191, 

New  Superior  Ore  

Newton  Upper  Falls,  Rolling  Mill  at  

New  York  and  New  Jersey,  RoUing  Mills  of 

137, 

New  York,  Anthracite  Fumaces  of .  ..120, 

New  York,  Bessemer  Works  of  

New  York,  Blast  Furnaces  in  119, 

New  York,  Car  Wheel  Foimdries  of  

New  York,  Car  Works  of   244, 

New  York,  Census  of  126, 

New  York  Central  Railroad,  Description 

of  Car  Shops  of  267,  268.  269, 

New  York  Central  Shops,  Buffalo  Division 

267, 

New  York,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  12-1, 

New  York  City,  Car  Works  at  

New  York  City,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of 
315, 

New  York  City,  Stove  Works  of  337, 

New  York,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  

New  York,  Description  of  the  Iron  Ore  Re- 
gions of  503, 

New  York,  Iron  Bridge  Works  of  863, 

New  Y'ork,  Locomotive  Works  in  

New  York  Mine  

New  York,  Ore  Regions  of  503, 

New  York,  Southern,  Ores  of  

New  York,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  

New  York,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  for 
New  York,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills 

of  

New  York  State,  Iron  Ores  of  119, 

New  York,  Stove  Works  of  336. 

Niblo,  James  M.,  Car  Works  

Niles,  Furnaces  at  

Niles  Iron  Works  

Niles,  Rolling  Mills  at   167, 

Nobles,  Brothers  &  Co  

Norris,  Mr  

Non-is,  Septimus  

NoiTistown,  Furnaces  in  

Norristown  Iron  Works  31, 

Norristown,  Rolling  Mill  at  154, 

North  Adams,  Pipe  Works  at  

Northampton  County,  Furnaces  in  28, 

Northampton  Iron  Works  

North  Carolina,  Bituminous  Coal  Furnaces 
of 


1!I2 

4';o 

134 

143 
U'4 
188 
1-6 
:;01 
246 
141 

270 

268 
126 
240 

316 
338 
199 

509 
.•;64 
233 
468 
5(!9 
507 
.315 
126 


North  Carolina,  Blast  Furn.ices  of  104, 

North  Carolina,  Car  Works  of  

North  Carolina,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  105, 
North  Carolina,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of.  .509. 
North  Carolina,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces 


141 
120 
3!0 
248 
64 
108 
168 
309 
215 
224 
31 
154 
155 
314 
29 
29 

106 
IIIH 
':59 
106 
515 


Northern  Furnace. 


106 
84 


XX 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Northern  Wisconsin,  Ores  of   5^11 

North  Chicago  Fui'iiaces   T'.l 

North  Chicago  Boiling  Mill  Co   1N7 

North  Chicago  Rolling  Mill,  Description 

of   IT'! 

North  Chicago  Steel  Works   Ib'.l 

North  Cornwall  Furnace  35,  oij 

NorHieast  Rolling  Mill  and  Shannon  BolUng 

Mill   159 

N  n  th  PcnnsylTania  Furnaces   29 

Norkhuinberland  Car  and  Manufacturing 

Co   251 


Northumberland,  Car  Works  at 

Nortlmmberland  County,  Fm-naces  in  3!), 

Northumberland,  Furnace  at  

Norlhiunl>e:land  Nail  Works  

Northumberland,  Rolling  Mill  at  

North-western  Gas  and  Water  Pipe  Manu- 
facturing Co  

Norton,  Aaron  

Norton  Iron  Works  

Norton  Iron  Works  Company,  The  

Norwalk,  Stove  Works  at  

Norway  Iron  Works  

Norway  Ores  

Norwegian  Ores  

Norwich  Furnace  1-25, 

Norwich,  Rolling  Mill  at  

Noi-wich,  Stove  Works  at  

Novelty  Engine  Works  

Number  of  Blast  Furnaces  in  Ohio  73, 

Nye,  A.  T.  &  Son,  (Stoves)  

Oakdale  Furnace  

Oak  Hill,  Furnace  at  

Ochreous  Ore  

Ogden,  Iron  Works  at  

Ogden  Mine  

Ohio,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  of 

Ohio,  Bituminous  Furnaces  of  62. 

Ohio,  Blast  Furnaces  of  60. 

Ohio,  Car  Wheel  Works  of  303. 

Ohio,  Car  Works  of  

Ohio,  Census  Returns  of  73,  74,  168, 

Ohio,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  ,08, 

Ohio  City  and  Iron  Nail  Works  

Ohio,  Coal  Measure  Ores  of  

Ohio.  Early  History  of  Blast  Furnace  In 
terest  in  60, 

Ohio  Falls  Car  Co...   

Ohio  Falls  Car  Works  253, 

Ohio  Falls  Car  Works,  Description  of  

253,  2,55, 

Ohio  Palls  Iron  Works  

Ohio  Furnace  70, 

Ohio,  History  of  the  Adoption  of  Mineral 

Coal  in  Iron  making  in  61 

Ohio,  Iron  Bridge  Works  of  388, 

Ohio  Iron  Works  

Ohio,  Location  of  Early  Blast  Furnaces  of 

Ohio,  Number  of  Blast  Furnaces  in  73. 

Ohio,  Ore  Regions  of  

Ohio.  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  

Ohio  Recapitulation  

Ohio,  lirrapitulation  of  Boiling  Mills  in  . . 

Ohio,  R.jlliui;  Mills  of  102, 

Ohio  Stove  W.^ks  

Ohio.  Stove  Works  of  343, 

Ohio,  Value  of  Product  of  Blast  Furnaces 

of  73 

Old  Colony  Iron  Works  

Old  Dominion  Iron  and  Nail  Works  

Old  Furnace  in  New  Jersey  . 

Old  Hill  Ore  '.' 

Old  Ironsides,  Description  of  Locomotive 

called   200 

Old  0.'?ford  ' 

Oley  Furnace  

Oley  Furnace,  When  BuUt 
Oli 


...57, 


Fi 

Olnovvill.  ,  Stove  Woiks  at  

O-Ncil  Mine  

Onondaga  Furnaces  

Onondaga  Iron  and  Nail  Woi  ks  

Onoto,  Funiaces  at  S5. 

Ontario  Car  Company  

Ontario  Furnace  

Oolitic  Ore  75, 

Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Ores  of  


PAGF, 

Orange  Furnace   67 

Oi'bisonia,  Furnaces  at   5^* 

Orcuiin,  Iron  Ores  of   552 

I  In',  Analyses  of  the  Ci  airharbi.r   .504 

<_)ro  Analyzed  by  Ando\  i.:r  ilinc   50^ 

Ore  Beds  of  Lake  Superior    401 

0:c,  Blackband   450 

Ore,  Block   459 

Ore,  Blue  Block  of  Kentucky   458 

Ore,  Bog  of  Indiana  4,'i7 

Oi  e,  Brown  Hematite   452,  4.53 

Ore,  Brown  Hematite  of  Alabama  442,  444 

Ore,  Buckhom   3C7 

Ore  from  Cedar  Mountain,  Analysis  of..  .  487 
Ore  from  Buford  Mountam,  Analyses  of 

the  488,  489 

Ore  from  Jcft'crsou  Co. ,  Commercial  Value 

of   445 

Ore  from  Wayne  Co.,  Commercial  Value  of  446 

Ore,  Hematite  509,  517,  521,  522 

Ore  Hill  Fumace   105 

Ore  Hill  Ore   453 

Ore  of  Cascade  Region   4ti0 

Ore  of  Cornwall  Mine,  Analysis  of  the. .  . .  516 
Ore  of  Cumberland  Iron  Mountain,  Analy- 
sis of   522 

Ore  of  Michi'jran  Mines.  Approxinirvte  Cost 

per  Ton  of  Extracted  Ii  un   480 

Ore  of  Michigan  Minos,  Production  of  for 

1872    476 

Ore  of  Spun  Mountain  Miiie,  Analysis  of..  475 

Ore  of  the  Walkill  Moniitai-i   502 

Ore  Production  of  Lake  Ghamplain  Dis- 
trict   119 

Ore  Red  or  Fossiliferous  of  Alabama .  .440,  441 

Ore  Regions  of  Alabama  440,  448 

Ore  Regions  of  Arkansas  450,  452 

Ore  Regions  of  Connecticut  452,  454 

Ore  Regions  of  Georgia  454,  455 

Ore  Regions  of  Illinois  45.5,  450 

Ore  Regions  of  Indiana  45fi,  457 

Ore  Regions  of  Kentucky   457,  4.58 

Ore  Regions  of  Lake  Superior  404,  468 

Ore  Regions  of  Maine   400 

Ore  Regions  of  Maryland    400 

Ore  Re.gions  of  Massachusetts  400,  401 

Ore  Regions  of  Michigan  402,  480 

Ore  Regions  of  Missoiu'i   4K1,  498 

Ore  Regions  of  New  Hamp.shire  401,  402 

Ore  Regions  of  New  Jersey  501,  503 

Ore  Regions  of  New  York".  503,  509 

Ore  Regions  of  New  York,  Description  of 

50;!,  5(19 

Ore  ReErions  of  North  Carolina  509,  515 

Ore  Regions  of  Ohio   l.V.I 

Ore  Regions  of  Pennsylv.ania  510,  5'.;i 

Ore  Regions  of  Tennessee  540,  518 

Ore  Regions  of  the  United  States  440,  552 

Ore  Regions  of  Vermont.    548 

Ore  Shipments  from  the  Iron  Mountain 

Co   490 

Ore,  Shipment  of,  from  Port  of  L'Anse. .  478 
Ore,  Shipments  of  1873  of  Michigan  Mines 

of  Iron  477,  478 

Ore,  the  Franklinite  Magnetic  509 

Ores,  Arsenic  in  the   497 

Ores,  Bog  ,   4.54 

Ores.  Coal  Measure   4.59 

Ores,  Cost  of  Raising  the  Lake  Superior. .  477 
Ores  found  in  Phelps  County,  Analyses  of 

492,  496 

Ores  from  Pilot  Knob.  Analj-ses  made  by 

Andrew  A.  Blair  485,  487 

Ores  from  Sheppard  Mountain,  Analyses 

of  the  487,  4^  8 

Ores  from  the  Coal  Measures  445 

Ores,  Grades  of  produced  by  Lake  Supe- 
rior Iron  Company  469 

Ores,  Hematite,  of  Georgia  454,  455 

Ores,  Magnetic,  of  Georgia   4,54 

Ores,  Macrneti<;  Specular    481 

Oi  i-s,  M  ini.'aiiese,  of  Georgia  •'1,55 

Orcs<jf  ChamhersCounty,  Alabama  415 

Ores  of  Hanging  Rock  Region  4-59 

Oresof  Illinois.  Coal  Measures  . .  .  4.55 

Ores  of  Iron  Moimtain   180 

Ores  of  the  Lake  Chamidain  Region  503 

Ores  of  Lake  Superior  Region   180 


PAGE 

Ores  of  Lake  Superior  Regions,  Descrip- 
tion of  the   .164,  4|-8 

Ores  of  Lake  Superior,  Tests  of  4(i2,  4('4 

Ores  of  Oxford  Furnace  602 

Ores  of  Rocky  Mountains,  Vast  Deposits  of  551 

Ores  of  Rhode  Island  .521,  5x:3 

Ores  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia. .  .52-i,  BiO 
Ores  of  Virginia,  Descnption  of  the  Iron 

BiJ,  537 

Ores  of  Wisconsin   £  ,i) 

Ores,  Pipe  Variety   5l7 

Ores,  Primitive,  of  GeorLiia   454 

Ores,  Shipments  of,  of  Lake  Champlain 

Region   50:3 

Ores,  Sjiecular,  of  Georgia  454,  455 

Ores,  the  Brown  Sesquioxides  or  Limonites 

of  Indiana   457 

Ores,  the  Impure  Carbonates  of  Iron,  of 

Indiana   457 

Ores,  the  Silieious  Oxides  of,  Indiana  457 

Oriental  and  American  Stove  Works  3o9 

Ormsby  Furnace    58 

OiT,  Painter  &  Co.  (Stoves)  341 

Orrsville,  Fumace  at   C5 

Osage  Fumace   92 

Csgood  Bradley,  Car  Worlcs   2-!3 

Oswego,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  301 

Oswego,  Car  Works  at   245 

Otis  Iron  and  Steel  Works   li;4 

Otis,  Mr   im 

Otter  Creek,  Furnace  at   7,S 

Owen,  Prof.  D.  D  451,  45  i 

Owen,  Richard,  Prof  450,  4.')8 

Oxbow,  Fumace  at   12  1 

Oxford  Car  Works   2  19 

Oxford  Furn.ace  103,  110 

Oxford  Fumace,  Ores  of  5U2 

Oxford  Furnaces   128 

Oxford  Iron  Works  1  ;2 

Oxford,  RoUing  Mill  at    143 

Oxidation,  etc..  Condition  of  491),  4it7 

Oxide  of  Zinc  444,  445 

Ozark  Furnace   9  J 

Pacific  RoUing  Mill   180 

Paducah  Rolling  Mill   170 

Paducah,  Rolling  Mills  at  ITO 

Page  County  Furnace  108 

Paige,  J.  C.  &  Co.  (Wrought  Iron  Pipes).  314 

Paine,  Governor   222 

Paine,  Governor,  Description  of  Locomo- 
tive called  222,  293 

Painesville,  Stove  Works  at  343 

Palo  Alto  Rolling  Mill  156 

I'almer  &  Hicks  (Stoves)  337 

I'aniMast  &  Maule,  Pipes  and  Fittings  . . .  326 

"Pan  Handle"  Route  270 

Paris,  Car  Works  at   256 

Paris,  D.  E.  &  Co   337 

Park,  James   1!;5 

Parker,  Bailev,  Howson  &  Co   SOS 

Parker  Mills  Nail  Works   1.35 

Parkersburg  Bridge   382 

Parkersburg,  Rolling  Mill  at  150 

Parkersburg,  Stove  Works  at  343 

Party,  Clias.  T  228,  231 

Parry,  Mr  226 

Parryville,  Furnaces  at   29 

I'ai-sons'  Mine   470 

Pascal  Iron  Works  31.3,  .317,  .325 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Agencies  in  other 

Cities  of   325 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Arrangement  of  Shaft- 
ing in  Tube  Works  318 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Boiler  Tube  Mill  at. . .  321 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Boilers  of  318 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Butt- weld  319 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Coal  Consumed  at. 334,  325 
Pascal  Iron  Works,  Compoimd  Tubular 

Boilers   321 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Consumption  of  Iron, 

Annually   .317 

Pascal  Ironworks,  Description  of  317,  3SrtJ 

P.asc.al  li  on  Works,  Description  of  Engine 

driving  Machinery  of  Bending  Mill  .321 

Pascal  iron   Works,  Description  of  the 

Manufacture  of  Boiler  Tubes  at  321.  S23 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Double  Construction 
Engine,  Description  of   321 


INDEX. 


Pig  Iron,  Production  in  the  United  StafSsk^ 

of  Anthracite   3!)U, 

Pig  Iron,  Production  in  the  United  States 

ot  Charcoal   390,  397 

Pig  Ii'on,  l^roduction  in  the  United  Stat^^s 

of  Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke.  396,  398 
Pig  Iron,  Production  of,  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Wales   40.3 

Pig  Iron,  Produ(;tion  of,  in  France   403 

Pig  Iron  (Scotch),  Average  Prices  of  Store 

Wanants   395 

Pig  Iron,  Shipments  from  Escanaba  of  4T7,  478 
Pig  Iron,  Shipments  of  1873  from  Michi- 
gan of   477,  478 

Pig  Iron,  Shipments  of  Michigan  403 

Pig  Metal,  Conversion  of,  by  the  Bessemer 

Process   13 

Pig  Metal,  Cost  of  making  it  in  Alabama.  103 

Pig  Metal,  Import  ations  of   3 

Pig  Metal  Produced  in  1873   12 

Pilot  Knob  Furnaces   91 

Pilot  Knob,  Ore  of   481,  4a3,  4S5 

Pilot  Knob  Ores,  Analyses  made  by  An- 
drew A.  Blair  of  the  4f>5,  4.'<7 

Pine  Creek  Furnace   55 

Pine  Grove  Furnace   42,  70 

Pine  Grove,  Furnace  at   35,  42 

Pine  Grove  Furnace — when  built   42 

Pino  Iron  Works   148 

Pioneer  and  Cliffs  Furnaces   84 

Pioneer  Furnaces   34 

Pioneer  Furnace,  No.  1.  Historic  Interest 

of   .34 

Piper  &  Shiffler...   379 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Alleghany  City..  31(i 

ripe  and  Tube  Works  at  AUentown  316 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Bay  City   329 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Bridgeton   327 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Cincinnati   328 

Pi])e  and  Tube  Works  at  Conshohocken ...  317 
Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  East  Boston  304,  313 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  , at  Erie  317 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Florence   31  (i 

Pi\)e  and  Tulic  Works  at  Gloucester  310 

Pipe  and  Tul)e  Works  at  Gloucester  32t> 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Louisville   328 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  atMoKeesport   317 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Millville  31fi 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Milwaukee   329 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  New  Castle.  325,  320 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Newport  328 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Philadelphia  32G 

Pipe  and  Tulie  Works  at  St.  Louis  329 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  Taunton  314 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  in  Kentucky   328 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Connecticut  314 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Massachusetts 

313,  314 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Michigan   329 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Missouri   329 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of   New  Eng- 
land 31-3,  :A  i 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  New  Ilnmp.shire,  -"11 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  New  Jersey   310 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  New  York   315 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of   New  York 

City  315,  31 G 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Ohio  328 

Pipeand  Tube  Works  of  Pennsylvania,  310,  328 
Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Pittsburg'. ,  .327,  :;28 
Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Rhode  I.^^laiul . . .  314 
Pipe    and    Tubo    Works,   Pascal  Iron 

Works  317,  325 

Pipe,  Gas   317 

Pipe,  Manufacture  ot   158 

Pipe  Works  at  Cleveland   328. 

Pipe  Works  at  Elmira   315 

Pipe  Works  at  Nashua   314 

Pipe  Works  at  New  Market   314 

Pipe  Works  at  Newport   328 

Pipe  Works  at  North  Adams   314 

Pipe  Works  at  Pawtucket   314 

Pipe  Works  at  Pi-ovidence  314 

Pipe  Works  at  Stoneham   314 

Pipe  Works  at  Windsor  Locks  314 

Pipe  Works  at  Wooster   328 

Piqua  Car  and  Agricultural  Works   S.'i'J 

Piqua,  Car  Works  at   253 


PAOE 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Lap-weld  319 

Pascal  Ironworks,  Machinery  of   318 

I'asc  al  Iron  Works,  Manufacture  of  Boiler 

Tubes  at  321,  323 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Material  used  in  the 

Manufacture  of  Wrought  Iron  i'nbes  324,  325 
Pasoiil  Iron  Works,  Number  of  hands  em- 
ployed  317 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Operation  of  Lap- 
welding  321,  322 

Ppscal  Iron  Works,  Plan  of   318 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Product  of   317 

Puscal  Iron  Works,  Reverberatory  Fur- 
naces  321 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Scarfing  Process   321 

Pascal  Iron  Works,  Screw  Cutting  Ma- 
chines of  319,  320 

Pascal  Ii'on  Works — Special  Devices  Origi- 
nated or  Mauufactured.at   323 

Pascal  Iron  Works — Steam  Engines  318 

Pascal  Injn  Works,  Vulcanized  Rubber 

coated  Iron  Tube   324 

Passaic  Rolling  Mill   142 

Patapsco  Bridge  and  Iron  Works  388 

Patent  for  a  Method  of  Increasing  the 

Adhesion  of  a  Locomotive   212 

Patent  for  Eight-wheeled  Engine   210 

Patent  Washing  Apparatus   80 

Patent  Water  and  Gas  Pipe  Co   310 

Paterson,  Bridge  Works  at   388 

Paterson,  Locomotive  Works  at  234 

Paterson,  Rolling  Mills  at   142 

Paulding  Furnace   73 

Pawtucket,  Pipe  Works  at   314 

Pawtucket,  Stove  Works  at   330 

Paxton  Furnaces    37 

Paxton  Rolling  MiU   151 

Peace,  Cox  &  Co.,  Pipe  and  Gas  Fitters' 

Tools   327 

Peale,  Franklin   200 

Pearse,  John  B   187 

Peat,  Dcpaiits  of   83 

Peat  Furnace   85 

Pebbly  Bi>ach,  Rich  Iron  Oies  of  552 

Pechin,  E.  C  48,  67 

Peckham  &  Kruger,  (Stoves)   348 

Peckh.am,  J.  S.  &M.,  (Stoves)  3.38 

Peckskil],  Furnace  at   123 

Peekskill,  Stove  Works  at   338 

Pembroke  Iron  Works    133 

Pencoj-d  Iron  Works   156 

PeninsiUa  Furnaoe   87 

Penn  Iron  Works   432 

Penn  Treaty  Iron  Works   150 

Pennsylvania,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  . .  .  302 

Pennsylvania,  Car  Works  of..  248,  251 

Pennsylvania,  Census  Returns  for    60 

Pennsylvania,  Census  Returns  of   1,57 

Pennsylvania,  Charcoal  Funiacos  of  41,  40 

Pennsylvania,  CoaLs  Available  for  the  Re- 
duction of  the  Iron  Ores  of  520,  521 

Pennsylvania,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of...  190 
Pennsylvania,  Blast  Furnaces,  Capital  In- 
vested in   60 

Pennsylvania,  Blast  Furnaces  in   CO 

Penn.sylvauia  Furnace   45 

Pennsylvania,  Furnaces  in  27,  60 

Pennsylvania,  Iron  Bridge  Works  of .  .364,  387 
Pennsylvania,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  . .  .516,  521 

Pennsylvania  Iron  Works.  39,  145,  154 

Pennsylvania,  Locomotive  Works  in.. 234,  235 
Pennsylvania,  Number  of  Anthracite  Fur- 
naces in   60 

Pennsylvania,  Number  of  Charcoal  Fur- 
naces in   60 

Pennsylvania,  Number  of  Raw  Bitumi- 
nous Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces   60 

Pennsylvania,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of . . 

316,  328 

Penn.sylvania,  Product  of  Furnaces  in. . . .  60 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  Car  Shops  at  Al- 

toona,  description  of  200,  261 

Pennsylvania  RaUroad,  Car  Shops  of  

260,  201,  262,  263 

Pennsylvania  RaUroad  Co   430 

Pennsylvania,  Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and 

Coke  Furnaces  of  46,  60 

Pennsylvtuia,  Rolling  Mills  of  143,  157 


PAGE 

Pennsylvania  Steelworks  151,  187,  188 

Pennsylvania,  Stove  Works  of  .340,  342 

Pennsylvania,  Total  Number  of  Furnaces 

In   60 

Penokee  Range   .549 

Peoria,  Stove  Works  at   3 16 

Request  Furnace   128 

Request  Mine,  worked  by  Crane  Iron  Co..  502 

Percentage  of  Metallic  Iron   496 

Perry  &  Co  16,  339 

Perry  County,  Furnaces  in   38 

Perry,  G.  W  251,  253 

Perry  John  S  16,  333 

Perry  Stove  Co  344 

Petersburg  Car  Works   251 

Petroleum  Fuel,  Process  for  Puddling  by 

Means  of   177 

Pettengill,  Glass  &  Co.,  Car  Wheels  -303 

Phelps  County,  Analyses  of  Ores  found  in. 

492,  496 

Philadelphia  and  Reading  Coal  and  Iron 

Co  40,  43,  49 

Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad  Car 

Shops  261,  2()3,  265 

Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad  Car 

Shops,  description  of  261,  263 

Philadelphia,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   .302 

Philadelphia,  Car  Works  at  246,  249 

Philailelphia,  Crucible  Steel  Works  at.  197,  198 

Phil.adelphia  Furnace   .  32,  34 

Philadelphia,  Furnace  at  124 

Philadelphia  Furnace,  description  of. . .  33,  34 

Philadelphia  Hollow  Ware  Co   340 

Philadelphia  Iron  and  Steel  Works  156 

Philadelphia,  Iron  Pipe  and  Tube  Manu- 
facturers of   317,  .327 

Philadelphia,  Iron  Ship  Yards  of         430,  433 

Philadelphia,  Locomotive  Works  at    231 

Philadelphia,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  at  .326. 327 

Philadelphia,  Rolling  Mills  at   1.56 

Philadelphia,  Stove  Works  of  310,  341 

Phillips  &  Cluley,  (Pipe  Works)   327 

Phillips,  G.H.  &  Co.  (Stoves)  330 

Phillipsburg,  Bridge  Works  at   .387,  3SS 

Phillipsburg,  Furnaces  at   12S 

Phillipsburg  Manufacturing  Co   387,  388 

Phillipsburg,  Rolling  Mill  at   142 

Phillipsburg,  Stove  Works  at  340 

Phcenix  Column   374 

Phoenix  Furnace   63 

Pha?nix  Iron  Co   17,  168 

Phcenix  Iron  Works   149,  364 

Phoenix  Iron  Works,  Boiling  Furnace  372 

PhosnLx  Iron  Works,  description  of   149 

Phoenix  Iron  Works,  Engines  used  to  pump 

the  Blast  at   370 

Phrenix  Iron  Works,  Machine  Shops  of . . .  374 
PhoQuix  Iron  Works,  Process  of  Pud- 
dling  370,  .372 

Phcenix  Iron  Works,  Process  of  Rolling 

at   372,  .373 

Phcenix  Iron  Works — View  of  Machine 

Shop   .376 

Phoenix  Stove  Works,  Annual  Capacity  of.  347 

Phoenixville,  Bla,st  Furnaces  at  368 

Phoenixville  Bridge  Co   149 

Pha;nixville  Bridge  Works  .355,  304,  379 

Phoenixville  Bridge  Works,  description  of 

365,  379 

Phoenixville  Furnaces   31 

PhnjnLxville,  Rolling  Mill  at   149 

Pickles,  H.  F.  (Stoves)   343 

Pig  Iron  at  Indianapolis,  Cost  of  making.  532 

Pig  Iron,  Average  Cost  of   407 

Pig  Iron  E.xported  from  Great  Britain  to 

the  United  States   401 

Pig  Iron,  Export  to  England,  from  Mary- 
land 112 

Pig  Iron,  First  Investment  made  in  this 

Country  for,  Manufacture  of   107 

Pig  Iron,  Great  Progress  made  in  Produc- 

,   ing   25,  20 

Pig  Iron  in  Alleghany  County,  Virginia, 

Cost  of  making   532 

Pig  Iron  on  Furnace  Bank  and  of  Mer- 
chant Bar,  in  Mill  in  Pennsylvania  407 

Pig  Iron,  Prices  in  Philadelphia  from 
1869  to  1874  of  American  411 


XXll  INDEX. 


TAOE 

Pittsburg    and   Lake    Aiigoline  Com- 
pany 471,  480 

Pittsburg  and  MoKcesport  Car  Works  2-19 

Pittslmri.'  Bolt  Mill  14? 

ritt-b'ii  u'  Car  and  Locoraotive  Co  251 

I'lttviiinv,  ("iir  Wheel  Works  at   :ilt2 

ritt^burtr.  Car  Works  at  247,  241) 

Pittsburg  Cast  Steel,  Fineness  of   14 

Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  and  St.  Loui-<  Rail- 
road Car  Sliop  at  Steubenvillc,  Ohio,  270,272 

Pittsburg,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  ItlO,  1117 

Pittsburg  Forge  and  Iron  Co  145,  146 

I'ittslmrg,  Furnaces  at  46,  54 

Pitt-sbm-g  Iron  Works   144 

Pittsburg,  Keystone   Bridge  Company's 

Works  at   379 

Pittsburg,  Locomotive  Works  at  235 

rittsl)uri;,  Pijio  and  Tube  Works  of. .  .327,  328 

Pittsburg,  Rolling  Mills  of  

143,  144,  145,  146,  147 

Pittsburg  Steel  Works   196 

Pittsburg,  Stove  Works  at  342 

Pittsburg,  Wages  of  Iron  Workers  in  409 

Pittsford,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   300 

Pittsford  Furnace  116,  117 

Pittsford,  Vt.,  Ores  of   549 

Pittston,  Stove  Works  at  341 

Pivot  Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  Biver..  385 

Planet  Furnace   78 

"Planet"  Type  Engine   209 

Plate  Jlill,  Description  of  135 

Player,  John   505 

Pleuro-Pneumatdc  Process   357,  358 

Plow  Steel   167 

Plymouth,  Furnace  at   117 

Plymouth  Pumaces   39 

Plymouth  Iron  Foundry,  (Stoves)  335 

Plymouth,  Rolling  Mill  at   134 

Pneumatic  or  Bessemer  Process,  Descrip- 
tion of  185,  187 

Pneumatic  Process  of  making  Steel   13 

Pneumatic  Steel  Co   187 

Poelker,  I.  H.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   346 

"Podunk"  Mine  119,  505 

Political  Economy   1 

Pollhaus,  p.  &Co.,  (Stoves)  337 

Pomeroy  Furnace  110,  117 

Pomeroy  Iron  Works   166 

Pomeroy,  Peckover  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  344 

Pomeroy,  Rolling  Mill  at   166 

Pompton,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  199 

Pompton  Steel  Works    199 

Poplar  Springs,  Furnace   99 

Portable  Steam   Engine  Manufacturing 

Company.    801 

Portage  County,  Wisconsin,  Ores  of.  549,  550 

Port  Carbon  Furnace   35 

Port  Deposit,  Stove  Works  at   342 

Port  Henry  FtUTiaces   120 

Port  Henry,  Furnaces  at   120 

Port  Henry,  N.  Y   504 

Port  Kennedy,  Furnace  at   31 

Port  Leydcn  Furnaces  125 

Poi-t  Oram  Furnace   129 

Port  Pitt  Iron  and  Steel  Works  145,  197 

Port  Washington,  Furnaces  at   65 

Porter,  Mr   146 

Portland  Car  Works  243 

Portland  Locomotive  Works  2.32 

Portland  Rolling  MiU   1.33 

PortMnouth,  Car  Wheel  Works  of  303 

Portsmouth  Ironworks  166 

Portsmouth,  Rolling  Mills  at  166 

Portsmouth,  Stove  Works  at   346 

Post,  Patent  Bridge  388,  390 

Potter  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   337 

Pottsgrove  Rolling  MiU   155 

Pottst  .wu  Car  W.)rks   249 

Pottstowu,  l-'umacosin   32 

Pott^lowu  Ironworks   155 

T"tt-t.,\vii.  I!"lling  Mill  at   155 

I'Mtt  .vill.',  Furnaces  at   34  .35 

Pottsvillo  P.olling  Mill   156 

Pottsville,  Rolling  Mill  at  '.  156 

Poughkocpsie  Furnaces   121 

Poughkeepsie,  Hudson  River  Bridge  at...  384 

Powell,  J.  R.  Col   440 

Powerville  Rolling  Mil]    142 


PAGE 

Powhatan  Furnace  110 

Pratt  &  Co   138 

Pratt  &  Wentworth   334 

Pratt  Truss  System,  Bridges   3!)1 

President's  Car  265,  2G6,  207,  268 

lYtmary  Ores  of  New  York   504 

I'riniitive  Ores  of  Georgia   454 

Primitive  Plant   544 

Principio  Fiu-nace   114 

Prior's  Station,  Furnace  at   101 

Process  of  Clearing  Lucy  Furnace  48,  49 

Process  of  Puddling   372 

Production  of  Anthracite  Pig  Iron  in  the 

United  States  396,  398 

Production  of  Charcoal  Pig  Iron  in  the 

United  States  396,  398 

Production  of  Iron  in  1830    24 

Production  of  Iron  in  1840    24 

Production  of  Iron  in  1851   24 

Production  of  Iron  in  lc352   24 

Production  of  Iron  in  1855   24 

Production  of  Iron  in  1856    24 

Production  of  Iron  in  1860    24 

Production  of  Ore  and  Pig  Iron  in  Lake 

Superior  Iron  Ore  Regions   83 

Production  of  Ore. for  1872  of  Michigan 

Mines  476 

Production  of  Pig  Iron  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Wales   403 

Production  of  Pig  Iron  in  France   403 

Production  of  Railroad  Iron  in  the  United 

States   399 

Production  of  Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and 

Coke  Pig  Iron  in  the  United  States. 396,  398 
Production  of  Rolling  Mills  in  the  United 

States   401 

Production  of  the  Forges  and  Bloomaries 

in  the  United  States   402 

Production  of  Pig  Iron  of  all  kinds  in  the 

United  States   398 

Product  of  Akron  Iron  Works   167 

Product  of  Albany  Iron  Works   140 

Product  of  AUentown  Rolling  Mill  153 

Product  of  Alliance  Rolling  Mill  167 

Product  of  Altoona  Iron  Works   148 

Product  of  American  Ironworks   143 

Product  of  American  Sheet  and  Boiler 

Plate  Works   163 

Product  of  Anchor  Nail  and  Tack  Works.  140 
Product  of  Atlantic  Iron  and  Nail  Works.  153 

Product  of  Baltimore  Rolling  MiU   158 

Product  of  Bardcns'  RoUing  Mill  134 

Product  of  Bay  State  lloUing  MiU  185 

Product  of  Bedford  Rolling  MUl  168 

Product  of  Bclfont  Ironworks  165 

Product  of  Bellaire  Nail  Works  1G2 

Product  of  BelleviUe  Nail  Works    173 

Product  of  Belmont  NaU  Works   161 

Product  of  Benwood  Iron  Works  161 

Product  of  Berwick  RoUing  MiU   150 

Product  of  Bethlehem  Rolling  MiU   155 

Product  of  Birdsborough  Nail  Works  148 

Product  of  Birmingham  Iron  and  Steel 

Works  1.37,  145 

Product  of  Blandon  Iron  Works   148 

Product  of  Bloom  Forge  Iron  Works   16(5 

Product  of  Boonton  Iron  Works   141 

Product  of  Boston  RoUtag  MUl   135 

Product  of  Brady's  Bend  Iron  Works   147 

Product  of  Brandywine  Rolling  MUl   150 

Product  of  Briarfield  Iron  Works  ,  180 

Product  of  Bridgcwater  Iron  Works  134 

Product  of  Bristol  RoUing  MiU   148 

Product  of  Buffalo  Iron  and  Nail  Works . .  138 

Product  of  Burden  Iron  Works   140 

Product  of  Burgess  Steel  and  Iron  Works.  1()7 
Product  of  Byers,  McCiUlough  &  Co.'sMiU  146 

Product  of  Cambria  Iron  Works   149 

Product  of  Camden  RoUing  MiU   141 

Product  of  Canton  RoUing  MiU  158 

Product  of  Catasauqua  Rolling  Mill  152 

Product  of  Central  Iron  Works  150,  180 

Product  of  Chattanooga  Rolling  MUl   171 

Product  of  Chesapeake  Nail  Works   151 

Product  of  Chickies  RoUing  MUl   152 

Product  of  Cincinnati  Railway  Iron  Works  164 
Product  of  Cleveland  Boiler  Plate  MUl.  . .  163 
Product  of  Cleveland  Iron  Works   164 


PAGE 

Product  of  Clinton  and  MUlvale  RoUing 

MUls   144' 

Product  of  Cohoes  RoUing  MiU  137,  138 

Product  of  Collier's  Iron  Works   142 

Product  of  Columbia  Steel  and  Iron  Worlcs  151 

Product  of  Columbus  Iron  Works   163 

Protluct  of  Columbus  Rail  Mill   163 

Product  of  Conshohocken  and  Pennsylva- 
nia Iron  Works  155 

Product  of  Co-operative  Iron  and  Steel 

Works   154 

Product  of  Coshocton  Iron  and  Steel 

Works   162 

Product  of  Covington  Rolling  Mill  170 

Product  of  Crescent  Iron  and  Nail  Works  1.^3 

Product  of  Crescent  Iron  Works   161 

Product  of  Cumberland  RoUing  MiU   159 

Product  of  Cuyahoga  Falls  llolUng  IffiU. ,  167 

Product  of  Dan  vers  Rolling  MiU  134 

Product  of  Danville  Iron  Works   IT  4 

Product  of  Decatur  RoUing  MiU  173 

Product  of  Delano  Iron  Works  140 

Product  of  Delaware  RoUing  MiU  

142,  156,  157,  158 
Product  of  Diamond  State  Rolling  MUl. . .  157 

Product  of  Dighton  Rolling  Mdl   134 

Product  of  Dover  RoUing  MiU   168 

Product  of  Duncannon  Rolling  MiU  155 

Product  of  Dimcansville  Nail  Works   148 

Productof  Eagle  Rolling  MiU  146 

Product  of  East  Bridgewater  Iron  Works  l.'!4 

Product  of  Easton  RoUing  MUl   155 

Product  of  East  St.  Louis  RoUing  Mill 

174,  178 

Product  of  Edge  Moor  Iron  Works  151 

Product  of  Elizabeth  Rolling  MUl  142 

Product  of  Elmira  RolUng  MUl  139 

Product  of  Enterprise  Iron  Works  166 

Product  of  Erie  RoUing  MUl   151 

Product  of  Etna  Iron  and  Nail  Works. .  , .  162 

Product  of  Etna  RoUing  MUl   141 

Product  of  EvansvUle  Rolling  Mill  ...165,  172 
Product  of  Fair  Hill  Forge  and  Rolling 

MiU   156 

Product  of  Falcon  Iron  and  Nail  Works 

167,  168 

Product  of  Fall  River  Iron  Works  133 

Product  of  Fayette  Furnaces   86 

Product  of  Franconia   Iron  and  Steel 

Works  135 

Productof  Fulton's  MUl  155 

Product  of  Furnace  on  Embree'riUe  pro- 
perty 545 

Product  of  Glen  Rolling  MiU   153 

Product  of  Globe  Rolling  MiU   165 

Productof  Gosnold  Roliing  MiU   133 

Product  of  Gray's  Ferry  Plate  Iron  Works  156 
Product  of  Green  Castle  Iron  and  Nail 

Works   173 

Product  of  Greenville  Rolling. Mill   154 

Productof  Greers' RoUing  MUl   168 

Product  of  Hamburg  Iron  Works   148 

Product  of  Hamtranck  Iron  Works   176 

Product  of  HarTis,  Brown  &  Co's  MiU  110 

Product  of  Harrisburg  Nail  Works   151 

Product  of  Helmbacher  Forge  and  Rolling 

MUl   177 

Product  of  Hibbard  RoUing  Mill   166 

Product  of  Hibernia  RoUing  Mill  150 

Product  of  HoUidaysburg  Iron  and  Nail 

Works   148 

Product  of  IndianapoIis,RoUing  MiU   178 

Product  of  Iron  City  Iron  Works  and  Ap- 

polo  Sheet  Mill  146 

Product  of  Ironton  RoUing  MUl   165 

Product  of  Jackson  Rolling  Mdl  176 

Product  of  Jefferson  Iron  Works   163 

Product  of  Jenkins  RoUingMUl  149 

Product  of  Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Works  174,  175 

Product  of  .Tuniata  Iron  Works   146 

Product  of  Jimiati  RoUing  MiU   1.51 

Productof  Juniata  Wire  MiU   147 

I'roduct  of  Kensington  Iron  and  Steel 

Works   156 

Product  of  Kensington  Iron  Works   145 

Product  of  Kentucky  RoUing  Mill   If!!) 

Product  of  Keystone  Iron  Works   146 

Product  of  Keystone  Rolling  MiU   148 


INDEX.  XXlll 


PAGB 

rro'lurt  of  KingKley  Iron  and  Machine 

Works   VU 

Product  of  Knoxville  llolling  Uill   171 

Product  of  La  Belle  Nail  Works   ICl 

Product  of  La  Clede  Rolling  Mill  177 

Product  of  La  Grange  llolling  Mill   177 

I'roiluct  of  Lake  Erie  Iron  Works  KM 

Product  of  Lake  Shore  Iron  Works    Ifti 

Product  of  Lancaster  ManulHOturing  Co.'s 

Works   152 

Product  of  Lawrence  Iron  Works  1()5 

Product  of  Lebanon  Rolling  Mill   152 

Product  of  Licking  Iron  Works   1(14 

Product  of  Light  Bros.  Rolling  Mill   152 

Product  of  Lochiel  Rolling  Mill   150 

Product  of  Lockport  Manufocturing  Co.'s 

Works   139 

Product  of  Locust  Point  Rolling  Mill   15!) 

Product  of  Louisville  Rail  Mill   170 

Product  of  Louisville  Rolling  Mill   170 

Product  of  Luken's  Rolling  Mill   150 

Product  of  Lvnchburg  Rolling  Mill  KiO 

Product  of  McCullough  IronCo.'sMUl  158 

Product  of  Mcllvaine's  Rolling  Mill. .  .147,  148 

Product  of  Mahoning  Iron  Works   165 

Product  of  Marquette  and  Pacific  Rolling 

Mill   170 

Product  of  Marietta  Iron  Works,   16S 

Product  of  Massillon  Rolling  Mill   1(57 

Product  of  Memphis  Rolling  Mill   171 

Product  of  Milesburg  Rolling  Mill   149 

Product  of  Milton  llolling  Mill   155 

Product  of  Milwaukee  Iron  Works   17i) 

Product  of  Mineral  Ridge  Rolling  Mill   1C8 

Product  of  Monongahela  and  Allegheny 

Works   143 

Product  of  National  Iron  Works   154 

Product  of  New  Albany  Rolling  Mill   172 

Product  of  Newark  Rolling  Mill   105 

Product  of  New  England  Iron  Works  135,  136 

Product  ot  New  Haven  llolling  MiU.  137 

Product  of  NewiJort  Rolling  Mill  158,  169 

Product  of  Nilcs  Iron  Works  168 

Product  of  Norristown  Iron  Work.s   154 

Product  of  North  Chicago  Rolling  Mill   173 

Product  of  Northeast  Rolling  MiU   159 

Product  of  Northumberland  Nail  Works..  155 

Product  of  Norton  Ironworks   168 

Product  of  Norway  Iron  Works  186 

Product  of  Ohio  City  Iron  and  Nail  Works  162 

Product  of  Ohio  Falls  Iron  Works   171 

Product  of  Ohio  Iron  Works   160 

Product  of  Old  Colony  Iron  Works   134 

Product  o£  Old  Dominion  Iron  and  Nail 

Works   IfiO 

Product  of  Onondaga  Iron  and  Nail  Works  152 
Product  of  Otis  Iron  and  Steel  Works. . . .  164 

Product  of  Oxford  Iron  Worl;s   142 

Product  of  Pacific  Rolling  Mill   180 

Product  of  Paducah  Rolling  Mill   170 

Product  of  Palo  Alto  RoUing  Mill    15(i 

Product  of  Parker  MiUs  NaU  Works   1.35 

Product  ot  Parkesburg  Rolling  Mill. 


150 

Product  of  Passaic  Rolling  Mill   142 

Product  of  Paxton  Rolling  Mill   151 

Product  of  Pembroke  Iron  Works   I'lS 

Product  ot  Pcucoyd  Iron  Works   156 

Product  of  Pennsylvania  Iron  Works  ....  l.")4 
Product  of  Pennsylvania  Steel  Works ... .  151 

Product  of  Penn  Treaty  Iron  Works   156 

Product  of  Philadelphia  Iron  and  Steel 

Works   150 

Product  of  Phcenix  Iron  Works  149 

Product  of  Pine  Iron  Works   148 

Product  of  Pittsburg  Bolt  Mill   147 

Product  of  Pittsburg  Forge  and  Iron  Co. 

145,  140 

Product  of  Pittsburg  Iron  Works   144 

Product  of  Pomeroy  Iron  Works   166 

Product  of  Portland  RoUing  MiU   1.33 

Product  ot  Port  Pitt  Iron  and  Steel  Works  145 

Product  of  Portsmouth  Iron  Works   166 

Product  of  Pottsgrove  RoUing  MiU   155 

Product  of  Pottstown  Iron  Works  155 

Product  of  Potts viUe  RoUing  MiU  156 

Product  of  Providence  Iron  Works   136 

Product    of    Providence    Sheet  Iron 
Works  loO 


PAGE 

Product  of  Reading  Iron  Works   1 17 

Product  of  Reading  Railroad  Co.'s  Rolling 

MUl   148 

Product  of  Reading  Rolling  Mill  and  Forge  147 

Product  of  Rensselaer  Ironworks   140 

Product  of  Rhode  Island  Horseshoe  Works  136 

Product  of  Richards'  Rolling  Mill   108 

Product  of  Richmond  Steam  Forge  and 

RolUng  Mill   160 

Product  of  Ridgcway  Iron  Works   160 

Product  of  Rivcreidc  Iron  and  Nail  Works  161 

Product  of  Robbins  Rolling  MiU   156 

Product  of  Robmson  Iron  Works   134 

Product  of  Rochester  Iron  Works   139 

Product  of  Rockaway  Merchant  Mill...  .  142 

Product  of  Rohrorstown  RolUng  Mill   152 

Product  of  RolUng  MiU  at  Rome   17U 

Prot'uct  of  Rolling  MiU  at  West  Wareham.  135 
Product  of  Rome  Iron  and  Steel  Bloom  Co.  1.39 

Product  of  Rome  Iron  Works   139 

Product  of  Rome  Merchant  Iron  Mill  ....  139 

Product  of  Sable  Iron  Works   f43 

Product  of  St.  Albans  RoUing  MiU   133 

Product  of  St.  Louis  Bolt  and  Iron  Works 

174,  177 

Product  of  St.  Louis  Rail  Fastening  Works  177 
Product  of  St.  Louis  Steam  Forge  and 

Iron  Works   177 

Product  of  Samsondale  Ironworks   140 

Product  of  Sandusky  Steel  Works  162 

Product  of  Schall's  Rolling  Mill  154 

Product  of  SchuylkiU  Haven  RoUing  and 

Spike  Works   156,  157 

Product  of  SchuyUdU  Iron  Works  155 

Product  of  Seidel  and  Hastings   158 

Product  of  Sharon  RoUing  Mill   153 

Product  of  Shenango  Iron  Works   152 

Product  of  Siemen's  Steel  Works  174 

Product  of  Skeneateles  Iron  Works  140 

Product  of  Sligo  Iron  Works  . .  ..^  146 

Product  of  Soho  Iron  Works  146 

Product  of  Solar  Hoop  Works   145 

Product  of  Somerset  Rolling  MiU   1.34 

Product  of  Southern  Iron  Works   170 

Product  of  Springfield  RoUing  MiU   174 

Product  of  Spuyten  DuyvU  Rolling  MiU.. .  141 

Product  of  Star  Iron  Works   144 

Product  of  Stewart  Iron  Co.'s  MiU  V>:i 

Product  of  Still  Water  Iron  Works   137 

Product  of  Superior  Rail  MiU   14(i 

Product  of  Susquehanna  Iron  Works   1.51 

Product  of  Swift  Iron  and  Steel  Works  164,  KiO 

Product  of  Syracuse  Iron  Works   140 

Product  of  Tasker  Rolling  Mill   158 

Product  of  Tennessee  Rolling  Mill   17U 

Product  of  Terre  Haute  Ii'on  and  Nail 

Works   172 

Product  of  the  Iron  Mines  of  New  jersey  503 

Product  of  Tisdale  Nail  Works   l:J4 

Product  of  Toledo  RoUing  Mill    105 

Product  of  Tredegar  Rolling  MiU   160 

Product  of  Trenton  Iron  Works   141 

Product  of  Ulster  Iron  W^rks   140 

Product  of  Union  Horse  Shoe  Works   136 

Product  of  Union  Iron  Works..  .138,  145,  16! 


Product  of  Union  RuUing  MiU   17 


Product  of  Valentine  Iron  Works  


1,53 


Product  of  Valley  Iron  Works   150 

Product  of  Valley  Boiling  MiU   147 

Product  of  Vesuvius  Iron  Works   145 

Product  of  Vulcan  Iron  Works   171 

Product  of  Wabash  Iron  Works   172 

Product  of  Wagoutown  RoUing  Mill   150 

Product  of  Wareham  NaU  Works  134 

Product  of  Washburn  and  Moen  Iron 

Works   135 

Product  of  Washburn  Ironworks   i;i5 

Product  of  Wayne  Iron  and  Sfcel  Works. .  145 

Product  of  Western  Iron  Works   171 

Product  of  West  Middlesex  MiU  154 

Product  of  Weymouth  Iron  Works  134 

Product  of  Wliarton  Brothers'  Mill   147 

Product  of  Wheatland  RoUing  Mill   154 

Product  of  Wheeliug  Iron  and  Nail  W'rks  161 

Product  of  Wyandotte  RoUmg  Mill   170 

Product  of  York  Rolling  Mill   157 

Product  of  Youngstown  Rolling  Mill   166 

Protection,  Wise  Policy  of   a5 


PAGB 

Protocarbonatea  of  Iron  of  Kentucky   458 

Proton  Furnace   65 

Providence  Furnace   108 

Providence  Iron  Works   136 

Providence,  Locomotive  Works  at   233 

Providence,  RoUing  Mills  at  130 

Providence  Sheet  iron  Works   130 

Providence  Steam  and  Gas  Pipe  Co   314 

Providence,  Stove  Works  at  .336,  341 

Prussia — Spiegeleisen  with  Coke  Fuel, 

Manufacture  of,  in  498,  501 

Puddle  Department  at  Sable  Iron  'Works, 

new  aiTangemcnt  at   143 

Puddling  by  means  of  Petroleum  Fuel  177 

PuddUng,  Process  of,  who    Invented . . 

370,  371 

Pullman  Car  251,  257,  205 

Pullman  Car  Company  250,  258 

Pullman  Cars   250 

PuUman  Cars,  Cost  of   252 

Pullman,  George  W  256,  258 

Pullman  Palace  Car  245,  273 

Pump  and  StiiTup  of  Baldwm  Engines. . .  212 

Pumpelly,  Raphael,  Prof  4M,  484 

Pusey,  Jones  it  Co  18,  425 

Putnam  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Ores  of   507 

QuackenbuBh,  John  H  S36 

Quealey,  W.  J.,  Car  Wheels   308 

Quincy  Car  Manufacturing  Co   255 

Quincy,  Car  Works  at   255 

Qiiincy,  Stove  Works  at  347 

Raccoon  Furnace   76 

Radford  Furnace   110 

Rail  Drilling  Machines   192 

Rail  Finishing  Apparatus   102 

Railroad  and  Car  Information,  Miscella- 
neous  278 

Railroad  Car  Shops  of  California  274,  270 

Railroad  Car  Shops  of  Illinois  272,  274 

Railroad  Car  Shops  ot  Maryland  264,  206 

Railroad  Car  Shops  of  the  Indianapolis 
and  St.  Louis  RaUroad  at  Mattoon,  Illi- 
nois  272,  274 

Railroad  Car  Shops  of  the  United  States. 

260.  276 

Railroad  Iron,  Exportation  from  Great 

Britain  to  aU  countries   403 

Railroad  Iron,  Exportation  from  Great 

Britain  to  the  United  States  of  400 

RaUroad  Iron,  Importation  into  the  United 

States  of   399 

Railroad  Iron,  Production  in  the  United 

States  of   399 

Railroads,   Iron    required  per  mUe  in 

their  Construction   2 

Railroads  throughout  the   United  States 

and  Canada  277,  299 

Railroads,  Total  Mileage  in  the  United 

States  of   2 

Rails  of  Philadelphia  for  1872  and  1873, 

Prices  of  411 

Rails,  Tonnage  of  per  mUe   276 

Rainapo  Works   507 

Rnmpago  Works,  Car  Wheels   301 

Randall  Hill  Mine,  worked  by  Crane  Iron 

Co  502 

Randolph,  J.  L   382 

Ranlet  Car  Manufacturing  Co  241,  212 

Ranlet,  Charles   242 

RaiLsom,  H.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   3.'i9 

Ilathbone  Stove  Works   338 

Raven's  CUffi  Furnace   108 

Ravenson,  John   369 

Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnace 

at  South  Pittsburg   40 

Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces 

at  Pittsburg  46,  54 

Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces 

of  Pennsylvania  40,  60 

Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Pig  Iron 

in  the  United  States  396,  398 

Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Pig  Iron 

in  the  United  States,  by  States  398 

Raw  lions   15 

Raymond,  Prof  551 

Reading,  Car  Works  at   249 

Reading,  Furnace  at   41 

Reading  Furnaces   30 


D 


XXIV 


INDEX. 


I'AGR 

Reading  Iron  Workp   I-IT 

lleadinff,  Mills  at  M7,  118 

KcadinK,  Philadelphia  and  lU'adiiif^  Ivaii- 

road  Car  Shops  at  2()1,  SU.'i 

Heading  Railroad  Co   431 ,  432 

Reading    Railroad    Coinpuny's  Rolhng 

Mill   14S 

Reading  Rolling  Mill  and  Forge   1 17 

Reading,  Rolling  Mills  at  147,  150.  151 

Reading.  Stove  Works  at   311 

Reading  Tube  Works  327.  .'2a 

Reanie,  Archbold  &  Co   18,  42U 

Rebecca  Furnace   40 

Recapitulation  of  Blast  ^Furnaces  in  the 

United  States   130 

Recapitulation  of  Fnrnaeo.s  for  Georgia..  101 
Recapituhitiou  nf  Furnaces  for  Kentucky,  77 
Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  for  New  Yorlt,  126 
Recapitulation  of  I'^uniaces  for  Tennessee,  99 
Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  for  Virginia. .  Ill 
Recaiiitulation  of  Furnaces  for  Wisconsin,  82 
Recajntulation  of  Furnaces  in  Alabama, . .  104 

Recapitulation  of  Furnace.^  in  Illinoia   80 

Recapitulation  of  Furnace- in  Indiana...  79 
Recaiiitulation  of  Fnrnaics  in  Marjland..  116 
Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in  M-is-achu- 

setts   118 

Recapitiilalicm  of  Furn.acea  in  Michigan . .  89 
Reca)>itiil:iti(in  of  Furn-aces  in  Missouri . . .  93 
Recapilulation  of  Furnaces  in  New  Jersey,  129 
Recapitiilation  of  Furnaces  in  North  Car- 

oUna  100 

Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in  reunsyl- 

■vania  '. .  00 

Recapitulation  of  Furnao(W  in  West  Vir- 
ginia  112 

Recapitulation,  Ohio   74 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Connec- 
ticut   137 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Dela- 
ware  158 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  MUls  in  Georgia,  180 
Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  In- 
diana  173 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Mary- 
land 159 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Mas.sa- 

chusetts   1.36 

Recaiiitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Michi- 
gan  i;7 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Ohio..  109 
Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mdls  in  Penn- 
sylvania  157 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Rhode 

Island   1,36 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Tennes- 
see  171 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  the 

United  States   181 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Vir- 
ginia  160 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  in  Wiscon- 
sin  179 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  Ala- 
bama  181 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  Illinois,  170 
Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  Ken- 
tucky  170 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  Mis- 
souri  178 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  New 

Jersey   1-12,  143 

Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills  of  New 

York   141 

Recapitulation  of  Stove  Founders   349 

Recapitulation  of  West  Virginia  101 

Red  Bank  Furnace   56 

Red  Fossiliferous  Ore   517 

Red  Foissiliferous  Ore  of  Alabama  440,  441 

Red  Fossiliferous  Ore  of  Alabama,  Com- 
mercial Value  of   441 

Red  Fossil  Ores  540 

Reil  Hematite  Fossil  Ore   541 

Red  Hematite  Ore   447,  449,  465,  498,  509 

513,  514,  515,  523,  524,  527,  511 

Red  Hematite  Ore,  Analyses  of   538 

Red  Hematite  Ore  of  Maine  460 

Red  Hematite  Ore  of  Missouri  482,  481,  491 


PAGE 

Rcdiugton,  Furnaces  at   29 

Iti'd  Miinntain  Furna<u's  103 

Moiuiiain  Ri-giuns  of  Alabama,  Iron 

and  ("oal  of   446,  448 

Red  or  Iron  Mountain  101 

Reii  O.xide  491,  492.  506,  .508,  537,  548 

Red  River  Furnaces   77 

lied  River  Iron  Works.  I'^ir  n.iccs  ut   77 

Redway  &  Burl.  n.  i.'^Iom  s)  344 

Redwood  Furnai  c  124 

Reed  Island  Fmna  c    109 

Reed's  Mills,  Fiuiiacc  at  73,  73 

Rcedville,  Rolling  Mill  at  13") 

Rces,  E.  H   252 

Reeves,  David  149,  369 

Reeves,  Samuel  J   31 

Rehoboth  Furnace   105 

Rensselaer  Iron  Works   140 

Rensselaer  Steel  Works,  Remarks  about. . .  188 

Rensselaer  Works  187,  18S 

Report  of  the  Ores  of  Putnam  County. .  .  539 

Republic  Mine  472,  473 

Republic  Mine,  Description  of  Ores  of 

the  472,  473 

Resor,  Wm.  &  Co.,  (Stoves)   344 

Review  of   tew   portiims   of   the  Iron 

Trade  2,  26 

Rhea  County,  Fossil  Ores  of  511 

Rhenish  Pnissia   498 

Rhenish  Prussia,  Spiegelcisen  with  Coke 

in  489 

Rhinebcck,  Crucible  Steel  Works  at   1 99 

Rhode  Island,  Cen.sus  of   l."0 

Rhode  Island  Hor.so.shoe  Works   130 

Rhoile  Island,  Iron  Ores  of  521,  523 

Rhode  Island  Locomotive  Works   233 

Rhode  Island,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of . . .  314 
Rhode  Island,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling 

Mills  in   1.36 

Rhode  Island,  Rolling  Mills  of   136 

Rhode  IslanS  Stove  Works   .336 

Rhode  Island,  Stove  Works  of  336 

Richardson,  Boynton  &  Co.  (Stoves)   3.37 

Richards' Rolling  MiU   168 

Richland  Co.,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Richland  Furnace   73 

Richmond  Architectural  Works  (Stoves) . .  342 

Richmond,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   303 

Richmond,  Gar  Works  at   251 

Richmond  Furnace  44,  118 

Richmond,  Furnace  at  110,  118 

Richmond  Mine,  Worked  by  Thomas  Iron 

Co   502 

Richmond,  Rolling  Mills  at   160 

Richmond  Steam  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill. .  100 

Richmond  Stove  Company   335 

Rich  Patch  Mountain   511 

Richpath  Mi)iint,  Furnace  at   107 

Riddle.stair^%  I'urnaccs  at   55 

Ridge  Valley  Furnace   99 

Ridgeway  Iron  Works   166 

Riegclsville,  Furnaces  at   30 

Rinp-gold.  Furnace  at   35 

liin:-"-'o!d  Ii-on  and  Coal  Co   .35 

Ringu-ood  I'urnaces  129 

Ri.sdon  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works.  ..233,  309 

Riverside  Furnace   Ill 

Riverside  Iron  and  Nail  Works   161 

Riveting  a  Column   374 

Riverton,  Furnaces  at  75,  70 

Roach,  John   18 

Roach,  John  &  Co.,  Description  of  Ship 

Works  of  425,  420 

Roach,  John  &  Co.,  Ship  Yard  425,  430 

Roane  County,  Advantage  of  the  Region 

of   541 

Roane  Iron  Co   54() 

Roane  Iron  Co.,  Actual  Workin.gs  of  .  .540,  547 
Roane  Iron  Works,  Actual  Cost  of  Hot 

Blast  Stone  Coal  Pig  Metal,  per  ton,  at 

the   547 

Roaring  Springs,  Furnaces  at   56 

Robbins'  Rolling  Mill   156 

Roberts'  Iron  Works   28 

Robertson,  W.  F.  &  Co.  (Stoves)  345 

Robesonia  Furnaces   30 

Robeson,  Jonathan   128 

Robinson  Iron  Works  134 


PAGE 

Robson,  A,  C  267 

Rochester  Iron  Works   139 

Rochester,  Stove  Works  at   3.38 

Rockaway  Merchant  Mill   142 

Rockaway,  Rolling  Mill  at   142 

Rock  Hill  Furnaces    59 

Rock  Iron  Works   103 

Rock  Island  Stove  Company   346 

Rock  Spring,  Furnace  at   45 

Rockwood  Furnaces   90 

Rocky  Mountain  Region  B51 

Rodgers,  Prof  525,  520,  527 

Rodman  Furnaces   56 

Roeper,  John  J.,  (Stoves)   340 

Rogers,  Dr  516,  519 

Rogers  Furnace   100 

Rogers,  Thomas   225 

Rogers  Locomotive  Works   232 

Rohrerstown,  Rolling  Mill  at   151 

RoHa.  School  of  Mines  at  481 

Rolled  Iron,  Figures  of,  in  tons    12 

Rolled  Iron,  Total  Valuation  of   12 

Rolling  Mill  at  Alliance   167 

Rolling  Mill  at  Altoona   148 

Rolling  Mill  at  Appolo   146 

RolliULT  Mill  at  Ashland  109 

Uolliii'-;  Mill  at  Atlanta   ISO 

Uollin-  Mill  at  An  Sable   138 

R  illing  Mill  at  Baldwin  Station   151 

Rollin;.'  .Mill  at  Bay  View  178,  179 

R.illin.,'  Mill  at  I'.cdford   168 

Rolling  Mill  at  IJnUaire   162 

Rolling  Mill  at  Belleville   173 

Rolling  Mill  at  Berwick   1.50 

Rolling  MiOat  Bethlehem  1.55 

Rolling  Mill  at  Birdsborough  148 

Rolling  Mill  at  Birmingham  137,  ].15 

Rolling  Mill  at  Brady's  Bend   1 17 

Rolling  Mill  at  Bi  i.  i  tield  ISO 

RoIlrngMillat  r.i  iduTpoi-t  162 

R.illini;  Mill  at  I'.i  i.igctou   I  ll 

Rolling  Mill  at  liridgewatcr   134 

Kollin.j;  Mill  at  Bristol  148 

Rolling  Mill  at  Cambridge    135 

Rolling  Mill  at  Camden   1 11 

Rolling  Mills  at  Canal  Dover  168 

Rolling  Jlill  at  Canton    1.34 

Rolling  Mill  at  Cai  ondelet  178 

Rolling  Mill  at  Clifton   160 

Rollin--' Mill  at  Clinton  Mill  144 

Rolling  Mill  at  Cogan  Station   153 

Rolling  Mill  at  Cohoes   137,  138 

R  illing  Mill  at  Coshocton  102 

Roiling  Mill  at  Covington   170 

Rolling  Mill  at  Cumberland   159 

Rolling  MiU  at  Cuyahoga  Falls   107 

Rolling  Mill  at  Danvers   134 

Rolling  Mill  at  Decatur   173 

Rolling  Mill  at  Detroit  170 

Rolling  Mill  at  Dightoii   134 

Rolling  Mill  at  Douglassville   118 

Rolling  Mill  at  Duncaunon   155 

Rolling  Mill  at  Duncansville   148 

Rolling  Mill  at  Ea.st  Bridgcwater   134 

Rolling  Mill  at  Easton   155 

Rolling  Mill  at  East  St.  Louis   174 

Rolling  Mill  at  East  Warehain  134 

Rolling  Mill  at  East  Weymouth   134 

Rolling  Mdl  at  Eddwille   170 

Rolling  Mill  at  Elizabcthport   142 

Rolling  Mill  at  Elmira   139 

Rolling  Mill  at  Erie  . . .  .>   151 

Rolling  Mill  at  Etna  Borough  144 

Rolling  Mdl  at  Evansville   172 

Rolling  MiU  at  Fall  River   133 

Rolling  Mill  at  Fountam  Slills   115 

Rolling  Mill  at  Girard   108 

Rolling  Mill  at  Gray's  Ferry  156 

Rolling  Mdl  at  Green  Castle  172 

Rolling  Mill  at  Greenville   154 

Rolling  Mill  at  Hamburg   148 

Rolling  Mill  at  Haverstraw   140 

Rolling  MiU  at  Helena   ISO 

Rolling  MiU  at  HoUidaysburgh   1  IS! 

Rolling  Mill  at  Howard   It!) 

Rolling  MiU  at  Iluntsville   1  ;? 

Rolling  Mill  at  Iron  City   1  lO 

Rolling  MUl  at  Jackson   i'ti 


INDEX. 


XXV 


PACH 

Rolling  Mill  at  Joliot  1T4,  1T5 

Uolliii!,'  Mill  at  Kniglitsvillo   171 

RoUiiig  Mill  at  Kittaniiiiiij;   147 

Rolling  Mill  at  Iviioxviilr   171 

Rolling  Mill  at  La  Grange   77 

Rolling  Mill  at  LancasU-r   152 

Rolling  Mill  at  Laurel  Station   150 

Rolling  Mill  at  Lebanon   152 

Rolling  Mill  at  Leeclibni'g   14() 

Rolling  Mill  at  Leetonia  1(12 

Rolling  Mill  at  Lockport   IM!) 

Rolling  Mill  at  Locust  Point   15!) 

Boiling  Mill  at  Lower  Allegheny  Citv   143 

Rolling  Mill  at  Lynt^hburg   IfiO 

Rolling  Mill  at  Marietta   I(i8 

Rolling  Mill  in  Marion  Connty   172 

Rolling  Mill  at  Martin's  FeiTy   1C.2 

Rolling  Mill  at  Marquette   1  i(i 

Rolling  Mill  at  Missillon   1117 

Rolling  Mill  at  MoKeesporb  147 

Rolling  Mill  at  Memphis..   171 

Rolling  Mill  at  Millvalc   1 14 

Rolling  Mill  at  Milton   155 

Rolling  Mill  at  Mineral  Ilidge   IIIS 

Rolling  Mill  at  Mount  Savage   150 

Rolling  Mill  at  Newark   llio 

Rolling  Mill  at  New  Bedforri   im 

Rolling  Mill  at  New  Haven   137 

Rolling  Mill  at  Nev.  ton  Upper  Falls   131 

Rolling  Mill  at  North  E^ist   15'.) 

Rolling  Mill  at  Nortliumberland   155 

Rolling  Mill  at  Norwieh   Iv7 

Rolling  Miil  at  Oxford   1  !2 

Rolling  Mill  at  Pembroke   l.'J.'i 

Rolling  Mill  at  Phillipsbnrg   142 

Rolling  Mill  at  Phccnixville  141) 

Rolling  Mill  at  Plymouth    131 

EoUing  Mill  at  Pomeroy   lOG 

Rolling  Mill  at  Portland   133 

Rolling  Mill  at  Pottsgi-ove   155 

Rolling  Mill  at  Poltstown   155 

Rolling  Mill  at  Powerville   142 

Rolling  Mill  at  Reading   147 

RoUing  Mill  at  Reedviile   135 

Rolling  Mill  at  Rochester   130 

Rolling  Mill  at  Rockaway   142 

Rolling  Mill  at  "the  Rocks"   158 

Rolling  Mill  at  St.  Louis   174 

Rolling  Mill  at  Sandusky   102 

Rolling  IffiU  at  Saw  Mill  Run   140 

EoUing  Mill  at  Schuylldll  Haven   15(i 

Rolling  Mill  at  Scranton   153 

RolUng  Mill  at  Sharpsburg  141,  145 

Rolling  Mill  at  Skeneatcles   141) 

RoUing  Mill  at  Somerset   134 

RoUiug  Mill  at  Stamford   137 

RoUing  Mill  at  Steubenville   103 

RoUing  Mill  at  8t.  Albans   133 

Rolling  Mill  at  Taunton   134 

RolUng  Mill  at  Toledo   1(15 

Rolling  Mill  at  Topcka   181 

EoUing  Mill  at  Trenton   141 

RoUing  Mill  at  Wagontown   150 

RoUing  Mill  at  WaiTen   KiS 

RoUing  Mill  at  Weissport   1.53 

RoUmg  Mill  at  West  Middlesex  153,  154 

RoUing  MUl  at  West  Wareham   135 

RoUing  Mill  at  Wheatland   154 

Rolling  Mill  at  Williamsport  149,  153 

Rolling  Mill  at  Wyandotte   170 

RoUing  Mill  at  York   157 

RoUing  MUl  at  Zanesvillc   100 

RolUng  Mill  in  California   180 

Rolling  Mill  of  Kansas   181 

RoUing  Mills  at  AUentown   153 

Rolling  MiU  at  Baltimore  158,  150 

Rolling  Mills  at  Birmingham  146,  147 

Rolling  MiUa  at  Buffalo   138 

Rolling  Mills  at  Catasauqua   152 

RoUing  MiUs  at  Chattanooga   171 

RolUng  MUls  at  Chicago   173 

RoUing  Mills  at  Cincinnati  104.  105 

RoUing  MiUs  at  Cleveland  103,  104 

Rolling  MiUs  at  CoatesviUe   1.50 

RolUng  MiUs  at  Columbia   151 

RoUing  Mills  at  Columbus   103 

Rolling  MiUs  at  Conshocken   155 

RoUing  MiUs  at  DanvUle   154 


PA 

RoUing  Mills  at  Harrisburg  l.M,  1  .".4 

Rolling  MiUs  at  Ironton   I(  i5 

RoUing  MUls  at  John.stown   1  '0 

RoUing  MiUs  at  LouisvUle  100,  IIO 

Rolling  Mills  at  Milesburg   140 

RoUing  Mills  at  New  Albany  171,  172 

RoUing  Mills  at  Ncwburg   103 

Rolling  MiUs  at  New  Castle  1.52,  158 

RoUing  Mills  at  Newport.... 157,  158,  104,  100 

Rolling  Mills  at  NUes  107,  108 

RoUing  Mills  at  Norristown  154,  155 

Rolling  Mills  at  Paducah   170 

Rolling  Mills  at  Patcrson   142 

RolUng  Mills  at  Philadoliihia   150 

Rolling  MUls  at  Pittsburgh  143,  144,  145, 

140,  147 

Rolling  MiUs  at  Portsmouth  100,  107 

iiolUng  Mills  at  rottsville   150 

Rolling  ]\Iills  at  Provid<nice   130 

RoUing  MiUs  at  Richmond   100 

RoUing  MUls  at  Rome   130,  170 

Rolling  MUls  at  Saugerties   140 

Rolling  Mills  at  Sharon    153 

RoUinsr  Mills  at  South  Boston   135 

Rolling  Mills  at  Springfield   174 

Rolling  Mills  at  Syracuse   110 

RolUng  Mills  at  Terre  Haute   112 

RoUing  MiUs  at  Troy   14(1 

UoUina  Mills  at  Wareham  134,  1-'  5 

UoUing  MUls  at  Wheeling   101 

RoUing  Mills  at  Worcester   135 

Rolling  Mills  at  Youngstowii  10.",  100 

Rolling  Mills  in  New  England  i:".3,  1-37 

RolUng  Mills  in  Pennsylvania,  Rccai)itu- 

lation  of   1,57 

RoUing  Mills  in  Vermont   133 

Rolling  Mills,  Number  of  them  in  Active 

Operation   12 

RoUing  Mills  of  Alabama  180,  181 

Rolling  MiUs  of  Connecticut   137 

Rolling  Mills  of  Delaware  1.57,  158 

RoUing  Mills  of  Georgia  ....x,  170,  1 1^0 

RoUing  MiUs  of  IlUnois  173,  17G 

RoUing  Mills  of  Indiana  171,  173 

Rolling  Mills  of  Kentucky  100,  170 

Rolling  Mills  of  Maine   133 

Rolling  Mills  of  Maryland  158,  150 

Rolling  Mills  of  Massachusetts  133,  130 

Rolling  Mills  of  Michigan   170 

Rolling  Mills  of  Missouri  177,  178 

RoUing  MiUs  of  New  Jersey  141,  143 

RoUing  MiUs  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 

137,  143 

RoUing  MUls  of  Ohio  102,  160 

RoUing  MiUs  of  Pennsylvania  143,  157 

RoUing  Mills  of  Reading  1 17,  148 

RoUing  Mills  of  Rhode  Island   136 

RoUmg  MUls  of  St.  Louis    177 

Rolling  Mills  of  Tennes.soe   171 

Rolling  Mills  of  the  United  States  130,  181 

Rolling  MiUs  of  Virginia   100 

Rolling  MUls  of  West  Virginia   160 

Rollmg  Mills  of  WUmiiigton  1.57,  158 

Rolling  Mills  of  Wisconsin  178,  170 

Rolling  Mills,  Production  in  the  United 

States  of   401 

RoUing  Mills  Production  of  RaUs   12 

Rolling  Mi!l.=,  States  located  in   12 

RoUing  Mills,  Tons  of  Iron  made  by  Bes- 
semer Steel   12 

Rolling,  Process  of  372,  373 

Rome,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   300 

Rome  Furnaces  at    100 

Rome  Iron  and  Steel  Bloom  Co   130 

Rome  Iron  Works  139,  179 

Rome,  Manufacturing  Co   349 

Rome  Merchant  Iron  MUl   139 

Rosena  Furnaces   57 

Rosenbeyer,  Light  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  341 

Rose  Point,  Furnace  at   46 

Ross  Furnace,  Analysis  of  Ore  of  526 

Rossie  Furnace   125 

Rotary  Squeezer   372 

Rough  and  Ready  Furnace   98 

Round  Mountain  Fm-naco  100,  103 

Roup's  Valley  Furnaces   103 

Rowland's  Steel  Works   198 

Royer's  Ford,  Stove  Works  at..,  341 


PAGH 

RusseU,  B.  F.  &  Co.,  Car  Wheels  305 

UusseU  Wheeler,  (Stoves)   338 

Rutland  Car  Wheel  Works  at   300 

Rutland  Co.,  Vt.  Ores  of   540 

Rutland  Foundry  and  Miichine  Works   300 

Sabbath  Rest,  Furaacc  at   .56 

Sable  Iron  Works   143 

Saco  Bridge    .377 

Safe  Harbor  Furnace   36 

.Saginaw  Mine   470 

St.  Albans  RolUng  MiU   133 

St.  Charles  Bridge   17 

St.  Charles  Manufacturing  Co   257 

St.  Louis  Bolt  and  Iron  Works   174,  l'i7 

St.  Louis  Car  Wheel  Co   308 

St.  Louis,  Car  Works  at   25? 

St.  Louis  RoUing  MiU  at   171 

St.  Louis,  RoUing  MiUs  of   177 

St,  Louis  Steam  Forge  and  Iron  Works.  . .  177 

St.  Louis  Steel  Bridge  3.55,  302 

St.  Louis  Steel  Bridge,  description  of. .  "55,  302 

St.  Louis,  Stove  Works  of   348 

St.  Paul.  Car  Wheel  Works  at  308 

Salem,  Car  Works  at   212 

Salem,  Stove  Works  at   3 '4 

Sali^llurv  Furnaces   Hi!) 

Salisbury  Ore  Beds  12il,  15-.',  4.53 

Sally  Ann  Furnace   41 

Sallv  Ann  Furnace,  When  Built   41 

SaltCreek  Furnace   104 

Samiison,  Perkins  &  Co    335 

Sampsonville,  Furnace  at   72 

Samsondale  Iron  Works   140 

Sanford  &  Shute  (Stove  Works)  310 

Sandford  Ore  Beds   504 

Sandusky,  Ohio,  Steel  Works   130 

Sandusky,  Rolling  Mill  at   162 

Sandusky  Steel  Works   102 

San  Francisco,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  300 

San  Francisco,  Car  Works  at  250 

San  Francisco,  Locomotive  Works  at   233 

San  Francisco,  RoUing  MiU  at  •  180 

Santa  Cruz  Ore  Region  552 

San  Vincente  Ranch,  Ore  of   552 

Sapona  Funiace    106 

Sarah  Funiace   45 

Saucon  Iron  Works   2!) 

Saugerties,  Rolling  Mill  at  140 

Sauk  Co.,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Savery's,  J.,  Sons  (Stoves)  338 

Saward's  Coal  Trade  Jomual   451 

Saw,  Cold   373 

Saw,  Hot   374 

SawmiURun,  RoUing  MUl  at   146 

Saws   manufactured  at  Keystone  Steel 

Works  107,  108 

Sax  &  Rear's  Patent  Wheel   209 

Scandinavian  Labor  in  Wisconsin  549 

Schall's  RoUing  Mill   1.54 

Schenectady  Locomotive  Works   233 

Schmidt,  Dr.  Aclolph   4.q.  482 

Schofield  Mine,  Worked  by  Crane  Iron  Co.  502 

Schoharie  Machine  Co.,  Car  Works   240 

Schoolcraft  Furnace  85,  87 

Schryack,  Jacob  S   204 

Schuylkill  County,  Furnaces  in  34,35 

Schuylkill  Haven  RoUing  Mill  and  Spike 

Works   1.56 

Schuylkill  Iron  Works   1.55 

Scofield  RoUing  MUl   180 

Scotch  Pig  Iron,  Average  Prices  of  Store 

Warrants   305 

Scotia  Furn.aec  71,  92 

Scotia  Iron  Works,  Ores  at   401 

Scott  Furnace   92 

ScovUle,  J.  &  N.  C.  (Car  Wheels)   301 

Scranton,  Car  Works  at   247 

Scranton,  Furnaces  at   39 

Scranton,  RolUng  MiU  at   153 

Scranton  Stove  Manufacturing  Co  341 

Scrantons,  The  128 

Section  16  Mine  470 

Section  21  Mine  470 

Seidel  &  Hastings   153 

Sellers,  Mr   102 

Seini-Anthracitc  Coal  451,  4.52 

Semi-BituminoiLs  Coals   520 

Seyfert,  McManus&Co  327 


XXVI 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Shaabcr  &  Juhnston,  Cur  Works  2 lit 

Rhiidu's  Crwk,  Ala   417 

Shade's  Mountain,  Ala  11(1,  417 

Phafting,  Cold  Roiled  I  Vi 

Shafting  for  the  Vienna  Exposition   li'i 

Shaftsbury  Furnace     117 

Shamokin  Fnmaoe   40 

Sharon  Fumaee  08,  1^ 

Sharon,  Furnaces  at   68 

Sharon  Ilollmf?  Mill   15'! 

Sharp  &  Son  (Stoves)   845 

Sharpstmrg,  Furnace  at   115 

Sharpslrar!;,  Rolling  Mill  at  144,  145 

SharpsviUo  Furnace   C8 

Sharpsville  Furnaces   CO 

Sharpsville,  Furnaces  at   58 

Shawmnt  Iron  Works   314 

Shaw,  Wm  154 

Sheffield  Steel  Work.-!   I!lt5 

Shelhv  Iron  Works   104 

Sheldon  &  Orcen  (Stoves)   3:W 

Shenandoah  County,  Furnace  in   110 

Shenandoah  Furnace   1118 

Shenandoah  Iron  Works,  Furnace  at. . .  .  108 

Shenango  Fumaces  58,  5!) 

Shenango  Iron  Works   152 

Shcpard  Mountain,  Ore  of  481,  483,  485 

Shepherd,  Prof  453 

Sheppard,  Isaac  A.  &Co.  (Stoves)  342 

Shepperd  Mountain,  Analyses  of  the  Ores 

of   487,488 

Sheridan  Fumaces   30 

Sheridan,  O.  E.  (Stoves)   334 

Shinnick,  Woodside  &  Gibbons  (Stoves)..  345 

Shipbuilding,  Iron   415,  421 

Ship  Works  of  John  Roach  &  Co.,  Des- 
cription of  425,  426 

Ship  Yard  of  Jackson  &  Sharp  Co  425 

Ship  Yaril  of  Pusey,  Jones  &  Co   425 

Ship  Yards  at  Wilmington  42.3,  42(> 

Ship  Yards  of  the  United  States,  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Iron   415,  421 

Ship  Yards  of  the  United  States,  The  Iron 

422,  4-33 

Ships,  Armor  Plates  for   410 

Ships  (Iron)  Building  at  Chester  425,  4o0 

Ships  (Iron)  How  they  are  Modelled. .  .419,  421 
Shipments  of  1873  of  Iron  Ore  of  Michig.m 

Mines  477,  478 

Shipments  of  1873  of  Pig  Iron  from  Mich- 
igan 477,  478 

Shipments  of  Iron  Ore  from  Eseanaba.477,  478 
Shipments  of  Pig  Iron  from  E.soanaba.477,  478 

Shippensburg,  Fnmace  at   43 

Shoals,  Furnace  at   78 

Shoenberger,  Blair  &  Co  '.   47 

Shoenberger  Furnaces   47 

Shoenberger,  G.  &  J   44 

Shuntz  &  Keeley  (Stoves)   341 

Siemens'  Furnaces   ...  197 

Siemens' Gas  Fumaces   191 

Siemens-Martin  Process  1.35,  148 

Siemens-Martin  Steel  Process,  its  Introduc- 
tion into  the  United  States   14 

Sicmen.s,  Messrs   I4 

Siemens'  Steel  Works   174 

Siliclous  Ore  14,  162,  454,  457.  '406,  540 

Silicious  Steel  Rails  .133,  548 

Silicon  Steel   I4 

Silicon  Steel  Proces.s,  Peculiarity  of   14 

Silkman,  H.  O.,  (Stoves)   341 

Silliman,  Prof   5I8 

Sill  Stove  Company  '  338 

Silver  Lake  Foundry  Co.,  (Stoves)  ...  386 

Silvcrthorn's  Bridge,  Ores  of   552 

Simmons,  J.  M.  &  Co   305 

Simon  Peter's  Car  Co   201 

Six  Wheeled  "  C  "  Engme                 221 

Skewing,  Mr   40 

Skeneateles  Iron  Works  140 

Skeneateles,  Rolling  Mill  at             140 

Slag,  Machine  for  Cooling  48 

Slate  Ore  405 

Sligo  Furnace   [  41, 

Sligo  Iron  Works  146 

Smelting  Iron,  Charcoal  when  flrst  used 

in  United  States  370 

Bmcltiog  Iron,  Fateut  for  .  369 


PAGE 

Smith,  S.  V  269 

Soho  Fumace   47 

Soho  Iron  Works..,  140 

Solar  Hoop  Works   145 

Solar  Stove  Works   348 

Some  rset  Co-operative  Foundry  3.35 

Somerset  Iron  Works   134 

Somerset  Mnchinc  Co.,  (Stoves)   334 

Somerset,  Rolling  Mill  at   134 

Southampton,  Fm-nace  at   43 

Southard,  Kobertsou  &  Co.,  (Stoves)  337 

South  Boston,  Rolling  Mills  at   135 

South  Carver,  Stove  Works  at   335 

South  Erie  Iron  Work.s,   341 

South  Pittsburg,  Furnace  at   40 

South  St.  Louis  Fumaces   90 

South  St.  Louis,  Furnaces  at  89,  !H) 

South  Shaftsbury,  Furnace  at   117 

South- Western  Car  Co   304 

South- Western  Car  Works  255 

Southern  Car  Works   258 

Southern  Indiana  Furnace   78 

Southern  Iron  Works   170 

Spadra  Coal,  Analy.sis  of  462 

Sparks,  Means  &  Fair  ■. .  09 

Sp.ithic  Ore,  Commercial  Value  of   4.53 

Spathic  Ore,  Curious  History  of  453,  454 

Spathic  Ores  492,  496,  498,  508,  513,  515 

Spearman  Furnace   59 

Specular  Ii'on,  Temperature  at  which  it 

Melts   500 

Specular  Ore.. 465,  491,  492,  495,  498,  50'2, 

500,  508, 523,  524,  520,  540 

Spectilar  Ore  at  Humboldt   471 

Specular  Ore  of  Massachusetts  400 

Specular  Ore  of  Missouri  482,  483,  491 

Specular  Ore  of  Kew  York   503 

Specular  Ore  of  North  Carolina  509,  510 

Specular  Ore  of  Tennessee  510 

Specular  Ore  of  Vermont   5 18 

Specular  Slate  Ore   465 

Speed  of  Locomotive  Engines  223 

Speedwell,  Furnace  at   108 

Spicer  &  Peckham,  (Stoves)  330 

Spiegel  488,  489 

Spiegel  made  with  Charcoal   489 

Spiegcleiscn  481,  488,  489,  502 

Spiogelfisen,  Advantage  of   186 

Spiugeleisen,  Chemical  Composition  of . .  .  498 
Spiegeleisen,  Description  of  the  Manu- 
facture of,  in  Prussia,  with  Coke  Fuel 

498,  501 

Spiegeleisen,  Effect  of   514 

Spiegeleisen,  What  it  is  185,  186 

Spiegeleisen  with  Coke  Fuel,  Manufacture 

of  in  Prussia  498,  501 

Spiegeleisen  with  Coke  in  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia  480 

Splint  Coal  528,  534 

Springfield  Furnace   46 

Springfield  RoUing  Mill   174 

Spring  MUl  and  \Villiam  Penn  Fumaces . .  52 

Spruce  Creek,  Fumace  at   44 

Spun  Mountain  Mine,  Ore  of   475 

Spuyten  Duvvil  Rolling  Mm   141 

Staats,  E.  M.   425 

Stacks  of  the  Musen,  Stahlberg  Works .  489 

Stamford  Foimdry  Co.,  (Stoves)  335 

Stamford,  RoUing  Mill  at   137 

Standard  Gauges  and  Templets   2'27 

Standard  Gauge.s,  Department  of  228 

Stanhope  Furnace   35 

Stanhope,  Furnaces  at   129 

Star  Fiu-nace  67,  74 

Star  Iron  Works  144 

Stationary  Engines,  Manufacture  of  200 

Stationary  Steam  Enp.ine  Works   19 

Statistical  Record  of  Production,  Imports, 

Exports,  &c  395,  411 

Steam  as  a  Motive  Power  on  Railroads   206 

Steam  Hammer   231 

Steel  and  Iron  Rolling  Mill  of  Kansas   181 

Stei  l  Axles,  Use  of   22;J 

Steel  Boilers   229 

.Steel  by  Cementation   199 

Steel,  "  Crescent "  Brand   197 

Steel  Fire  Bo.xes   227 

Steel  Flues   229 


PAGK 

Steel  Furnished  for  Bridge  over  Missouri 

River   197 

Steel  Headed  Rail  Mill,  (Booth  Patent) ...  163 
Steel,  Introduction  of  in  Locomotive  Con- 

straction  2-27 

Steel,  Martin   197 

Steel,  Pneumatic  Process  of  making   13 

Steel  Tires   227 

Steel,  "U.  S."  Brand   197 

Steel,  "  Wayne"  Brand   197 

Steel  Works,  A.  J.  Ncllis   197 

Steelworks,  Hasse.y,  Wells  &  Co  197 

Steel  Works  on  Fraiikford  Creek  198 

Steel  Gray  Ore  of  New  Hamp.shire  401 

Steinbach,  Mr   202,  2ti3 

Steinton,  Car  Works  at   2-18 

Stemmer's  Run,  Fumace  at   113 

Stephenson,  John  &  Co.,  Car  Works   'MS 

Stephenson,  Robert  &  Co   21)9 

Stephensons,  The   220,  k'iS 

Sterling  and  Southfleld  Fumaces   I'Jl 

SterUngbush  and  Sterlingville  Fiu'naces. . .  12-1 

Sterling  Car  Wheel  Foundry  303 

Sterling  Furnace   124 

Stcubenville  Bridge   383 

Steubenvillc,  Car  Shops  of  Pittsburg,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  St.  Louis  Railroad  at .  270,  272 

SteubenvUle  Furnaces   66 

Steubenville,  Rolling  Mill  at   163 

Steubenville,  Stove  Works  at   345 

Stevens,  Edwin   415 

Stevenson,  Mr   .382 

Stevens,  Thaddeus   44 

Stewardson  Fumace   55 

Stewart  Iron  Co.'s  Mill  153 

Stickney  Furnace   113 

Stillwater  Iron  Works   1  7 

Stirling  Mines   507 

Stone,  A.  B   390,  5.;l 

Stone  Fumace   87 

Stoneham,  Pipe  Works  at   314 

Stonewall  Furnace   102,  lUG 

Stoney  Creek,  Fumace  at   97 

Storer  Crusher   191 

Stove  Founders,  Consumption  of  Iron  by.  350 

Stove  Foimders,  Recapitulation  of   .349 

Stove  Mauufactiurers  of  the  United  Statics 

»33,  350 

Stove  Manufacturers  of  the  United  States, 
Armual  Consumption  of  Iron  by  the ....  16 

Stove  Works  of  Cleveland   343 

Stove  Works  of  Connecticut  3.35 

Stove  Works  of  Delaware   343 

Stove  Works  of  Georgia   349 

Stove  Works  of  Illinois   346,  347 

Stove  Works  of  Indiana   346 

Stove  Works  of  Iowa   348 

Stove  Works  of  Kansas   349 

Stove  Works  of  Kentucky   .347 

Stove  Works  of  Maine   334 

Stove  Works  of  Maryland   342 

Stove  Works  of  Massachusetts   334,  3^35 

Stove  Works  of  Michigan   343 

Stove  Works  of  Missouri   348 

Stove  Works  of  New  Hampshire  334 

Stove  Works  of  New  Jersey  340 

Stove  Works  of  New  York   3.36,  340 

Stove  Works  of  New  York  City   337,  338 

Stove  Works  of  Ohio   343,  346 

Stove  Works  of  Pennsylvania   340,  342 

Stove  Works  of  Philadelphia   340,341 

Stove  Works  of  Rhode  Island    3.36 

Stove  Works  of  Vermont   3^39 

Stove  Works  of  Virginia   342 

Stove  Works  of  West  Virginia   342 

Stove  Works  of  Wisconsin   348,  349 

Straightening  Presses   192 

Strathers,  Fumace  at   62 

Stump  Creek  Fumace   100 

Sturtcvant  No.  8,  Pressure  Blower   191 

Sturtevant,  Simon   369 

Styrian  Ore   514 

St.  Albans,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   300 

St.  Albans  Foundry   300 

St.  Charles  Fumace   36 

St.  Clair  Fumaces   34 

St.  Clair,  Fumaces  at   3.5 

St.  Croix  Bivcr  Iron  Works   241 


PAOR 

St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Ores  of  5(H) 

Bt.  Louis  and  Illinois  Bridire  Co  S'lH 

St.  Louis,  Pipe  .and  Tube  Works  at   W 

St  Louis  Rail  Fastening  Works   177 

St.  Louis  Steel  Bridge   17 

St.  Thomas,  Furnace  at   4'-i 

Sullivan,  Furnace  near   !ia 

Sulphide  of  Iron   512 

Sulphide  of  Lead   BA'i 

Sulphide  of  Zinc   5  I'J 

Sulphurets  of  Iron  ,   55xi 

Superior  Furnaces   51 

Sui)orior  Rail  Mill   I'Kl 

Susquchnnna  Iron  Works   151,  341 

Swampscott  Machine  Co.,  Ga.»  Pijie  and 

Fittings   3M 

Bwatara  Station,  Furnace  at   42 

Swede  Furnaces   *i2 

Swedish  Ore    514 

Sweeneys  &  Co.  (Stoves)   342 

Sweet,  Quinby  &  PciTy  (Stoves)   *!7 

Swift  Furnace   75 

Swift  Iron  and  Steel  Works  Kil,  l(i!) 

Swinnford,  A.  P   Si,  462 

Switches,  Thiemeyer's  Patent   3S8 

Sykes,  L.  A   214 

Syracuse,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of   1119 

Syracuse  Iron  Works   140 

Syracuse  Rolling  Mills   140 

Tallico  Furnace   98 

TannahiU  Furnaces   1(13 

Taplin,  Rice  &  Co.  (Stoves)   344 

Tasker  Iron  Works   158,  325,  32(i 

Tasker  Iron  Works,  description  of . . .  325,  326 

Tasker,  Thomas  T   323 

Tasker,  Thomas  T.,  Sr   317 

Tat«,  William   47 

Taunton  Car  Manufacturing  Co  242 

Taunton  Iron  Works  Co  314,  335 

Taunton  Locomotive  Works   233 

Taunton,  Rolling  Mdl  at   134 

Taunton,  Tube  and  Pipe  Works  of   314 

Taylor  &  Decths  (Iron  Pipes)   316 

Taylor  Iron  Works  308 

Taylor,  Wm.  Rogers  509,  511 

Tazewell  Co.,  W.  Va   537 

Tecum.seh  Furnace  101,  102 

Temple  Furnace   31 

Templets  and  Standard  Gauges   237 

Tennessee,  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke 

Furnaces  of   96 

Tennessee,  Blast  Furnaces  of   93 

Tennessee,  Car  Works  in   258 

Tennessee,  Census  Returns  of  99,  171 

Tennessee,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  96,  99 

Tennessee  Coal  Fields   449 

Tennessee,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of   540,  548 

Tennessee,  Recapitulation  of  Furaaccs  in.  99 
Tennessee,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills 

in   171 

Tennessee  Rolling  Mill   170 

Tennessee,  Rolling  Mills  of  171 

Terre  Haute,  Car  Works  at   255 

Terre  Haute,  Furnaces  at   79 

Terre  Haute  Iron  and  Nail  Works  172 

Terre  Haute,  Rolling  Mills  at   172 

Terre  Haute,  Stove  Works  at  346 

Texas,  Blast  Furnaces  of  130 

Texas,  Car  Works  of   259 

Thames  Iron  Works   137 

The  Jackson  and  Woodin  Manufacturing 

Co  302 

The  Norton  Iron  Works  Company   74 

The  "Rocks,"  RoUingMill  at  158 

The  Watson  Manufacturing  Co   388 

Thiemeyer's  Patent  Switches  388 

Thomas,  David  27,  34,  62 

Thomas  Iron  Works   27,  28 

Thomson,  J.  Edgar  218,  224 

Three  Fork  Creek,  Furnaces  at   Ill 

"Through"  Bridge  376 

Tibbals,  Shirk  &  Whithead   340 

Tiffin  Car  Works  253 

Tiffin,  Stove  Works  at  344 

Tilden  Mine   466 

Timber,  Consumption  of   276 

Tires,  Steel   227 

Tire,  Wrought   215 


PAOK 

Tisdalc  NaU  Works   134 

Titanic  Acid  522 

Titanic  Ores  of  Norway   505 

Tibiniferous  Magnetic  Ores,  Analysis  of. .  549 

Titauiferous  Magnetites,  Analysis  of   507 

Titaniferous  Ores  505,  506,  515,  516 

Titaniferous  Ores,  their  freedom  from 

Phosphorus   505 

Titanium   505 

Toledo  Car  Works    253 

Toledo  Rolling  M  11   165 

Tolersville,  Furnace  at   109 

Tonawanda  Fiu-naccs   122 

Topc  ka,  Rolling  Mill  at   181 

Total  Number  of  Furnaces  (Charcoal)  in 

Connecticut   127 

Total  Number  of  Fiu'naccs  in  Vi'rmont.  . .  117 

Tower's  Creek,  Limonite  Ores  of   450 

Treadwell  Stove  Co   339 

Tredegar  Company   251 

Tredegar  Iron  Works   160 

Tredegar  Works  SO-'J,  545 

Tremont  Car  Co   252 

Tremont  Nail  Works   135 

Trenton  Iron  Work-   141 

Trenton,  Rolling  Mill  at   1 1] 

Trigg  &i  Centre  Furnaces   77 

Trigg  Furnace,  Furnaces  at   77 

Troost,  Remarks  about  the  Brown  Hema- 
tite Ores  of  East  Tennessee,  by  541 

Tropic  Furnace   67 

Troy,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  at   188 

Troy,  Car  Wheel  Works  at   301 

Troy,  Car  Works  at  245 

Troy.  Furnaces  at   120 

Troy,  Rolling  Mills  at   140 

Troy  Stage  Coaches   245 

Troy  Stove  Works   336 

Troy.  Stove  Works  at  336,  S-jl 

Tunckhannock,  Stove  Woi"ks  at  341 

Tunnel  Through  the  Mountain   225 

Tuomey's  Geology  of  Alabama   440 

Tui  key  Creek  Furnace   103 

Tussey's  Moimtaln,  with  its  Iron  Ores. .  . .  518 

Tygert  Furnace   76 

TjTone,  Furnace  at   4'< 

Tyson  Furnace  117 

Ulster  Furnace   122 

Ulster  Iron  Works   140 

Unaka  Furnace   96 

Union  Bessemer  Works   189 

Union  Co.,  Tonn.,  Ores  of  541 

Union  Deposit  Furnace   38 

Union  Furnace  40,73,  87 

Union  Furnace  Co   3o5 

Union  Furnaces   122 

Union  Horseshoe  Works   136 

Union  Iron  Works  138,  1.396,  145,  163 

Union  Iron  Works — Beams  Manufactured 

at  1396 

Union  Ir*n  Works,  description  of .  .138a,  1396 

Union  RoUing  MUI   173 

Union  Rolling  Mill  Co   187 

Union  Steel  and  Iron  Works   199 

Union  Stove  Manufacturing  Co   341 

Union  Stove  Works   .337 

United  Kingdom,  Mineral  Product  of   411 

United  States  and  Canada  —  Railroads 

throughout   277,  292 

United  States,  Bessemer  Steel  Works  of 

185,  192 

United  States,  Blast  Furnaces  in  27,  130 

United  States,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  3O0,  309 

United  States,  Car  Works  of  241,  292 

United  States,  Cast  and  Wrought  Iron  Pipe 

and  Tube  Works  of  the  313,  329 

United  States,  Consumption  of  Railroad 

Iron  in  the   400 

United  States,  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  the 

195,  199 

United  States,  Exportation  of  Railroad 

Iron  from  Great  Britain  to  400 

United  States,  Importation  of  Railroad 

Iron  into  the   399 

United  States,  Introduction  to  Car  Wheel 

Foundries  of  297,  299 

United  States,  Introduction  to  Car  Works 

of  239,  240 


United  States,  Introduction  ft^ly'Iron^* 

Ore  Regions  of  the  .^^r.  437,  439 

United  States,  Iron  Bridge  Works  < 

355.  393 

United  States,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  the 

440,  552 

United  States,  Iron  Ship  Yards  of  the  422,  433 
United  States,  Locomotive  Works  of  205,  235 
United  States,  Stove  Manufacturers  of  333,  350 
United  States,  Production  of  all  Kinds  of 

Pig  Iron  in  the   393 

United  States,  Protluction  of  Railroad  Iron 

in  the  399 

United  States,  Production  of  Rolling  Mills 

in  the   401 

United  States,  Production  of  the  Forges 

and  Blooniaries  of  the   402 

United  States,  Railroal  Car  Shops  of  the 

262,  278 

United  St.atcs,  Car  Shops  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Itailroad  260,  261 

United  States,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling 
Mills  in   181 

United  States,  Rolling  Mills  in   133 

United  States,  Statistics  of  Car  Trade  of 

239,  240 

Universal  MiUs,  On   144 

Ui>right  Engine,  Construction  of   205 

Utah,  Iron  Ores  of    551 

Utica,  Stove  Works  at   338 

Vail.  Allen   268 

Vail  Avenue  Foundry,  (Stoves)  .336 

Vail,  S.  &  Son   215 

Valentine  Iron  Works   153 

Valley  Furnaces   59 

VaUev  Iron  Works   150 

Valley  Boiling  MUI   147 

Valves,  Improved   32.3 

VanBuren  Furnace   109 

Van  Rensselaer,  Prof  543 

Van  Wermer  &  McGarvcy,  (Stoves)  339 

V.andusenvUle  Furnace   118 

Ventilators,  Carroll   266 

Ventilators,  Creamer's  Exhaust   26,'> 

Verbryck,  B.  K   276 

Vermont,  Blast  Furnaces  of  116,  117 

Vermont,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  300 

Vermont,  Car  Works  in   242 

Vermont  Central  R.ailroa<l  Co's.  Works  .300 

Vermont,  Iron  Ore  Regions  of   518 

Vermont,  Stove  Works  of   334 

Vermont,  Total  number  of  Furnaces  in..  117 

Vernon  Co.,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Vernon  Furnace   98 

Vertical  Direct  Acting  Engines  at  Isabella 

Furnaces   52 

Vesuvius  Furnace  70,  106 

Vesuvius  Iron  Works  144,  145 

Viaduct  Rolling  MUI   150 

Viaduct,  The  Lyman  367 

Victor  Foundry   336 

Victoria  Furnace  109 

Victor  Stove  Co   344 

Vigo  Foundry  and  Terre  Haute  Car  Works  257 

Vigo  Furnaces   79 

Vinton  Furnace   67 

Virginia,  Antilysea  of  the  Coal  of.  536 

Virginia,  Analysis  of  the  Iron  Ores,  found 
near  to  the  line  of  the  Chesapeake  and 

Ohio  Railroad,  in  the  State  of   529 

Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  Iron  Ores  of 

523,  540 

Virginia,  Anthracite  Furnaces  of   110 

Virginia,  Blast  Furnaces  of  106,  113 

Virginia,  Car  Wheel  Works  of   .303 

Virginia,  Car  Works  of   251 

Virginia,  Census  of  110,  111 

Virginia,  Census  Returns  of   160 

Virginia,  Charcoal  Furnaces  in  107,  110 

Virginia  Charcoal  Iron   160 

Virginia,  Recapitulation  of  Furnaces  in . .  Ill 
Virginia,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills 

in   160 

Virginia,  RoUing  Mills  of  160 

Virginia,  Stove  Works  of.   343 

Volcano  Furnace   65 

Vo.se,  Dinsmore  &  Co   370 

Vulcan  Furnaces   90 


XXVIU 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Vulcan  Furnaces,  Description  of   '.Kl 

Viilciui  Iron  WorlvS  171,  1T8 

Vulcau  Iron  Works,  Description  of  Ilollinj; 

M  il  at   178 

Viilcaiiizi'il  Iluliljer   'iii 

Villi  M  Mi /.1 .1  llulilicr-coiitca  Iron  Tube  32-1 

Walsisli  livni  Worlis   172 

Wiwi-.  Jaiiirs,  (Stoves)  3S7 

Wii'.'iirr  Sl>-.  pill','  Cars   2-1,5 

WauoMlMwii  UiillingMill   150 

Wallii  T  ('..iiiilv,  Iron  Ore  from  440 

Walliill  Mountain,  Ore  of   502 

Wall,  J.  N.  &  Co.  (Stoves)   345 

Walton  Furnace  -   ....  109 

Wampum  Furnace   57,  58 

Ward,  Captain   17!) 

Waroham  Nail  Works   134 

Wareham,  Rollins  Mills  at   134,  135 

Warren  Furnace   64 

Warren,  EoUinR  Mill  at   I(i8 

Warren  Stove  Works   341; 

Warrior  Coal  Field   101,  44i) 

Warrior's  Ridge  with  its  Hematites  518 

Warwick  Ii'on  Works  ....    32 

Washburn  and  Mocn  Iron  Works   135 

Washburn    Car    ^Vhoel  Manufacturing 

Works   300 

Washburn  Iron  Works   135 

Washburn,  Wheel  by   299 

Wa.shington  Co.,  Tcnn.,  Ores  of   541,  543 

Washington  Co.,  Wis.,  Ores  of   550 

Washington,  Fumaco  at   71 

Washington  Mine   472 

Washington  Pipe  Works   314 

Wason  Car  Manufacturing  Co.'s  Works. . .  301 

Wasou  Car  Works    245,  246,  258 

Wason  Car  Works,  Description  of        245,  246 

Wassaic  Funiace   125 

Waterford,  Car  Wheel  Works   301 

Water  Jackets   90 

Watertown,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  301 

Watson,  N.  G   273 

Watsontown  Car  Works   249 

Wayawanda  Furnace   129 

Wayne  Brand,  Steel   ,  .  197 

Wayne  Furnace   98 

Wayne  Iron  and  Steel  Works   145,  197 

Way nesborough,  POTnaco  at   98 

WayneviUe  Furnace   128 

Weimar  Bros   124 

Weimer,  P.  L.  &  Bros   249 

Weissport  Rolling  Mill   153 

Wells,  French  &  Co.,  Bridge  Builders  391 

Wells,  French  &  Co.,  Car  Works   230 

Wells,  H.  &  Bro.  (Stoves)  345 

Welsh,  Benjamin   274 

Wendell,  Dr   508 

West  Cumberland  Ores   186 

West  Middlesex,  Furnace  at   58 

West  Middlesex  MiU   153,  154 

West  Reading  Boiler  and  Machine  Works.  328 

West  Sandwich,  Car  Works  at  242 

West  Stockbridge,  Firrnace  at   117 

West  Troy,  Car  Works  at   211 

West  Virginia,  Blast  Furnaces  of         Ill,  112 

West  Virginia,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of   112 

West  Virginia,  Coke  Furnaces  of  Ill,  112 

West  Virginia,  Iron  Ores  of   623,  540 

West  Virginia,  Recapitulation  of   101 

WestVirgLaia,Rccapitulatiou  of  Fumacea  in  112 


TACK 

West  Virginia,  Rolling  Mills  of   160 

West  Virginia,  Stove  Works  of   342 

West  Wareham,  RoU'ng  Mill  at   1-35 

Westchester  Co.,  N,  Y.,  Ores  of   507 

Westerman  Furnaces   ,59 

Western  Furnaces   78 

Western  Iron  Works   171 

Western  Tennessee,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of 

97,  99 

Western  Stove  Manufacturing  Co   318 

Westinghouse  Brakes   274 

Weymouth  Iron  Works   134 

Wharton  Bros.  Mill   147 

^Vheatland  Furnace   59 

Wheatland  RolUng  Mill   154 

Wheel  by  Krupp   299 

Wheel,  Eddy's  Patent   298 

Wheel,  Mausel   299 

Wheel,  Sax  &  Kcar's  Patent    299 

Wheel,  Washburn   299 

Wheeler  Furnaces   59 

Wheelersburg,  Furnace  at   71 

Wheeling   538 

Wheeling  Furnace   Ill 

Wheeling,  Furnaces  at   Ill 

Wheeling  Iron  and  NaU  Works   101 

Wheeling,  Rolling  Mills  at   101 

Wheelmg,  Stove  Works  at  342 

Whipple  &  Diokerson   177 

Whitehead,  W.  H.,  (Stoves)   347 

White,  Prof   492 

White,  Thomas  (Stoves)   347 

Whiting,  Charles   224 

Whitney,  Asa   219,  229 

Whitney,  A.  &  Sons  219,  298,  299,  545 

Whitney  Car  -Wheel  Works   302 

Whittlesey,  Asaph   01 

Whittlesey,  Col.  Charles   60,  02,  5.50 

WhitweU  Fire  Brick  Hot  Blast  Stove   130 

W  hi tweU  Hot  Blast  Stove   99 

Widner,  George  O    267 

Wi"ers,  J.  H.  F  268,269 

Wilder,  Gen'l  J.  T   93 

Wilder,  Gen'l  J.  T.,  Letter  of   546 

Wilder's,  Gen'l,  Report  as  to  Cost  of  Mak- 
ing Pig  Metal,  and  Quality  of  the  Ores 

of  Tennessee  93,  96 

Wilkesbarre,  Car  Wheel  Works  at  302 

Wilkesbarre,  Car  Works  at  257 

Wilkinson,  Wikes  &  Co   62 

William  Pcnu  Furnace   32 

Williamsburg,  Furnace  at   40 

Williams,  Edward  H  228,  231 

Williams,  Mr  144 

Williams,  Prof.  Chas.  P.  481,  492 

WUliams,  Page  &  Co   2liS 

Williamsport,  Rolling  Mill  at  149, 153 

WUmmgton  422,  435 

Wilmington,  Car  Wlieel  Works  at  30(i,  307 

Wilmington  Car  Works   251 

Wilmington  Gar  Works,  Descriijtion  nf . . . .  251 

Wilmington,  Gar  Works  of  250,  251 

Wilmington,  Iron  Ship  Building  at  42-i,  426 

Wihnington,  Rolling  MiUsof  157,  158 

Wilmington,  Ship  Building  at  422,  425 

Wilmington,  Stove  Works  at   343 

Wilson,  General   180 

Wilson,  George  F  522 

Wiuans,  Ross  217,  306 

Windsor  Locks,  Pipe  Works  at  314 


PACK 

Winfield,  Furnace  in   40 

Winslow,  J  Is7 

Winthrop  Mine   470 

Wisconsin,  Anthracite  Fuiiiai-csof   82 

Wisconsin,  Blast  Furnaces  r,f  80,  b2 

Wisconsin,  Car  Wheel  Foundries  of    ,S(I5 

Wisconsin,  Car  Works  in   3.58 

Wisconsin,  Census  Returns  of   179 

Wisconsin,  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  80,  81 

Wisconsin,  Fossil  Ores  of   550 

Wisconsin,  Ores  of  549 

Wisconsin,  Recapitulation    of  Furnaces 

in   .  82 

Wisconsin,  Recapitulation  of  Rolling  Mills 


17 


Wisconsin,  Rolliug  Mills  of  I'N,  IV.t 

Wisconsin,  Stove  Worts  in  34N,  319 

Wistcr  Furnace   37 

Wolcott  Furnace   125 

Wood,  Bishop  &  Co.  (Stove  Works)   334 

Woodbury  &  Co.,  Car  Wheel  Work^  301 

Woodcock  c&  Bros.  (Stoves)   345 

Woodcock  Valley   518 

Wood  Co.,  Wis.,  Ores  of   549,  5,50 

Wood,  R.  D.  &  Co  ...316,  327 

Woods' Run,  Furnaces  at   54 

Woodstock  Furnace  103 

Wooster,  Pipe  Works  at  E28 

Wooten,  Mr   263 

Worcester,  Car  Wheel  Woiksat. .  .244,  300,  301 

Worcester,  IluUing  MiOs  at  135 

Workings  of  the  Furnace  on  Embreeville 

Property   545 

Worley  Furnace   98 

Worthington  Side  Ingot  Cranes  (Hydraulic) 

190 

Worthley,  Samuel,  Car  Wheels  309 

Wrightsville,  Furnace  at   37 

Wrought  Iron  Product   18 

Wrought  Iron  Tubes,  Materials  used  in  the 
Manufacture  of,  at  the  Pascal  Iron 

Works  ,324,  325 

Wrought  Tires   215 

Wuth,  Dr  ,   642 

Wyandotte,  Furnaces  at   hi 

Wyandotte,  Iron  Shipbuilding  at   4-33 

Wyandotte  Rolling  Mill   176 

Wyandotte,  Stove  Works  at  343 

Wyckoff,  C.  W.  &  Co.,  I'ipe  Works   315 

Wyoming  Valley  Manufacturing  Go. .  ,249,  302 

Wythe  Co.,  Va.,  Ores  of   523 

WytheviUe,  Furnaces  at  108 

Yellow  Bank,  Ore  of   653 

Yellow  Springs,  Furnace  at   45 

Yield  of  Iron  Mines  of  New  Jersey  503 

York,  Car  Works  at   246,  249 

York  County,  Furnaces  in   37 

York  Fui-uace   43 

Y'ork  Rolling  MiU  157 

Young,  Brigham  551 

Young,  P.  &  Co.  (Wrought  Iron  Pipes)  ..  314 

Youngstown,  Furnaces  at   63 

Youngstown,  Ohio   4.59 

Yoimgstown  EoUing  Mill  166 

Youngstown,  Rolling  MiUs  at  105,  166 

Zanesville  Furnace  07,  08 

Zanesville,  Furnaces  at  67,  08 

ZanesviUe,  Rolling  Mill  at  106 

Zanesville,  Stove  Works  at  345 

Zino,  Oxide  of  444,  445 


PREFACE. 


When  tliis  work  was  first  proposed,  the  design  was  simply  to  include  a  guide  to  the 
Blast  Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills  of  the  country,  but  the  demand  for  a  reliable  Manual  of 
THE  Ameeican  Iron  Tkade,  which  should  represent  the  principal  producing  and  consuming 
industries  of  this  line  in  the  country,  was  so  great  that  it  was  determined  to  extend  its 
scope.  The  producer  of  Pig  Metal  or  Manufactured  Iron  needs  to  know  reliably  the 
whereabouts  of  his  customers,  actual  or  possible,  and  the  consumer  in  turn  seeks  to  post 
himself  upon  the  possible  capacity  of  the  producer  as  a  guide  in  purchasing.  We  have 
here  brought  these  interests  face  to  face,  and  at  least  contributed  something  to  the  informa- 
tion of  both.  There  is,  however,  a  higher  object  to  be  considered  in  the  compilation  of  a 
work  like  that  here  presented.  It  is  something  more  than  simple  statistical  work  to  show 
the  magnitude  and  progress  of  our  iron  industry, — that  branch  of  mechanical  production 
which  is  the  foundation  of  all  our  arts, — and  no  one  can  review  such  a  collocation  of  indus- 
trial effort,  guided  by  mechanical  skill,  without  pausing  to  wonder  at  the  progress  of  a 
nation  which  has  not  yet  reached  its  first  Centenary  period.  "What  the  possibilities,  nay, 
certainties,  of  the  future  industrial  growth  of  the  United  States  may  reveal,  is  clearly 
foreshadowed  in  this  record  of  but  a  portion  of  the  actualities  of  to-day.  We  thus  submit 
a  lesson  to  the  thoughtful,  with  a  record  of  value  to  the  busy  man,  intent  only  on  the 
necessities  of  the  hour. 

In  the  classification  of  this  work,  the  more  numerous  branches,  as  the  Blast  Furnaces 
and  Rolhng  Mills,  have  been  arranged  by  Counties  and  States,  and  all  others  classified 
by  States.  Each  branch  of  industry  has  been  separately  described,  believing  that  this 
form  will  be  found  most  convenient  for  ready  reference ;  while  to  each  is  prefaced  intro- 
ductory remarks  containing  information  of  value. 

A  general  recapitulation  follows  each  department,  Avhich  gives  statistics  of  capacity,  etc. 

In  every  case  possible,  where  firm  or  company  has  an  ofiice  separate  from  works,  such  is 
given ;  where  this  is  not  done,  the  office  and  works  are  connected.  The  grand  point  offered 
in  this  volume  is,  that  through  it  the  whole  Iron  Trade  may  obtain  information  usually 
only  obtainable  through  Trade  Associations,  which  guard  their  statistics  with  jealousy, 
and  which  are  generally  either  exaggerated  or  depreciated  to  suit  the  exigencies  of  the 
times.  The  work  has  been  carefully  indexed,  and  reference  can  be  made  to  any  item 
with  ease.  While  acknowledging  the  numerous  imperfections  of  the  work,  the  author  is 
conscious  only  of  an  earnest,  honest  effort  to  reliability,  joined  to  a  warm  interest  in  the 
development  of  our  iron  industries  as  the  surest  means  of  increasing  our  national  wealth, 
prosperity,  and  happiness. 

THOMAS  DUNLAP, 

Editor  and  Comjnler. 

PmLADELPHIA,  1874. 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


TtE  importance  of  the  iron  industry  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  is  generally  con- 
ceded. It  has  been  the  subject  of  national  legislation  and  the  object  of  foreign  competition, 
both  fair  and  open,  dishonest  and  secret.  It  has  attracted  capital  from  our  own  citizens  and 
from  foreign  shores,  as  well  as  afforded  the  greatest  inducement  to  the  skilled  labor  of 
Europe  to  seek  our  country  with  the  certainty  of  constant  and  well-paid  employment.  The 
industry  has  at  times  advanced  rapidly,  again  slowly ;  sometimes  stood  still,  but  never 
retrograded.  It  has  developed  the  inventive  genius  of  our  people  by  a  constant  demand  for 
labor-saving  machinery,  and  placed  them  in  this  line  many  years  in  advance  of  foreign  na- 
tions. It  has  increased  our  agricultural  products,  and  civilized  our  Western  prairies  by 
affording  an  army  of  consumers  of  the  food  of  the  soil,  at  the  same  time  an  army  of  pro- 
ducers of  manufactured  articles  for  the  consumption  of  the  agriculturist.  And  yet  the 
greatness  of  this  industry,  its  numerous  ramifications,  its  ten  thousand  arterial  connections 
and  hundred  thousand  nerve  branches  in  and  out  of  the  tissues  of  the  body  politic,  are  but 
faintly  appreciated  by  our  people.  The  effort  to  fairly  represent  the  workings  of  even  a 
few  of  the  leading  branches  of  this  mighty  industry,  forcibly  impresses  upon  the  writer  the 
magnitude  of  the  work,  while  the  record  of  productive  manufacture  presented  in  this  vol- 
ume will  give  the  technical,  or  even  general,  reader  some  idea  of  the  great  trade,  of  which 
there  is  here  indicated  less  than  a  tithe. 

A  well-known  writer  on  Political  Economy  has  boldly  stated  that  the  civilization  of  a 
people  is  more  clearly  indicated  by  the  consumption  of  iron,  than  by  any  other  power  it 
possesses.  The  reasons  for  this  are,  manifestly,  that  with  the  advance  of  civilization  comes 
the  demand  for  manufactured  articles  ;  first  of  necessity,  next  of  a  higher  type,  of  luxury  ; 
all  of  which  presuppose  a  necessity  for  a  like  advance  in  skilled  labor,  in  technical  knowl- 
edge, in  metallurgical  skill,  in  agricultural  production,  in  scientific  investigation,  in  social 
science,  and  the  knowledge  of  seK-government,  and  hence,  to  the  demonstration  of  the  orig- 
inal postulate.  Granting  this  self-evident  proposition,  it  naturally  follows  that  we  may, 
without  conceit,  congratulate  ourselves,  as  a  nation,  upon  the  rapid  and  extreme  advance- 
ment of  our  civilization,  when  gauged  by  this  standard.  Notwithstanding  this  great 
growth,  we  are  yet  too  young  as  a  people  to  know  what  we  are  doing,  or  to  keep  each  other 
practically  and  thoroughly  informed  as  to  the  measure  of  our  capabilities.  The  rush  for 
profit,  and  the  struggle  of  competition  stimulated  to  new  enterprises  by  the  boundless  con- 
tributions of  an  extravagantly  generous  nature  in  soil,  climate,  mineral  and  metallurgical 
deposits,  have  given  us  no  time  to  seek  the  statistics  of  our  progress,  or  seeking  them,  to 
practically  and  intelligently  classify  them.  'Not  having  to  fear  a  decline  in  demand  or  a 
surplus  of  product,  we  do  not  care  to  stop  to  gauge  our  progress  by  the  stern  rules  of  the 
figures  of  production,  save  in  where  they  serve  as  further  stimulus  to  new  enterprise.  We 
2 


10 


GENERAL  INTEODTJCTIOlSr. 


have  grown  to  a  mighty  strength,  as  an  industrial  people,  without  knowing  how  we  have 
done  it,  until  we  pause  for  a  moment,  on  the  eve  of  our  first  national  centennial  birthday,  to 
invite  our  fellow-nations  of  the  world  to  join  us  in  an  exposition  of  our  samples  of  natural 
growth  and  productive  industry. 

A  review  of  the  few  portions  of  the  iron  trade  presented  in  this  volume,  presents  some 
startling  facts  for  the  consideration  of  even  those  who  are  tolerably  well  acquainted  with 
the  magnitude  of  our  industry.  Without  claim  to  absolute  accuracy,  but  with  every  possi- 
ble effort  to  that  end,  and  basing  our  statements  upon  those  of  individual  manufacturers 
taken  in  the  aggregate,  we  present  here  a  record  of  seven  hundred  arid  thirty-five  blast  fur- 
naces, all  capable  of  making  iron,  and  most  of  which  are  engaged  in  its  production  for  a 
greater  or  less  portion  of  the  year.  These  are  located  in  twenty-four  different  States,  and 
possess,  according  to  the  statements  of  their  owners,  a  capacity  of /bwr  million  six  hundred 
and  twenty-four  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eighty-nine  tons  (4:,62db,989  tons)  of  pig-iron 
annually.  The  natural  inference  from  a  statement  of  such  magnitude  is,  that  our  capacity 
must  be  fully  up  to  our  ability  of  consumption,  and  that,  when  the  amount  of  our  imports  is 
taken  into  consideration,  is  in  excess  ;  hence,  that  the  iron  trade  must  flag  Not  so.  An  ex- 
perienced manufacturer  has  shown  us  that  the  total  mileage  of  railroads  in  the  United 


States,  was,  January  1st,  1873  80,191. 

The  mileage  constructed  during  1873  is  estimated  at   3,000. 


Giving  a  total  mileage  to  date  of  83,194 

This  number  of  miles  of  railroad  required  for  construction  and  equipment  per  mile  as 
follows : 

Tons. 

For  track   100 

For  locomotives   25 

For  cars   20 

For  sundries   5 

Total  iron  required  per  mile   150 


Eighty-three  thousand  one  hundred  and  ninety-four  miles  of  road,  at  150  tons  per  mile, 
have  therefore  required  and  used,  up  to  January  1st,  1871,  12,479,100  tons  of  iron.  The 
amount  annually  required  to  keep  this  mileage  of  road  and  equipment  in  repair,  was  esti- 
mated by  good  judges  at  10  per  cent,  of  the  gross  consmnption  originally.  Actual  statistics 
since  have  shown  it  to  be  not  under  11  per  cent.,  at  which  ratio  the  repairs  demanded  by 
the  above  12,479,100  tons  already  consumed  in  railroads,  represents  an  annual  requirement 
of  1,747,074  tons  of  iron.  Leaving  out  of  the  question  for  the  present  the  item  of  increased 
annual  mileage,  since  the  financial  troubles  of  1873  have  temporarily  restrained  the  construc- 
tion of  railways,  we  add,  from  the  same  source,  a  few  of  the  other  principal  iron-consuming 
industries.  These  figures,  while  approximately  correct,  are  beneath  the  mark,  but  serve 
to  bear  out  our  statement.    There  are  annually  demanded  of  iron  for — 

Tons. 

Gas  and  water  pipes   190,000 

Stoves  and  hollow  ware   250,000 


GEIfEEAL  INTRODUCTIOIT. 


11 


Tons. 


Mowers  and  reapers  (actual  for  1872) 

Other  agricultural  implements  

Sliip-building  (far  too  low)  

Miscellaneous  castings  

Sewing-machines  (actual  in  1872). .  . . 

Nuts  and  bolts  

Nails  and  tacks  

Architectural  iron  


33,000 
150,000 

40,000 
600,000 

33,083 
250,000 
250,000 
150,000 


Add  for  railways,  as  above  

Add  for  increase  in  industry  since  1872,  5  per  cent,  of  consump- 
tion   


1,94G,0S3 
1,747,074 


97,304 


3,790,461 


Allowing  the  ratio  of  railway  increase  to  be  only  5  per  cent,  for 
1874,  which  would  represent  only  a  little  over  4,000  miles  of 
road  to  be  built  in  that  year,  we  have  to  add  for  this  at  the 
rate  of  150  tons  per  mile  ,  


623,850 


Total. 


4,414,311  tons. 


Now,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  fact  that  this  admitted  blast-furnace  capac- 
ity of  4,624,989  tons  does  not  represent  an  actual  production  of  over  2,695,434  tons,  and 
at  best  cannot  possibly  represent  more  than  a  production  of  3,000,000  tons,  we  have  a  con- 
suming demand  of  1,414,311  tons  to  be  supplied  from  importation  and  scrap-iron  re-melted 
or  heated.  The  importations  of  pig  metal  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1873,  were 
but  241,356  tons.  Hence  we  may  safely  estimate,  from  a  purely  commercial  basis,  guided 
by  the  rules  of  natural  demand,  and  keeping  in  view  the  constantly  increasing  require- 
ments of  iron  for  all  uses  as  a  substitute  for  wood,  that  the  blast-furnace  capacity  of  our 
country  cannot  possibly  be  in  excess  of  our  home  necessities,  much  less,  without  a  marked 
increase,  atford  a  surplus  for  exportation.  The  value  and  importance  of  this  product  to 
our  people,  may  be  more  clearly  understood  by  computing  the  money  value  of  the  material 
and  product  in  currency.  A  i)roduction  of  2,695,434  tons  represents  a  consumption  of 
5,390,868  tons  of  ore,  which,  at  the  very  moderate  valuation  of  $(>  per  ton,  equals  an 
expenditure  of  $32,345,208.  It  further  represents  a  consumption  of  4,043,151  tons  of 
fuel,  which,  at  $2.50  per  ton,  cost  $20,215,573  ;  and  of  limestone,  of  $1,347,717.  The 
usual  furnace  estimate  for  labor  is  $3  per  ton,  which  would  represent  for  the  above 
product  $8,086,302,  and  for  interest,  repairs,  contingencies,  etc.,  $4  per  ton,  or 
$10,781,736,  or  a  total  expenditiire  made  by  this  industry,  in  the  production  of  1873,  for 
its  material,  etc.,  of  $72,776,536,  or  over  half  the  interest  on  our  national  debt.  The  money 
value  of  this  product,  averaging  the  price  of  all  kinds  of  pig  metal  for  the  year  at  $35 
per  ton. — a  fair  estimate  when  the  price  of  charcoal  iron  and  the  product  is  considered — • 
v/ill  represent  a  total  money  value  added  to  the  products  of  industry,  of  $94,340,190. 


12 


GENERAL  INTEODUCTION.- 


Wothing  could  more  clearly  indicate  tlie  importance  of  the  industry  than  these  figures,  and 
when  the  immense  area  of  our  country  abounding  in  mineral  deposits  and  yet  entirely  un- 
developed is  considered,  it  is  clear  that  even  this  value  is  as  nothing  to  that  of  the  next 
decade. 

Next  in  order  as  represented  in  this  volume,  is  the  wrought-iron  product,  which  is 
represented  by  309  rolling  mills  in  active  operation,  located  in  23  States,  and  showing  a 
capacity  of  2,823,700  tons  of  rolled  iron.  Of  this  capacity,  1,470,500  tons  are  rails,  and 
the  remainder,  1,273,200  tons,  bar,  plate,  sheet,  hoop,  and  other  rolled  iron. 

The  prodiiction  of  rails  in  1873  is  estimated  to  have  been  850,000  tons,  and  of  other 
rolled  iron,  980,000  tons,  giving  a  total  of  1,830,000  tons  of  iron  made  by  rolling  mills  in 
the  year.  This  would  represent  a  money  value  for  rails,  at  $70  per  ton,  of  $59,500,000, 
and  of  other  rolled  iron,  at  $100  per  ton,  a  low  figm-e,  of  $98,000,000,  or  a  total  value  of 
$157,500,000,  which,  added  to  the  value  of  the  pig  metal  produced  in  1873,  viz., 
$94,340,190,  gives  a  total  value  of  $251,841,190,  to  which  is  to  be  added  an  additional 
value  of  $50  per  ton  on  120,000  tons  of  rails,  which  were  of  Bessemer  steel,  at  $120 
per  ton,  or  $6,000,000,  making  a  grand  total  of  $257,841,190  to  be  credited  to  these  two 
branches  of  the  iron  trade  alone—a  money  value  which  may  well  astonish  those  not 
familiar  with  the  great  industries  here  represented.  Taking,  however,  the  figures  of 
rolled  iron  in  detail,  we  find  reported  and  estimated  by  the  Iron  and  Steel  Association  as 
follows : 


Append  to  these  the  actual  selling  prices  for  November,  the  lowest  rate  of  any  month 
of  1873,  and  we  find  the  following  actual  market  value  for  the  product  at  the  seaboard  at 
that  date  to  have  been — 


Tons. 


Merchant  bar  and  rod  iron 

Sheet  and  plate  

Hoop  

Nails  and  spikes  

Axles,  etc  


400,000 
250,000 
30,000 
200,000 
100,000 


980,000 


Bar  and  rod  iron . . .  , 
Sheet  and  plate  iron 

Hoop  iron  

Nail  and  spike  iron . 
Axles,  etc  


400,000  tons,  at  $75  =  $30,000,000 
250,000  "  at  150  =  37,500,000 
30,000  «  at  145  =  4,350,000 
200,000  "  at  95  =  19,000,000 
100,000   "    at  140  —  14,000,000 


Total  valuation 
Add  value  of  rails  


104,850,000 
65,500,000 


Yalue  of  all  rolled  iron  for  1873   $170,350,000 

And  this  at  the  lowest  prices  of  the  year,  which  total  added  to  the  pig  metal  afeo  taken 
at  same  date,  will  give  $264,690,190. 


GENERAL  INTEODUCTIOlSr. 


13 


Whilst  figures  are  not  usually  regarded  as  matters  of  interest,  these  are  sufiiciently 
eloquent  to  need  no  further  comment. 

In  reviewing  the  leading  branches  of  the  iron  industry,  it  has  been  necessary  to  include 
the  Bessemek  Steel  "Works,  which,  while  of  comparatively  late  date,  are  of  great  capacity, 
and  of  vital  importance  to  the  maintenance  and  increase  of  our  great  railway  system. 

A  description  of  the  Pneumatic  process  of  making  steel  from  pig  metal,  sufficiently  tech- 
nical to  explain  it  scientifically,  and  yet  to  be  of  interest  to  the  general  reader,  will  be 
found  in  the  Bessemek  Steel  department  of  the  work.  The  statistics  of  this  industry  are 
highly  interesting,  as  showing  the  rapid  increase  in  the  production  of  this  valuable  metal. 
These  figures,  as  reported  and  estimated  for  the  year  1873  by  the  American  Iron  and  Steel 
Association,  show  a  conversion  of  140,000  tons  of  pig  metal  by  the  Bessemer  process. 
The  number  of  works  as  yet  in  the  country  devoted  to  this  specialty  is  small,  being  only 
eight,  with  one  more  building ;  but  this  fact  is  rather  due  to  the  great  cost  of  the  plant, 
machinery  of  the  most  expensive  character  being  needed,  and  also  that  the  product  is  as 
yet  confined  principally  to  rails.  In  Europe,  where  it  is  largely  used  as  a  substitute  for 
machinery  steel,  the  product  is  in  great  demand,  with  the  most  excellent  results  following 
its  use.  During  the  year,  two  of  the  largest  and  most  elegantly  equipped  Bessemer  works 
of  the  world  have  been  put  in  operation  in  this  country — one  at  Joliet,  in  Illinois,  by  the 
Jbliet  Iron  and  Steel  Company,  and  the  other  at  Bethlehem,  Penn.,  by  the  Bethlehem  Iron 
Company.  Both  have  features  of  improvement  not  hitherto  in  use,  and  due  to  American 
inventive  skill. 

Pursuing  our  method  of  valuation  of  the  product,  as  in  the  case  of  pig  and  rolled  iron, 
we  find  that  the  140,000  tons  of  Bessemer  steel  produced  in  1873,  taking  the  low  l^ovem- 
ber  prices  as  a  standard,  represent  a  money  value  of  $16,800,0*00.  This  valuation  is  far 
from  indicating  the  real  worth  of  this  product  to  the  travelling  public,  when  it  is  consid- 
ered that  a  Bessemer  rail  is  averaged  to  have  a  life  of  sixteen  iron  rails,  while  entire  safety 
is  obtained.  The  difficulty  in  obtaining  a  supply  of  pig  metal  sufficiently  free  from  phos- 
phorus, an  element  fatal  to  the  production  of  Bessemer  steel,  has  happily  been  overcome, 
and  we  are  no  longer  dependent,  as  at  the  introduction  of  the  process,  upon  England  for 
our  supply.  With  each  succeeding  year  we  hope  to  be  able  to  note  a  great  increase  in  the 
production  of  this  valuable  metal,  which  occupies  a  place  between  wrought  iron  and  cruci- 
ble steel,  and  for  the  purposes  it  is  designed  is  far  superior  to  either. 

Pursuing  the  investigation  of  the  industry  as  classified  in  the  volume  before  us,  we 
reach  the  branch  of  Crucible  Oast  Steel. 

In  the  department  of  the  work  which  is  devoted  to  this  specialty  will  be  found  a  his- 
tory of  the  obstacles  and  difficulties  which  have  been  met  and  overcome  in  this  trade. 
Fortunately,  we  can  now  produce  an  article  of  crucible  steel  fully  equal  to  any  made  in 
the  world.  It  is  but  within  a  short  time,  however,  that  this  could  be  said,  the  prejudice 
against  the  use  of  American  steel  having  been  strong  and  bitter,  but  rather  prejudice  than 
well-founded  objection.  Now,  however,  this  is  happily  overcome,  and  a  healthy  growing 
demand  exists  for  the  native  product,  not  only  in  our  own  country,  but  sensibly  from 
abroad,  and  notably  from  Eussia,  in  the  great  government  works  of  which  American  steel 
is  a  favorite,  to  the  exclusion  of  others.  The  statistics  of  cast-steel  production  indicate  a 
falling  off  in  the  aggregate  make  for  1873,  due,  if  correct,  to  the  panic  during  the  last 
quarter  of  the  year,  which  only  amounts  to  some  28,000  tons,  against  32,000  tons  in  1872. 


14 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


The  money  value  of  this  product,  confined  to  ingot  and  bar  steel,  as  the  total  value  when 
worked  into  tools  or  more  delicate  articles,  would  be  almost  inestimable  ;  but  taking  the 
lowest  prices  of  the  year,  was  some  $10,080,000.  Pittsburg  has  always  been  the  head- 
quarters for  the  production  of  the  finest  cast  steel  made  in  the  United  States,  and  fully 
preserves  the  reputation  gained. 

While  mentioning  the  steel  product  of  our  country,  the  branch  devoted  to  the  produc- 
tion of  Maktin  steel  must  not  be  overlooked.  Although  not  developed  to  the  extent  that 
cither  Bessemek  or  crucible  steel  has  been,  this  process  afiords  very  many  advantages,  and 
will  assert  itself  prominently  in  the  steel  industry  of  the  country  ere  long.  The  great 
advantages  claimed  for  it  are,  that  any  grade  of  quality  may  be  produced  at  will ;  that  it 
utilizes  material  otherwise  impossible  in  steel  making,  and  affords  a  product  of  great  duc- 
tility and  homogeneity,  while  possessing  the  highest  degree  of  tensile  strength.  The  pro- 
cess is  due  to  a  French  inventor,  who  was  compelled,  by  the  necessity  of  obtaining  an 
extreme  degree  of  heat,  to  combine  his  process  with  the  furnace  of  the  Messrs.  Siemens, 
and  hence  it  has  been  known  as  the  Siemens-Maktest  steel  process.  It  was  introduced  into 
the  United  States  by  Abeam  S.  Hewitt,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  who  thoroughly  tested  the 
value  of  the  process  while  Commissioner  of  the  United  States  to  the  Paris  Exposition,  and 
who  has  since  demonstrated  its  capabilities  very  thoroughly  at  the  wm'ks  of  the  New  Jer- 
sey Steel  and  Iron  Company,  at  Trenton. 

Another  process,  possessing  much  of  novelty,  and  the  introduction  of  which  is  being 
rapidly  extended,  is  that  of  Silicon  steel.  Metallurgists  differ  in  their  views  as  to  this 
method  of  manufacturing  steel  or  a  substitute  for  it.  Results  have  satisfactorily  proven, 
however,  that  in  practice  rails  made  by  this  method  wear  far  better  than  iron,  while  cost- 
ing comparatively  little  more,  and  have  the  very  great  advantage  that  they  may  be  rerolled 
as  iron  is,  which  cannot  be  done  with  Bessemer  rails.  The  peculiarity  of  the  process  con- 
sists in  mixing  a  portion  of  a  silicious  ore  found  in  York  County,  Penn.,  only,  or  if 
elsewhere,  not  stated,  with  the  ordinary  iron  in  the  puddling  furnace,  and  producing  a 
puddled  steel,  which  owes  its  density,  hardness,  and  homogeneity  to  silicon  in  place  of  car- 
bon. Full  descriptions  of  the  works  engaged  in  the  production  of  this  metal,  and  its  success 
as  a  rail  material,  M'ill  be  found  noted  elsewhere.  The  process  is  the  invention,  or  discovery, 
of  Dr.  ISTes,  of  York,  Penn.,  and  is  in  the  hands  of  wealthy  capitalists,  who  are 
rapidly  extending  its  introduction,  while  it  is  undeniable  that  the  product  meets  with 
extreme  favor  from  many  railroad  experts.  These,  with  the  works  devoted  to  their  manu- 
facture, comprise  what  may  be  called  the  productive  iron  and  steel  industries,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  more  strictly  consuming  industries,  although  each  of  the  former  may  be 
considered  as  a  producer  for  the  consumption  of  the  next. 

The  remainder  of  the  volume  has  been  devoted  to  an  exposition  of  those  branches 
devoted  to  the  supplying  of  our  railway  systems,  and  hence  the  general  public,  with  cars 
and  wheels,  locomotives,  bridges,  and  steam-engines,  pipes  and  tubes,  nuts  and  bolts,  and 
such  of  the  machine  works  as  time  and  space  have  permitted.  A  notable  brancli  of  our  iron 
industry,  and  one  in  which  a  greater  degree  of  national  pride  is  centred  than  perhaps  any 
other — that  of  iron  ship-building — has  also  been  noticed  as  fully  as  possible. 

To  describe  each  branch  of  the  iron  trade  would  require  a  work  equal  to  our  greatest 
cyclopedias,  but  it  is  hoped  to  increase  annually  the  number  reported,  until  at  least  those  of 
most  commercial  importance  shall  be  included  in  this  annual. 


GEKEEAL  INTEODUCTIOTiT. 


15 


The  locomotive  works  of  the  United  States  form  a  peculiarly  interesting  branch,  and 
one  in  which  success  has  gratified  our  national  pride  in  a  high  degree.  From  a  very  small 
beginning  we  have  progressed  with  truly  American  rapidity  in  this  line ;  have  competed 
successfully  with  older  and  richer  works,  and  have  borne  off  the  palm  at  last  by  having 
the  largest  and  most  completely  equipped  locomotive  works  of  the  world,  producing 
engines  of  superior  finish  and  quality,  and  in  general  demand  in  Europe  and  elsewhere 
away  from  home.  Nothing  at  all  on  a  par  with  this  success  is  to  be  foimd  in  any  other 
trade  at  home  or  abroad,  and  it  is  due,  first,  to  American  energy,  and  after  that  to  the 
adoption  of  labor-saving  machinery,  principally  of  American  invention.  The  men  who 
have  developed  this  industry  have  shown  all  the  characteristics  necessary  to  success,  both 
commercially  and  as  mechanics,  and  it  is  to  the  credit  of  the  American  artisan  that  it  can 
be  said  that  with  scarcely  an  exception  they  have  risen  directly  from  the  shop. 

The  American  abroad  can  now  see  the  names  of  home  manufacturers,  and  the  types  of 
American  locomotives,  from  northernmost  Europe,  through  Russia,  Grermany,  Austria, 
Italy,  and  Greece,  to  Egypt !  ISTo  one  fact  more  forcibly  demonstrates  the  certainty  that  we 
are  destined  to  become  the  great  industrial  nation  of  the  world,  than  this.  Competition, 
cheap  labor,  and  cheap  capital  have  hitherto  prevented  our  exportation  of  what  is  known  as 
"  raw  irons,"  or  even  "  finished  iron  " — the  latter  only  the  raw  material  of  the  locomotive 
works ;  but  when  a  product  requiring  the  highest  mechanical  skill  is  demanded  of  us,  we 
successfully  compete  with,  and  surpass,  the  world.  The  various  locomotive  works  of  the 
country  will  be  found  fully  described  when  in  the  hands  of  firms  or  companies.  Those  of 
the  railroads,  several  of  which  build  locomotives  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  are  not  noted. 
The  value  of  the  product  is  large,  and  the  number  of  locomotives  made  annually  over 
1,000,  which,  fairly  averaged  in  price,  would  represent  some  $15,000,000,  while  the 
speciality  gives  employment  to  many  thousand  of  our  finest  mechanics — one  works  alone, 
the  great  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  of  Philadelphia,  employing,  when  full,  over  3,000 
men. 

The  financial  troubles  have  borne  very  severely  on  this  industry,  their  only  customers 
being  deprived  of  means  to  pay  existing  debts,  or  power  to  purchase  new  work  ;  but  as 
the  country  is  rapidly  recovering  from  the  depression,  the  railway  system  must  be  main- 
tained and  extended,  and  full  work  will  again  rule  with  the  locomotive  works,  l^ature 
never  undergoes  a  panic,  and  as  the  products  of  the  soil  must  be  transported,  locomotives 
will  be  again  shortly  in  active  demand. 

The  car  works  of  the  United  States  form  a  branch,  the  extent  and  importance  of  which 
those  who  enjoy  the  comforts  of  an  American  car  rarely  realize.  This  industry  will  be 
found  fully  described,  and  represents  a  capital^ and  working  force  of  great  magnitude.  We 
find  in  our  record  no  less  than  97  car  works,  producing  60,000  freight,  passenger,  and 
palace  cars. 

The  car  shops  of  the  United  States  are  among  the  very  largest  consumers  of  iron,  both 
pig  metal  and  wrought  iron,  some  idea  of  which  may  be  formed  from  the  statements  ap- 
pended of  the  average  amount  of  both  kinds  of  iron  consumed  in  building  ordinary  railroad 
cars. 

So  important  has  this  business  become,  that  it  has  its  trade  association,  composed  of  master 
ear  builders,  and  supports  its  own  organ,  devoted  exclusively  to  the  car-building  interest. 
Most  of  the  railways  build  a  portion  of  their  own  cars,  and  nearly  all  of  them  have  ex- 


16 


GENERAL  INTEODUCTION. 


tensive  sliops  for  new  work  or  repairs.  The  leading  works  of  the  railway  companies  have 
been  described,  and  any  feature  of  interest  noted. 

Following  the  car  works,  and  in  connection,  come  the  Cae-wheel  Fottndkies  of  the 
United  States.  In  this  branch  of  industry  also,  we  lead  the  world,  and  not  only  supply  the 
immense  demand  of  our  own  country,  but  export  largely  to  Europe  and  exclusively  to- 
South  America. 

The  character  of  the  cold-blast  charcoal  iron  produced  in  the  United  States  is  far  supe- 
rior to  any  made  elsewhere,  solely  excepting  the  high-priced  irons  of  Sweden  and  Norway, 
which  are  consumed  by  the  steel  makers  entirely. 

The  tensile  strength  of  American  charcoal  iron  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other  made, 
and  it  possesses  qualities  for  wheel  purposes  far  superior  to  other-  makes,  and  hence  natu- 
rally is  in  strong  demand  at  high  figiires. 

The  wheel  foundries  will  be  found  fully  described,  with  their  capacity,  and  the  indus- 
try represents  a  consumption  of  175,000  tons  of  pig  metal,  with  a  money  value  for  product, 
of  over  $17,000,000. 

Next  to  the  car-wheel  foundries,  in  order  of  the  work,  will  be  found  a  list  of  the  stove 
manufactm-ers  of  the  United  States.  As  is  seen  in  the  record  of  iron-consuming  industries, 
the  stove  founders  occupy  a  prominent  position,  consuming  as  they  do  some  275,000  tons 
of  iron  annually,  or  say  ten  per  cent,  of  the  gross  product  of  the  United  States.  There  is  a 
steady  and  constant  advancement  in  this  trade  ;  and  it  is  thoroughly  organized,  having  an 
association  which  includes  a  large  majority  of  the  manufacturers,  and  is  active  and  inter- 
ested in  the  objects  for  which  it  was  formed.  The  President,  Mr.  John  S.  Perry,  of  the 
firm  of  Perry  &  Co.,  of  Albany,  New  York,  has  contributed  some  very  valuable  information 
to  the  iron  trade.  In  the  very  interesting  reports  of  the  meetings  of  the  association  he  rep- 
resents, in  connection  with  the  directory  of  the  stove  foimdries,  will  be  found  some  inter- 
esting facts  relative  to  the  industry  and  its  growth.  It  has  been  impossible  to  obtain  the 
capacity  of  each  works,  but  the  aggregate  number  of  tons  of  iron  consumed  in  each  works 
of  any  magnitude,  in  the  production  of  stoves,  hollow  ware,  etc.,  will  be  found,  which  will 
afford  the  necessary  information  to  those  desirous  of  reaching  these  manufacturers.  The 
industry  is  one  which  necessitates  the  combination  of  an  artistic  taste  with  manufacturing 
skill  and  business  ability.  The  value  of  the  iron  consumed,  estimated  at  $35  per  ton  only, 
would  be  some  $8,750,000  for  raw  material  alone,  while  the  value  of  the  product  represents 
nearly  fifty  million  dollars. 

The  trade  in  stoves  is  not  alone  confined  to  om*  own  country,  although  of  course  the 
greatest  bulk  of  the  product  is  sold  here,  but  a  considerable  and  growing  business  is  done 
in  exporting,  and  among  other  nations,  China  and  Japan  are  beginning  to  take  these  goods. 
There  are  some  two  hundred  and  fifty  firms  or  companies  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
stoves  and  hollow  Avare  in 'the  United  States,  163  of  which  are  members  of  the  association. 
The  increase  in  the  decade  from  1860  to  1870  was  110  per  cent.,  the  product  at  the  first  period 
including  1,000,000  stoves,  and  at  the  latter  2,100,000  ;  a  similar  increase  in  the  present 
decade,  and  it  will  probably  be  greater,  would  indicate  for  1880  a  product  of  4,368,000 
stoves,  with  a  value  of  $91,583,480. 

The  Iron  Bridge  "Works  of  the  United  States  will  also  prominently  command  the  atten- 
tion of  the  reader,  as  not  only  a  highly  important  industry,  but  one  which,  while  consuming 
very  largely  of  the  iron  product  of  tlae  country,  requires  the  highest  degree  of  mechanical 


GENERAL  mTEODUCTION.  {  VP  ?^ 

and  engineering  skill.    Already  we  have  constructed  in  the  United  States  some  ygMie  pri- 
est engineering  works  of  tlie  day,  and  with  a  skill  that  leaves  little  to  be  desired  ii^mw  lin6<"' 
The  descriptions  of  the  St.  Louis  Steel  Bridge,  the  Iron  International  Bridge  at  Bn^^,*^ 
the  Hudson  River  Bridge  at  Albany,  the  St.  Charles  Bridge,  Missouri,  and  the  Gihwol^ 
Avenue  Bridge  at  Philadelphia — to  be  found  in  the  proper  department — show  what 
progress  has  been  made  in  this  line.    The  iron  bridge,  while  it  is  a  necessity  to  railroad 
companies,  is  fast  becoming  such  in  common  highways ;  indeed,  a  jom-ney  through  any  por- 
tion of  the  rich  agricultural  States  of  the  West,  will  show  that  iron  bridges  are  universally 
replacing  the  older  structures  of  wood.    In  cities  this  form  of  structure  is  exclusively  used, 
and  throughout  the  country  another  branch  of  iron-work  now  generally  made  by  bridge 
companies  exclusively — that  of  iron  roofs — is  fast  coming  into  use.   The  temble  losses  by  firo 
during  the  last  three  years  have  greatly  extended  the  uses  of  iron  in  this  way,  and  nearly 
all  our  new  works  are  now  built  with  iron  as  the  chief  article  of  structure.    It  is  im- 
possible to  fix  the  capacity  of  these  works,  since  the  amount  of  work  done  varies  with  the 
necessities  of  the  year. 

In  common  with  all  branches  of  industry  dependent  upon  the  increase  of  our  railroad 
system,  the  iron  bridge  builders  of  the  country  have  suffered  severely  by  the  panic  of  1873, 
but  work  has  steadily  progressed  on  the  enterprises  under  way,  while  several  new  bridges 
of  great  size  are  projected,  and  indeed  must  be  speedily  commenced,  to  accommodate  the 
growing  traffic  of  the  country.  Among  these  is  the  iron  bridge  over  the  Hudson  at 
Poughkeepsie,  the  corner-stone  of  which  was  laid  in  December,  1873,  and  which  will  be  a 
first-class  wrought-iron  structure  of  great  length.  Competition  with  foreign  nations  has 
shown  the  American  bridge  builder  to  be  able,  even  at  the  higher  prices  of  labor  and  ma- 
terial in  our  country,  to  compete  successfully,  and  this  has  been  notably  the  case  in  the  In- 
ternational Bridge  over  the  ISTiagara  River,  where  the  Phoenix  Iron  Company  of  Pennsyl- 
vania carried  off  the  contract  from  the  largest  English  iron  works.  The  reasons  for  this, 
are  to  be  found  in  labor-saving  machinery ;  intelligent,  because  well-paid  labor,  and  lighter, 
because  better,  iron.  In  addition  to  this  is  to  be  taken  into  consideration  that  the  American 
bridges  are  ready  for  erection  when  they  leave  the  works,  and  are  simply  fitted  together  on 
the  spot,  while  the  custom  of  English  bridge  builders  requires  nearly  as  much  labor  in 
erection  as  in  construction.  The  bridge  companies  of  the  United  States  are  not  numerous, 
the  business  demanding  large  capital  and  the  employment  of  expensive  engineering  talent ; 
but  some  of  them  have  very  extensive  works,  and  have  constructed  large  numbers  of  bridges, 
both  railroad  and  highway.  The  fullest  particulars  which  could  be  obtained  will  be  found 
in  connection  with  the  Iron  Bridge  Department  of  the  work,  and  in  a  future  issue  it  is 
hoped  to  give  the  exact  consumption  of  iron  by  this  industry. 

The  Iron  Ship  Yaeds  of  the  United  States  form  a  department  of  special  interest  to 
those  who  feel  a  national  pride  in  the  development  of  our  manufactures.  Until  within  a 
few  years  England  had  held  the  exclusive  control  of  iron  ship-building  for  the  world,  and 
the  ship-yards  of  the  Clyde  supplied  almost  entirely  the  commercial  marine  of  the  world. 
While  our  late  war  put  a  stop  to  the  construction  of  wooden  vessels,  it  gave  birth  to  the 
production  of  iron  ships,  and  since  that  date  the  industry  has  steadily  progressed.  At  first, 
and  indeed  until  within  a  year  or  so,  the  cost  of  American-built  iron  ships  was  considerably 
in  excess  of  those  built  abroad,  both  from  higher  prices  of  labor,  and  material.  Since  then, 
as  prices  have  advanced  abroad,  we  have  been  better  able  to  compete,  and  now  if  the  same 
3 


18 


GENERAL  INTEODUCTION. 


quality  of  iron  was  used  here  as  there,  our  ships  could  be  built  cheaper.  But  this  is  not 
desirable.  So  poor  has  been  the  quality  of  iron  used  in  Clyde-built  ships,  that  Parliamentary 
commissions  have  been  made  to  investigate  it,  and  testimony  taken  before  them  shows  that 
plates  had  been  used  which  would  break  by  their  own  weight  if  dropped  on  the  ground. 
That  a  very  poor  quality  of  iron  has  been  used  abroad,  is  clear,  from  the  fact  that  in  two. 
instances  during  the  winter  of  1872-3,  Clyde-built  ships  in  American  waters  had  plates 
crushed  in  by  the  ice,  and  were  repaired  here.  The  quality  of  the  iron  was  so  wretchedly 
inferior  that  the  officers  of  the  vessels  in  question  refused  to  leave  it  in  the  hands  of  our 
builders,  but  carefully  collected  and  carried  it  back  to  England.  Considerable  rivalry 
has  existed  in  regard  to  the  location  of  the  great  iron  ship-yards  of  the  seaboard,  but  it 
has  been  generally  conceded  that  the  Delaware  River,  from  above  Philadelphia  to  New- 
castle, offers  the  best  facilities  for  the  conjunction  of  coal,  iron,  and  water  frontage  of  any 
locality  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  Hence,  the  large  works  of  the  country  are  to  be  found  in 
this  region.  At  Philadelphia  there  are  two,  with  a  third  building  for  the  Philadelphia  and 
Reading  Railroad  Company.  At  Chester,  16  miles  below,  is  the  extensive  works  of  John 
Roach,  known  as  the  Delaware  River  Ship-building  and  Machine  Works,  and  occupying 
the  property  formerly  used  by  Reanie,  Akchbold  &  Co.,  while  the  present  proprietor 
formerly  conducted  the  once  celebrated  I^ovelty  Engine  Works  of  I^^ew  York.  Still  fur- 
ther down,  at  a  distance  of  thirty  miles  below  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  are  the  works  and 
yards  of  the  Haklan  &  Hollingsworth  Company,  Pusey,  Jones  &  Co.,  and  the  Jack- 
son &  Sharp  Manufacturing  Company,  all  of  which  are  engaged  in  building  either  ocean  or 
river  steamers  of  iron.  The  capacity  of  these  works  is  being  constantly  extended,  and  the 
demand  for  work  compels  a* steady  increase  in  the  force  of  working-men.  The  tonnage  of 
iron  vessels  built  in  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1873,  was  very  much  greater  than  at  any 
time  previous,  while  the  number  of  vessels  on  the  stocks  since  that  date  has  greatly  in- 
creased. Most  of  the  works  have  contracts  which  will  occupy  their  full  force  for  all  of  1874. 
The  value  of  these  ship-yards  to  the  country  has  been  fully  shown  by  the  Virginius  affair. 
At  the  time  of  the  smure  of  that  vessel,  the  iron-clad  navy  of  the  United  States  was  in  a 
wretched  condition,  and  almost  totally  unseaworthy.  The  resources  of  the  government  not 
being  sufficient  at  the  various  navy-yards  to  supply  the  necessary  work  in  time,  demand 
was  made  upon  the  private  yards,  which  not  only  furnished  skilled  mechanics  for  the 
navy  yards,  but,  to  the  exclusion  of  profitable  work  in  hand,  placed  an  iron-clad  fleet  in 
readiness  for  war ,  at  a  very  brief  notice.  The  statistics  of  the  iron  tonnage  of  the  United 
States  built  in  1873  (fiscal  year),  and  previously,  as  well  as  now  building,  will  be  found  in 
the  proper  department. 

The  growth  of  this  branch  of  industry  upon  our  Eastern  seaboard,  and  the  superiority 
of  iron  vessels  for  ocean  and  coastwise  navigation,  will  suggest  to  every  thinking  man  the 
certainty  of  the  extension  of  this  system  to  our  great  lakes  and  Western  rivers.  The  only 
wonder  is,  that  with  the  superior  quality  of  ores  for  the  manufacture  of  choice  iron,  and 
the  enterprise  of  our  Western  people,  this  industry  has  not  been  carried  on  in  a  large  way. 
At  Buffalo  there  have  been  a  number  of  barges  and  some  passenger  steamers  built,  and  one 
iron  vessel  has  been  built  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  and  another  at  Wyandotte,  Mich. ;  but  when 
the  immense  traffic  in  lake  freights,  both  east  and  west,  is  considered,  it  is  very  certain  that 
this  must  be  i;ltimately  done  in  iron  bottoms.  Hence  we  may  expect  in  the  near  future 
the  establishment  of  large  iron  ship-yards  and  great  plate-iron  mills  at  various  points  on  or 


GENEEAL  INTRODUCTION". 


19 


near  to  the  lakes,  which  shall  furnish  vessels  for  this  trade,  and  also  for  the  river  traffic  of 
the  Mississippi  and  Missouri.  Iron  ship-building  in  the  near  future  jiromises  a  greater 
growth  than  any  other  branch  of  the  industry,  because  it  is  behind  the  other  branches  in 
its  development. 

The  Ieon  Pipe  and  Tube  Woeks  of  the  country,  and  the  Stationaey  Steam-engine 
"WoEKS,  form  the  subjects  of  careful  compilation  in  this  work.  The  cast-iron  pipe  works 
of  the  country  consume  annually,  as  has  been  shown,  no  less  than  200,000  tons  of  pig 
metal,  which,  at  the  price  used  as  a  standard,  viz.,  $35  per  ton,  would  represent  an  outlay 
of  $7,000,000  for  raw  material,  while  the  product  cannot  be  less  than  $15,000,000  in  value. 
The  total  number  of  steam  engines  produced  annually  in  the  United  States  it  is  impossible 
as  yet  to  get  accurately ;  but  the  parties  engaged  in  the  industry  have  been  carefully  classi- 
fied, and  such  particulars  as  could  be  obtained  have  been  given.  The  wrought-iron  pipe 
and  tube  works  of  the  United  States  consume  materials  to  the  value  of  over  $5,000,000, 
and  have  a  product  valued  at  $8,000,000,  the  product  of  one  works  in  Pennsylvania  alone 
being  over  five  million  dollars  annually. 

These  values  clearly  indicate  the  importance  of  the  industries  mentioned.  These  com- 
prise the  various  industries  of  which  mention  has  been  made  in  this  work ;  and  the  aim  has 
been  rather  to  give  as  reliable  as  possible  a  collation  of  a  few  leading  industries  than  to 
only  deal  in  generalities  and  mere  directory  lists  of  the  whole  trade.  In  future  issues  of 
this  work,  should  it  meet  with  favor  sufficient  to  justify  the  publishers  in  continuing  it  an- 
nually, will  be  added  the  important  industries  of  agricultural  implements,  manufactures, 
miscellaneous  and  malleable  castings,  vise  and  machinists'  tools,  edge  tools  and  cutlery,  and 
the  full  line  of  iron  manufacturers.  "With  these  we  hope  to  be  able  to  give  both  the  con- 
sumption of  raw  iron  and  the  production  of  finished  articles  by  each  works. 

Absolute  accuracy  in  statistics  of  the  production  of  any  one  industry  in  a  country  like 
ours  is  simply  impossible,  and  to  claim  such  is  only  to  stultify  the  honest  efforts  made 
toward  a  reliable  approximation.  Innumerable  causes  prevent  the  attainment  of  such  an 
object,  but  it  is  believed  that  the  candid  reader  will  find  in  the  volume  here  ofEered  some- 
thing of  interest,  a  great  deal  of  information,  and  at  least  an  equivalent  in  value  for  the 
moderate  subscription  price.  Accompanying  and  following  the  various  industrial  depart- 
ments will  be  found  a  statistical  department,  which  includes  the  most  reliable  statistics  of 
iron  production,,  sadly  imperfect,  it  is  true  ;  the  importation  and  exportation  for  a  series  of 
years  ;  and  the  prices-current  of  the  leading  articles  of  iron  consumption  at  the  chief  busi- 
ness centres  in  the  United  States  for  the  first  week  in  each  month  for  the  years  1872  and 
1873. 

Since  the  body  of  this  work  was  in  type,  the  demand  for  a  comprehensive  description 
of  the  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  the  United  States  has  induced  the  author  to  add  such  an 
one,  which  will  be  found  to  contain  late  information  of  very  great  value  to  the  trade. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  BLAST  FURNACES. 


The  early  history  of  tlie  manufacture  of  iron  in  tlie  United  States  is  shrouded  in 
a  great  deal  of  mystery,  nor  are  we  able  to  find  in  historical  records  any  details  of  the 
industry  which  has  grown  to  such  magnificent  proportions  in  our  day,  and  which,  when 
taken  in  connection  with  the  immense  amount  of  mineral  in  the  country,  can  only  be  con- 
sidered in  its  infancy. 

The  earliest  data  which  we  have  of  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron  in  the  United  States, 
was  in  Virginia,  in  1620.  This  was  followed,  in  1643,  by  the  establishment  of  iron  works 
in  Braintree  and  Lynn,  Massachusetts.  Previous  to  1721,  the  production  of  iron  had  become 
very  active  in  New  England  and  Pennsylvania,  and  no  less  so  in  "Virginia.  At  that  date, 
there  were  six  furnaces  and  nineteen  forges  in  New  England  alone,  and  Pennsylvania  not 
only  supplied  her  OAvn  wants,  but  also  furnished  iron  to  the  other  colonies.  Two  years 
before  this,  a  resolution  had  passed  the  House  of  Commons  to  the  effect  that  "  the  erection 
of  manufactories  in  the  colonies  tended  to  lessen  their  dependency  on  Great  Britain ; " 
and  in  the  year  1721  the  English  iron  masters  procured  the  insertion  into  a  parliamentary 
bill  of  a  clause  to  prohibit  the  production  of  iron  in  the  colonies.  The  clause  was,  how- 
ever, subsequently  dropped,  on  remonstrance  being  made  by  the  colonial  agents.  It 
shows,,  nevertheless,  that  already  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  this  country  had  been 
so  successful  in  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron  as  to  excite  the  jealousy  of  England. 

During  the  War  of  Independence,  considerable  activity  existed  in  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  but  no  statistics  are  attainable.  After  peace  had  been  declared,  the  importation  of 
English  iron  stopped  American  production ;  and  it  was  not  until  1794  that  Congress 
imposed  any  duties  on  foreign  iron.  Again,  in  1808  and  1810,  the  industry  declined 
under  a  repeal  of  these  duties,  to  be  revived  by  the  war  of  1812,  and  the  embargo  on  all 
British  iron. 

The  cost  of  the  manufacture  of  pig  metal  was  then  about  the  same  as  since  in  the 
Atlantic  States;  namely,  $28.75  per  ton  ;  and  of  bars,  $83.75.  From  this  date  efforts  were 
made  to  take  some  note  of  the  industry  and  its  growth. 

In  1810,  Albert  Gallatin,  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  reported  to  Congress  the 
following  as  the  condition  of  the  iron-manufacturing  industry  of  the  country : 


Number  of  blast  furnaces 


153 
53,908  tons. 

330 
24,541  tons. 

316 


Product  of  pig-iron . , 
Number  of  forges  . . 
Product  of  bar  iron  . 
Number  of  hammers 


24 


rCTTEODUCTION  TO  BLAST  FURNACES. 


Number  of  rolling  and  slitting  mills   34 

Consuming  of  pig-iron   6,500  tons. 

Number  of  naileries   410 

Product  of  nails   15,727,914  lbs. 

The  value  of  pig-iron  made  in  that  year  was  $3,616,457.  From  this  date  on,  we  are 
able  by  the  census  returns  to  trace  the  increase  and  vicissitudes  of  the  industry,  which  has 
had  varying  fortunes. 

In  1830,  the  product  of  iron  was  as  follows  : 

Pig-iron   137,075  tons. 

Bar  iron   98,962  tons. 

The  value  of  the  pig-iron  being  $4,757,403,  and  of  the  wrought  iron  $16,737,251,  or  about 
$37  per  ton  for  pig-iron. 

In  1840,  the  industry  had  greatly  advanced,  and  the  production  is  noted  as  follows : 

Number  of  furnaces  (including  cupolas)   804 

Product  of  pig  metal   286,903  tons. 

Number  of  forges,  bloomeries,  and  rolling  mills   795 

Product  of  wi'ought  iron   197,233  tons. 

Capital  invested   $20,432,131 

Fuel  consumed   1,528,110  tons. 

Men  employed   30,497 

At  that  date  the  total  consumption  of  pig-iron  in  the  United  States  was  411,903  tons. 
In  1841,  by  adverse  tariff  legislatioil,  nearly  all  the  iron  works  were  closed,  and  numbers 
were  out  of  employment.  In  1842,  the  industry  was  revived,  and  the  railway  fever  of  1844 
and  1845  created  a  great  demand  for  iron,  stimulating  production,  which  was  again  paralyzed 
in  1846.  The  product  of  pig-iron  in  1845  reached  486,000  tons,  and  of  wrought  iron  320,600 
tons.  In  1847,  the  product  of  American  rails  was  but  40,996  tons,  or  less  than  that  of  one 
of  our  modern  works. 

In  1850,  the  industry  is  reported  as  follows : 

Number  of  furnaces   377 

Product  of  pig-iron   564,755  tons. 

Number  of  mills,  forges,  etc   552 

Product  of  wrought  iron   278,044  tons. 

The  consumption  of  pig-iron  at  that  date  was  1,042,929  tons,  against  a  consumption  of 
411,903  tons,  an  increase  of  631,026  tons,  or  125  per  cent.,  in  10  years.  In  1851,  the  pro- 
duction decreased  to  413,000  tons,  with  a  total  consumption  of  877,559  tons.  In  1852,  pro- 
duction was  540,775  tons,  and  consumption  1,041,931  tons. 

In  1855,  the  production  was  439,186  tons ;  in  1856,  626,500  tons.  In  1860,  the  census 
gives : 

Number  of  furnaces   574 

Product  of  pig  metal   987,559  tons. 

An  increase  over  1850  of  100  per  cent,  in  quantity  and  54  per  cent,  in  value.  The  in- 
dustry was  stimulated  during  the  "War  of  the  Rebellion  by  the  immense  demands  of  the 
Government,  although  numerous  iron  works  were  destroyed  in  the  South,  and  those  main- 


I]SrTEODUCTION  TO  BLAST  FUEKACES. 


25 


tained  by  the  Confederates.  A  wise  policy  of  protection  has  also  greatly  fostered  the  pro- 
duction of  iron  since  ISGO,  the  results  of  which  are  seen  in  the  vastly  increased  number  of 
establishments  described  in  this  work. 

The  census  of  1870  gives  the  following  details  : 

Number  of  furnaces   574: 

Daily  capacity   8,357  tons. 

Annual  product   2,052,881  tons. 

Value   $69,040,498 

Number  of  hands   27,554 

Number  of  bloomeries  and  forges   82 

Annual  product   110,808  tons. 

Value   ■  $2,765,623 

Number  of  hands   2,902 

Number  of  rolling  mills   309 

Annual  product   1,330,000  tons. 

Value   $20,301,158 

Number  of  hands   44,643 

The  census  returns  for  each  branch  of  the  industry  noted  herein  will  be  found  with 
each  State. 

The  production  of  1871  was  as  follows : 

Pig-iron   1,950,000  tons. 

Value   $75,000,000 

Number  of  hands  at  furnaces,  and  preparing  ore  and  fuel  79,500 

Product  of  wrought  iron   1,485,733  tons. 

1872. 

Pig-iron  ;   2,830,070  tons. 

Vahie  ,   $90,000,000 

Wrought  iron   1,941,992  tons. 

The  total  importation  of  pig-iron,  in  1872,  was  193,957  tons,  which,  with  the  product  * 
of  2,830,070  tons,  gives  a  consumption  of  3,024,027  tons,  against  411,903  tons  in  1840,  32 
3'ears  previous,  or  over  700  per  cent,  increase. 

The  total  consumption  of  raw  iron  of  all  kinds  in  the  United  States  cannot  be  less 
than  five  million  tons  in  an  averagely  prosperous  year.  We  have  here  traced  the  growth  of 
the  iron  industry  in  our  country,  and  shown  that  from  a  product  of  53,908  tons  in  1810, 
the  first  year  of  which  we  have  statistical  record,  to  a  product  of  2,830,070  tons  in  1872, 
being  a  period  of  sixty-two  years,  and  showing,  plainer  than  anything  else  can,  the  rapid 
and  steady  growth  of  our  people  in  manufactures  and  civilization  ;  for  by  the  consumption 
of  iron  is  the  civilization  of  modern  nations  gauged  by  the  best  writers  on  political 
economy.  We  have  here  an  increase  of  2,776,162  tons  in  62  years,  or,  dividing  it  equally 
among  those  years,  an  average  increase  of  45,099  tons  yearly.  During  the  last  decade 
very  great  progress  has  been  made  in  the  njethod  of  producing  pig-iron.    The  best  models 


4 


*  Beturns  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association,  1873. 


26 


INTEODUCTION  TO  BLAST  FURNACES. 


of  English  and  Continental  blast  furnaces  have  been  reproduced  in  this  country,  and  every 
possible  improvement  made.  Greater  care,  and  a  thorough  scientific  knowledge  of  the 
chemistry  of  smelting  iron,  and  the  proper  admixture  of  ores,  has  obtained  in  many  sections 
of  the  country.  The  requirements  of  the  Bessemer  process,  which  demand  a  pig-iron  for 
conversion,  by  that  method  of  making  steel,  which  shall  be  practically  free  from  phos- 
pliorus,  has  stimulated  furnace  proprietors  to  an  improvement  in  product.  The  furnace 
industry  of  the  United  States,  previous  to  the  depression  caused  by  the  panic  of  1ST3,  had 
reached  magnificent  proportions,  and  was  progressing  at  a  ratio  which  gave  earnest  of  our 
country  being  able  not  only  to  supply  the  wants  of  its  own  inhabitants,  but  to  have  a  surplus 
to  export  within  a  very  brief  period.  This  depression  must  be  only  temporarj'^,  and  the 
progress  of  iron  making  in  a  country  where  minerals,  fuels,  and  fluxes  are  found  in  such 
abundant  quantity  and  convenient  conjunction,  cannot  fail  to  be  rapid  and  constant. 

In  the  descriptive  directory  of  furnaces  here  following,  the  address  of  the  pi'oprietor  is 
invariably  the  location  of  the  furnace,  unless  special  mention  is  made  to  the  contrary.  In 
many  cases  the  annual  capacity  is  given  as  expressed  by  the  capability  of  production  of  the 
furnace,  which,  in  the  case  of  charcoal  furnaces,  is  not  always  exhausted,  the  blasts  rarely 
ranging  longer  than  nine  months  in  the  year.  Technicalities,  as  in  blast  pressure,  tempera- 
ture of  blast,  etc.,  etc.,  have  not  been  included ;  the  object  being  to  give,  in  this  work,  rather 
the  productive  capacity  of  the  principal  iron-producing  works,  and  of  the  chief  consmners  of 
that  product,  thus  furnishing  a  valuable  guide  to  both  producer  and  consumer  as  to  the 
location  and  capacity  of  each,  as  well  as  to  the  numerous  manufacturers  of  articles  con- 
sumed by  both. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 




Anthracite  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania. 

LEHIGH  COOTTT. 

The  most  extensive  production  of  pig-iron  by  the  use  of  anthracite  fuel  is  in  Lehigli 
County,  and  for  years  this  sectioQ  of  the  State  was  depended  upon  entirely  for  the  supply 
of  anthracite  irons. 

Lehigh  County  was  also  the  scene  of  the  first  successful  use  of  anthracite  coal,  by  means 
of  the  hot  blast,  in  making  iron  ;  and  although  both  Schuylkill  and  Carbon  Counties  claim 
to  have  experimented  in  this  line  at  an  earlier  date,  it  appears  certain  that  No.  1  Furnace 
of  the  Crane  Iron  Company,  built  under  the  direction  of  David  Thomas,  Esq.,  in  1840,  was 
the  first  furnace  which  successfully,  and  profitably,  made  anthracite  pig  metal. 

The  anthracite  furnaces  will  be  considered  in  the  order  of  their  greatest  extent,  and 
prominent  among  the  great  works  of  this  region  are  those  of  the  Lehigh  Ceajste  Iron 

WoKKS. 

Lehigh  Crane  Iron  Company. — Ofticers :  President,  Geokge  A.  "Wood  ;  Treasurer, 
B.  J.  Leedom  ;  Secretary,  George  T.  Barnes.  Office,  224  South  4:th  Street,  Philadel- 
phia. Furnaces  located  at  Catasauqua,  Lehigh  County,  Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  6 ; 
height  of  stacks — 2  of  45  feet,  3  of  55  feet,  1  of  60  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  11,  13,  16^,  17^ 
feet ;  capacity,  65,000  tons  per  annum.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic  and  hematite ;  the 
former  being  obtained  from  the  company's  magnetic  ore  mines  of  New  Jersey.  These  fur- 
naces have  been  several  times  repaired  and  rebuilt,  the  blowing  engine  being  among  the 
largest  in  use  in  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  Great  attention  has  been  paid  at  these  works  to 
improving  the  quality  of  the  metal,  and  the  brand  has  always  been  a  favorite  in  the  New 
England  market. 

Thomas  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Thomas  Iron  Co.,  Hokendauqua,  Penn.  Loca- 
tion of  furnaces,  Hokendauqua,  Lehigh  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  6 ;  height  of  stacks, 
55  and  60  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  18  and  20  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  65,000  tons. 
Product  in  1872,  41,249  tons.  These  furnaces  were  established  by  David  Tuojias,  Esq., 
who  superintended  the  building  of  the  first  Crane  furnace,  and  are  conducted  by  his  sons. 
The  success  of  these  works  has  been  due  to  the  careful  management  of  Mr.  Thomas,  who 
brought  to  this  country  a  valuable  experience  in  blast-furnace  management  in  Wales,  which 
he  improved  by  years  of  practical  study  here,  and  the  knowledge  of  which  he  imparted 
to  his  sons  who  have  succeeded  him. 


28 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Lockridge  Iron  Works. —Proprietors,  Thomas  Iron  Co.,  Hokendauqua.  Location 
of  furnaces,  Albiirtis,  Leliigli  County,  Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  2 ;  lieiglit  of  stack,  54 
feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
24,91:2  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

Allentown  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Allentown  Iron  Co.  President,.  Joseph 
Cabot.  Otiice,  105  AVahiut  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  furnaces,  Allentown, 
Lehigh  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  5  ;  height  of  stacks,  45, 52,  and  60  feet ;  diameter  of 
boshes,  12,  14,  and  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  36,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  32,714 
tons.  The  first  of  these  furnaces  was  built  in  1846,  and  the  last  in  1872.  Character  of 
ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

Lehigh  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Lehigh  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnaces,  Allen 
town,  Lehigh  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  2 ;  height  of  stacks,  55  and  60  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  16  and  17  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Production  in 
1872,  10,420  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  The  second  furnace  biult 
in  1872. 

Roberts  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Allentown  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Office,  303 
Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  furnaces,  Allentown,  Lehigh  County.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  2  ;  height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  an- 
nual capacity,  20,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  These  furnaces 
were  formerly  the  property  of  the  Robekts  Iron  Company,  were  merged  in  the  Allentown 
Rolling  Mill  Company,  and  are  used  in  connection  with  the  extensive  rail  mill  of  the  cor- 
poration. 

Coplay  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Lehigh  Valley  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnaces, 
Coplay,  Lehigh  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  3  ;  height  of  stacks,  53,  55,  and  60  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  14  and  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

Emaus  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Emaus  Iron  Co.  Office,  228  South  Third  Street, 
Philadelphia.  Location  of  furnaces,  Emaus,  Lehigh  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  1 ; 
height  of  stack,  55  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

NORTHAMPTON  COUNTY. 
Glendon  Iron  Works, — Proprietors,  Glendon  Iron  Co.,  Easton,  Penn.  Location  of 
furnaces,  Glendon,  Northampton  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  5  ;  height  of  stacks,  47, 
50,  and  72  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  14,  16,  and  18  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  65,000 
tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  The  owners  of  the  Glendon  furnaces 
are  chiefly  Boston  capitalists ;  and  under  the  management  of  William  Fiemstone,  Esq., 
the  product  has  always  commanded  a  price  somewhat  above  the  market,  and  is  principally 
sold  in  New  England.    The  first  furnace  was  built  in  1844,  and  the  others  have  been  since 


BLAST  rmiNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


29 


rebuilt.  These  works  consume  100,000  tons  of  ore,  85,000  tons  of  coal,  and  50,000  tons 
limestone,  yearly  ;  employ  450  men,  and  pay  $600,000  annually  in  wages. 

Bethlehem  Iron  Works, — Proprietors,  Bethlehem  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnaces, 
Bethlehem,  Northampton  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  6,  three  of  which  are  building ; 
height  of  stacks,  62,  45,  and  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity 
(of  3  finished),  35,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  In  connection 
with  these  furnaces  has  been  built  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  best-equipped  rolling 
mills  and  Bessemer  works  in  the  United  States,  which  will  be  found  described  under  their 
respective  departments.  The  ores  used  here  are  Pennsylvania  hematites  and  New  Jersey 
magnetic. 

Saucon  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Saucon  Iron  Co.  President,  George  P.  Wiiita- 
KER  ;  Treasurer,  Joseph  Eiegel.  Location  of  furnaces,  Ilellertown,  Northampton  County. 
Number  of  furnaces,  2 ;  height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  an- 
nual capacity,  20,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  300  men  em- 
ployed. 

Coleraine  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  WiLLmi  T.  Carter  &  Co.,  107  "Walnut  Street, 
Philadelphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Redington,  Northamj)ton 
County,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacit}^,  20,000  tons ;  height  of  stack,  58  feet ;  diameter 
of  boshes,  16  and  18  feet.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.    One  built  in  1872. 

Northampton  Iron  Works.— Northampton  Iron  Company.  Officers :  President, 
1.  Knecht  ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  E.  P.  "Wilbur.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Freemansburg,  Northampton  County,  Penn.  Furnace  built  in  1872.  Height 
of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 
Average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 

North  Pennsylvania  Furnaces.— North  Pennsylvania  Iron  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnacd,  Bingen,  Northampton  County,  Penn.  Height  of 
stack,  63  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  18  feet.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 
Average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

CAEBON  COUNTY. 

Carbon  Iron  Company. — President,  Denis  Bowman.  Number  of  furnaces,  3. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Parryville,  Carbon  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  52  and  55  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  12, 16,  ^8  feet ;  average  annual  product,  30,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite,  magnetic,  and  limestone.  The  original  furnace  of  this  number  was  built  in  1855, 
by  Bowman  Brothers  &  Co. 

East  Pennsylvania  Furnace. — Proprietor,  John  Baxliet.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Parryville,  Carbon  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 


30 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


BUCKS  COUNTY. 

Durham  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Cooper,  Hewitt  &  Co. ,  17  Burling  Slip,  ISTew 
York.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Riegelsville,  Bucks  County,  Penn. 
Average  annual  capacity,  13,000  tons ;  lieiglit  of  stacks,  56  and  50  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes, 

13  and  15  feet.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  These  fm-naces  were  priginally 
built  in  1843  and  1850,  and  since  enlarged  by  present  owners. 

BERKS  COUNTY. 

Henjry  Clay  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Eckert  &  Bro.  Kumber  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Reading,  Berks  County.    Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 

14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 
These  furnaces  were  built  in  1840  and  1854,  and  have  been  since  enlarged. 

Keystone  Furnaces  of  Reading. — Proprietors,  Bushong  &  Co.  W^umber  of  fur- 
naces, 2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Heading,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  14  and  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
magnetic  and  fossil  hematite.    One  of  these  furnaces  was  built  in  1872. 

Reading  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Seyfekt,  McManus  &  Co.  Office,  631  Chestnut 
Street,  Philadelphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Reading,  Berks 
County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  15  and  16  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  16,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.    One  furnace  built  in  1872. 

Moslem  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ltbrandt  &  McDowell  and  Malin  Bros.,  Phila- 
delphia. Location  of  furnace,  Moslem,  Berks  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Height 
of  stack,  48  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  This  furnace  was  originally  built  in  1823  as  a  char- 
coal .furnace,  and  subsequently  altered  to  suit  anthracite  fuel. 

Robesonia  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  White  &  Ferguson.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Robesonia,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  38  and  30  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  9  and  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Product  of  1872, 
5,112  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite,  Cornwall  ore. 

Keystone  Furnaces. —  Proprietors,  E.  &  G.  Brooke,  Birdsboro,  Berks  County, 
Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Height  of  stacks,  48,  55,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  12, 15, 
16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  26,000  tons.  Character  of  5res,  hematite  and  magnetic. 
One  of  these  furnaces  was  built  in  1872. 

Hampton  Furnace. —  Proprietors,  E.  &  G.  Brooke.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Birdsboro,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet. 
Built  in  1854  as  a  charcoal  fm-nace,  but  changed  to  anthracite  in  1871.  Average  annual 
capacity,  2,000  tons. 


BLAST  FUKNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

V 

Temple  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Clymer,  McIIose  &  Co.  ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Temple,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  Product  in 
1872,  6,711  tons.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  13|-  feet.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite  and  magnetic.    A  new  furnace  is  projected  by  this  firm. 

Mt.  Laurel  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Wm.  H.  Clymer  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location,  Temple,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,500  tons.  Built  a  charcoal  furnace  in  1836,  changed  since 
to  anthracite.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

Leesport  Furnace. — Leesport  Iron  Co.  Officers:  President,  F.  S.  Hunter. 
Nmnber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Leesport,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of 
stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.    This  furnace  was  built  in  1853,  by  F.  S.  Hunter. 

Monocacy  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Wright,  Cook  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Monocacy  Station,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  14  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  3,276  tons,  during 
which  year  it  was  rebuilt.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

# 

Kutztown  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Kutztown  Iron  Co.  Location  of-  furnace, 
Kutztown,  Berks  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average 
annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.    Building  in  1873. 

CHESTER  COUNTY. 

Phoenixville  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Phosnix  Iron  Co.  Ofiicers,  Samuel  J. 
Reeves,  President;  George  White,  Secretary.  Office,  412  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Phoenixville,  Chester  County,  Penn. 
Average  annual  capacity,  26,000  tons.  Height  of  stacks,  48, 49,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes, 
14  and  15  feet.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 

Lucinda  Furnace. — Proprietors,  William  Schall  &  Sons.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Norristown,  Montgomery  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  39  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  4,574 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite.    Built  in  1856,  and  since  enlarged. 

Montgomery  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Montgomery  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location,  Port  Kennedy,  Montgomery  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite.   Built  in  1854,  since  enlarged. 


Norristown  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  James  Hooven  &  Sons.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.   Location  of  furnace,  Norristown,  Montgomery  County,  Penn.    Height  of  stack. 


32 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


55  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
6,515  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Plymouth  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  S.  Fulton  &  Co.,  212  South  Third  Street,  Pliihi- 
delphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Conshohocken,  Montgomery 
Coxmty,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  42  and  M  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  20,000  tons ;  product  in  1872,  14,60-1:  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
magnetic.  The  first  of  these  furnaces  was  built  in  1845,  by  Stephen  Colwell,  and  since 
enlarged. 

Spring  Mill  and  William  Penn  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  D.  O.  &  H.  S.  IIitner. 
Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Conshohocken,  Montgomery  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stacks,  37, 40,  53  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  12  and  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
19,000  tons;  product  in  1872,  15,505  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  Spring  Mill  Fur- 
nace was  built  in  1844. 

Anvil  Furnace. — ^Pottstown  Iron  Co.  OflBcers:  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  Chaeles 
L.  Bailey.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  f menace,  Pottstown,  Montgomery  Count|f , 
Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000 
tons.  Product  in  1872, 8,925  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite,  and  magnetic  with  mill  cin- 
der. 

Merion  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  J.  B.  Moorhead  &  Co.,  Philadelphia.  Number  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Conshohocken,  Montgomery  County,  Penn.  Height  of 
stacks,  40  and  52  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  12  and  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  22,000 
tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  The  largest  of  these  furnaces  was  built  in  1872,  and 
partially  destroyed  during  erection,  causing  loss  of  life  and  considerable  damage. 

Edge  Hill  Iron  Works. — Edge  Hill  Iron  Co.,  Fitzwatertown,  Montgomery  County, 
Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location,  Jenkintown.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  17  feet. 

Warwick  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  "Warwick  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnace, 
Pottstown,  Montgomery  County,  Penn. 

Swede  Furnaces. — James  Lanigan,  329  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  Number 
of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Swedeland,  near  Morristown,  Montgomery  County, 
Penn.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  capacity,  15,000  tons. 
One  only  in  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

PHILADELPHIA  COUNTY. 

Philadelphia  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Stephen  Robbins  &  Sons,  Beach  and  Vienna 
Streets,  Philadelphia.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.    Location,  Philadelphia,  Penn.    Height  of 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


33 


stack,  58  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  This  is  a 
new  iron  stack,  finished  in  1873,  and  blown  in  during  December.  This  furnace  has  all 
the  latest  improvements,  and  is  of  superior  quality.  The  ores  used  will  be  hematite 
and  magnetic,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  product  used  in  the  rolling  mill  adjoining 
owned  by  the  same  firm.  This  is  the  first  blast  furnace  as  yet  erected  in  Philadelphia,  and 
will  test  the  poHcy  of  bringing  fuel,  ores,  and  limestones  to  tidewater,  whence  the  product 
can  be  shipped  to  Eastern  or  other  markets.  Shoiild  this  furnace  meet  with  the  success  ex- 
pected by  the  proprietors,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  will  be 
the  location  of  very  many  furnaces  in  the  near  future. 

The  following  description  of  this  furnace,  by  George  W.  Snydek,  is  of  interest : 
Under  ordinary  circumstances,  the  locating  of  an  iron  blast  furnace  in  the  business 
portion  of  a  large  manufacturing  city,  and  remote  from  supplies  of  ore,  fuel,  and  flux,  is  an 
enterprise  not  fit  to  be  undertaken.  But  the  circumstances  under  which  Mr.  Stephen 
EoBBEsrs  has  erected  his  furnace  on  the  river  front  in  the  Eighteenth  Ward,  Philadelphia, 
are  not  of  the  ordinary  kind,  and  the  points  wherein  they  differ  are  generally  in  his  favor. 
His  puddling  furnaces  and  rolling  mill,  already  established  on  the  property,  have  been  de- 
pendent for  pig-iron  on  distant  furnaces  and  an  ever-changing  market.  By  extending  his 
piers  to  the  port  warden's  line,  he  has  obtained  ample  space,  before  the  close  of  navigation 
by  ice,  for  storing  large  quantities  of  ores,  coal,  and  limestone,  brought  by  canal  barges  and 
other  crafts  at  low  rates  of  freight.  Either  owning  or  otherwise  controlling  ore  banks,  he 
regulates  the  times  and  the  amounts  of  the  shipments  to  him,  while  for  the  filling  up  of  lots 
from  which  clay  has  been  dug  by  brick-makers,  the  grading  of  streets,  the  building  of 
piers,  in  this  rapidly  improving  portion  of  the  city,  he  will  for  years  have  little  difficulty  in 
disposing  of  his  slag.  Meanwhile  attempts  will  be  made  to  cast  it  into  regular  blocks  for 
building  purposes. 

Landing  at  the  dock  and  proceeding  toward  the  furnace,  we  first  enter  the  stock-house, 
200  X  60,  where  the  ores  are  assorted,  and  where  they,  as  well  as  the  limestone  and 
anthracite,  are  convenient  to  the  pneumatic  lift,  the  platform  of  which  ascends  near  to  tlie 
rear  of  the  furnace,  and  carries  two  barrows  at  a  time.  Passing  to  the  right  of  the  furnace 
we  find  the  hot-blast  ovens,  the  boiler-room,  and  lastly  the  engine-room,  which  fronts  on 
Beach  Street.  Directly  in  front  of  the  furnace,  and  facing  the  street,  is  the  cast-house, 
40  X  GO,  while  to  the  left  the  cinder  is  run.  The  selection  of  the  portion  of  the  lot  most 
remote  from  the  river  for  the  site  was  mainly  dictated  by  the  desire  to  avoid,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, the    made  ground,"  and  thus  secure  a  permanent  foundation. 

The  furnace  is  60  feet  high  from  the  hearth  line.  The  external  cylindered  portion,  32 
feet  high,  rests  on  a  cast-iron  mantle,  which  is  supported  by  five  cast-iron  colmnns,  10  feet 
high. 

The  internal  lining  is  of  16  inch  fire  blocks,  backed  by  a  9  inch  course  of  ordinary  fire- 
brick. Outside  of  this  is  a  4  inch  air-space  fiUed  with  loam,  and  backed  by  a  9  inch  course 
of  red  brick  ;  then  a  3  inch  air-space  filled  with  sand,  backed  by  a  4  inch  course  of  red  brick 
cased  with  ^  inch  boiler  plate,  which  extends  to  the  top.  The  hearth  is  composed  of  16 
inch  fire  blocks.  It  is  5  feet  deep  ;  interior  diameter  at  bottom,  5  feet  9  inches  ;  at  top,  6 
feet  7^  inches.  Four  12  inch  tuyere  holes  are  cut  into  the  hearth  at  the  following  distances 
from  the  hearth  line,  viz. :  Watch  tuyere,  3  feet  8  inches ;  front  tuyere,  3  feet  9  inches  ; 
two  brick  tuyeres,  3  feet  10  inches.  The  depth  of  boshes,  14  feet  6  inches ;  greatest  diame- 
5 


34 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UlSriTED  STATES. 


ter,  14  feet,  from  wliich  the  lining  rises,  almost  as  a  cylinder,  32  feet,  the  diameter  at  that 
height  being  13  feet.  From  this  plane  to  the  charging  plate,  a  distance  of  9  feet  6  inches, 
the  diminntion  is  rapid,  the  diameter  at  the  plate  being  6  feet  10  inches. 

The  boshes  are  supported  on  the  outside  by  H  shaped  back-stays,  15  in  number,  one 
end  of  each  being  let  into  a  mortise  in  the  mantle,  and  the  other  into  a  mortise  in  a  flat  cast- 
iron  ring,  at  the  base  or  hearth  line. 

The  gases  are  conducted  through  a  3  foot  iron  pipe,  directly  to  the  bottoms  of  the  ovens 
and  the  boilers.  The  bell,  of  the  bell-and-hopper,  is  held  in  place  by  a  chain  attached  to  a 
lever,  at  the  other  end  of  which  is  also  a  chain  passing  over  a  half -moon,  and  connecting 
with  a  piston  upon  which  the  compressed  air  from  the  blowers  acts.  The  piston  is  in  a 
cylinder  at  the  top  of  the  furnace.  When  the  blast  is  on,  the  bell  is  held  air-tight  against 
the  hopper ;  when  off,  the  bell  drops.    There  is,  therefore,  no  escape  of  gas. 

From  the  blowing  cylinder  the  compressed  air  passes  through  a  2  foot  pipe  to  a  re- 
ceiver, 36  X  6  feet,  placed  over  the  boilers  ;  thence  to  the  ovens,  where  it  attains  a  temperature 
from  900°  to  1000°  F.,  and  thence  to  the  furnace.  Diameter  of  tuyeres,  2|-  inches ;  mean 
pressure,  6  lbs. 

The  four  boilers  are  walled  in,  in  couples,  with  a  passage-way  between  the  couples. 
Each  boiler  has  its  heater  or  "  mud-drum  "  attached.  Length  of  boilers,  65  feet ;  of  heater, 
50  feet.    Diameter  of  boiler  3  feet ;  of  heater,  30  inches. 

The  upright  direct-acting  blowing  engine  weighs  67  tons,  and  has  the  cylinder  bolted 
to  the  sides  of  the  housings.  Diameter  of  cylinder,  44  inches ;  of  piston  rod,  6  inches ;  stroke, 
4  feet.  The  blowing  cylinder,  which  has  12  receiving  and  12  discharging  valves,  is  7  feet 
in  diameter ;  it  has  two  piston  rods,  each  4  inches  in  diameter.  The  two  fly-wheels  are  16 
feet  in  diameter,  each  weighing  15  tons.  The  foundation  for  the  bed  plate  of  the  engine 
is  of  brick,  11  feet  by  8  feet ;  and  the  shaft,  which  is  immediately  mider  the  steam  cylin- 
der, is  1  foot  in  diameter  and  10  feet  long. 

SCHUYLKILL  COUNTY. 

Pioneer  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  AxKras  Brothers,  Pottsville,  Schuylkill  County, 
Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  3 ;  location,  Pottsville,  Schuylkill  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks, 
50  and  55  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12,  13,  15  feet.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 
Product  in  1872,  15,384  tons.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic  and  hematite.  No.  3  furnace  was 
built  in  1872 ;  No.  1  furnace,  the  old  Pioneer  Furnace,  has  an  historic  interest  as  having  been 
originally  built  in  1837  to  test  the  use  of  anthracite  as  fuel  in  iron  making,  and  was  blown  in 
for  that  purpose  under  the  direction  of  David  Thomas,  Esq.  Difiiculties  having  been  met 
with,  the  use  of  anthracite  coal  was  temporarily  abandoned  at  this  point,  and  hence  the 
Lehigh  Crane  Iron  Works  became  the  scene  of  the  first  successful  anthracite  iron  produc- 
tion. The  proprietors  of  the  Pioneer  Furnaces  also  expended  great  labor  and  much  money 
in  the  search  for  the  Blackband  Iron  Ore,  which  was  supposed  to  exist  in  quantity  in  the 
anthracite  coal  measiires,  and  from  which  it  was  hoped  to  make  pig  metal  similar  to  the 
Scotch  pig,  so  largely  imported  for  foundry  purposes,  but  the  scarcity  of  the  ore  proved  this 
impossible  of  fulfilment.  The  Pioneer  Furnaces  have,  however,  been  of  great  value  to  the 
coal  mining  region  of  the  vicinity,  and  to  the  extensive  rail  mill  of  the  same  firm. 

St.  Clair  Furnaces. — Proprietor,  James  Lanigan,  329  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UTSTITED  STATES. 


35 


N'umber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  St.  Clair,  Schuylkill  County,  Penn.  Height  of 
stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  hematite.    This  furnace  was  built  in  1872-3. 

Port  Carbon  Furnace. — Schuylkill  Iron  Co.,  Pottsville,  Penn.    Number  of  furnaces, 

1.  Location  of  furnace.  Port  Carbon,  Schuylkill  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons  ;  product  in  1872, 1,726  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.    Built  in  1872,  and  blown  in  late  in  the  year. 

Minersville  Furnace. — Minersville  Iron  Co.  Officers :  President,  Jacob  S.  Law- 
EENOE ;  Treasurer,  "William  Keak  ;  Secretary,  P.  Heisler.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Minersville,  Schuylkill  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  15  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  Furnace 
begun  in  November,  1872,  and  was  blown  in  in  August,  1873. 

Stanhope  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Wynkoop  Bkothees.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace.  Pine  Grove,  Schuylkill  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Cornwall 
magnetic. 

Ringgold  Iron  and  Coal  Co. — Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Eing- 
gold,  Schuylkill  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  54  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet. 
Building. 

LEBANON  COUNTY. 

Cornwall  &,  Burd  Coleman  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  E.  W.  Coleman's  Heirs. 
Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Cornwall,  Lebanon  County,  Penn.  Height  of 
stacks,  30, 40,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  9, 12,  and  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  24,000 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  Cornwall  magnetic. 

Donaghmore  Furnace. — Proprietors,  E.  W.  Coleman's  Heirs.    Number  of  furnaces, 

2.  Location,  Lebanon,  Lebanon  Coimty,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  42  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
13^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic  and  hematite. 
One  new  in  1873. 

Lebanon  Furnaces. — Proprietor,  G.  Dawson  Colemajst.  Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Lo- 
pation  of  furnaces,  Lebanon,  Lebanon  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  35,  50,  55  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  12,  14,  16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Cornwall  magnetic. 

Lebanon  Valley  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Meillt  Beothees  &  Nutting.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location,  Lebanon  Yalley,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet;  diameter  of  bosh, 
12^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Cornwall  magnetic. 

North  Cornwall  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Mrs.  M.  C.  Feeeman.   Number  of  furnaces, 


36 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1.  Location  of  furnace,  North  Cornwall,  Lebanon  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  52  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.   Furnace  building  in  1872-3. 

Sheridan  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  William  F.  Katjffman  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 

2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Sheridan,  Lebanon  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 
Furnace  built  in  1872-3. 

LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Gonestoga  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Thomas  &  Peacock  (office,  430  Walnut  Street, 
Philadelphia),  Lancaster,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Lancaster,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet;  average 
annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

Chestnut  Hill  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Chestnut  Hill  Iron  Ore  Co.  C.  J.  Notjese, 
Agent.  Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  36  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Chickies  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  E.  Haldeman  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location,  Chickies,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes, 
12  and  13  feet;  average  annual  capacity  10,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  8,967  tons. 
Character  of  ores.  Chestnut  Hill  brown  hematite  and  Cornwall  magnetic.  The  first  of 
these  furnaces  was  built  in  1846. 

EaufFman  Furnace. — Proprietor,  C.  S.  Kauffman.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
13|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  6,543  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.    Built  in  1848  ;  since  enlarged. 

St.  Charles  Furnace. — Proprietors,  C.  B.  Geubb  &  Sons,  Lancaster,  Penn.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Height 
of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores,  hematite.    Furnace  built  in  1853. 

Safe  Harbor  Furnace. — Safe  Harbor  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location, 
Safe  Harbor,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  Furnace  out  of 
blast. 

Musselman  Furnace. — Proprietors,  H.  Musselman  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Marietta,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diame- 
ter of  bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Marietta  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  H.  M.  Watts  &  Soxs.    Number  of  furnaces,  2. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Location  of  furnaces,  Marietta,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.    Height  of  stacks,  45  a^opitY  fe^j  "211 
diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Cliaractei\j5^i^jm;e35^ 
brown  hematites.    Built  in  1849  and  1850.  ■ 


Henry  Clay  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Denny  &  Hess.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hem- 
atites. 

Donegal  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cotteell  &  Benson,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County, 
Penn.  N'limber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Marietta,  Lancaster  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 


YORK  COUNTY. 

Aurora  Furnace. — Wrightsville  Iron  Co.  G.  W.  McConkey,  President.  Number 
of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Wrightsville,  York  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack, 
45  feet ;  diameter*  of  bosh,  15  feet.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  Average 
annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 


DAUPHIN  COUNTY. 

Paxton  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  McCoemick  &  Co.  Nmnber  of  furnaces,  2.  Lo- 
cation of  furnaces,  Harrisburg,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  43  and  60 
feet;  diameter  of  boshes,  15  and  16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  13,000  tons.  Product  in 
1872,  9,062  tons.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic  and  hematite.  First  furnace  built  in  1855, 
second  in  1872. 


Harrisburg  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Peice  Beos.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Harrisburg,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
magnetic. 

Baldwin  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Pennsylvania  Steel  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Baldwin  Station,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  mag- 
netic. This  furnace  is  attached  to  the  Bessemee  works  of  the  Pennsylvania  Steel  Com- 
pany, and  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  making  Bessemee  pig  metal. 


Wister  Furnace. — Proprietors,  J.  &  J.  Wistee.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Harrisburg,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite,  magnetic, 
and  fossil. 


38 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Lochiel  Company  Furnace. — Lochiel  Rolling  Mill  Co.  President,  Henry  Mc- 
CoRjsncK ;  Superintendent,  A.  J.  Dull.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location,  near  Ilarris- 
Lurg,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Heiglit  of  stack,  52  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  14  feet ;  an- 
nual capacity,  5,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

Union  Deposit  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Camden  Polling  Mill  Co.  (Hoffman  & 
LoNGENECKEE,  Philadelphia,  Penn.)  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Union 
Deposit,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Cornwall  magnetic.  Built  in  1854 
by  Gingrich  &  Co. 

Dauphin  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Dr.  Heck  Dauphin,  Dauphin  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet.  Location  of  furnace,  1|-  miles  above 
Dauphin,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 
Originally  charcoal,  changed  to  anthracite. 

Cameron  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cameron  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Middletown,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  13|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  7,450 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematites,  from  York  and  Cumberland  Counties. 

Middletown  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Meillt  &  Nutting.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Middletown,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Corn- 
wall magnetic. 

PERRY  COUNTY. 

Duncannon  Furnace. — Duncannon  L-on  Co.  Officers :  President,  "Wm.  Wister  ; 
Treasurer,  John  "Wister  ;  Secretary,  Wm.  E.  S.  Baker.  Office,  122  Race  Street,  Philadel- 
phia, Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Duncannon,  Perry  County, 
Penn.  Height  of  stack,  39  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet;  average  annual  capacity, 
7,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  7,109  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  Cornwall  mag- 
netic.   This  furnace  was  built  in  1853,  by  Fisher,  Morgan  &  Co. 

Marshall  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Eagle,  Schultz  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Newport,  Perry  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet;  diameter 
of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
magnetic.    This  furnace  was  built  in  1872. 

MIFFLIN  COUNTY. 

Glamorgan  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Glamorgan  Iron  Co.  Office,  218  South  Fourth 
Street,  Philadelphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Lewistown,  Mifflin 
County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  48  and  55  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  12  and  14  feet ;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  hematite.    One  built  in  1872. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


39 


Matilda  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Mt.  Union  Iron  Co.,  Mt.  Union,  Hnntingdon 
County,  Penn.  Ifumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Wayne  Township,  Wayne 
County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  fossil. 

COLUIUBIA  COUNTY. 

Irondale  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Bloomsburg  Iron  Co.  President,  Charles  R. 
Paxton  ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  William  E.  S.  Baker.  Office,  122  Race  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Bloomsburg,  Columbia  County, 
Penn.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  12, 14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
12,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  11,438  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  native  limestone 
ores.    Furnace  built  in  1844. 

Bloom  Furnace. — Proprietors,  William  Neal  &  Sons  (late  McKelvt  &  Neal). 
Number  of  fm-naces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Bloomsburg,  Columbia  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  54  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons. 
Production  in  1872,  6,832  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil.    Fm-nace  built  in  1847. 

LUZERNE  COUNTY. 

Lackawanna  Iron  Works. — Lackawanna  Iron  and  Coal  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 5.  Location  of  furnaces,  Scranton,  Luzerne  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  50,  67, 
and  80  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  18  and  23  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  60,000  tons. 
Product  in  1872,  39,046  tons.    Character  of  ores.  New  Jersey,  magnetic. 

MONTOUR  COUNTY. 

Coltunbia  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Grove  Bros.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location 
of  furnaces,  Danville,  Montour  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  39  and  50  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  13,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  10,686  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  fossil. 

Pennsylvania  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Waterman  &  Beaver.  Office,  407  Li- 
brary Street,  Philadelphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Danville,  Mon- 
tour Co.,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50,  34  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  14,  16  feet ;  average  an- 
nual capacity,  21,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  Cornwall  magnetic. 

National  Iron  Co.  Furnaces. — National  Iron  Co.,  formerly  Hancock,  Crevelino 
&  Co.  (National  Iron  Co.  since  in  bankruptcy.)  Property  purchased  in  September,  1873, 
by  W.  B.  Shaw,  Washington  City,  D.  C.  Number  of  furnaces,  4.  Location  of  furnaces, 
Danville,  Montour  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  42,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  14 
and  17  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 
Chulasky  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Waterman  &  Beaver,  407  Library  Street,  Phila- 


40 


BLAST  FTIElSrACES  OF  THE  mOTED  STATES. 


delphia.  !N'umber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Chulasky,  NortliiTmberland  County, 
Penn.  Height  of  stack,  43  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil. 

Shamokin  Furnace. — Proprietor,  S.  Longnecker.  JSTumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Shamokin,  Northumberland  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack  42  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil 
and  hematite. 

Marsh  Furnace. — Proprietors,  James  S.  Maksh  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Northumberland,  Northumberland  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack, 
61  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  18  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.    Building  in  1873. 

BLAIE  COUNTY. 

Juniata  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Williamsburg  Manufacturing  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Williamsburg,  Blair  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  28 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fos- 
sil and  hematite. 

Rebecca  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Johnson  &  Hemphill,  Martinsburg,  Penn.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Houston  Township.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

UNION  COUNTY. 

Union  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Beavek,  Maksh  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Winfield,  Union  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Production  in  1872,  4,131  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  limestone  and  fossil.    Furnace  built  in  1854. 

INDIANA  COUNTY. 

Indiana  Furnace. — Proprietor,  S.  C.  Baker,  Altoona.  Location  of  furnace,  Indiana 
County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

This  comprises  the  anthracite  blast  furnaces  of  Pennsylvania  now  in  operation.  There 
are  many  abandoned  furnaces,  and  several  projected  in  various  localities.  The  Philadelphia 
and  Reading  Coal  and  Iron  Company,  an  offshoot  of  the  Philadelphia,  Reading  &  Potts- 
ville  Railroad  Co.,  has  endeavored  to  foster  the  building  of  iron  works  on  the  line  of  that 
road,  and  will  furnish  material  aid  to  any  company  controlling  ores,  to  build  furnaces  or 
rolling  mills.  Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  take  advantage  of  this  offer,  but  no 
blast  furnaces  as  yet  built  under  it.  It  is  evident,  however,  that  the  disposition  and  policy 
of  the  company  is  to  foster  in  every  way  the  anthracite  iron  trade  of  the  Schuylkill  region, 
as  the  best  means  of  providing  a  market  for  their  immense  coal  production,  and  were  the 
necessaiy  ores  in  sufficient  abundance,  this  could  readily  be  accomplished.  Unfortunately, 


BLAST  FUEKACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


41 


however,  the  anthracite  coal  formatious  are  devoid,  of  ores  intermingled  with  that  fuel,  and 
the  bituminous  regions  of  the  West  offer  greater  inducements  for  the  manufacture  of  low- 
priced  iron.  Constant  discoveries  of  ores  are,  however,  being  made,  and  the  anthracite  iron 
production  of  Pennsylvania  cannot  decrease  for  many  years  to  come,  before  which  increased 
facilities  of  transportation  will  bring  ores  from  new  fields  to  this  excellent  and  abundant 
fuel. 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania. 

BEKKS  COUNTY. 

Maiden  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Merkle  &  Kauffman,  Lenhartsville,  Berks 
County.  Number  of  furnaces,' 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Lenhartsville,  Berks  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  37  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  hematites.    Cold  blast. 

Sally  Ann  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Daniel  S.  Hunter.  ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Bowers  Station,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  6  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  900  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite. 
Out  of  blast.    Built  in  1791. 

Oley  Furnace. — Proprietors,  "W.  H.  Clymer  &  Co.*  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace.  Temple,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores,  hema- 
tite and  magnetic.  This  furnace  is  the  oldest  in  present  use  in  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  hav- 
ing been  built  in  1770,  and  was  in  blast  in  1872. 

Mount  Penn  Furnace. — ^Proprietors,  Htjntzinger  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  near  Reading,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,300  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite. 
Furnace  built  in  1827.    Cold  blast. 

Mary  Ann  Furnace. — Proprietor,   Horatio  Trexler.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 

Location  of  furnace,  Long  Swamp  P.  0.,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ; 

diameter  of  bosh,  7  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  800  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hem- 
atite and  magnetic.    Built  in  1797,  and  out  of  blast. 

Joanna  Furnace. — Proprietors,  L.  B.  Smith  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Joanna,  Berks  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  28  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,000  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 
Built  in  1794. 

Hopewell  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cling  an  &  Buckley.    Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Douglasville,  Berks  County.     Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  7  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  mag- 
netic and  hematite. 
6 


42 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


SCHUYLKILL  COUNTY. 

Jefferson  Furnace.— Proprietors,  John  M.  Kauffman  &  Bko.,  Auburn,  Schuyl- 
kill County,  Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Auburn,  Schuylkill 
County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  31  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  7  feet ;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 1,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite.    Cold  blast. 

LEBANON  COUNTY. 

Cornwall  Charcoal  Furnace. — Proprietors,  E.  W.  Coleman's  Heirs.  ISTumber  of 
fm'naces,  1.  Location  of-furnace,  Cornwall,  Lebanon  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  30 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
magnetic.    Furnace  built  in  1745.    Cold  blast. 

DAUPHLN  COUNTY. 

Manada  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Grtjbbs  &  Bland.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Swatara  Station,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  31  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite 
and  magnetic.    Built  in  1836.    Cold  blast. 

LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Mount  Hope  Furnace.— -Proprietors,  A.  Bates  Gkubb  &  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace.  Mount  Hope,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  32 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
magnetic.    Built  in  1785.    Cold  blast. 

YORK  COUNTY. 

York  Furnace. — Proprietors,  John  Blair  &  Co.,  York,  Penn.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace  near  York,  York  County,  Penn.  Heiglit  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diame- 
ter of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite.    Built  in  1830. 

Margaretta  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Thomas  Himes.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Margaretta,  York  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,000  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores,  hema- 
tite.   Built  in  1825.    Out  of  blast. 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 

Carlisle  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Ahl  &  Bro.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace.  Boiling  Springs,  Cumberland  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  27  feet ;  diame- 
ter of  bosh,  8^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,600  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores, 
hematites.    Built  in  1815. 

Pine  Grove  Furnace. — Proprietors,  South  Mountain  Improvement  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Pine  Grove  Works,  Cumberland  County,  Penn.  Height 
of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,700  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  hematite.    Built  in  1770,    Hot  blast. 


BLAST  FUEI^'ACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Big  Pond  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Philadelphia  and  Eeading  Coal  and  Iron KuiU: 
ber  of  furnaces,  1.    Location  of  furnace,  Southampton,  Cumberland  County,  Penny_!^eig£.^ 
of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  \ 
acter  of  ores,  hematite.    This  furnace  was  built  in  1836,  and  in  1872  was  purchase 
the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Coal  and  Iron  Co.,  with  6,000  acres  of  land,  for  the  sum  of 
$200,000.    Cold  blast. 


Augusta  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Eagle  &  Co.,  Shippensburg,  Penn.  Abandoned. 


Cumberland  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ahl  &  Beo.,  Dickinson,  Cumberland  County, 
Penn.    Furnace  formerly  abandoned,  now  rebuilding. 

The  "  Cumberland  Furnace  "  was  built  originally  about  the  year  1790,  by  the  elder 
Michael  Ege,  who  built  and  owned  nearly  all  the  charcoal  furnaces  in  the  Cumberland 
Yalley,  and  who  exhibited  an  amount  of  skill  and  judgment  in  the  location  of  his  iron 
works  rarely  met  with  in  any  age.  At  his  death  the  "  Cumberland  Estate  "  became  the 
portion  of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Dr.  Chajvibees.  After  having  been  worked  by  Dr.  Chambers 
for  a  number  of  years,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Greneral  Millee,  who  carried  it  on  until 
about  1850.  Afterwards  it  was  worked  by  Dr.  Wm.  Mateee  for  a  few  years,  when  it  was 
abandoned  as  an  iron  works,  and  sold  in  parts  to  farmers  and  others  in  the  neighborhood. 

As  an  instance  of  the  former  imperfect  state  of  the  iron  system  in  this  county,  we  may 
state,  in  this  connection,  that  during  the  long  sei'ies  of  years  that  this  furnace  was  worked, 
the  great  difficulty  was  the  apparent  scarcity  of  ore ;  most  of  which  was  then  taken  from 
small  mines,  miles  away  from  the  furnace,  whilst  the  grounds  upon  which  the  works  stood 
were  one  vast  bed  of  iron  ore.  Recent  explorations  and  developments  have  demonstrated 
this  fact  beyond  a  doubt,  as  all  the  lands  embraced  within  this  estate  are  rich  in  iron  ores, 
and  particularly  that  portion  immediately  surrounding  the  Peach  Orchard  and  Heller  banks. 


ADAMS  COUNTY. 

Chestnut  Grove  Furnace.— Proprietors,  J.  W.  &  T.  "W.  Ahl.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Idaville,  Adams  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  28  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  7  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  1,700  tons..  Product  in  1872,640 
tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.    Built  in  1830. 


FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 

Carrick  Furnace. — Proprietor,  R.  M.  Slatek.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location, 
Fannettsburg,  Franklin  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  1,700  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil.  Built  in  1828.  Cold 
blast. 

Franklin  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Hctntee  &  Speingee,  Chambersburg,  Penn.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  St.  Thomas,  Franklin  County,  Penn.  Height  of 
stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  1,225  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite.    Cold  blast. 


44 


BLAST  rURNACES  OF  THE  TINTTED  STATES. 


Mont  Alto  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Mont  Alto  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Mont  Alto,  Fraiildiu  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  37  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosli,  9  feet  ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite. 
Built  in  1807.    Hot  blast. 

Caledonia  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tuaddeus  Stevens'  Estate,  GrafEenberg  P.  O., 
Franklin  County.  Location  of  furnace.  Franklin  Coimty.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Hot  blast.  Character  of 
ores,  native  hematite.    Out  of  blast. 

Richmond  Furnace. — Proprietors,  S.  Penn  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnace,  Eieh- 
niond  Furnace  P.  O.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  1,500  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Mount  Pleasant  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ahl  &  Bko.,  Louden,  Franklin  County, 
Penn.    Burned,  with  forge  attached,  in  1843. 

BEDFORD  COUNTY. 

Hopewell  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lowkey,  Eiciielberger  &  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Hopewell,  Bedford  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  28 
feet ;  diameter  of  Iwsh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite.    Hot  blast. 

Bloomfield  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ricketson  &  Co.,  Bloomfield,  Bedford  County, 
Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet; 
average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  . 

HUNTINGDON  COUNTY. 

Barre  Furnace. — Proprietors,  G.  Dorset  Green  &  Co. ;  Lessees,  Davis  &  Co. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Barre  Forge,  Huntingdon  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 
Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  fossil. 

Greenwood  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Logan  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Office,  218  South 
Fourth  Street,  Philadclpliia.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  near  Lewis- 
town,  in  Huntingdon  County,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons ;  height  of 
stack,  34  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet.    Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  hematite. 

Huntingdon  Furnace.— Proprietors,  G.  &  J.  Shoenberger.  Numl^er  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Spruce  Creek,  Huntingdon  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  35 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematites.    Cold  blast. 

Mill  Creek  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Ed.  A.  Green  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Locate" on  of  furnace.  Mill  Creek,  Huntingdon  County,  Penn.    Height  of  stack,  33  feet; 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  TTTOTED  STATES. 


45 


diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,20(f  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite. 

Pennsylvania  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lyon,  Shoeb  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Rock  Spring,  Huntingdon  County,  Penn.  Height 
of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  hematite. 

MIFFLIN  COUNTY. 

Emma  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Logan  Iron  &  Steel  Co.  Office,  218  South  Fourth 
Street,  Philadelphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Lewistown,  Miliiin 
County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  34  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
1,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  hematite.    Cold  blast. 

CENTEE  COUNTY. 

IiOgan  Furnace. — Proprietors,YAi.ENTrNE  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Belief  out.  Centre  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  Si  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite.    Cold  blast. 

Fagle  Furnace. — Proprietors,  C.  P.  &  J.  Curtin.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Milesburg,  Centre  County,  Penn.  Heiglit  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  Cold 
blast. 

Howard  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lauth,  Thomas  &  Co.  Office,  430  Walnut  Street, 
Philadelphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Howard,  Centre  County,  Penn. 
Rebuilding.  Heiglit  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
2,000  tons.    Cold  blast. 

Hecla  Furnace. — Proprietors,  McCoy  &  Linn.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Milesburg,  Centre  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil.    Cold  blast. 

BLAIE  COUNTY. 

Bald  Eagle  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lyon,  Shore  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Number 
of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Tyrone,  Blair  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  32 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite.   Built  in  1824.    Cold  blast. 

Etna  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Samuel  Isett.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fur- 
nace. Yellow  Springs,  Blair  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  fossil.  Built  in 
1805.    Cold  blast. 

Sarah  Furnace. — Proprietor,  E.  Hammond.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fur- 


46 


BLAST  FURTTAOES  OF  THE  TTOTTED  STATES. 


nace,  Sarah,  Greenfield  Townsliip,  Blair  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores,  fossil 
and  hematite. 

Springfield  Furnace. — Proprietor^  John  Royek.  JSTmnber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Si)ringlield  Furnace  P.  O.,  Blair  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  81  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite. 
Built  in  1815.    Hot  blast. 

CLARION  COUNTY. 

Sligo  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lton,  Shore  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Location  of 
furnace.  Clarion.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 2,000  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY. 

Charcoal  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Foltz,  Jordan  &  Co.  Nmnber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  near  Newcastle,  Lawrence  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossilif- 
erous. 

Hope  Furnace. — Proprietors,  James  S.  Brown  &  Co.  I^'umber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace.  Rose  Point,  Lawrence  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  28  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  1,682  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  fossil  and  hematite. 

This  comprises  the  list  of  charcoal  furnaces  in  Pennsylvania,  although  a  number  of  old 
and  abandoned  stacks  exist,  some  of  which,  however,  await  a  new  growth  of  timber  for 
charcoal,  or  the  construction  of  new  railroads  to  open  up  coal  for  their  use.  As  will  be  seen, 
some  of  the  furnaces  named  were  constructed  at  an  early  date,  and  the  character  of  the  pig 
metal  made  with  this  fuel  has  always  been  far  above  that  made  either  by  stone  coal  or 
coke,  and  for  many  purposes  where  great  strength  and  tenacity  is  required,  is  entirely  used. 
Hence  the  price  of  cold-blast  charcoal  iron,  which  rules  always  fully  $20  per  ton  higher 
than  other  grades.  The  increasing  scarcity  of  timber  for  this  purpose,  however,  greatly 
reduces  the  supply,  and  for  Pennsylvania,  the  days  of  a  large  product  of  charcoal  iron  have 
passed.  Possible  discoveries  of  peat,  may  give  in  the  futm'e  an  equally  pure  metal ;  but 
without  better  results  in  its  use,  even  this  is  to  be  doubted. 

Raw  Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania. 

ALLEGHENY  COUNTY. 

Clinton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Graff,  Bennett  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Number 
of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  South  Pittsburg,  Allegheny  County,  Penn.  Height 
of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores,  Lake  Superior,  hematite,  and  magnetic. 


Eliza  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Laughlins  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Penn.    Number  of  fur- 


BLAST  FURNAOES  OF  THE  UlSriTED  STATES.  Sx^    ^  > 

naces,  2.    Height  of  stack,  45  and  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  and  17  feet ;  ^^raget^^ 

nual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  20,239  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Eh^|^^ip^  / 
rior,  hematite,  and  magnetic. 

Shoenberger  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Shoenbergek,  Blaie  &  Co.,  Pittsburg, 

Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  47 

feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
Lake  Superior  and  Missouri. 


Soho  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Mooehead,  McLeane  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Height 
of  stack,  75  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  18  feet.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior.  Built  in 
1872.    Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 

Lucy  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Kloman  &  Caenegie  Beos.,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  75  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  20  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake 
Superior.  Built  in  1871  and  '72.  Product  in  30  weeks  of  1872, 13,115  tons.  This  is  one  of 
the  finest  and  most  elaborately  constructed  furnaces  in  the  country,  and  deserves  an  extended 
description,  as  it  combines  all  the  latest  improvements  and  adaptations  in  blast-furnace 
economy. 

The  following  interesting  description  is  from  the  columns  of  the  New  York  liwi  Age, 
and  embodies  full  details  of  every  particular : 

To  one  accustomed  to  the  methods  of  blast-furnace  construction  practised  east  of  the 
Allegheny  Mountains,  tlie  Lucy  Furnace  possesses  much  interest.  It  may  be  said  to  em- 
body the  best  features  of  the  Western  practice,  both  in  construction  and  management,  and 
will  well  repay  a  visit  from  any  Eastern  iron  master  who  may  lind  himself  in  Pittsburg, 
either  on  business  or  pleasure.  The  furnace  is  located  on  the  bank  of  the  Allegheny  River, 
about  four  and  a  half  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city.  The  location  is  attractive,  as  well 
as  convenient.  From  the  top  of  the  stack  one  overlooks  a  little  valley  of  unusual  beauty 
on  the  one  side,  with  the  Isabella  Furnaces  in  the  distance,  and  a  pretty  river  between  ;  and, 
on  the  other,  the  suburbs  of  the  "  Iron  City  "  overhmig  with  its  cloud  of  black  smoke — not 
beautiful,  indeed,  but  busy,  prosperous,  and  progressive.  Switches  connect  the  stock-house 
and  cast-house  with  the  Allegheny  Valley  Railroad,  which  affords  easy  facilities  of  commu- 
nication with  the  Pittsburg  market,  and  with  the  termini  of  the  various  lines  of  transpor- 
tation by  which  ores  and  fuel  are  received. 

The  Lucy  Furnace  was  built  by  Messrs.  E.  J.  Bird  and  Wm.  Tate,  and  went  into  blast 
in  May,  1872.  It  is  75  feet  high  by  20  feet  diameter  of  bosh.  Like  most  Western  fur- 
naces, it  is  an  iron  cylinder  Kned  with  fire-brick,  with  an  independent  iron  gas  flue,  aroimd 
which  winds  an  iron  stairway,  by  means  of  which  access  is  had  to  the  top  of  the  furnace. 
The  fuel  and  ores  are  carried  to  the  tunnel  head  in  barrows  by  means  of  a  pneumatic  lift, 
from  which  they  are  run  lender  cover  of  an  iron  roof  to  the  top  of  the  stack,  and  dumped  by 
hand.  In  its  external  appearance  the  furnace  is  neater  and  more  attractive  than  the  stone 
stacks  of  the  East,  and  in  many  respects  more  convenient. 

The  machinery  of  the  works  is  of  the  best  quality,  though  of  a  very  diiierent  character 
from  that  usually  seen  in  the  East.    There  are  three  excellent  blowing  engines  by  Messrs. 


48 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UlSnLTED  STATES. 


Mackintosh,  Hempill  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  and  four  pumping  engines,  to  raise  from  the  Alle- 
glieny  the  water  needed  about  the  furnace,  by  Messrs.  Epping,  Caepenter  &  Co.,  Keystone 
Pump  Works,  Pittsburg.  The  locomotive  used  about  the  works  is  by  Messrs.  Poetee,  Bell 
&  Co.,  of  Pittsburg.  All  of  the  machinery  is  in  the  best  condition,  being  comparatively 
new  and  having  had  only  the  most  careful  and  intelligent  management.  Steam  is  raised 
by  a  battery  of  eight  boilers,  each  60  feet  long  by  43  inches  diameter. 

The  capacity  of  the  furnace  is  about  550  tons  per  week,  taking  the  average  of  the  sea- 
sons. The  ores  used  are  mostly  Lake  Superior,  specular,  and  hematite.  During  the  present 
season  the  furnace  will  have  received  about  25,000  tons  from  the  Kloman  Mine,  the  prop- 
erty of  the  company,  near  IS'egaunee,  Mich.  Some  Iron  Mountain  ores  have  been  smelted 
in  the  furnace,  but  they  were  foimd  more  costly  than  profitable,  and  their  use  has  been 
abandoned.  The  fuel  is  a  coke  made  from  the  slack  of  the  bituminous  mines  near  Pitts- 
burg, coked  at  ovens  located  at  Carpenter's  Station,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  about 
19  miles  distant.  This  fuel  costs  but  $3.60  per  ton  at  the  furnace,  and  we  are  informed 
that  the  consumption  in  the  stack  is  only  about  one  and  a  half  tons  to  the  ton  of  pig-iron 
made. 

Among  the  novelties  to  be  seen  at  these  works  is  a  very  simple  and  practical  machine 
for  cooling  slag,  invented  by  Mr.  Andeew  Kloman,  one  of  the  proprietors.  Its  object  is 
merely  to  cool  the  slag  quickly,  in  blocks  of  convenient  size  for  removal,  thereby  saving 
both  time  and  labor.  It  consists  of  an  annular  water-trough,  with  supply  and  waste  pipes, 
in  which,  by  suitable  appliances,  a  series  of  cinder  boxes  are  caused  to  rotate,  so  that  they 
may  be  brought  successively  under  the  slag  spout.  The  boxes  taper  slightly  toward  the 
bottom,  so  as  to  admit  of  the  easy  withdrawal  of  the  slag  cakes  when  sufficiently  cool.  On 
the  bottom  of  each  box  is  placed  an  iron  wedge,  with  a  broad,  flat  head,  upon  which  it 
stands  upright,  and  with  a  hole  in  the  taper  end  by  which  it  may  be  lifted  out.  The  slag 
runs  in  around  these  wedges,  which  stand  up  in  the  middle  of  the  boxes  and  project  for  some 
inches  above  the  upper  crust.  Around,  under,  and  between  the  boxes,  water  flows  continu- 
ously, and  their  inner  surfaces  are  kept  so  cool  that  in  a  few  minutes  the  slag  is  sufficiently 
solid  to  be  removed  in  carts.  The  transfer  is  effected  by  means  of  a  small  hydraulic  crane. 
The  hook  at  the  end  of  the  chain  is  fastened  in  the  hole  in  the  taper  end  of  the  wedge,  and 
the  cake  is  lifted  out  of  the  box  and  deposited  on  the  floor  of  a  cart,  which  has  a  square 
hole  in  its  bottom  to  facilitate  the  recovery  of  the  wedge.  The  slag  cake  is  so  placed  that 
the  head  of  the  wedge  comes  f5ver  the  hole,  and  a  smart  blow  with  a  hammer  causes  it  to 
drop  out  upon  the  ground.  The  cake  is  then  carried  off  and  dumped.  In  construction  and 
operation  this  machine  is  perfectly  simple,  and  it  may  be  worked  so  rapidly  as  to  dispose  of 
slag  as  fast  as  it  can  be  nm  in  from  a  spout.  There  are  seventeen  cinder  boxes,  and  by  the 
time  the  last  has  been  filled  the  slag  cake  in  the  first  is  ready  to  be  lifted  out  and  removed. 
The  proprietors  of  the  Lucy  Furnace  consider  it  altogether  the  cheapest  and  best  method 
of  disposing  of  the  cinder  they  have  ever  tried,  and  we  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing 
it  the  most  practical  device  of  its  kind  we  have  ever  seen  in  use. 

Some  months  ago  the  furnace  got  a  chill,  and  but  for  the  ingenious  manner  in  which 
it  was  cleared,  the  company  would  have  suffered  a  heavy  loss  in  consequence.  The  follow- 
ing account  of  the  means  employed,  which  we  take  from  a  paper  lately  read  by  E.  C.  Pechin, 
before  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  at  Philadelphia,  will  be  read  with  in- 
terest :  "  She  had  been  working  well  on  low-grade  ores  of  about  50  per  cent.,  producing 


75  tons.  There  was  on  stock  500  tons  of  Republic  ore — one  of  the  jk^rest^  '^d  ^'^X 
Lake  Superior  ores,  averaging  over  68  per  cent,  of  iron — which  had         pi^^>,  "C} 


BLAST  FUKlSrACES  OF  THE  UOTTED  STATES.  / 

daily  68  to    '  ™  .    ,         .        ,  „  ... 

best  of  the 

cured  for  the  piu-pose  of  making  atrial  for  Bessemee  iron.-  This  was  charged  by  it^^^^ndC/*,.  2<| 
Mr.  Skeldestg,  the  founder,  reports  that  he  did  not  succeed  in  getting  a  single  cast  w^^^^k. 
came  down,  before  the  furnace  chilled  from  the  hearth  to  the  top  of  the  boshes,  some^^ 
feet.  Every  effort  was  made  to  save  her,  without  avail,  and  the  disagreeable  duty  of  clean- 
ing her  out  was  begun.  The  hearth  was  dug  out  some  five  or  six,  or  perhaps  eight,  feet 
up,  when  Mr.  Skeldestg  remarked,  in  the  hearing  of  one  of  the  proprietors,  that  he  wished 
he  had  a  cannon.  A  mortar  was  forthwith  procured  from  the  arsenal,  and  they  commenced 
firing  shots  up  into  the  chilled  mass.  A  large  number  of  shots  were  fired,  and  with  con- 
siderable success,  bringing  down,  from  time  to  time,  portions  of  the  chill.  But  by  and  by 
the  mass  became  pasty,  and  the  cannon  balls,  of  which  they  only  had  three,  stuck  fast.  Mr. 
Skeldestg  put  in  a  large  charge  of  powder,  and  then,  to  the  astonishment  and  amusement  of 
the  bystanders,  rammed  the  mortar  full  of  cotton  waste,  and  on  top  of  this  placed  a  lump  of 
hard  ore,  weighing  about  50  lbs.  This  novel  shot  brought  down  the  scaffold  and  cannon  balls, 
and  the  fui-nace  is  again  running  and  doing  exceedingly  well.  As  far  as  the  writer  knows, 
no  patent  has  been  taken  out  for  this  process  (for  a  wonder),  so  that  it  is  available  for  any 
furnace  man  who  is  so  imfortunate  as  to  have  a  scaffold.  Another  experiment  is  shortly  to 
be  tried  at  this  furnace,  which  is  novel  at  least  in  this  country.  It  is  proposed  to  use  two 
tiers  of  tuyeres,  one  18  inches  above  the  other — seven  below  and  five  above.  There  is  a 
theory  that,  by  elevating  the  zone  of  fiision,  a  larger  product  and  superior  material  would 
result.  The  Lucy  Furnace  will  test  this  theory  on  a  large  scale,  and  under  most  favorable 
circumstances,  and  the  result  will  not  be  without  interest  to  all  in  the  business." 

The  Lucy  Furnace  is  owned  by  a  company,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Andrew  Kloman, 
Andrew  and  T.  M.  Carnegie,  and  Henry  Phipps,  Jr.  These  gentlemen  also  own  two 
rolling  mills  in  the  city  for  the  manufactui-e  of  bridge  and  shaped  irons.  At  one  of  these 
mills  they  make  all  the  iron  work  for  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company,  and  to  supply  both 
establishments  takes  a  little  more  than  half  the  pig  metal  product  of  the  furnace.  The 
company  intend  increasing  the  number  of  their  stacks  as  the  state  of  the  iron  trade  shall 
warrant,  but  we  believe  they  have  no  intention  of  immediate  enlargement. 

Isabella  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Isabella  Furnace  Co.  J.  "W".  Chalfant,  President, 
Pittsburg,  Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  near  Pittsburg,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  75  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  18  and  20  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  42,000 
tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.  These  furnaces,  like  the  Lucy,  were  finished  in 
1872,  and  are  among  the  model  furnaces  of  the  country.  The  following  detailed  descrip- 
tion is  given  in  full,  as  it  appeared  in  the  Iron  Age,  since '  these  furnaces,  with  the  Lucy 
above  described,  and  the  new.  furnaces  at  Carondelet,'"  may  be  considered  types  of  the 
progres's  made  in  blast-furnace  construction. 

The  large  capacity  of  these  furnaces,  and  the  completeness  of  their  appointments,  entitle 
them  to  be  ranked  as  second  to  none  at  present  in  operation  in  the  United  States.  They 
are  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Allegheny  River,  on  the  line  of  the  Western  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  at  Etna  Station,  about  5  miles  from  Allegheny  City,  and  are  two  in  num- 
ber, each  being  75  feet  in  height,  whilst  the  width  of  bosh  is  18  feet  in  ISTo.  1  and  20  feet  in 


7 


*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Missouri. 


50 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

I 


No.  2.  The  capacity  of  No.  1  is  12,800  cubic  feet ;  of  No.  2,  14,000  cubic  feet.  They  are 
constructed  in  accordance  with  the  most  improved  modern  designs  for  English  furnaces,  and 
were  among  the  first  of  the  kind  erected  in  this  country. 

The  hearth  is  8  feet  in  diameter  for  tlie  same  vertical  heiglit ;  the  section  is  then  uni- 
formly enlarged  to  the  boshes,  which  it  reaches  at  25  feet  vertical  height  in  No.  1,  and  28 
feet  in  No.  2.  It  then  remains  constant  for  a  distance  of  10  or  12  feet  above  them,  after 
which  it  is  gradually  contracted  to  a  width  of  10  feet  at  the  top  in  No.  1,  and  12  feet  in 
No.  2.  The  walls  of  the  stack  are  composed  of  brick,  varying  in  quality  from  the  best  fire- 
brick to  common  red  brick,  and  enclosed  by  an  exterior  casing  of  plate  iron,  the  whole  sys- 
tem resting  upon  a  cast-iron  ring  or  entablature,  supported  by  eight  cast-iron  columns  with- 
out the  intervention  of  girders.  The  extreme  diameter  of  the  sole  plate  upon  which  the 
columns  rest  is  27  feet,  and  its  surface  is  upon  the  level  of  the  surface  of  the  hearth  stone. 

The  lower  part  of  the  hearth  is  encircled  upon  the  outside  by  a  hollow  cast-iron  ring, 
through  which  water  constantly  circulates ;  this  is  termed  the  "  water  basket."  Its  office  is 
to  cool  the  hearth  walling,  and  to  prevent  the  passage  of  any  molten  iron  through  the  joints 
of  the  brickwork.  The  dam  plate  is  cooled  in  the  same  manner.  The  upper  part  of  the 
hearth  and  the  lower  part  of  the  region  of  the  basket  are  strengthened  by  cast-iron  rings 
and  other  castings. 

The  throat  of  each  furnace  is  surrounded  by  an  overhanging  charging  platform  of  plate 
iron,  supported  by  brackets,  and' connected  with  each  other  by  a  bridge  of  the  same  mate- 
rial resting  upon  girders.  The  charging  apparatus  consists  of  the  cup  and  cone  arrange- 
ment, to  which  the  latter  is  raised  and  lowered  by  the  agency  of  blast  from  the  main.  The 
hot  gases  are  taken  otf  at  the  side  of  the  furnace  just  below  the  cup  and  cone,  by  a  hori- 
zontal rectangular  flue  leading  into  a  vertical  main,  through  which  they  are  brought  doAvn 
to  the  hot-blast  apparatus. 

The  hot-blast  main,  where  it  encircles  the  furnace,  is  supported  by  brackets  fixed  to  the 
sides  of  the  columns.  A  branch  pipe  to  the  tuyeres  is  led  off  between  every  two  adjacent 
columns  except  in  front.  The  number  of  tuyeres  in  use  is  seven  for  each  furnace,  which 
are  now  provided  with  five-inch  nozzles.  The  frame  in  which  the  fiow-pipe  is  set  is  cast  at 
the  works,  being  composed  of  a  body  of  cast  iron  surrounding  a  coil  of  pipe  through  which, 
when  in  use,  water  constantly  flows. 

Between  the  furnaces,  and  at  a  height  of  30  feet  above  the  hearth  level,  is  a  large  rectan- 
gular receiving  tank  with  rounded  ends,  30  feet  long,  6  feet  high,  and  5  feet  wide,  into 
Avhich  the  water  supply  is  pumped  direct  from  the  river.  By  means  of  overflow  pipes  it  is 
then  led  to  the  distributing  reservoirs  situated  immediately  beneath.  These  are  plain  cylin- 
drical tanks,  four  in  number,  8  feet  in  diameter,  and  10  feet  high,  and  are  supported  by 
girders  whose  ends  are  fixed  to  the  casing  of  the  furnaces,  and  whose  centres  are  upheld  by 
columns,  and  braced  by  longitudinal  arched  pieces.  They,  *as  well  as  the  large  upper  tank, 
are  constructed  of  plate  iron. 

The  casting-house  is  situated  immediately  in  front  (south)  of  the  fui'uaces ;  it  is  79  feet 
long,  123  feet  wide,  and  40  feet  high.  The  roof  is  divided  into  two  spans  of  60  feet  9 
inches  each,  the  trusses  for  each  resting  upon  the  outside  walls  at  one  extremity,  and  upon  a 
central  line  of  cast-iron  columns  at  the  other.  The  foundations  are  of  stone,  and  the  walls 
of  brick,  with  arched  doors  and  windows,  appropriately  relieved  by  pilasters,  cornices,  etc., 
and  ornamental  finish  about  the  windows  and  eaves.    The  roofs  are  formed  of  a  series  of 


BLAST  FTIRNACES  OF  THE  IJNTTED  STATES. 


51 


trusses  of  wrouglit  iron,  covered  witli  corrugated  iron  plates.  The  ground  about  the  fur- 
naces is  paved  with  an  inferior  quality  of  fire-brick.  The  casting  bed  is  composed  of  a 
series  of  rows  of  cast-iron  moulds,  "  chills,"  cast  upon  the  spot.  There  are  10  rows  of  these 
on  each  side  of  the  central  runner  of  each  furnace  (which  is  made  in  the  sand),  making  20 
rows  of  2  chills  each  for  each  furnace,  or  in  all  80  chills  of  7  tons  weight  each,  amounting 
to  560  tons. 

In  the  rear  (north)  of  the  furnaces,  and  on  a  line  parallel  with  them,  are  situated  the 
hot-blast  ovens,  of  which  there  are  10, "  5  for  each  furnace — only  4  of  which  are, 
however,  used  at  a  time,  the  fifth  being  used  only  in  case  of  accident  to  any  of  the  others, 
or  when  repairs  are  necessary.  These  occupy  a  ground  space  of  12  feet  4  inches,  by  15 
feet  2  inches  each,  and  are  4  feet  apart. 

The  apparatus  consists  of  a  series  of  vertical  inverted  U  pipes  of  flattened  vertical 
section,  made  of  cast-iron,  one  inch  in  thickness,  the  major  axis  of  the  interior  cross  section 
being  16  inches,  and  the  minor  4  inches.  These  are  in  four  rows  of  five  each,  set  in  a  cast- 
iron  box,  whose  upper  surface  serves  as  a  bed  plate  for  them,  and  at  one  side  of  which  is  a 
tube  with  central  partition,  to  the  opposite  extremities  of  which  the  hot  and  cold  blast 
mains  are  connected.  By  means  of  partitions  in  the  box,  the  blast  is  compelled  to  travel 
up  and  down  the  pipes  in  a  certain  fixed  direction.  The  unburnt  gases  are  led  down  from 
the  furnaces  through  the  vertical  main,  into  a  horizontal  flue  4  feet  6  inches  in  diameter, 
and  6  feet  high,  built  of  fire-brick,  which  extends  along  in  a  straight  line  in  front  of  the 
ovens  and  boiler-house.  From  this  the  gases  are  led  by  transverse  ascending  flues,  24 
inches  in  width,  into  an  arched  combustion  chamber,  the  supply  of  air  to  which  can  be  reg- 
ulated ;  from  this  they  pass  through  flues  in  the  roof  into  the  heating  chamber.  Both  of 
these  chambers  are  lined  with  fire-brick — the  exterior  of  the  oven  is  of  red  brick,  and  is 
well  braced,  and  bound  together  with  tie  rods.  The  roof  is  cast-iron,  so  constructed  that  it 
can  be  readily  removed  when  it  is  desired  to  take  out  any  of  the  U  pij^es. 

The  cold  blast  passes  in  at  the  back,  and  emerges  at  the  front,  heated  to  a  temperature  of 
about  900°  Fahr.  The  main  horizontal  gas  flue,  and  all  branch  flues,  become  in  time  nearly 
choked  Tip  with  fine  white  fume  or  dust,  and  it  becomes  necessary  to  clean  them  out  thor- 
ouglily  about  twice  a  year. 

Hoisting  material  is  accomplished  by  means  of  two  pneumatic  lifts,  one  for  each  fur- 
nace. They  are  located  in  the  rear  of  the  furnaces  between  the  2  groups  of  ovens,  their 
base  being  on  the  general  level  of  the  stock-house  (10  feet  below  that  of  the  furnaces),  and 
accessible  from  it.  Each  consists  of  a  simple  cylinder  of  cast-iron,  92  feet  long  and  36 
inches  in  diameter,  made  in  lengths  and  bolted  together,  and  bored  throughout — in  the 
interior  of  which  is  a  loosely  fitting  piston  with  balance  weight.  The  cage  sm-roimding 
the  cylinder  is  provided  with  two  platforms,  one  on  each  side  of  the  cylinder,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  piston  by  two  wire  ropes  one  inch  in  diameter,  fastened  to  the  centre  of 
the  cage  on  each  side,  which  pass  over  pulleys  at  the  top  of  the  cylinder.  It  is  also  provided 
with  wheels  running  on  iron  guides  on  the  surface  of  the  cylinder.  -  The  hoist  is  worked 
by  admitting  air  from  the  blast  main  into  the  cylinder,  alternately  at  the  bottom  and  top, 
by  means  of  valves,  without  the  use  of  air-pumps. 

At  each  -ascent,  a  barrel  containing  500  lbs.  of  coke,  and  one  containing  900  lbs.  of 
ore  or  limestone,  are  taken  up.  One  hundred  and  twenty  trips  are  made  per  day  with  each 
lift.    The  actual  time  required  for  putting  the  loaded  barrows  upon  the  cage,  raising  them 


52 


BLAST  FURlSrACES  OF  THE  TTKITED  STATES. 


to  the  top,  emptying  them,  and  returning  them  to  the  bottom,  is  about  1  minute  ^rvi  40 
seconds. 

These  lifts  have  thus  far  worked  with  great  regularity,  requiring  no  repairs. 

The  stock-house  is  situated  in  the  rear  of  the  hot-blast  stoves,  and  at  a  distance  of  10 
feet  from  them,  its  level  being  10  feet  below  that  of  the  furnaces.  It  is  constructed  of 
wood,  with  slate  roof,  the  side  nearest  the  furnace  being  covered  with  corrugated  sheet-iron, 
and  is  210  feet  long,  75  feet  wide,  and  32  feet  high.  The  ore  and  coke  stacks  Avhieh  trav- 
erse it  longitudinally,  are  elevated  on  trestle-work  at  a  height  of  12  and  18  feet  from  the 
floor.  In  the  south-western  corner,  limestone  and  cinder  are  stocked,  and  ore  in  the  south- 
eastern. Underneath  the  coke  track,  and  occupying  the  entire  north  side  of  the  house, 
are  a  series  of  coke  bins  holding  1,500  bushels  each,  provided  with  shutes  at  the  bottom, 
and  screening  bars  for  the  removal  of  fine  material.  The  coke  cars  are  emptied  direct  into 
these,  being  made  to  discharge  their  contents  at  the  bottom. 

There  being  a  considerable  length  of  trestle-work  elevated  at  a  considerable  height 
above  the  surface,  extending  from  each  side  of  the  stock-house  to  the  main  line  of  the  rail- 
road, ample  room  can  be  had  for  stocking  purposes  outside. 

To  the  west  of  the  casting-house,  and  separated  from  it  by  an  interval  of  20  feet,  is 
the  boiler-house,  which  is  79  feet  wide,  85  feet  long,  and  35  feet  high,  built  of  brick,  with 
roof  of  iron  and  slate.  It  contains  12  boilers  in  batteries  of  four  each.  These  are  plain 
cylinders,  42  inches  diameter,  and  64  feet  long,  provided  with  mud  valves  and  steam 
drums,  and  supplied  by  two  No.  5  Cameron  pumps,  in  connection  with  two  Stillwell 
heaters,  which  raise  the  water  to  a  temperature  of  209°  Fahr.,  before  delivering  it  into  the 
boilers,  causing  a  great  economy  in  the  generation  of  steam,  and  also  purifying  the  water. 
The  boilers  are  heated  by  the  waste  gases  without  the  use  of  coal.  After  performing  this 
work,  the  gases  are  led  through  converging  flues  into  the  main  stack,  which  is  10^  feet  in 
diameter,  and  112  feet  high.    It  is  lined  with  fire-brick,  and  cased  with  boiler  plate. 

Immediately  adjoining  the  boiler-house,  but  separated  from  it  by  a  wall,  is  the  engine- 
house,  40  feet  wide,  97  feet  long,  and  40|-  feet  high,  built  of  brick,  with  arched  doors  and 
windows,  and  ornamented  like  the  casting-house.  The  roof  trusses  are  of  Avood,  the  cover 
of  slate.  It  contains  6  vertical  dix^ect-acting  engines,  built  by  Mackintosh,  Hemphill  & 
Co.,  of  Pittsburg,  situated  14  feet  6  inches  apart  from  centre  to  centre,  and  working  en- 
tirely independent  of  each  other.    They  have  the  following  dimensions: 


Only  4  of  these  engines  are  at  present  used  together.  At  19  revolutions,  each  gives 
5,848  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute.  The  blast  cylinders  are  placed  above  the  steam  cylin 
ders,  being  supported  by  cast-iron  standards  bolted  down  to  the  cast-iron  bed  plate.  They 
are  provided  with  poppet  valves.  The  slide  valves  of  the  steam  cylinders  are  of  peculiai 
construction,  the  subject  of  a  patent  by  the  makers.    The  cross  head  is  between  the  two 


Diameter  of  blast  cylinder. 
Diameter  of  steam  cylinder. 

Length  of  stroke  

Number  of  revolutions  

Diameter  of  fly-wheels  .  . . . 


84  inches. 

35  inches. 

4  feet. 
19 

14  feet. 


BLAST  FUEXACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  \r         '53  -if^ 

cylinders,  and  is  connected  at  each  extremity  with  a  14  foot  fly-wheel,  placed  o\t^ide  21 
the  standards.  "v'^'  ^ 

The  blast  from  the  cylinders  is  led  by  branch  pipes  to  the  main,  which  is  four  fee^ia,^^ 
diameter ;  through  this  it  passes  to  the  rear  of  the  hot-blast  ovens,  where  are  valves  for  con- 
trolling the  admission  of  air  into  each  furnace.  The  six  engines  are  placed  side  by  side  in 
one  line,  and  present  a  very  flne  appearance.  It  is  claimed  that  they  are  far  more  effective 
than  one  or  two  engines  of  large  size  with  the  same  aggregate  power  would  be,  and  their 
use  is  attended  with  many  advantages.  They  give  a  very  uniform  pressm^e  of  blast,  requir- 
ing no  receivers  or  regulators,  and  work  with  great  regularity,  producing  little  or  no  noise 
or  concussion.  In  case  of  an  accident  to  one,  no  stoppage  of  the  furnace  is  necessary.  They 
are  also  less  expensive,  as  Ave  or  six  of  them  do  not  cost  more  than  one  engine  of  large  size 
and  massive  construction.  The  patterns  for  one  will  serve  for  any  number  in  addition ; 
they  require  no  heavy  foundations,  and  are  easily  made  and  put  together. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  from  the  river.  Two  large  Cameron  pumps  (size  No. 
7x8;  diameter  steam  cylinder,  16  inches  ;  length  of  stroke,  3  feet ;  diameter  of  inlet  pipe,  12 
inches ;  diameter  of  exit  pipe,  10  inches)  are  provided  for  this  purjjose.  They  are  placed 
in  a  pump  house  near  the  river,  one  being  11  feet  above  the  other.  The  upper  one  is  used 
when  the  river  is  high,  the  lower  when  it  is  low,  only  one  being  used  at  a  time.  The  watei- 
is  forced  into  the  large  receiving  tank  between  the  furnaces,  before  described. 

Connected  with  the  woi*ks  is  a  carpenter  and  repair  shop,  105  feet  long,  32  feet  wide, 
and  30  feet  high,  built  of  wood  and  covered  with  corrugated  sheet-iron  ;  a  blacksmith  shop, 
40  by  32,  built  of  brick,  with  iron  roof  ;  also  fire-clay  and  other  sheds.  A  chemical  labor- 
atory is  also  in  connection  with  the  works. 

The  company  has  a  rolKng  stock  consisting  of  one  heavy  and  one  light  locomotive,  66 
flat  cars,  and  53  coke  cars. 

Between  800  and  900  tons  of  metal  are  produced  weekly,  the  greater  part  of  which  is 
"  foundry  "  iron. 

The  extensive  coke  works  belonging  to  this  company  are  sitiiated  near  the  eastern  ter- 
minus of  the  W.  P.  R.  R.,  in  "Westmoreland  County,  just  across  the  Conemaugh  River  from 
Blairsville,  Indiana  Coimty,  at  a  distance  of  GO  miles  from  the  blast  furnaces.  At  this  point 
over  600  acres  of  coal  have  been  purchased,  and  a  considerable  extent  of  surface  property. 
The  number  of  ovens  at  present  built  is  200,  which  are  of  the  ordinary  "  beehive  "  type, 
13^  feet  in  diameter,  and  7  feet  from  hearth  to  crown,  built  of  tire-brick  laid  in  loam.  One 
hundred  and  sixty  of  these  are  disposed  in  a  line  along  the  side  of  an  ancient  bank  of  the 
river,  and  are  bound  together  in  front  by  a  stone  wall  3  feet  thick  laid  in  mortar,  with  open- 
ings for  the  working  doors,  the  sides  of  which  are  protected  by  iron  frames.  The  upper 
surface  of  this  wall  is  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  ovens.  The  side  of  the  hill,  which  has 
been  cut  down  vertically  in  order  to  prepare  the  foundation  bed  for  the  ovens,  forms  this 
back  wall,  and  ail  the  space  around  and  between  them  is  fiUed  with  earth.  When  the  ovens 
are  working  the  door  is  closed  with  a  temporary  brick  wall. 

The  yard  in  front  of  the  ovens  falls  2  feet  in  its  width  of  40  feet.  Its  lower  side  is 
sustained  by  a  retaining  wall  2^  feet  thick,  in  front  of  which,  and  8  feet  below  its  upper 
surface,  run  the  broad-gauge  coke  tracks,  two  in  number,  which  connect  with  the  main 
road. 

An  immense  amount  of  excavation  and  embankment  was  required  in  constructing  the 


54 


BLAST  FUETfACES  OF  THE  UOTTED  STATES. 


oven  yard  and  the  roadway  for  the  coke  tracks.  It  was  endeavored,  as  far  as  possible,  so  to 
locate  the  line  that  the  former  should  furnish  siifficient  material  for  the  latter,  and  so  suc- 
cessfully was  this  accomplished  that  no  barrow  pits  were  found  necessary. 

Owing  to  the  intersection  of  the  side  hill  by  a  ravine,  it  became  necessary  to  separate 
the  remaining  40  ovens  from  the  others.  They  were  therefore  placed  in  a  line  on  the  farther 
side.  The  coke  track  being  brought  across  the  ravine  iipon  trestle-work,  was  continued 
along  in  front  of  the  ovens,  and  to  some  distance  beyond  them  as  a  "  spur  "  track. 

On  a  terrace  above  the  ovens,  at  nearly  the  summit  of  the  bank,  is  a  line  of  trestle-work, 
between  the  consecutive  bents  of  which  coal-bins  are  constructed  capable  of  holding  about 
150  bushels  of  coal.  The  coal  is  brought  from  the  mines,  about  a  mile  distant,  in  small 
mine  cars,  holding  about  30  bushels  apiece,  hauled  by  a  light  locomotive  over  a  narrow- 
gauge  (36  inches)  track,  which  is  continued  out  over  the  trestle-work.  The  cars  discharge 
their  load  at  the  bottom  into  the  bins,  which  are  provided  with  doors  at  the  side  opposite  to 
the  centre  of  tlie  oven,  from  which  the  coal  is  led  into  the  opening  at  the  top  of  the  ovens 
as  desired  by  means  of  iron  shutes.  In  this  way  all  unnecessary  handling  of  material  is 
avoided.  The  narrow-gauge  railroad  is  a  model  of  neatness  in  construction,  and  on  its  way 
to  the  mines  passes  over  a  bridge  and  trestle-work  nearly  40  feet  from  the  ground. 

Upon  the  top  of  the  hill,  above  the  ovens,  is  a  reservoir  built  of  brick,  42  feet  in  diameter, 
and  6  feet  deep,  capable  of  holding  62,000  gallons,  which  is  filled  with  water  from  the  river 
by  a  large  Cameeon  pump.  On  the  bottom-land  below  the  ovens  a  number  of  blocks  of 
houses,  and  a  large  store,  have  been  erected  for  the  use  of  the  miners  and  coke  burners,  and 
already  quite  a  respectable  village  is  springing  up  in  the  vicinity. 

The  coal  seam  now  worked  is  the  Pittsburg  or  Connellsville,  which  is  here  over  6  feet 
thick,  quite  pure,  and  exceedingly  soft  and  bituminous  in  its  nature,  containing  30  per  cent, 
of  volatile  matter,  and  60  per  cent,  of  fixed  carbon.  It  is  intersected  by  two  distinct  planes 
of  cleavage  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  technically  termed  the  line  of  the  "  butts  "  and  the 
line  of  the  "  face."  The  bearing  of  the  latter  is  here  72°  W.,  or  nearly  perpendicular  to 
the  line  of  upheaval  of  the  Allegheny  chain.  It  had  the  same  bearing  at  Connellsville,  and 
at  Innis'  Station,  at  the  mines  of  the  Pennsylvania  Gas-coal  Company,  bore  !N".  62°  W. 

Each  oven  is  charged  with  125  bushels  of  coal,  and  yields  140  to  150  bushels  of  coke — 
the  operation  lasting  36  hours — 100  ovens,  or  half  the  entire  number,  being  discharged  and 
recharged  every  day.  The  coke  produced  is  very  hard  and  compact,  and  steel  gray  in  color, 
containing  from  10  to  15  per  cent,  of  ash,  and  very  closely  resembling  the  Connellsville 
coke,  which  has  been  proved  to  contain  an  equal  amount  of  ash. 

About  15,000  bushels  of  coke  can  be  produced  per  day.  This  is  brought  to  the  furnaces 
in  cars  of  plate  iron  and  of  wood,  holding  from  600  to  650  bushels  apiece. 

Car  loads  of  this  coke  have  been  sent  to  Omaha  and  Salt  Lake  City  for  use  in  smelting 
works. 

Superior  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  HaebatjctH,  Matthias  &  Owens,  Pittsburg, 
Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces.  Wood's  Rim,  Allegheny  County, 
Penn.  Height  of  stack,  44  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
20,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


55 


ARMSTRONG  COUNTY. 

Brady's  Bend  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Bkady's  Bend  Iron  Co.,  Armstrong  Comity, 
Penn.  Niiniber  of  furnaces,  4.  Location  of  furnaces,  Bkady's  Bend,  Penn.  Height  of 
stack,  44,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  9,  10,  13,  and  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
32,000  tons.  Product  in  1872 — not  all  in  blast — 11,931  tons.  Character  of  ores,  carbonace- 
ous and  Lake  Superior. 

Mahoning  Furnaces — Proprietors,  J.  A.  Colwell  &  Co.,  Kittanning,  Armstrong 
County,  Penn.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fiu^naces,  Kittanning,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 
Product  in  1872,  6,841  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone  and  red  hematite. 

Monticello  Furnace. — Proprietors,  McKnight,  Poetek  &  Co.  JSTnmber  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Monticello,  Armstrong  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack, 
48  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
5,984  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native  limestone  and  Lake  Superior. 

Fine  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Bkown  &  Mosgeove,  Kittanning,  Armstrong 
County.  ISTimiber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Kittanning,  Penn.  Height 
of  stack,  44  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  2,194  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native  limestone. 

Stewardson  Furnace. — Proprietors,  F.  B.  &  A.  Latjghlin,  Orrsville,  Armstrong 
County,  Penn.  I^^umber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Orrsville.  Height  of 
stack,  43  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  11|-  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  hmestone. 

BEDFORD  COUNTY. 

Eemble  Furnaces. — Proprietors,"  Kemble  Coal  and  Iron  Co.  Office,  20  Nassau 
Street,  ISTew  York.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Riddlesburg,  Bedford 
County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 18,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  15,030  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
fossil.  These  furnaces  are  notable  as  the  first  built  to  use  the  semi-anthracite  coals  of  the 
Broad  Top  region,  with  the  native  ores  of  Bedford  Comity. 

BLAIR  COUNTY. 

Allegheny  Furnace. — Proprietors,  S.  C.  Bakee,  Altoona,  Blair  County,  Penn. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Altoona,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  40 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hmestone  and  fossil. 

Bennington  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Blair  Iron  and  Coal  Co.  Office,  218  South 
Fom-th  Street,  Philadelphia.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.    Location  of  furnace.  Penning- 


56 


BLAST  FTJEKACES  OF  TITE  TjmTED  STATE8. 


ton  Furnace,  near  Hollidaysbnrgh,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  41  feet ;  diameter  of  host,  10 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil. 

Blair  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Blair  Iron  and  Coal  Co.  Office,  218  South  Fourth 
Street,  Philadelphia.  I^umber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  HoUidaysburgh,  Blair 
County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  48  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  anniial  capac- 
ity, 12,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil, 

Elizabeth  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Maetin,  Bell  &  Co.  ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Sabbath  Rest,  Blair  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite. 
Built  in  1832,  and  said  to  have  been  the  first  furnace  to  utilize  the  gases  from  .the  stack  to 
generate  steam,  which  was  done  here  in  1836. 

Frankstown  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Blair  Iron  and  Coal  Co.  Office,  218  South 
Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fui-nace,  Frankstown, 
Blair  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  an- 
nual capacity,  4,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossil.    Eebuilt  in  1872. 

Martha  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Johnson,  Hemphill  &  Co.  Location  of  furnace, 
McKee's,  Blair  County.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  1)osh,  10  feet ;  average  an- 
nual capacity,  3,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  fossil. 

Rodman  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Charles  Knapp  &  Co.  Location  of  furnace. 
Roaring  Springs,  Blair  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  and  13 
feet.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite. 

CAMBRIA  COUNTY. 

Cambria  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Cambria  Iron  Co.  Office,  218  South  Fourth 
Street,  Philadelphia.  Nimaber  of  furnaces,  5.  Location  of  furnaces,  4  at  Johnstown, 
Cambria  County,  Penn.,  1  at  Conemaugh  Station,  Cambria  County.  Height  of  stacks,  52  and 
72  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  10,  13,  and  20  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  40,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  carbonates. 

CENTRE  COUNTY. 

Howard  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lauth,  Thomas  &  Co.,  Howard,  Centre  County. 
Rebuilding.    Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

CLARION  COUNTY. 

Red  Bank  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Reynolds  &  Mooehead.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace.  Red  Bank,  Clarion  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  6,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  lime- 
stone. 


BLAST  rURKAOES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


57 


FAYETTE  COUNTY. 

Dunbar  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Dunbar  Iron  Co.  E.  C.  Pechin,  President,  Pitts- 
biu'g,  Penn.  jSTiimber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Dunbar,  Fayette  County, 
Penn.  Height  of  stack,  68  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  15^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
12,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  11,227  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  native 
carbonates.  The  jjresident  of  the  Dunbar  Iron  Co.,  E.  C.  Pechin,  Esc[.,  has  given  great 
attention  to  improving  the  quality  of  the  product  of  this  furnace,  as  well  as  to  the  latest 
improvements  in  blast-furnace  economy,  and  is  well  known  to  the  iron  trade  for  his  enter- 
prise and  ability.  The  Genius  of  Liberty  (Fayette  County)  says :  On  the  6th  of  October 
Dunbar  Furnace  completed  the  third  year  of  the  present  blast,  having  made  in  that  time 
2S,68i  tons  of  pig  metal.  The  make  for  the  last  twelve  months  was  10,701  tons,  and  of  this 
only  27  tons  were  white  and  63  tons  mottled,  made  after  two  stops  of  several  days'  duration. 
For  the  last  nine  months  not  one  pig  of  white  iron  has  been  made,  which  speaks  volumes 
for  the  founder,  Mr.  Healey.  The  ores  charged  averaged  47  per  cent.  The  monthly  make 
at  this  time  is  about  1,000  tons,  but  with  more  abundant  supplies  of  ore,  the  expected  yield 
is  from  1,100  to  1,200  tons  per  month.  As  far  as  can  be  seen,  the  furnace  is  in  perfect  order, 
and  good  for  five  years  more." 

LAWEENCE  COUNTY. 

Clara  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ceowthee  &  Co.  I^umber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  ISTewcastle,  Lawrence  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  17,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and 
native.    Built  in  1872. 

Etna  Furnaces — Proprietors,  Etna  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location 
of  furnaces,  JSTewcastle,  Lawi'ence  County,  Penn.  Fleight  of  stack,  57  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior 
and  native. 

Neshannock  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Neshannock  Iron  Co.  Geoege  L.  Eeis,  Presi- 
dent. Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Newcastle,  Lawrence  County,  Penn. 
Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons. 
Built  in  1872.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  native. 

Onondaga  Furnaces. — Onondaga  Iron  Co.,  Newcastle,  Lawrence  County.  Number  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Newcastle,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  24,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Rosena  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Eeis,  Beown  &  Beegee.  Number  of  furnaces,  3. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Newcastle,  Lawrence  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  65,  40,  and 
77  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14,  9,  and  20  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  40,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  native. 

Wampum  Furnace. — Proprietors,  "Wampum  Furnace  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Wampum,  Lawrence  County,  Penn.    Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diam- 
8 


58 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNTTED  STATES. 


eter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Product  in  18Y2,  5,Y36  tons. 
Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  red  limestone. 

The  furnaces  of  Lawrence  County  use  the  superior  block  coal  of  that  region,  a  bituminous 
^  coal,  which  makes  iron  without  coking. 

MERCER  COUNTY. 

Allen  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Hendekson,  Allen  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Sharpsville,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  12  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Supe- 
rior and  native. 

Douglas  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Piekce,  Kelley  &  Co.,  Sharpsville.  Mercer  County, 
Penn.  Nmnber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Sharpsville,  Penn.  Height  of  stack, 
50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  and  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  native. 

Keel  Ridge  Furnace. — Propi'ietor,  SAJsruEL  Klvibeely.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Sharon,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  58  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  11,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  9,853  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  specular. 

Middlesex  Furnace. — Middlesex  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  West  Middlesex,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  4(3  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  5,620  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  native  limestone. 

Mt.  Hickory  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Mt.  Hickory  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Sharpsville,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diame- 
ter of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  13,358  tons. 
Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Ormsby  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ormsby,  Fish  &  Tremble.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Sharpsville,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks,  50  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Built  in  1872.  Character  of 
ores,  Lake  Superior. 

Sharon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Boyce,  Rawle  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Sharon,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  46  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Supei'ior. 

Sharpsville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  James  Pierce  &  Son.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Sharpsville,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 


Shenango  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Shenango  Furnace  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  2. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Location  of  furnaces,  Middlesex,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  46  feet^C^^jpe^i^p^ 
of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  17,000  tons.     Character  of  ores,  Lake  Supcrinr. 

Spearman  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Spearman  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Sharpsville,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  14:  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  22,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Su- 
perior.   One  furnace  built  in  1872. 

Valley  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Stewart  Iron  Co.  (formerly  Otis  Iron  Co.).  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Sharon,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stacks, 
50  and  55  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  13  and  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior.    One  built  in  1872.    Product  in  1872,  9,103  tons. 

Westerman  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Westcrman  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Sharon,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior. 

Wheeler  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Wheeler  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Middlesex,  Mercer  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet;  diameter  of 
bosh,  12  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Built  in  1873.  Character  of  ores, 
Lake  Superior. 

Wheatland  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  James  Wood's  Sons  &  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 4.  Location  of  furnaces,  Wheatland,  Mercer  County.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  9  and  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Lake  Superior. 

EEIE  COUNTY. 

Erie  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Rawle,  Noble  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Erie,  Erie  County,  Penn.  Height  of  stack,  53  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior,  Canada, 
and  Northern  New  York.    Product  in  1872,  6,516  tons. 

BEAVER  COUNTY. 

Homewood  Furnace.— James  Wood  &  Co.    Homewood,  Beaver  County,  Penn. 

HUNTINGDON  COUNTY. 

Rock  Hill  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  Rock  Hill  Iron  &  Coal  Co.  Location,  Orbi- 
sonia,  Huntingdon  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  17  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
fossil. 

WESTMORELAND  COUNTY. 
Charlotte  Ftirnace.— Proprietors,  Evekson,  Knapp  &  Co.    Location  of  furnace, 
Fountain  MiUs.    Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  17  feet;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 15,000  tons.  "Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  native. 


60 


BLAST  FURlSrACES  OF  THE  "CnSflTED  STATES. 


The  census  returns  for  1870,  give,  for  Pennsylvania :  Number  of  blast  furnaces,  199. 
Hands  employed,  10,861.  Capital  invested,  $26,376,059.  Value  of  material,  $22,638,492. 
Value  of  product,  $32,636,410,  wliicli  included  a  production  of  1,033,272  tons  of  pig-iron 
representing  a  consumption  of  2,337,286  tons  of  iron  ore  valued  at  $13,277,524. 

The  furnaces  of  Lawrence  and  Mercer  Counties  comprise  those  of  the  Shenango  Valley, 
Pennsylvania,  which,  with  the  Mahoning  Valley  of  Northern  Ohio,  supply  the  greater  part 
of  the  immense  amount  of  pig  metal  consumed  in  Pittsburg,  and  use  Lake  Superior  ores 
principally  with  the  block  coal  of  the  regions  in  which  they  are  located.  The  Sharpsville 
furnaces  make  principally  Bessemer  pig  metal,  and  are  enabled  to  do  so  by  the  purity  of 
the  ores  and  fuel  used,  a  total  absence  of  phosphorus  being  a  pre-requisite  for  the  pig- 
iron  intended  to  be  converted  into  steel  by  the  Bessemer  process. 

PENNSYLVANIA  RECAPITULATION. 

Number  of  anthracite  furnaces,  152 ;  annual  capacity,  1,257,500  tons. 
Number  of  charcoal  furnaces,  44;  annual  capacity,  70,500  tons. 

Number  of  raw  bitimiinous  coal  and  coke  furnaces,-  73  ;  annual  capacity,  686,500 
tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces,  269  ;  total  annual  capacity,  2,014,500. 
Product-in  1872,  1,240,221  tons. 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Ohio. 

Second  only  to  Pennsylvania  in  the  list  of  iron-manufacturing  States  is  Ohio,  while  the 
interests  of  the  two  States  are  also  very  closely  connected,  the  furnaces  of  Northern  Ohio 
supplying  a  large  amount  of  the  forge  pig-iron  used  in  the  rolling  mills  of  Pittsburg  and 
Western  Pennsylvana,  while  those  of  Southern  Ohio  furnish  the  greater  portion  of  the  cold- 
blast  charcoal  iron  used  for  car  wheels.  The  early  history  of  the  blast-furnace  interest  in 
Ohio  is  fortimately  more  easily  attainable  than  that  in  the  older  States,  and  we  can  fix 
definitely  the  erection  of  the  first  furnace  in  the  State.  The  following  facts  in  relation  to 
early  iron  making  in  this  State  were  furnished  by  Col.  Charles  Whittlesey,  of  Cleve- 
land, and  are  beyond  disunite: 

The  first  furnace  in  Ohio  was  built  at  the  mouth  of  Yellow  Creek,  near  Youngstown, 
Mahoning  County,  and  on  the  Mahoning  Eiver,  in  the  year  1808,  10  years  after  the  first 
settlement  of  the  section  known  as  the  Western  Eeserve,  by  parties  from  Connecticut.  This 
was  a  cold-blast  charcoal  furnace,  20  feet  high,  and  8  feet  diameter  of  bosh,  driven  by  water 
power,  and  built  against  a  bluff,  from  the  top  of  which  a  bridge  led  to  the  tunnel  head, 
whence  the  furnace  Avas  charged.  The  product  of  this  furnace  was  only  about  one  and  a 
half  tons  per  day,  and  its  ruins  are  said  still  to  be  visible.  In  1809,  tlie  following  year,  a 
forge  was  built  by  J ames  Heaton,  on  the  site  of  the  now  noted  iron-manufacturing  town 
of  Niles,  in  Trumbull  Coimty,  and  here  the  first  hammered  bars  were  made  in  the  State, 
from  the  pig  metal  of  the  Yellow  Creek  furnace.  The  second  furnace  was  built  on  Bush 
Creek,  Adams  County,  near  the  Ohio  Eiver,  in  1811.  In  1812,  James  Heaton,  above  re- 
ferred to,  built  another  furnace  at  Niles,  Trumbull  County,  and  in  1813,  Daniel  Eaton 


BLAST  FtTRNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


61 


&  Sons  purcliased  tlie  original  Yellow  Creek  furnace,  and  built  another,  some  tliree  miles 
from  it,  on  the  same  creek.  These  were  the  central  charcoal  furnaces  of  Ohio,  and  the 
nucleus  of  its  immense  business  in  the  production  of  pig-iron.  To  the  same  section  of 
Ohio  is  due  the  credit  of  originating  the  use  of  the  raw  bituminous  coal  of  the  region  in 
iron  manufacturing,  but  this  was  not  till  thirty  years  later. 

The  charcoal-iron  making,  however,  progressed  steadily,  and  in  1816  Aakon  JSToeton, 
of  Middlebury,  near  Akron,  put  up  a  water-power  charcoal  furnace,  and  in  1819  Asaph 
Whittlesey  built  a  forge  on  the  Little  Cuyahoga,  a  short  distance  below  Middlebury. 
Shortly  after  this  date  the  iron  business  developed  rapidly  in  the  bog-ore  districts  of  the 
Lake  Shore  region,  wliich  ore,^  although  poor  in  iron,  made  a  soft  metal  valuable  for  stove- 
plates,  hollow  ware,  etc.  Most  of  these  furnaces  have  passed  away,  the  business  being 
hardly  remunerative,  and  the  pioneers  in  it  too  often  meeting  with  pecuniary  ruin.  The 
following,  however,  gives  a  statement  of  the  early  cold-blast  furnaces  and  forges  of  the 
Western  Reserve,  Ohio,  with  date  of  erection,  location,  names  of  builders  and  owners,  and 
when  abandoned: 

1808.  Yellow  Creek,  furnace,  Trumbull  County.    Mackay,  Montgomery  &  Clendinen. 

1809.  Musquito  Creek,  forge,  Niles,  Trumbull  County.  James  Heaton.  Abandoned 
1845. 

1812.  Musquito  Creek,  furnace,  Niles,  Trumbull  County.  James  Heaton.  Aban- 
doned 1857. 

1813.  Yellow  Creek  Falls,  furnace.    Daniel  Eaton  &  Sons.    Abandoned  1833. 
1816.  Middlebury,  furnace,  Portage  County.    Aaron  Norton.    Abandoned  1842. 
1819.  Little  Cuyahoga,  forge.    Asaph  Whittlesey.    Abandoned  1850. 

1824.  Geauga,  furnace,  Painesville.    Company.    Until  recently  in  operation. 

1825.  Concord,  furnace.  Lake  County.    Company.    Destroyed  by  fire. 

1825.  Perry,  furnace,  Geauga  County.  Thoendike  &  Drury.  Abandonment  not 
known. 

1825.  Madison,  furnace.  Lake  County.    Root  &  Wheeler. 

1832.  Madison,  furnace.  Lake  County.    Clyde  Co.    Abandoned  1838. 

1832.  Elyria,  furnace,  Lorain  County.    Heman  Ely.    Abandoned  1835. 

1832.  Conneaut,  furnace.    Particulars  not  known. 

1832.  Elyria,  forge,    Norton  &  Baenum. 

1834.  Cuyahoga,  furnace,  Dover,  Cuyahoga  County.  Barber  &  Hoyt.  Run  by  Cuy- 
ahoga Steam  Fiimace  Company  until  lately. 

1834.  Florence,  furnace,  Huron  County.    Ford,  Wilkinson  &  Co.  1840. 

1835.  Mill  Creek,  furnace,  near  Youngstown.    Abandoned  1850. 

1835.  Middlebury,  furnace,  Cuyahoga  County,  near  Berea.  D.  Griffith  &  Co.  Aban- 
doned 1850. 

1840.  Akron,  furnace.    Foed,  Todd  &  Rhodes.    Abandoned  1855. 

1840.  Valley,  forge,  below  Cuyahoga  Falls.    D.  I.  Garrett  &  Co.    Abandoned  1845. 


history  of  the  adoption  of  mineral  coal  in  iron  making  in  OHIO. 


To  Ohio  or  Pennsylvania  belongs  the  credit  of  first  utilizing  bituminous  coal  as  against 
charcoal  in  making  iron.    Anthracite  coal,  as  we  have  shown  in  the  early  history  of  the  iron 


62 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


industry  in  Pennsylvania,  was  first  successfully  used  in  Lehigh  County,  by  David  Thomas, 
Esq.,  in  ISTo.  1  Furnace  of  the  Lehigh  Crane  Iron  Co.,  in  1840,  the  Pioneer  Furnace  at 
Pottsville  having  made  trial  of  anthracite,  under  the  same  manager,  three  years  earlier,  in 
1837.  Colonel  Whittlesey  gives  the  following  interesting  account  of  the  adoption  of 
mineral  fuel  in  Ohio  : 

In  July,  1845,  Hiiikod  &  YmcENT,  of  Mercer  County,  Penn.,  blew  in  the  Clay  Fur- 
nace, not  many  miles  from  the  Ohio  line,  on  the  waters  of  the  Shenango.  About  three 
months  after-wards,  in  consequence  of  a  short  supply  of  charcoal,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Davis, 
their  founder,  a  portion  of  coke  was  used  to  charge  the  furnace.  Their  coal  belongs  to 
seam  No.  1,  the  seam  now  used  in  Sharon,  Penn.,  and  Youngstown,  Ohio,  in  its  raw  state, 
variously  known  as  free-burning  splint,  or "  block  coal,"  and  which  never  makes  solid 
coke.  A  difficulty  soon  occurred  with  the  cokers,  and,  as  Mr.  IIimkod  states,  he  con- 
ceived the  plan  of  trying  his  coal  without  coking.  The  furnace  continued  to  work  well,  and 
to  produce  a  fair  quality  of  metal.  It  was  either  a  happy  accident  or  a  fortunate  experi- 
ment. 

At  the  same  time,  Messrs.  Wilkinson,  Wikes  &  Co.  were  building  a  furnace  on  the 
Mahoning,  at  Lowell,  Mahoning  County,  Ohio,  intending  to  use  mineral  coal  from  seam 
No.  1,  on  which  they  owned  a  mine  near  Lowell.  A  sharp  correspondence  occurred  in 
1869,  between  the  partisans  of  the  Clay  Furnace  and  those  of  Lowell  Furnace,  as  to  their 
priority  in  the  use  of  raw  coal.  The  credit  of  making  the  first  iron  with  raw  bituminous  or 
semi-bituminous  coal  in  the  United  States,  belongs  to  one  of  these  firms.  The  account  of 
the  blowing  in  of  the  Lowell  Furnace,  on  the  8th  of  August,  1846,  may  be  found  fn  the 
Trumbull  Democrat,  of  Warren,  dated  August  15,  1846,  whei'e  it  is  stated,  that  to  "  these 
gentlemen  (Wilkinson,  Wikes  &  Co.)  belongs  the  honor  of  being  the  Jif'st  'persons  in  the 
United  States  who  have  succeeded  in  putting  a  furnace  in  blast  with  raw  bituminous 
coaV  It  is  admitted  that  Mr.  David  Himrod,  now  of  Youngstown,  produced  the  first 
metal  with  raAV  coal,  about  the  year  1845,  and  has  continued  to  use  it  ever  since.  The 
friends  of^ Wilkinson  &  Co.  claim  that  this  was  an  accident  and  a  necessity,  Avliile  their 
works  were  built  and  intended  for  raw  coal.  Without  attempting  to  settle  the  question  to 
whom  belongs  tlie  most  merit  for  this  first  success,  all  iron  masters,  and  every  one  who 
takes  an  interest  in  the  enormous  business  which  has  arisen  from  the  enterprise  and  intelli- 
gence of  these  firms,  must  feel  willing  to  regard  them  as  public  benefactors.  Tliere  are  said 
to  be  at  the  present  time  thirty-seven  furnaces — nearly  the  number  there  is  in  Ohio — work- 
ing on  that  fuel,  on  the  waters  of  the  Mahoning  and  the  Shenango.  The  metal  produced 
is  largely  from  Lake  Superior  ore,  and  for  a  variety  of  uses  has  not  its  equal  in  quality  in 
any  part  of  the  world,  excepting  only  iron  made  with  charcoal  from  similar  ores. 

Bituminous  Furnaces  of  Ohio. 

MAHONING  COUNTY. 

Anna  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Struthers  Iron  Co.  Number  of  fui*naces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Struthers,  Mahoning  County.  Height  of  stack,  54  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  14,830  tons. 
Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  Blackband  ore.    Fuel,  block  coal. 


BLAST  FUKIirACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  \\  ■  6B 

c 

Ada  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Mahoning  Iron  Co.    N'umber  of  furnaces,  1.    LoQ«,ti($^  2! 
of  furnace,  Lowellville,  Mahoning  County,  Ohio.    Height  of  stack,  56  feet;  diame'ti^ of ^ 
bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.    Product  in  1872,  5,143  tons.  Fift^yi**^ 
Connellsville  coke  and  block  coal.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior. 

Briar  Hill  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Briar  Hill  Iron  &  Coal  Co.    Number  of  fur-  ^ 
naces,  1.    Location  of  furnace,  Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.    Height  of  stack,  47  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake 
Superior. 

Eagle  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Caktweight,  McCiiedy  &  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Youngstown,  Ohio.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  ]  2  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 
Fuel,  block  coal. 

Falcon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Brown,  Bonnell  &  Co,  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  14  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Grace  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Briar  Hill  Iron  &  Coal  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.  Height  of  stacks,  56  feet ;  diameter 
of  boshes,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  24,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Supe- 
rior.   Fuel,  block  coal. 

Hubbard  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Andrews  &  Hitchcock.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Hubbard,  Mahoning  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of 
boshes,  14  and  16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Su- 
perior.   Fuel,  block  coal.    One  furnace  built  in  1872. 

Himrod  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Himrod  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  3. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Yovingstown,  Mahoning  County.  Height  of  stacks,  48  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  boshes,  12,  13,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
12,945  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Fuel,  block  coal. 

Hazelton  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Andrews  Brothers.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Hazelton,  Mahoning  County.  Height  of  stack,  56  feet ;  diameter  of 
boshes,  13^  and  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  6,344 
tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Fuel,  block  coal. 

Phoenix  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Brown,  Bonnell  &  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  1. 

Location  of  furnace,  Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  14,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior 
and  Champlain.    Fuel,  block  coal. 


The  census  returns  for  1870  give  the  number  of  furnaces  for  Mahoning  County  as  7. 
Hands  employed,  622.  Capital  invested,  $1,549,300.  Wages  paid,  $469,258.  Yalue  of 
material  $2  3*64,870.    Value  of  product,  $3,424,425. 


64 


BLAST  FUENACE8  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


TRUMBULL  COUNTY. 

Ashland  Furnaces. — Proprietor,  Jonathan  "Wakner.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  f ui-naees,  Mineral  Ridge,  Trumbull  County.  Height  of  stacks,  45  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  boshes,  14  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  8,765  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Franklin.    Fuel,  coal  and  coke. 

Girard  Furnace.  —Proprietors,  Girard  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Girard,  Trumbull  County.  Height  of  stack,  58  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  7,101  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Canada.    Fuel,  raw  bituminous. 

Falcon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  James  Ward  &   Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  1. 

Location  of  furnace,  Niles,  Trumbull  County.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 

14|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,500  tons.  Product  in  1872,  7,414  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Forsythe  and  Cascade.    Fuel,  block  coal. 

Warren  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Wm.  Richakds  &  Sons.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Warren,  Trumbull  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  8,456  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Kitty  Furnace. — Proprietors,  "Wm.  Ward  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Niles,  Trumbull  County.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior. 

The  census  returns  for  Trumbull  County  are :  Number  of  furnaces,  4.  Hands,  212. 
Capital,  $540,000.  Wages,  |117,000.  Value  of  material,  $832,345.  Value  of  product, 
$1,184,250. 

COLUMBIANA  COUNTY. 

G-rafton  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Grafton  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Loca- 
tion of  furnaces,  Leetonia,  Columbiana  County.  Ileight  of  stack,  54  feet ;  diameter  of 
boshes,  13  and  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  16,916 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior.    Fuel,  coke. 

Cherry  Valley  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Cherry  Valley  Iron  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Leetonia,  Columbiana  Coimty.  Height  of  stacks,  55  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  14,945 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  native.    Fuel,  coal  and  coke. 

The  census  gives  no  statistics  of  pig  metal  for  Columbiana  County  in  1870. 

SUMMIT  COUNTY. 

Akron  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Akron  Iron  Co.  Nmnber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Akron,  Summit  County.    Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ; 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  TTKITED  STATES. 


65 


average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.  Fuel,  bituminous 
coal. 

STAEK  COUNTY. 

Massillon  Furnace.- -Proprietor,  J.  P.  Bueton.  JSTumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion, Massillon,  Stark  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  native.  Fuel,  raw- 
coal. 

Volcano  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Volcano  Furnace  Co.  N'umber  of  furnaces,  1, 
Location  of  furnace,  Massillon,  Stark  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and 
native.    Fuel,  raw  coal. 

The  census  returns  give:  2  furnaces.  ISTmnber  of  hands,  22Y.  Capital,  $540,000. 
Wages,  $117,000.    Value  of  material,  $832,345.    Value  of  product,  $1,184,250. 

TUSCAKAWAS  COUNTY. 

Fairfield  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tuscarawas  Coal  &  Iron  Co.  ISTumber  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Canal  Dover,  Tuscarawas  County.  Height  of  stack,  45 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
Blackband  and  kidney,  both  native.    Fuel,  block  coal. 

Glasgow  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Glasgow  and  Port  Washington  Coal  &  Iron  Co. 
IS'umber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Port  Washington,  Tuscarawas  County. 
Height  of  stack,  72  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  18  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  Blackband  and  kidney.    Built  in  1872-3. 

Census  returns  for  Tuscarawas  County  give  the  number  of  furnaces,  1.  Hands,  40. 
Capital,  $250,000.  Wages,  $30,000.  Value  of  material,  $112,877.  Value  of  product, 
$189,800. 

CUYAHOGA  COUNTY. 

Newburg  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Cleveland  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Office,  Kiver  Street, 
Cleveland.  JNTumber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location,  Newburg,  Cuyahoga  County.  Height  of 
stacks,  72  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  IG  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  Lake  Superior.    Fuel,  block  coal  and  coke. 

Proton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cleveland  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  County.  Height  of  stack,  GO  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
17  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  10,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  Lake  Superior.    Fuel,  bituminous  coal  and  coke. 

Fmma  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Union  Iron  Co.,  Cleveland.    Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Newburg,  Cuyahoga  County.    Height  of  stack,  G5  feet ;  diameter  of 
9 


66 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  TJ]SnTED  STATES. 


bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 
Fuel,  bituminous  coal  and  coke. 

Census  returns  for  Cuyahoga  County  :  Number  of  furnace  companies,  2.  Hands,  86. 
Capital,  $120,000.  Wages,  $50,000.  Value  of  material,  $315,200.  Value  of  product, 
$398,000. 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 

Coltimbus  Iron  Co.'s  Fumace. — Projirietors,  Columbus  Iron  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Columbus,  Frankhn  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  11,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake 
Superior  and  native.    Fuel,  bituminous  coal  and  coke. 

Franklin  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Franklin  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Columbus,  Franklin  County.  Height  of  stack,  62  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  17 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  native. 
Built  in  1872  and  1873. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

Jefferson  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Spaulding,  "Woodwakd  &  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Steubenville,  JeflEerson  County.  Height  of  stack,  48 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  17,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
16,893  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  Missouri.    Fuel,  coke. 

Steubenville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Steubenville  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Steubenville,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diame- 
ter of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake 
Superior.    Fuel,  coke. 

Morgan  Furnace. — Proprietor,  David  Morgan.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Irondale,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet;  diameter  of  bosh, 
16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  9,233  tons.  Character  of 
ores.  Lake  Superior.    Fuel,  coke. 

Mingo  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Mingo  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Loca- 
tion, Mingo,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet ;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Fuel,  coke. 

JACKSON  COUNTY. 

Fulton  Fumace. — Proprietors,  Bcnn  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location, 
Jackson,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average 
annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native.    Fuel,  coal. 

Globe  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Watts,  Hoop  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  fumace,  Jackson,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  46^  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11 
feet.    Character  of  ores,  native.    Fuel,  coal.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


67 


Orange  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Orange  Furnace  Co.  T.  L.  Fallis,  Trustee.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Jackson,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  40 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
native.    Fuel,  coal. 

Star  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Star  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Jackson,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native.    Fuel,  coal. 

Tropic  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tropic  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation, Jackson,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  47  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11^  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  6,200  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  and  native.  Fuel,  coal. 
Built  in  1873. 

Milton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Milton  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Jackson,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native.    Fuel,  coal. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY. 

Belfont  Furnace. — Belfont  Iron  Works.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fur- 
nace, Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  70  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet; 
average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native.    Fuel,  coal. 

Ironton  Mill  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ironton  Steel  &  Iron  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native.    Fuel,  coal. 

Etna  Iron  Works. — Etna  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces, 
near  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stacks,  37  and  90  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  18 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  native.  Fuel,  coal.  Two 
stacks  building. 

Ironton  Rail  Mill  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ironton  Polling  Mill  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  66  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  13,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  native. 
Fuel,  coal.    Building  in  1873. 

VINTON  COUNTY. 

Vinton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Vinton  Furnace  Co. ;  Lessees,  Banckoft  &  Rader 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Vinton  Station,  Vinton  County.  Height  of 
stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  limestone.    Fuel,  coal. 

MUSKINGUM  COUNTY. 

Zanesville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ohio  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location 
of  furnaces,  Zanesville,  Muskingum  County.   Height  of  stacks,  54  and  62  feet;  diameter  of 


68 


BLAST  FUENAOES  OF  THE  imiTED  STATES. 


boshes,  15  and  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Product  in  18Y2,  11,597 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Iron  Mountain  ore.    Fuel,  coke  and  coal. 

BELMONT  COUNTY. 

Bellair  Furnace. — Bellair  Nail  Works.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fur- 
nace, Bellair,  Belmont  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet; 
average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Iron  Moun- 
tain,   Fuel,  coal.    Built  in  1872. 

Belmont  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Belmont  Nail  Works  Co.,  Wheeling,  Ya.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Martin's  Ferry,  Belmont  County.  Height  of 
stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  13,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  Iron  Mountain.    Fuel,  coal. 

Benwood  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Benwood  Iron  Works  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Martinsville,  Ohio.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  8,400  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Iron  Mountain.    Fuel,  coke. 

The  foregoing  comprise  the  bituminous  coal  and  coke  furnaces  of  Ohio,  although  sev- 
eral new  furnaces  are  projected,  and  will  be  built  with  the  revival  of  trade. 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Ohio. 

THE  HANGING  ROCK  REGION. 

In  the  Hanging  Rock  region  of  South-eastern  Ohio  and  Nortli-eastern  Kentucky,  is 
an  ore  belt  of  twelve  miles  in  width,  and  fifty  in  length  north  of  the  Ohio  River," and  thirty 
miles  below  it.  This  belt  of  ore  runs  northward  into  Northern  Ohio,  and  south  into  Ten- 
nessee, where  it  is  known  as  the  Chattanooga  Iron  District.  In  the  portion  of  this  region 
belonging  to  Ohio,  and  immediately  surrounding  the  city  of  Ironton,  there  are  fifteen  blast- 
furnaces, all  but  two  of  which  are  cold  or  hot  blast  charcoal  furnaces,  and  produce  a  quality 
of  iron  which  is  justly  celebrated  for  its  superiority  in  the  manufacture  of  car  wheels. 
The  ores  of  this  region,  as  yet  mined,  are  surface  deposits,  although  immense  supplies  yet 
exist,  to  a  considerable  depth.  The  main  production  of  the  entire  region  is  charcoal  iron, 
and  from  the  reputation  of  the  iron  it  is  likely  the  uses  of  this  fuel  will  be  maintained  as 
long  as  possible.  As  with  the  bituminous  coal  furnaces  we  gave  the  early  history  of  iron 
making  in  Northern  Ohio,  we  add  here  that  of  the  Hanging  Rock  region,  compiled  from 
a  pamphlet  by  A.  Lawson,  Esq.,  of  Ironton,  and  of  the  industries  of  the  region,  which 
is  extremely  interesting.  The  first  furnace  with  blast  driven  by  steam  in  the  United 
States  was  built  in  1819,  in  Adams  Comity,  Ohio.  Here  the  ore  lay  in  "nests"  of  the 
"  kidney  "  variety,  and  not  in  regular  strata,  and  the  deposits  were  long  since  exhausted  and 
the  fm-nace  abandoned. 

The  discovery  of  ores  in  the  Hanging  Rock  region  naturally  drew  the  attention 
of  the  Adams  County  furnace  men,  and  they  were  the  first  to  erect  furnaces  here. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


69 


Messrs.  Spakks,  Means  &  Fair  built  the  first,  in  1826.  It  was  called  tlie  Union 
Furnace,  and  was  built  between  the  present  location  of  Ohio  and  Pine  Grove  Fur- 
naces, some  four  miles  from  the  Ohio  River.  ■  This  fm-nace  went  into  blast  in  the 
year  1827,  and  the  first  fire  was  lit  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Means,  of  Hanging  Rock.  The  fur- 
nace produced  but  a  ton  daily,  which  was  considered  doing  very  well.  When,  a  few  years 
later,  the  managers  of  the  Lawrence  Furnace  aimed  to  produce  a  thousand  tons  yearly,  it 
was  regarded  as  something  unparalleled.  As  the  country  became  better  known,  other  fur- 
naces. La  Grange,  "Vesuvius,  Ilecla,  Lawrence,  Mount  Vernon,  Franklin,  and  others,  were 
built  and  operated,  and  the  character  of  their  iron  became  known  in  the  markets  as  among 
the  best.  At  those  days,  nearly  forty  years  since,  the  blast  was  always  blown  of  cold  air, 
and  sometimes  introduced  through  hollow  gum  logs  placed  back  from  the  tuyere  opening, 
out  of  danger  from  fire  from  the  interior.  Wages  were  exceedingly  low ;  wood  was  cut 
for  25  cents  per  cord ;  corn  cost  12|-  cents  per  bushel ;  hay  only  brought  $4  and  $5  per  ton, 
and  whiskey  was  the  almost  necessary  adjunct  to  every  bargain  and  contract.  The  old  books 
at  the  early  furnaces  often  showed  entries  such  as,  "  John  Smith  contracts  to  make  one 
hundred  rods  of  road  for  $25  and  two  gallons  whiskey." 

At  that  period  it  was  the  object  of  the  furnace  men  to  manufacture  into  castings  as 
much  as  possible  the  product  of  the  furnace,  and  salt  kettles,  kitchen  utensils,  and  other 
castings  and  mouldings  were  made  during  the  week,  and  pig-iron  run  on  Sunday.  The 
first  stoves  for  burning  coal  made  in  this  section  were  cast  at  Pine  Grove  Furnace.  Forges 
were  erected  at  dilferent  places  which  were  run  by  water  power,  and  hammered,  instead  of 
rolling,  the  iron  into  merchant  bar.  A  nail  factory  was  set  up  in  Maysville  about  1820,  and 
the  nails  were  bought  for  $20  per  keg ;  now  such  nails  as  it  made  could  be  sold  for  scrap 
iron  only.  As  before  stated,  the  first  iron  produced  was  by  cold  blast,  and  there  is  no 
other  iron  otherwise  made  which  is  so  pure  and  of  so  great  tenacity  or  so  great  durability 
of  wearing  surface.  Of  later  years,  the  introduction  of  the  hot  blast  increased  the  yield,  but 
the  quality  of  the  iron  was  in  some  respects  changed. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY. 

Buckhorn  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Charcoal  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.  Character  of  ore,  native  limestone. 
Hot  blast. 

Centre  and  Grant  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  W.  D.  Kelly  &  Sons.  ISTumber  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location'of  furnaces,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stacks,  40  and 
42  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes,  10  and  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,500  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  native  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Etna  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Etna  Iron  Works  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  near  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  37  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  native  limestone. 
Hot  blast. 

Hecla  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Hecla  Iron  &  Mining  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  1. 


70 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  lieiglit  of  stack,  36  feet;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  native  limestone. 
Cold  blast. 

Howard  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Charcoal  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.    Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 

10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  native  limestone.  Hot 
blast. 

Ijawrence  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lawrence  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.    Cold  blast. 

Monitor  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Monitor  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet.    Character  of  ores,  native  limestone.    Cold  blast. 

Mount  Vernon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  H.  Campbell  &  Sons.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,600  tons.  Character  of  ores,  native 
limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Olive  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Campbell,  McGtjigin  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  oi 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Hot  blast. 

Ohio  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Meais-s,  Kyle  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca 
tion  of  furnace,  Hanging  Rock,  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  o: 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Hot  blast.  Character  of  ores,  native 
limestone. 

Pine  Grove  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Means,  Ktle  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1 
Location,  Hanging  Rock,  Lawrence  County.    Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh 

11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,800  tons.  Hot  blast.  Character  of  ores,  native  lime 
stone. 

Vesuvius  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Etna  Iron  Works  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1 
Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Lawrence  County ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons 
Character  of  ores,  native  limestone.    Height  of  stack,  28  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet. 

These  furnaces  of  the  Hanging  Eock  region  have  a  total  annual  capacity  of  44,50( 
tons  of  iron. 

The  census  returns  give  for  Lawrence  County :  Number  of  furnaces,  14.  Hands 
1,037.  Capital,  $1,031,250.  Wages,  $413,121.  Value'  of  material,  $849,111.  Value  o 
product,  $1,589,962. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


SCIOTO  COUNTY. 

Bloom  Fximace. — Proprietors,  John  Paull  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace.  Bloom  Station,  Scioto  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  native  limestone. 
Hot  blast. 

Clinton  Fiumace. — Proprietor,  "W.  J.  Bell.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace.  Wheel ersburg,  Scioto  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone  and  hematite. 
Hot  blast. 

Franklin  Furnace. — Proprietor,  O.  B.  Gotjld.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Franklin  Furnace  P.  O.,  Scioto  County.  Height  of  stack,  28  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Gallia  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Nokton,  Campbell  &  Co.,  Portsmouth.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Gallia,  Gallia  County.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  10  feet  ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone 
and  blue.    Hot  blast. 

Hamden  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Hamden  Furnace  Co.,  Portsmouth.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Hamden,  Yinton  County.  Height  of  stack,  33 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
limestone  and  block.    Hot  blast. 

Jackson  Furnace. — Proprietor,  L.  P.  N.  Smith.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace.  Iron  Furnace,  Scioto  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Product  in  1862,  2,868  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  limestone  and  block  ores.    Flot  blast. 

Monroe  and  Washington  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Union  Iron  Co.,  Portsmouth, 
Scioto  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces :  Monroe,  in  Jackson  ; 
"Washington,  in  Lawrence  County.  Height  of  stacks,  37  and  35  feet ;  diameter  of  boshes, 
12  and  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  6,331  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  Lake  Superior.    Hot  blast. 

Scioto  Furnace. — Proprietors,  L.  C.  Eobinson  &  Co.,  Portsmouth,  Scioto  County. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  in  Hocking  Yalley.  Height  of  stack,  35 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
limestone  and  block. 

Ohio  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Means,  Kyle  &  Co.,  Hanging  Eoek.  Location  of 
furnace,  Gennells  Creek,  Scioto  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  census  returns  for  Scioto  County  give :  Number  of  furnaces,  6.  Hands,  443. 
Capital,  $5Y5,000.  Wages,  $163,500.  Yalue  of  material,  |291,975.  Yalue  of  product, 
$553,000. 

JACKSON  COUNTY. 

Buckeye  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Buckeye  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Berlin  Cross-roads,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  37  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  lime- 
stone.   Hot  blast. 

Cambria  Furnace. — ^Proprietors,  David  Lewis  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Sampsonville,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Hmestone  and  blue 
ore.    Cold  blast. 

Jefferson  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Jefferson  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Oak  Hill,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,800  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone.  Cold 
blast. 

Keystone  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Keystone  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Keystone  Furnace  P.  O.,  Jackson  County,  Ohio.  Height  of  stack,  36 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Latrobe  Furnace. — Proprietor,  H.  S.  Btjndy.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Berlin  Cross-roads,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Madison  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Claee,  Dudtjit  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Clay,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  37  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Product  in  1872,  2,854  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  hematite.    Hot  blast. 

Lincoln  Furnace.— Proprietors,  McGhee  Estate,  Keeds  Mills,  Yinton  County.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Jackson  County.  Height  of  stack,  37  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.    Cold  and  hot  blast.    Character  of  ores,  red  hematite. 

Census  returns  for  Jackson  County  give :  Number  of  furnaces,  including  charcoal  and 
stone  coal,  13.  Hands,  1,020.  Capital,  $1,204,500.  Wages,  $341,153.  Yalue  of  material, 
$737,073.    Yalue  of  product,  $1,233,084. 

VINTON  COUNTY. 

Eagle  Furnace. — Proprietors,  L.  C.  Damarin  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Eeed's  Mills,  Yinton  County.    Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of 


Hope  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Hope  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Hope  Iron  P.  O.  L.  C.  Damakest,  Lessee.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone.  Cold 
blast. 


Richland  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Eichland  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Reed's  Mills,  Yinton  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone.  Hot 
blast. 

Hamden  Furnace,  noted  as  owned  in  Scioto  County,  is  located  in  Yinton  County. 
Zaleski  Furnace  in  Yinton  County  has  been  abandoned. 

Cincinnati  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lokg  &  Smith.  Location  of  furnace,  Cincin- 
nati Furnace.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 3,500  tons.     Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

HOCKING  COUNTY. 

IiOgan  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Logan  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Logan,  Hocking  County.  Height  of  stack,  29  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  carbonates.    Hot  blast. 

Union  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Brooks  &  IIoTJSTO]sr.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace.  Five  Mile  Creek,  Hocking  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone. 
Hot  blast. 

PAULDIN(5  COUNTY. 

Antwerp  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Antwerp  Furnace  Co.  Nmnber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Antwerp,  Paulding  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Paulding  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Paulding  Furnace  Co.,  Cecil,  Paulding  County. 
Location  of  furnace,  Paulding  Furnace.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

LUCAS  COUNTY. 

Manhattan  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Sunday  Creek  Iron  and  Coal  Co.,  Toledo,  Ohio. 
Location  of  furnace,  Maumee  River.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Hot  blast. 

The  census  returns  for  1870  gave  for  Ohio :  Number  of  blast  furnaces,  84.  Hands 
10 


74 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


employed,  4,582.  Capital  invested,  $7,437,826.  Yalne  of  material,  $7,056,405.  Value  of 
product,  $10,956,938,  wliich  included  306,363  tons  of  pig-iron,  representing  a  consumption 
of  558,664  tons  of  iron  ore,  valued  at  $3,763,282. 


OHIO  KECAPrrULATIOlSr.  I 

Number  of  raw  bituminous  coal  and  coke  furnaces   62 

Annual  capacity  of  same  580,437  tons. 

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces   40 

Annual  capacity  of  same  132,200  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   102 

Total  annual  capacity  712,937  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Kentucky. 

The  stone  coal  furnaces  of  Kentucky  are  but  three  in  number,  and  are  confined  to  the 
Ashland  and  Star  furnaces  of  the  Hanging  Rock  region  in  Boyd  County,  and  the  Kenton 
Furnace  in  Newport.  The  Norton  Iron  Co.  are  bmlding  two  furnaces  at  Ashland  to 
utilize  the  fine  coal  from  the  Coalton  vein.  The  most  important  of  these  furnaces  in  point 
of  production  is  the  Ashland  Furnace,  which  was  built  in  1869,  and  at  the  time  was  said  to 
have  the  largest  stack  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  being  capable  of  producing  forty  tons  daily. 
This  furnace  uses  stone  coal  from  the  vein  at  Coalton,  and  some  75  tons  of  ore  daily, 
mixed  Missouri  and  native  ores,  from  the  immediate  vicinity.  The  charcoal  furnaces  are 
more  numerous,  and  comprise  some  nineteen  furnaces  situated  in  Eastern,  Middle,  and 
"Western  Kentucky. 

Bituminous  Furnaces. 

BOYD  COUNTY. 

Ashland  Furnace. — ^Proprietors,  Lexington  &  Big  Sandy  R.  R.  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Ashland,  Boyd  County.  Height  of  stack,  62  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite 
and  Iron  Mountain.    Fuel,  raw  coal. 

Star  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lampton  Bkos.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Ashland,  Boyd  Coimty.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet. 
Character  of  ores,  kidney.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Fuel,  bituminous  coal. 

The  Norton  Iron  Works  Company,  of  Ashland,  are  also  building  two  furnaces  at 
Ashland,  Boyd  County. 

CAIVIPBELL  COUNTY. 

Kenton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Gaylord  Iron  and  Pipe  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Newport,  Ky.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite. 
Fuel,  mixed  coal  and  coke. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Swift  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Swift  Iron  and  Steel  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  ^K^tmjber 
of  furnaces,  1.     Location  of  furnace,  Newport,  Campbell  County.    Height  of  stacl^^^^ 
feet;   diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Character 
ores.  Iron  Mountain.    Fuel,  coke. 


Charcoal  Furnaces. 

BOYD  COUNTY. 

Bellefonte  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Means,  Pussell  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ashland,  Boyd  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone  and  hematite. 
Hot  blast. 

Buena  Vista  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Means  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Ashland,  Boyd  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
10  feet  \  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.  Hot 
blast. 


Laurel  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Egbert  Scott  &  Co.,  Eiverton,  Greenup  County.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Boyd  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9|-feet; 
average  annual  capacity,  13,000  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  red  hematite. 

Census  returns  for  Boyd  County  give  the  number  of  establishments  as  2.  Hands,  113. 
Capital,  $150,000.  Wages,  $57,960.  Value  of  material,  $191,207.  Value  of  product, 
$346,222. 

CARTER  COUNTY. 

Mount  Savage  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lexington  &  Carter  County  Mining  Co. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Mount  Savage  P.  O.,  Carter  Co.  lieight 
of  stack,  39  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.  Cha- 
racter of  ores,  kidney,  block,  and  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Boone  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ohio  &  Kentucky  Coal  &  Iron  Eailroad  Co.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Boone  Furnace  P.  O.,  Carter  County.  Height  of 
stack,  36  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

GREENUP  COUNTY. 

Buffalo  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Culbertson,  Earhart  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Greenupsburg,  Greenup  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  lime- 
stone.   Hot  blast. 


Hunnewell  and  Pennsylvania  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Eastern  Kentucky  Eail- 
way  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  2.    Location  of  furnaces,  near  Eiverton,  Greenup  County. 


76 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Heiglit  of  stack,  36  and  46  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  and  11  feet ;  average  anmial  capacity, 
8,000  tons.  Product  in  1873,  5,958  tons.  Cliaracter  of  ores,  limestone,  kidney,  and  block. 
Hot  blast. 

Raccoon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Raccoon  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Co.  Number 
of  furnaces,  1.  Location,  Greenupsburg,  Greenup  County.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  block, 
kidney,  and  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Tygert  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Iron  Hills  Iron  and  Mining  Co.,  Greenupsburg, 
Greenup  County.    Location  of  f menace,  in  Carter  County.  Building. 

Kenton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Kenton  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Kenton  Furnace  P.  O.,  Greenup  County.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil 
and  hematite.    Hot  blast. 

Bulls  Eye  Furnace. — Building  near  Greenup,  Ky. 

The  census  returns  for  Greenup  County  give  :  7  furnaces.  Hands,  419.  Capital, 
$840,000.    Wages,  $113,870.    Value  of  material,  $330,414.    Value  of  product,  $527,480. 

BULLITT  COUNTY. 

Belmont  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Belmont  &  Nelson  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Belmont  Furnace  P.  O.,  Bullitt  County.  Height  of  stack,  36 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
limestone.    Hot  blast. 

NELSON  COUNTY. 

Nelson  Furnace.^ — Proprietors,  Belmont  &  Nelson  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Nelson  Furnace  P.  O.,  Nelson  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  lime- 
stone.   Hot  blast. 

ESTILL  COUNTY. 

Cottage  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cottage  Furnace  Co.,  Fitchburg,  Nmnber  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Irvine,  Estill  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  limestone.  Cold 
blast. 

Bstill  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Estill  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Irvine,  Estill  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 


BLAST  FUEITACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


T7 


Red  River  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Eed  River  Iron  Manufacturiug  Co.  ISTiimber 
of  furnaces,  3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Red  River  Iron  Works,  Estill  County.  Height  of 
stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

TRIGG  COUNTY. 

Trigg  and  Centre  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  D.  Hillman  &  Sons.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Trigg  Furnace  P.  O.,  Trigg  County.  Height  of  stack,  40 
and  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  and  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons. 
Product  in  1872,  7,598  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.  Hot  blast.  Centre 
Furnace  is  located  at  Eddy  ville,  in  Lyon  County. 

Laura  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Pkingle  &  Hayne.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Laura  Furnace  P.  O.,  Trigg  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  10  feet  ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 
Cold  blast. 

LYON  COUNTY. 

Mammoth  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Moekis,  Machen  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Eddyville,  Lyon  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 
Cold  blast. 

Two  more  furnaces  building  here  by  same  firm. 

BATH  COUNTY. 

Clear  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietor,  John  O.  Millee.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Costigan,  Bath  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 

Bath  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Bath  Iron  Co.,  Mt.  Sterling,  Bath  County.  Location 
of  furnace,  Bath  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average 
annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  limestone. 

MUHLENBERG  COUNTY. 

Airdrie  Furnace. — Proprietor,  General  Buell,  Paradise.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Airdrie,  Muhlenburg  County.  Height  of  stack,  48  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Repairing  and  altering.  Character  of 
ores,  Blackband  ore ;  and  fuel,  Airdrie  seam  of  bituminous. 

A  number  of  furnaces  have  been  of  late  abandoned  in  Kentucky,  but  may  at  some 
time  be  altered  for  coal  and  revived. 

The  census  returns  for  Kentucky  give  the  total  number  of  furnaces  in  1870  at  18. 
Hands  employed,  1,741.  Capital  invested,  $2,075,000.  Wages  paid,  $589,558.  Value  of 
material  used,  $1,467,083.    Value  of  product,  $2,514,802. 


78 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


EECAPITULATION  FOR  KENTUCKY. 


Number  of  bituminous  coal  and  coke  furnaces   5 

Annual  capacity   51,000  tons. 

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces   23 

Annual  capacity   72,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   28 

Total  annual  capacity   123,000  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Indiana. 

Indiana  bas  been  chosen  as  a  site  for  furnaces,  not  on  account  of  any  deposit  of  iron 
ore  which  would  recommend  it,  but  from  the  abundant  supplies  of  block  coal  which  this 
State  contains,  and  which  forms  the  very  best  natural  fuel  for  iron  making,  while  it  is  more 
easily  mined  than  any  other  coal  known.  The  furnaces  are  few,  being  only  some  ten  in 
number,  but  several  are  projected.  They  are  without  exception  run  with  block  coal  and 
Missouri  or  Lake  Superior  ores. 

CLAY  COUNTY. 

Brazil  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Yandes,  Root  &  Gaelick.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Brazil,  Clay  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  15 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  specular. 

Lafayette  Furnace. — B.  F.  Maston  &  Co.  (Lafayette  Iron  Co.)  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Otter  Creek,  near  Brazil,  Clay  County.  Height  of  stack, 
45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of 
"ores,  hematite. 

Otter  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Otter  Creek  Block  Coal  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Brazil,  Clay  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,500  tons.   Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Planet  Furnace. — Indianapolis  Rolling  Mill  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Harmony,  Clay  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Missouri. 

Southern  Indiana  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Southern  Indiana  Coal  and  Iron  Manu- 
facturing Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Shoals,  Martin  County. 
Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Missouri. 

Western  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Western  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Lo- 
cation of  furnaces,  Knightsville,  Clay  County.  Height  of  stack,  48  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Missouri. 


BLAST  rtJENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


T9 


VIGO  COUNTY. 

Vigo  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Yigo  Iron  Co.    N" umber  of  furnaces,  2.    Location  of  _ 
furnaces,  Terre  Haute,  Vigo  County.    Height  of  stack,  52  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  14,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Missouri. 

The  census  returns  for  Indiana  give  the  number  of  furnace  companies  at  4.  Hands, 
189.  Capital,  $425,000.  Wages,  $159,400.  Value  of  material,  $225,435.  Value  of 
product,  $1,191,834. 

EECAPITULATION  FOR  nSTDIANA. 

Number  of  blast  furnaces   7 

Annual  capacity  54,000  tons. 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Illinois. 

The  furnaces  of  Illinois  are  but  eight  in  number,  and  while  the  State  ranks  third  to  Penn- 
sylvania in  the  product  of  railroad  iron,  and  is  also  on  a  par  with  the  other  older  States  in 
the  product  of  Bessemek  steel,  the  blast-furnace  interest  is  but  slightly  developed.  The 
furnaces  which  exist  are,  however,  as  fine  specimens  as  are  to  be  found  in  the  country,  and 
the  product  of  metal  principally  for  Bessemek  steel  purposes. 

COOK  COUNTY. 

Chicago  is  the  site  of  four  of  the  principal  furnaces  of  Illinois,  and  their  product  con- 
sumed on  the-spot. 

North  Chicago  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  North  Chicago  Eolling  Mill  Co,  Presi- 
dent, O.  ~W.  Potter  ;  Treasurer,  E.  B.  Ward  ;  Secretary,  Robert  Hannah.  Office,  18 
Metropolitan  Block.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  on  the  north  branch 
of  the  Chicago  River,  Chicago,  Cook  County.  Furnace  manager,  H.  Jasimi.  Height  of 
stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  17  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  35,000  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  30,681  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Wisconsin.  Fuel,  anthracite 
coal  (from  the  Lehigh,  via  Erie,  Pennsylvania)  and  Connellsville  coke. 

Chicago  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  President,  A.  B.  Meeker. 
Office,  Chicago.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Chicago,  Cook  County. 
Height  of  stack,  56  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior,  Missouri,  and  Wisconsin.    Fuel,  coal  and  coke. . 

WILL  COUNTY. 

Joliet  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  President,  A.  B. 
Meeker.  Office,  Chicago,  and  Joliet,  Will  County.  Number  of  furi^aces,  2.  Loca- 
tion of  furnaces,  Joliet,  Will  County.  Height  of  stack,  75  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  20 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  40,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  and  Iron. 


so 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Mountain.  Fuel,  coke.  These  furnaces  were  built  in  1872  and  1873,  and  are  among  the 
largest  and  finest  in  the  country.  They  are  supplied  with  coke  made  from  Illinois  coal 
mined  by  the  company  near  the  works,  which  is  first  washed  in  a  patent  washing  apparatus, 
by  which  it  is  desulphurized  considerably  and  freed  from  other  impurities,  and  then  coked. 
The  result  is  a  superior  coke  from  a  fuel  otherwise  worthless  for  iron  making.  The  fur- 
naces are  located  immediately  on  the  bank  of  the  Illinois  Canal  and  the  Chicago,  Alton  & 
St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  can  receive  ores  from  Lake  Superior,  via  Chicago,  or  the  Iron 
Mountain,  via  St.  Louis,  all  water  carriage.  Limestone  is  quarried  on  the  spot,  and  the 
Bite  of  the  works  being  near  the  junction  of  three  railroads,  excellent  facilities  are  had  for 
shipping.  These  furnaces  are  connected  with  the  great  iron  and  steel  rail  mills  and  Bes- 
EMEE  steel  plant  of  the  Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Company,  which  will  be  found  described 
under  the  proper  departments. 

JACKSON  COUNTY. 

Grand  Tower  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Grand  Tower  Mining  and  Manufacturing 
Co.  I^ixmber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces.  Grand  Tower,  Jackson  County.  Height 
of  stack,  68  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  15,343  tons,  in  blast  part  of  the  time.  Character  of  ores.  Iron  Mountain.  Fuel, 
Big  Muddy  coal,  and  coke  make  from  slack  of  same. 

Big  Muddy  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Big  Muddy  Iron  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Grand  Tower,  Jackson  County,  111.  Height  of  stack,  70  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  17  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Missouri. 

The  census  returns  for  1870  curiously  give  no  return  of  the  pig-iron  product  or  capital 
invested  in  that  branch  of  industry  in  Illinois. 


EECAPITULATION  FOR  ILLINOIS. 

Number  of  anthracite  coal  and  coke  furnaces   4 

Annual  capacity   53,000  tons. 

Number  of  bituminous  coal  and  coke  furnaces   5 

Annual  capacity   81,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   9 

Total  annual  capacity  134,000  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Wisconsin. 

Wisconsin  is  fast  coming  into  notice  as  an  iron-producing  State.  The  deposits  of  ore 
in  the  northern  portion  are  large,  and  the  quality  good,  while  in  many  portions  of  the  State 
fuel  is  abundant  for  charcoal.  In  1868,  there  were  but  three  blast  furnaces  in  the  State, 
which  number  has  been  increased  to  fourteen,  with  many  more  projected. 

"With  the  exception  of  the  three  furnaces  in  Milwaukee,  the  furnaces  of  "Wisconsin  all 
use  charcoal,  and  it  is  noteworthy  that  in  one  case  the  entire  charcoal  supply  for  the  furnace 
has  been  made  from  the  waste  lumber  slabs  and  strips  from  a  saw-mill.    As  "Wisconsin  ia 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  1^  *^(81 

one  of  the  largest  lumber-producing  States,  and  has  ores  in  abundance,  this  ex^^yiment-' 
promises  a  supply  of  charcoal  for  a  long  time,  while  utilizing  an  otherwise  waste  mat!^q^^.  ^ 

BROWN  COUNTY. 

Fox  River  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Fox  Kiver  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Depere,  Brown  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Llot  blast. 


Green  Bay  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Green  Bay  Iron  Co.  Numljer  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Green  Bay,  Brown  Coimty.  Height  of  stack,  39  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 


ITational  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  ISTational  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Lo- 
cation of  furnaces,  Depere,  Brown  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
10  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.  Hot 
blast. 


FOND  DU  LAC  COUNTY. 

Fond  du  Lac  Furnace. — Proprietor,  C.  L.  Metees.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Fond  du  Lac,  Fond  du  Lac  County.  Lleight  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diame- 
ter of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  anniial  capacity,  G,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Supe- 
rior.   Another  furnace  is  building  at  this  place,  and  nearly  completed. 


DODGE  COUNTY. 

Mayville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  North-western  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Mayville,  Dodge  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Northern  "Wisconsin. 


Iron  Hidge  Furnace.— Proprietors,  "Wisconsin  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Iron  Ridge,  Dodge  County.  Height  of-  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Iron  Ridge  native. 


OUTAGAMIE  COUNTY. 

Appleton  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Appleton  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Appleton,  Outagamie  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  9  feet.  Character  of  ores.  Northern  Wisconsin.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,000 
tons. 

SAUK  COUNTY. 

Ironton  Furnace. — Proprietor,  J.  F.  Smith.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.    Location  of 
furnace,  Ironton,  Sauk  County.    Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Iron  Ridge.    Hot  blast. 
11 


82 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Anthracite  Furnaces. 

MILWAUKEE  COUNTY. 

Bay  View  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Milwaukee  Iron  Co.  President,  E.  B.  Wakd  ; 
Treasurer,  Alex.  Mitchell  ;  Secretary  and  Manager,  J.  J.  IIxVgeeman.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Bay  view  near  Milwaukee,  Milwaukee  County.  Ileiglit 
of  stack,  66  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  17  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  35,000  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  32,283  tens.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior  and  Iron  Eidge.  Fuel,  one  half 
anthracite,  from  the  Lehigh,  Penn.,  and  one  half  coke,  from  Connellsville,  Penn. 

Minerva  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Pierce,  IIilbeet  &  Atjlt.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Milwaukee,  Milwaukee  County.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior 
and  Wisconsin.    This  furnace  was  completed  in  1873. 

The  census  returns  for  Wisconsin  give  the  number  of  furnace  companies  at  6.  Hands 
employed,  692.  Capital  invested,  $865,000.  Wages,  $122,000.  Value  of  material, 
$511,645.    Value  of  product,  $737,268. 

EECAPITULATION  FOK  WISCONSIN. 


Number  of  furnaces,  charcoal  -.   11 

Average  annual  capacity   42,000  tons. 

Number  of  furnaces,  anthracite  and  coke   3 

Average  annual  capacity   50,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   14 

Total  annual  productive  capacity   92,000  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Michigan. 

No  portion  of  the  United  States  has  attracted  more  attention  of  late  years  than  the 
Lake  Superior  iron-ore  region  of  Michigan.  The  great  abundance  and  remarkable  purity 
of  the  ores  have  drawn  capital  from  all  sections  of  the  Union  for  their  development,  while 
their  supply  has  in  turn  stimulated  the  erection  of  blast  furnaces  in  regions  otherwise  bare 
of  mineral,  but  supplied  with  suitable  fuel  for  ore  reduction.  Indeed,  the  ores  from  this 
section  of  the  country  may  be  said  to  be  the  principal  reliance  of  a^  majority  of  furnaces 
west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  and  without  them  the  production  of  pig  metal  would  be 
seriously  curtailed.  Owing  to  the  extreme  demand  fur  these  ores  for  the  last  few  years, 
the  standard  of  excellence  which  was  formerly  maintained  has  been  somewhat  lowered. 
This  demand  during  the  latter  part  of  1871,  all  of  1872,  and  the  beginning  of  1873  was  such 
as  to  cause  a  rapid  advance  in  price,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  prices  ruling  at  Cleveland, 


BLAST  FURKACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


83 


the  great  entrepot  for  these  ores,  during  the  years  named.  In  1871  the  price  was  $8 ;  in 
1872,  $9  for  the  shipping  season,  rising  to  $16  and  $18  in  some  instances,  after  the  close  of 
lake  navigation.  In  1873  prices  opened  at  $12,  which  rate  ruled  until  the  panic  of  Septem- 
her  put  a  stop  to  shipments ;  freights  from  Marquette  to  Cleveland  rule  from  $1  to  $6  per 
ton.  Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  importance  of  the  iron-ore  trade  from  the  Superior 
region,  from  the  following  figures  of  production  : 

In  the  season  of  1872,  there  were  shipped  from  the  Lake  Superior  mines  952,055  gross 
tons,  equal  to  1,066,297  net  tons,  and  which  was  valued  at  the  shipping  point  at  $5,712,330. 
This  amount  of  ore  contributed  to  the  lake  marine  in  freights  the  sum  of  $2,856,165,  and 
must  have  paid  an  equal  amount  to  railroad  companies.  Computing  the  amount  of  ore 
used  to  the  ton  of  pig-iron,  the  shipments  of  1872  must  have  produced  533,148  tons  of  pig 
metal,  or  about  one-fourth  of  the  total  pig-metal  production  of  the  United  States.  In  ad- 
dition to  this  amount  and  value  of  ore,  there  were  produced  in  the  Lake  Superior  region 
in  1872,  63,195  tons  of  pig-iron,  valued  on  the  spot  at  $3,475,725,  or  a  total  value  of 
$9,188,055  to  be  credited  to  the  iron  industry  of  this  region  of  Michigan  alone. 

The  total  shipments  of  ore  and  pig  iron  from  the  Lake  Superior  region  during  1873 
were  as  follows:  Marquette,  iron  ore  526,264  tons,  pig  iron  552,261  tons;  Escanaba,  iron 
ore  479,712  tons,  pig  iron 9,248  tons;  L'Anse,  iron  ore  60,889;  total  iron  ore  1,066,865  tons; 
total  pig  iron,  561,509  tons. 

The  following  statement  of  the  production  of  ore  and  pig-iron  in  this  district,  from 
1856  to  1872,  as  given  by  A.  P.  Swestefoed  in  his  review  of  production,  will  show  the  im- 
mense result  of  the  last  six  years. 


YEAR. 

Iron  Ore. 

Pig  Iron. 

Ore  and  Pig- 
iron. 

Value. 

1856  

7,000 

7,000 

$38,000 

1857  

21,000 

21,000 

60,000 

1858  

31.035 

1,639 

33,661 

249,303 

1859  

65,679 

7,358 

73,937 

575,529 

1860  

116,908 

5,660 

133,058 

736,490 

1861  

45,430 

7,970 

53,400 

419,501 

1863  

115,731 

8,590 

134,311 

984,977 

1863  

185,357 

9,813 

195,070 

1,416,935 

1864  

235,123 

13,833 

248,955 

1,867,215 

196,256 

12,283 

207,539 

1,590,430 

1866  

296,973 

18,437 

215,309 

2,405,960 

1867  

466,076 

30,911 

496,987 

3,475,830 

1868  

507,813 

38,246 

546,059 

3,993,413 

1869  

633,338 

39,003 

073,341 

4,968,435 

1870.  

856,471 

49,298 

904,319 

6,300,170 

1871  

813,379 

51,325 

864,604 

6,115,895 

1872  

953,055 

03,195 

1,015,350 

9,188,055 

Total  

5,537,373 

357,880 

5,903,803 

$44,373,833 

The  principal  furnace  production  of  the  Lake  Superior  region  is  with  charcoal  fuel ;  but 
as,  with  the  great  consumption,  this  fuel  is  gradually  growing  scarce,  coal,  even  from 
Pennsylvania,  and  coke,  from  the  same  State,  are  brought  to  utilize  the  ores.  Efforts  par- 
tially successful  have  been  made  to  prepare  and  use  the  great  deposits  of  peat  which 
abound,  and  the  results  reached  give  hopes  that  they  may  be  ultimately  successful. 


84 


BLAST  rUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Charcoal  Furnaces. 

MARQUETTE  COUNTY. 

Bancroft  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Bancroft  Iron  Co.  Officers  President,  Peter 
White,  Marquette ;  Treasurer,  Samuel  L.  Mathek,  Cleveland,  O. ;  Secretary  and  Manager, 
J.  C.  Mokse,  Marquette.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Marquette,  Mar- 
quette County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  9  feet ;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 5,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  4,575  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 
Hot  blast. 

Carp  Furnace. — Proprietors,  John  Buet,  Carp  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  near  Marquette,  Marquette  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diame- 
ter of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Supe- 
rior.   Stone  stack. 

Champion  and  Morgan  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Morgan  Iron  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces.  Champion,  Marcpiette  County.  Ileiglit  of  stack,  45 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
5,00G  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Morgan  Purnace  rebuilt  in  1872. 

Pioneer  and  Cliflfs  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Iron  Cliffs  Iron  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Negaunee,  Marquette  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  and 
42  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
G,958  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Collins  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Collins  Iron  Co.  Niunber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Marquette,  Marquette  County.  Lleight  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Product  in  1872,  3,431  tons.  Character  of 
ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Northern  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Northern  Iron  Co.  Capt.  L.  D.  Haevet,  Super- 
intendent. Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Chocolay,  Marquette  County. 
Altered  to  anthracite  in  1872  and  1873.    Former  capacity,  2,500  tons  annually. 

Deer  Lake  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Deer  Lake  Iron  and  Lumljer  Co.  C.  H.  Hall, 
Manager.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location,  Ishpeming,  Marquette  County.  Height  of 
stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  2,720  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior  specular.  Partially  destroyed  by 
fire  in  1872.    New  furnace  to  be  built,  47  feet  stack  and  9  feet  bosh,  increasing  capacity. 

Greenwood  and  Michigan  Furnaces.  —Proprietors,  Michigan  Iron  Co.  Number 
of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces.  Greenwood,  at  Greenwood,  Marquette  County; 
Michigan,  at  Clai-ksburgh,  Marquette  County.    Height  of  stack,  40  feet;  diameter  of  bosh. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


85 


9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  8,213  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Lake  Superior. 

Peat  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lake  Superior  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnace,  Islipem- 
ing,  Marquette  County.  Heiglit  of  stack,  43  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet;  average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Suj)erior.  This  furnace  has  been 
successfully  worked  in  1873  with  a  mixture  of  peat  and  charcoal. 

SCHOOLCRAFT  COUNTY. 

Bay  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Bay  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location 
of  furnaces,  Onata,  Schoolcraft  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  and  46  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  and  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Product  in  1872  (one  furnace), 
4,900  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Superior,  red  specular,  and  hematite.  No.  2  furnace, 
built  in  1872,  is  an  iron  stack 

Schoolcraft  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Schoolcraft  Iron  Co.  JSTumber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Munissing,  Schoolcraft  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior*. 

DELTA  COUNTY. 

Cascade  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cascade  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Escanaba,  Delta  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior,  specular,  and 
hematite. 

Escanaba  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Escanaba  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
location  of  furnace,  Escanaba,  Delta  County.  Height  of  stack,  56  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Cliaracter  of  ores,  specular  and 
hematite.  This  is  a  new  furnace,  and  considered  the  model  charcoal  furnace  of  the 
country,  having  been  built  by  the  designer  of  the  Lucy  and  Isabella  furnaces,  of  Pitts- 
burg. It  is  an  iron  stack,  lined  with  lire-brick  set  on  columns,  with  bell  and  hopper 
top.  The  furnace  is  fitted  with  all  the  latest  improvements.  The  stack  is  built  in  a  stack- 
house  71  by  78^  feet,  with  brick  walls  and  an  iron  roof.  The  furnace  is  supplied  with  a 
pneumatic  hoist,  the  top  of  which  is  reached  by  a  spiral  stairway.  There  are  two  hot- 
blast  ovens  30  feet  high,  with  24,  12  inch  pipes.  The  stock-house  is  a  building  60  by  100 
feet,  with  a  track  for  fuel  on  one  side,  and  for  ore  on  the  other,  elevated  on  trestles  beneath 
which  is  an  ore-crusher  and  pockets  for  receiving  the  crushed  ore.  This  building  is  also 
of  brick  with  an  iron  roof.  The  boiler-house  is  47  by  70  feet,  and  contains  four  cylinder 
boilers,  50  feet  long  by  3  feet  6  inches  diameter.  The  boiler-stack  is  of  iron  lined  with 
fire-brick,  100  feet  high  by  10  feet  at  the  base  and  6  feet  at  the  top.  The  engine  is  a 
direct  acting,  vertical  machine,  with  30  inch  diameter  steam  cylinder,  and  4  feet  stroke ; 
and  60  inch  blowing  cylinder,  with  4  feet  stroke.  The  blast  receiver  is  5  feet  internal 
diameter,  and  150  feet  in  length ;  the  roof  of  the  engine  and  l)oiler-house  being  octagonal 


86 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


and  of  iron.  The  wliole  establishment  compi'ises,  without  doubt,  the  finest  charcoal 
furnace  plant  in  the  United  States. 

Fayette  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Jackson  Iron  Co.  Number  of  fm-naces,  2 ;  loca- 
tion of  furnaces,  Fayette,  Delta  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet  ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Product  in  18T3,  9,903  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Jackson,  Lake  Superior.  These  furnaces  are  noted  among  charcoal  stacks  for  their 
large  product  and  excellent  working,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  following  detailed  report 
for  the  year  from  December  1,  1871,  to  November  30,  1872. 

Iron  made   10,090  tons  of  2,240  lbs. 

Ores  used   15,643^^  tons  of  2,240  lbs. 

Charcoal  used   1,126,771  bushels. 

Yield  of  Ore   64.56  per  cent. 

Charcoal  per  ton  of  iron   111.66  bushels. 


VAN  BUKEN  COUNTY. 

Bangor  Furnace. — Bangor  Iron  Co.  ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace, 
Bangor,  Van  Buren  County.  Height  of  stack,  48  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Hot  blast. 

Lawton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Michigan  Central  Iron  Co.  D.  Van  Nostrand, 
President,  New  York.  Location  of  furnace,  Lawton,  Van  Buren  County.  Height  of 
stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Product  in 
1872,  4,417  tons.    Character  of  ores,  specular  and  hematite. 

ANTRIM  COUNTY. 

Elk  Rapids  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Elk  Rapids  Iron  Co.  Nimiber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Elk  Rapids,  Antrim  County.  New ;  in  course  of  erection.  Height 
of  stack,  48  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet;  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

MENOMINEE  COUNTY. 

Colwell  Furnace. — Menominee  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fur- 
nace, Menominee,  Menominee  County.  New ;  built  to  use  charcoal  made  from  saw-mill 
waste.    Height  of  stack,  44  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9|-  feet ;  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

BENZIE  COUNTY. 

Frankfort  Furnace. — Frankfort  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  uf 
furnaces,  Frankfort,  Benzie  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Chai-acter  of  ores,  Lake  Superior.  A  new  stone 
stack  being  built. 

LELEENAW  COUNTY. 

Leland  Furnace. — Proprietors,  E.  B.  Ward  &  Co.,  Detroit.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Leland,  Leleenaw  County,    Height  of  stack,  46  feet ;  diameter  of 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


SI 


bosh,  10  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  4,800  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Lake  Sivperior. 
Stack  of  brick.    Water-power  blast. 

WAYNE  COUNTY. 

Eureka  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Eureka  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace, Wyandotte,  Wayne  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
10  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Product  in  1873,  3,805  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  Lake  Superior. 

Stone  Furnace. — Proprietors,  E.  B.  Wakd,  Detroit,  Wayne  County.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Wyandotte,  Wayne  County.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  2,756. 
Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior,  specular,  and  hematite. 

Peninsular  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Peninsular  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnace,  De- 
troit, Wayne  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9^  feet ;  average  annual  product,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Detroit  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Detroit  and  Lake  Superior  Iron  Manufacturing  Co. 
Location  of  furnace,  Detroit,  Wayne  County.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
9^ieet;  average  annual  product,  G,000  tons.    Hot  blast.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

SCHOOLCRAFT  COUNTY. 

Bay  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Bay  Furnace  Co.  Location  of  furnaces,  Onoto, 
Schoolcraft  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

Schoolcraft  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Schoolcraft  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnace, 
Munissing.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lleight  of  stack,  42  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet; 
average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ore.  Lake  Superior. 


Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces. 

Hamtramck  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ilamtramck  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Detroit,  Wayne  County.    Iron  stack.    Capacity,  7,000  tons. 

Marquette  and  Pacific  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Marquette  and  Pacific  Rolling  Mill 
Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  fiirnace,  Marquette,  Marquette  County.  Height 
of  stack,  GO  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet.  Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior.  Average 
annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.    Furnace  lately  rebuilt. 

Union  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Union  Iron  Co.,  Detroit,  Wayne  County.  Height  of 
stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11^  feet.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores.  Lake  Superior.    Furnace  altered. 


1 


88 


BLAST  FDENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STAINES. 


Anthracite  Furnace. 

Grace  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lake  Superior  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Marquette,  Marquette  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli, 
17  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons.     Character  of  ores.  Lake  Superior. 

This  furnace  wag  completed  and  put  in  blast  in  December,  1872,  and  is  one  of  the  finest 
furnaces  in  the  coimtry,  being  in  many  respects  a  model.  The  furnace  is  located  on  the  east 
side  of  Marquette  Bay,  occupying,  with  the  docks  used  for  the  reception  and  storage  of 
fuel,  about  five  acres.  The  water  front  is  2,000  feet  in  length,  with  abundant  depth  of 
water  for  vessels.  The  foundation  for  this  furnace  was  built  on  the  bed  rock  below  water 
level,  and  continued  11  feet  above  water  level  to  the  hearth. 

It  is  an  iron  stack  set  on  columns,  has  a  hearth  of  7  feet  6  inches,  and  seven  tuyeres 
which  are  fitted  with  reducers  to  regulate  the  blast.  The  top  is  closed  with  bell  and  hop- 
per, with  a  waste  chimney  reaching  12  feet  above,  the  gases  being  led  by  flues  to  the  hot- 
blast  ovens  and  boilers,  which  flues  are  supplied  with  valves  to  control  the  gas,  and  registers 
to  regulate  the  supply  of  air. 

The  Hot  Blast  is  built  in  two  compartments,  each  having  a  combustion  chamber  '21  feet 
long  by  5  feet  wide  and  6  feet  high,  over  which  are  720  feet  of  8  inch  pipe. 

The  stack  and  hot  blast  occupy  a  building  50  by  130  feet,  with  a  casting  floor  of  50  by 
68  feet. 

There  are  three  boilers,  26  feet  long  by  42  inches  in  diameter.  The  boiler  stack  is  100 
feet  6  inches  high,  and  every  facility  afforded  for  the  consumption  of  the  furnace  stack 
gases  as  fuel. 

The  hoisting  apparatus,  worked  by  steam,  is  on  a  new  principle.  There  are  two  verti- 
cal steam  cylinders  of  10  inch  bore,  half  the  length  of  the  elevation,  provided  with  plungers 
to  which  the  cable  is  attached.  This  cable  passes  up  to  a  shaft  provided  with  two  drums, 
one  of  large  size,  upon  which  the  hoisting  platform  is  suspended,  and  the  other,  the  power 
drum,  by  which  the  movement  of  the  apparatus  is  effected.  The  large  drum,  from  which  the 
platform  is  suspended,  being  twice  the  diameter  of  the  power  drum  or  pulley,  the  platform 
is  moved  two  feet  while  the  plunger  in  the  piston  moves  but  one,  and  thus  the  platforms 
are  alternately  carried  up  and  down. 

The  blast  is  supplied  by  a  direct-acting  vertical  engine  with  blowing  cylinders  of  7  feet 
in  diameter  and  4|-  foot  stroke,  and  steam  cylinder  34  inches  in  diameter  with  4^  feet 
stroke.  The  stock-house,  76  by  100  feet,  contains  tracks  and  receptacles  for  ore  and  fuel. 
Two  calcining  kilns,  of  29  tons  capacity  each,  are  added,  with  space  for  more. 

The  buildings  are  generally  of  sandstone  with  iron  roofs,  and  the  whole  forms  one  of 
the  most  thoroughly  built  and  equipped  furnaces  in  the  world. 

This  completes  the  list  of  furnaces  on  Michigan,  although  a  number  have  been  projected 
in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  and  several  have  been  commenced. 

The  census  returns  for  Michigan  give  the  number  of  establishments  at  17.  Hands, 
1,600.  Capital  invested,  $2,528,000.  Wages,  $800,000.  Value  of  material,  $1,600,000. 
Value  of  product,  $2,812,515. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


89 


KECAPITULATION  FOR  MICHIGAN. 


Number  of  antliracite  and  coke  furnaces   1 

Average  annual  product   16,000  tons. 

Number  of  bituminous  coal  and  coke  furnaces   3 

Average  annual  capacity  of  product   25,000  tons. 

Number  of  charcoarf m-naces   30 

Average  annual  capacity  of  product   127,800  tons. 

Total  number  of  f  menaces   34: 

Total  productive  capacity   168,800  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Missouri. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  Lake  Superior  region  is  that  of  the  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot 
Knob  regions  of  Missouri,  probably  the  greatest  single  deposit  of  iron  ore  in  the  world. 
These,  with  the  various  and  excellent  ores  of  other  portions  of  the  State,  make  Missouri  an 
attractive  point  to  the  capitalist  seeking  investments  in  iron  lands,  or  the  manufacturer  in 
search  of  superior  iron  for  consumption.  The  production  of  ores  by  the  Iron  Mountain 
Company  amounted  to  371,474  tons  in  1872,  an  increase  of  108,997  tons  over  1871,  while 
those  of  1873  have  been  somewhat  lighter,  owing  to  lack  of  sufficient  facilities  for  trans- 
portation. The  production  of  pig-iron  in  Missouri  in  1872  was  some  125,000  tons,  and  with 
the  increased  capacity  in  1873  must  have  reached  150,000  tons.  The  new  furnaces  lately 
built  are  models  of  blast-furnace  economy,  and  well  worthy  of  examination  and  extended 
description. 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces. 


ST.  LOUIS  COUNTY. 

Missouri  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Missouri  Furnace  Co.  President,  George  D. 
Hall  ;  Vice-President,  E.  C.  Cushman  ;  Secretary,  A.  J.  Leitii  ;  Superintendent,  Charles 
A.  McNair.  Office,  305  Olive  Street,  St.  Louis.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of 
furnaces.  South  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  County.  Average  annual  capacity,  24,000  tons. 
Product  in  1872,  24,960  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Iron  Mountain,  magnetic,  and  Missouri 
hematites.  Blowing  engine.  Blast  cylinders,  63  inch  diameter,  6  foot  stroke ;  steam 
cylinders,  29  inch  diameter,  6  foot  stroke.  Blast  pressure,  2^  lbs.  Temperature,  850°. 
One  furnace  has  bell  and  hopper  ;  gas  is  used  for  hot  blast  only.  Wages  amount  to  $8,000 
monthly.  Product,  largely  Bessemer  pig  metal.  Height  of  stack,  56  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  14  feet. 


Carondelet  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Carondelct  Iron  "Works  Co.    President  D.  C. 
CushmiVn;   Secretary,  Charles  A.  McNair.      Office,   111   Locust   Street,   St.  Louis, 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.    Location  of  furnace.  South  St.  Louis.    Average  annual  capacity, 
6,000  tons.    Product  in  1872,  5,928"  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Iron  Mountain  and  hematite. 
12 


90 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet.  Blast  pressure,  2  lbs.  Number 
of  hands,  65. 

South  St.  Iiouis  Furnaces, — Proprietors,  South  St.  Louis  Iron  Co.  President,  II. 
S.  Reed  ;  Vice-President,  J.  T.  Doziee  ;  Secretary,  B.  A.  Doziek.  Office,  321  North 
Third  Street,  St.  Louis.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces.  South  St.  Louis, 
St.  Louis  County.  Height  of  stack,  56  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  20,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 15,210.  Character  of  ores.  Iron  Mountain.  Num- 
ber of  hands,  160.  Monthly  wages,  ^8,000.  Blowing  cylinders,  6  feet  diameter  and  6 
feet  stroke ;  steam  cylinders,  29  inch  diameter,  6  feet  stroke.  Blast  pressure,  4  lbs.  There 
are  12  cylinder  boilers. 

Vulcan  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Yulcan  Iron  Works  Co. ;  President,  D.  R.  Garri- 
son ;  Vice-President,  D.  E.  Ferguson  ;  Secretary,  D.  K.  Garrison.  Office,  221  Olive 
Street,  St.  Louis.  Number  of  furnaces,  2 ;  location  of  furnaces.  South  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis 
County.  Average  amiual  capacity  of  the  three,  40,000  tons  ;  of  the  two  finished  furnaces, 
the  product  in  1872  was  22,000  tons.  No.  3  building  in  1873.  Character  of  ores.  Iron 
Mountain ;  Fuel,  Big  Muddy  coal,  and  Connellsville  coke.  Height  of  stacks,  56  and  65  feet ; 
diameter  of  boshes,  14  and  16  feet. 

The  largest  blowing  engine  in  the  United  States,  it  is  said,  is  at  these  works.  Its 
dimensions  are  as  follows :  perpendicular  height,  47  feet ;  blowing  cylinders,  9  feet 
diameter  and  9  feet  stroke ;  steam  cylinders,  60  inches  diameter  and  9  feet  stroke.  Two 
fly-wheels  of  30  tons  each.  This  is  a  low-pressm-e,  condensing  engine,  the  condenser  mak- 
ing from  18,000  to  20,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute,  and  running  with  20  to  30  lbs.  of 
steam. 

No.  2  furnace  has  had  introduced  water-jackets  inside  the  columns  and  exterior  to  the 
brick-work,  and  the  first  used  in  this  country.  These  waterbacks  are  of  wrought  or  cast 
iron,  and  avert  the  destruction  of  the  brick-work  by  the  heat.  The  tuyeres  are  set  in 
cast-iron  arches,  and  four  feet  from  the  base  of  the  hearth,  being  higher  than  in  other 
furnaces,  with  the  advantage  claimed  that  the  tuyeres  cannot  come  in  contact  with  the 
molten  iron,  being  above  it ;  and  the  full  force  of  the  blast  is  obtained,  with  nothing  to 
interrupt  or  absorb  its  power.  Bl^ast  pressure  is  2|-  lbs.,  and  temperature  800°  to  900°. 
There  are  18  boilers,  and  the  hoist  is  run  by  steam.  No.  3,  the  new  furnace,  has  a  new 
style  of  hot-blast  pipe,  diminishing  friction  with  the  blast  through  the  pipes. 

The  product  of  these  furnaces  is  principally  Bessemer  pig  metal,  for  which  it  is 
pcculiarl}^  suited.  The  new  furnace  possesses  also  many  distinctive  features  worthy  of 
description.  The  hearth  is  of  St.  Genevieve  sandstone,  12  feet  deep  and  21  feet  in 
diameter.  The  stack  is  supported  on  eight  iron  columns,  12  feet  high  and  20  inches  in 
diameter  at  the  bottom,  and  18  at  the  top.  Upon  these  columns  is  placed  a  solid  cast-iron 
ring,  3  feet  wide  and  6  inches  thick.  The  shell  of  sheet  iron,  22  feet  in  diameter,  rises 
from  the  ring  and  is  cased  in  brick,  tapering  at  the  top  to  14  feet.  The  shell,  from  the 
ring  up,  is  53  feet  high,  making  the  total  height  65  feet,  the  diameter  of  the  boshes  being 
16  feet.  The  shell  is  formed  by  12  rows  of  sheet-iron  plates,  each  sheet  of  which  is 
covered  by  an  iron  band,  3  inches  wide  and  |-  of  an  inch  thick,  which  strengthen  the 
stack,  and  are  due  to  the  invention  of  the  superintendent. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Jupiter  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  Gareisons,  Chouteau  &  Hart.    Fi^,- eon>flj^s52 
D.  K.  Garrison,  O.  Garrison,  C.  P.  Chouteau,  O.  A.  Hart,  St.  Louis  ;  C.  K.  GA^i^N  ^di 
Wm.  E.  Gai{rison,  New  York.    JSTumber  of  furnaces,  1,  and  1  projected.  HeiglitJ>tiiti^, 
80  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  21  feet.    Character  of  ores.  Iron  Mountain.    Average  annual 
capacity  of  both,  50,000  tons. 

This  furnace  is  only  equalled  by  the  Isabella  and  Lucy  furnaces  of  Pittsburg,  and  sur- 
passed by  the  Franklin,  of  ]SI"ew  Jersey,  which  has  23  feet  boshes. 

The  base -of  the  furnace  is  27  feet  square  and  18  feet  deep,  with  like  proportions 
throughout.  The  easting-house  is  127  feet  by  50,  and  25  feet  high ;  the  stock-house,  300 
by  90  feet ;  and  the  engine-house,  60  by  35  feet.  These  buildings  are  of  sufUcient  size  to 
accommodate  the  two  furnaces,  ISTo.  2  of  which  is  to  be  built  as  soon  as  possible. 


Charcoal  Furnaces. 

IRON  COUNTY. 

Pilot  Knob  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  Pilot  Knob  Iron  Co.  President,  Thomas 
Allen  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  John  W.  Boyd.  Office,  110  Chestnut  Street,  St.  Louis. 
ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Pilot  Knob,  Iron  County.  Height  of  stack, 
45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Product  1872, 
6,300  tons.    Character  of  ores.  Pilot  Knob. 

This  company  also  mines  and  ships  largely  of  ores  from  seven  mountain  deposits,  the 
shipments  reaching  20,000  tons  in  1872.  The  furnace  went  into  blast  in  May,  1872.  The 
blast  pressure  is  2|-  lbs.    The  quality  of  the  iron  made  here  is  superior. 

ST.  FRANCOIS  COUNTY. 

Iron  Mountain  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Iron  Mountain  Co.  President,  Edwin 
Harrison  ;  Yice-President,  P.  Chouteau  Maffit  ;  Secretary,  Charles  A.  Pilley.  Office, 
941  I^ortli  Second  Street,  St.  Louis.  JSTumber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Iron 
Mountain,  St.  Francois  County.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Character  of  ores.  Iron  Mountain.  This  company  are 
the  owners  of  36,000  acres  of  land,  of  which  the  celebrated  Iron  Mountain,  the  largest  sin- 
gle deposit  of  ore  in  the  known  world,  forms  a  part,  and  from  which  was  shipped,  in  1872, 
371,474  tons  of  ore,  with  little  if  any  diminution  in  1873. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

Irondale  Furnace. — Proprietors,  E.  Harrison  &  Co.  Office,  941  North  Second  Street, 
St.  Louis.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Irondale,  "Washington  County. 
Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons. 
Iron  Mountain  ore. 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 

Moselle  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Moselle  Iron  Co.  (J.  H.  Brown  &  Co.,  of  Ohio). 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.    Location  of  furnace,  Moselle,  Franklin  County.    Height  of  stack, 


92 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNTrED  STATES. 


30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  animal  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of  ore, 
blue  specular,  and  red  hematite.    Hot  blast. 

Hamilton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Hamilton  Furnace  Co.  ]N"umber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  near  Sullivan,  Franklin  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  blue  specular  and 
red  oxide.    Built  in  1873. 

CRAWFORD  COUNTY. 

Scotia  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Scotia  Iron  Co.  President,  R.  J.  Lackland  ;  Vice- 
President,  Thomas  Howard  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Robert  Anderson.  Office,  305-|- 
Olive  Street,  St.  Louis.  Number  of  Furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Leesburg, 
Crawford  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  8,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  5,669  tons.  Character  of  ores,  blue  specular  and 
red  oxide,  Maramec  ore.  The  quality  of  this  iron  is  superior,  and  the  ISTo.  1  foundry  iron  is 
shipped  entirely  to  Bessemek  works  at  Chicago- and  Cleveland. 

PHELPS  COUNTY. 

Maramec  Furnace. — ^Proprietors,  Maramec  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Maramec  Spring,  Phelps  County.  Height  of  stack,  34  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 4,368  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  blue  specular  and  red  oxide,  Maramec  ore. 

Ozark  Furnace. — Proprietors,  "William  James  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ozark,  Phelps  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of.  bosh, 
10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  specular  and  hematite. 
New. 

CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

Osage  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Osage  Iron  Works  Co.  Number  of  furnaces  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Lynn  Creek,  Camden  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  specular  and  hema- 
tite.   Furnace  new,  built  in  1872-3. 

Campbell  Furnace. — Campbell  &  Condec.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Lynn  Creek,  Camden  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  specular  and  hematite. 

MORGAN  COUNTY. 

Scott  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Scott  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Morgan  County.    New  in  1873, 

The  census  returns  for  Missouri  in  1870  gave  the  number  of  blast  furnaces  at  15. 
Hands  employed,  1,123.     Capital  invested,  $1,914,000.    Wages  paid,  $850,780.    Yalue  of 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  93 

material,  $1,375,766.  Value  of  product,  $2,991,168,  which  represented  a  product  of  80,090 
tons  of  pig-iron  requiring  126,212  tons  of  ore,  valued  at  $586,293. 

KECAPITULATIOX  FOK  MISSOUKI. 

Number  of  bituminous  coal  and  coke  furnaces   9 

Average  annual  capacity  of  product   115,000  tons. 

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces   12 

Average  annual  capacity  of  product   72,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   20 

Total  annual  productive  capacity   187,000  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Tennessee. 

Tennessee  is  of  the  first  importance  among  the  iron-ore  producing  States,  but,  owing  to 
lack  of  transportation  hitherto,  has  not  developed  the  valuable  mineral  deposits.  New 
railroads  are  fast  opening  up  the  ores  and  excellent  coals  of  this  region  to  market,  and 
within  the  last  year  a  great  deal  of  capital  has  been  invested  here  from  other  States. 

Foreign  capital  is  also  seeking  these  ores,  and  will,  it  is  likely,  give  a  great  impulse  to 
the  manufacture  of  iron  here  in  the  near  futiu-e.  In  no  part  of  the  United  States,  can  pig 
metal  be  manufactured  more  cheaply,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  figures  of  cost 
from  actual  workings,  given  by  Geokge  T.  Lewis,  Esq.,  of  Clarksville,  a  gentleman 
thoroughly  competent  to  furnish  the  facts.  General  J.  T.  Wildek,  of  the  Roane  Iron 
Works,  Rockwood,  Tennessee,  also  gives  interesting  facts  and  figures  as  to  cost  of  making- 
pig  metal,  and  the  quality  of  the  ores  of  his  State.  From  these  data,  we  extract  the  foUow- 
ing  matter  of  interest : 

The  iron  region  of  Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  Alabama,  destined  to  become  the  Wales  of 
America,  on  account  of  the  low  price  at  which  iron  can  be  produced,  abounds  in  hematite 
and  fossil  ores,  bituminous  coal  and  limestone,  all  of  which  enter  into  the  manufacture 
of  pig  metal.  The  ores  yield  from  forty  to  sixty-five  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron ;  the  coals 
show,  by  analysis,  from  fifty-five  to  seventy  per  cent,  of  carbon,  while  containing  less  earthy 
matter  and  sulphur  than  the  furnace  coals  elsewhere.  These  rich  deposits  lie  directly  on 
railroads  completed  or  being  built.  The  following  gives  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  one 
ton  of  pig  metal  at  a  furnace  of  six  thousand  tons  capacity,  supposed  to  be  located  near  the 
beds  of  ore,  fuel,  and  fluxing : 


Mining,  loading,  and  transporting  2  tons  ore   $4.00 

Mining,  loading,  and  transporting  80  bushels  coal   6.40 

Quarrying,  loading,  and  transporting  1,000  lbs.  limestone   .50 

Superintendence  and  labor  per  ton   4.00 

Wear  and  tear  per  ton   .50 

Interest  on  investment  per  ton   1.00 

Incidentals  per  ton   .50 


Total  cost   $16.90 


94 


BLAST  FUEN"ACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Cost  of  1  ton  of  pig  metal  in  Ohio — 

Witla  native  ores   $29.00 

From  Lake  Superior  ores   29.00 

In  Indiana,  from  Iron  Moimtain  and  Lake  Superior  ores,  $28.45.  At  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  with  ores  from  Lake  Champlain  and  Lake  Superior,  $29.50.  These  were  Mr. 
Lewis'  figures  in  18G9.  In  1872,  under  date  of  ISTovember  22,  General  Wilder  wrote  to 
the  America7i  Mamifacturer  of  Pittsburg,  giving  the  following  as  the  actual  cost  of  hot- 
blast,  stone-coal  pig  metal  per  ton  at  the  Eoane  Iron  Works,  Eockwood,  Tennessee.  The 
coal  here  is  a  dry,  semi-bituminous  coal,  of  which  the  lump  is  worked  raw,  and  the  slack 
coked.  The  ore  is  red  fossiliferous.  Coal  costs  at  furnace  $1.50  per  ton;  ore,  $1  to  $2 
per  ton ;  limestone,  85  cents  per  ton.  The  amount  of  coal  used  per  ton  of  iron  is  2.85 
tons,  and  ores  yield  from  40  to  62  per  cent,  metallic  iron.    The  actual  cost  is  given  thus : 


2  tons  iron  ore  at  $1.50  per  ton   $3.00 

2.85  tons  coal  (79  bushels)  at  $1.50  per  ton   4.27| 

Limestone  per  ton  of  iron   .85 

Superintendence  and  labor  per  ton   4.00 

Interest  on  investment  per  ton   1.00 

Wear  and  tear  per  ton   .50 


Total  actual  cost  per  ton   $14.12|- 

These  figures  compare  with  the  actual  cost  of  making  a  ton  of  iron  in  Central  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1871,  as  published  by  William  E.  S.  B.vkee,  Secretary  of  the  Eastern  Iron 
Masters'  Association,  as  follows,  viz. : 

Cost  of  ore  to  the  ton  of  pig  metal.  .  .   $12.67 

Cost  of  coal  to  the  ton  of  pig  metal   8.59 

Cost  of  limestone  to  the  ton  of  pig  metal   2.08 

Cost  of  labor  to  the  ton  of  pig  metal   3.54 

Cost  of  all  contingencies,  interest,  etc.,  to  the  ton   2.77 


Total  cost  of  a  ton  of  pig  metal   $29.65 

Difference  in  favor  of  Tennessee,  $15.21|- ;  or,  as  Mr.  Lewis  says,  "  In  other  words,  we  can 

produce  in  Tennessee  2  tons  of  pig  metal,  at  a  cost  of  $28.87 

While  in  the  most  favored  portions  of  Pennsylvania,  1  ton  costs.  . . .  29.65 


i.  e.y  we  have  2  tons  to  1  ton,  and  78  over." 


Mr.  Lewis  further  recapitu.lates  the  cost  of  a  ton  of  pig  metal  at  the  various  regions  of 
the  United  States,  in  England,  Wales,  and  India,  showing  an  economy  in  production  in 
Tennessee.  Further,  General  Wilder,  in  a  letter  to  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of 
Tennessee,  under  date  of  March  10,  1873,  gives  the  following  report  from  his  furnace  books 
of  the  workings  of  the  furnace  for  the  months  of  December,  1872,  and  January,  1873  : 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  \^ 
Report  of  BocJciuood  Furnace  for  the  month  ending  Saturday,  Decemher  2*1,  1872.  V," 


Material. 

No.  Pounds. 

Value. 

  2,U1:,000 

$2,835.86 

o 

  891,200 

2,005.20 

  1,339,200 

1,101.80 

  552,700 

304.58 

X  1 

1,170.15 

400.00 

Material  from  store  

303.37 

118.56 

98.03 

Total  

$8,337.55 

Product,  590  tons  No.  1  mill  iron  ;  cost,  $14.33  per  ton ;  ore  yielding  62.40  per  cent. 

(Signed.)    W.  F.  Sanks,  for  D.  E.  Eees,  Agent, 

J.  T.  Wilder,  Superintendent. 

Report  of  RocJcwood  Furnace  for  the  monih  ending  Scoturday,  January  2G,  1873. 


Material. 

No.  Pounds. 

Value. 

  2,415,000 

$3,194.80 

  1,408,800 

3,169.80 

  1,636,600 

1,405.77 

  601,800 

331.01 

1,486.10 

580.00 

127.95 

68.15 

69.20 

$10,423.38 

Product,  605  tons  No.  1  mill  iron  ;  cost,  $15.92  per  ton ;  ore  yielding  62.78  per  cent. 

(Signed.)   W.  F.  Sanks,  for  D.  E.  Eees,  Agent. 

J.  T.  WiLDEK,  Superintendent. 

Remarks.— Ores  are  charged  at  $3  per  ton,  and  actually  cost  by  contract  $2  per  ton. 
All  allowances  are  made  to  cover  any  possible  waste,  or  cost  of  extra  liandling.  The  cost 
for  January  is  unusual,  owing  to  the  greater  amount  of  coke  used  that  month,  to  reduce 
the  stock  of  coke  on  hand.  Ore  yielded  for  the  time  quoted  above,  62.59,  and  an  average 
of  2715  pounds  coal  were  used  for  each  ton  of  iron  produced. 

(Signed.)    J.  T.  Wilder. 

The  foreo-oino'  statements  show  that  no  region  in  the  United  States  offers  equal  facili- 
ties  for  the  economical  manufacture  of  pig  metal,  with  that  included  in  the  iron  regions  of 
Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  Alabama ;  and,  indeed,  that  irons  can  be  made  here  now  which 


96 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATE?. 


■will  bear  tlic  high  cost  of  transportation  to  the  North  and  West  with  a  large  profit.  These 
States  are  the  true  field  for  the  investment  of  capital,  and,  with  the  Lake  Superior  region 
of  Michigan  and  the  iron  field  of  Missouri,  will  be  the  future  site  of  the  great  iron  works 
of  this  Continent,  and,  in  all  probability,  of  the  world. 

Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces. 

ROANE  COUNTY. 

Rockwood  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Eoan  Iron  Co.,  Chattanooga.  Number  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Rockwood,  Roane  County.  Lleight  of  stack,  65  and 
56  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  and  16  feet ;  average  annual  capiacity,  16,000  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  fossiliferous.    One  furnace  new  in  1872. 

Buckley  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Buckley  &  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Knoxville,  Knox  County.     Lleight  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
.15  feet;   average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.     Character  of  ores,  hematite.    New  in 
1872-3. 

Oakdale  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Oakdale  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnace,  Oakdale, 
Roane  County.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 10,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  hematite.  Fuel,  bituminous  coal  and 
coke. 

Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Tennessee. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

Embreeville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Bradley  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Jonesboro,  Washington  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Product  in  1872,  1301  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores,  hematite. 

GREENE  COUNTY. 

Cove  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietors,  New  York  &  East  Tennessee  Iron  Co.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Locatioii  of  furnace,  Greeneville,  Greene  County.  Height  of  stack, 
36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite.    Cold  blast. 

Greene  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Greene  County  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ilaysville,  Greene  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Unaka  Furnace. — Proprietor,  "Wilbur  F.  Gleasox.  Location  of  furnace.  Unaka, 
Greene  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  limestone.    Hot  blast. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


SULLIVAN  COUNTY. 


Bushong  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Busiiong  &  Co.    JSTuinber  of  furnaces,  1.  Is0!ujoir^ 

of  furnace,  Busliong's  Furnace  P.  O.,  Sullivan  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  N^aiti-  ^ 
eter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite,  ^^n— 

Madison  Furnace. — Proprietor,  J.  M.  Bakkek.  Location  of  furnace,  Bristol,  Sulli- 
van County.  Height  of  stack,  28  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
1,200  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  red  hematit(3. 

CARTER  COUNTY. 

Carter  Furnace. — Lessees,  Claeke,  Quaie  &  Co.,  Knoxville.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Stoney  Creek,  Carter  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Ijambert  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lambert  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Lambert  Ore  Banks,  Carter  County.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  13  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite. 
New,  built  in  1873.    Hot  blast. 

CLAIBORNE  COUNTY. 

Cumberland  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cumberland  Gap  Iron  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Cumberland  Gap,  Claiborne  County.  Height  of  stack,  35 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite. 


Charcoal  Furnaces  of  Western  Tennessee. 

DECATUR  COUNTY. 

Brownsport  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Young  &  Walker.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Brownsport,  Decatur  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  G,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

STEWART  COUNTY. 

Dover  and  Bear  Spring  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Woods,  Yeatman  &  Co.,  Cum- 
berland Iron  Works,  Stewart  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Height  of  stack,  34 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite.    Bear  Spring  Furnace  rebuilt  in  1872. 

Clark  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Gareett,  McDowell  &  Co.,  La  Grange  Iron  Co., 
Danville.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  La  Grange  Furnace  P.  O., 
Stewart  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9^  feet;  average  annual 
capacity,  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

La  Grange  and  Eclipse  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  La  Grange  Iron  Co.  (Gakkett, 
McDowell  &  Co.).    Nmnber  of  furnaces,  2.    Location  of  furnaces,  La  Grange  Furnace 
13 


98 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES. 


P.  O.,  Stewart  County,  lleiglit  of  stack,  35  and  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9^  and  10  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  laematite. 

Rough  and  Ready  Furnace. — Proprietors,  A.  Guckensheimek  &  Co.  Is  umber 
of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Indian  Mound  P.  O.,  Stewart  County.  Ileiglit  of 
stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Hot  blast. 
Character  of  ores,  brown  liematite. 

DICKSON  COUNTY. 

Cumberland  Furnace. — Proprietors,  J.  P.  Deouillakd  &  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Cumberland  Purnace,  Dickson  County.  Height  of  stack, 
29  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
brown  hematite.    This  furnace  is  said  to  have  been  originally  built  in  1790. 

Worley  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ork,  Kewell  &  Co.  ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  "Worley  Furnace,  Dickson  County.  Height  of  stack,  37  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  9  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 

Vernon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Sechlek,  McCullough  &  Co.  ISTumber  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Clarksville,  Montgomery  County.  Height  of  stack,  34 
feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
2,863  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

LEWIS  COUNTY. 

Ijewis  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tuomas  &  Co.  Nimiber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Lewis  Furnace,  Lewis  County.  Building. 

WAYNE  COUNTY. 

Wayne  Purnace. — Proprietors,  Gaylord  Iron  and  Pipe  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Wa^-nesborougli,  Wayne  County.  Height 
of  stack,  42  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  2,650  tons.    Character  of  ores,  red  hematite.    Hot  blast. 

MONROE  COUNTY. 

Tallico  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Colonel  W.  A.  Haskins.  Location  of  furnace,  Tal- 
lico  Plains,  Monroe  County.  Nimiber  of  furnaces,  1.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Hot  blast.  Character  of  ores, 
brown  hematite. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY. 

Buffalo  Furnace.— Proprietor,  W.  C.  Napiek.    Out  of  blast. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


99 


HENDERSON  COUNTY. 

Poplar  Springs  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Y.  E.  Goodell,  Carbondale.  Location  of 
furnace,  Poplar  Springs.    Ileiglit  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  10  feet ;  average 


annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  native  hematite.     Cold  blast. 

The  census  returns  for  Tennessee  give  12  companies.  Hands,  1,100.  Capital  invested, 
$1,075,500.  Wages,  $307,68-t.    Yalue  of  material,  $437,307.  Value  of  product,  $1,722,907. 

EECAPITtJLATION  FOE  TENNESSEE. 

Number  of  bituminous  furnaces   3 

Annual  capacity   20,000  tons. 

1^ umber  of  charcoal  furnaces   24 

Annual  capacity   04,700  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   29 

Total  productive  capacity   90,700  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Georgia. 

The  remarks  as  to  the  value  of  the  ores  of  Tennessee  apply  with  equal  force  to  Geor- 
gia, and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  great  additions  will  be  made  to  the  iron  industry  in  the 
State.  As  an  evidence  of  the  advantage  here  offered  for  making  iron,  the  following  ac- 
count of  what  is  being  done  is  given : 

The  Etna  Iron  Works  Company  was  formed  in  the  early  part  of  1871,  and  commenced 
operations  at  tlieir  works  distant  21  miles  from  Eome,  and  contiguous  to  the  ores  to  be  de- 
veloped. The  capital  of  the  company  was  $75,500,  paid  up,  and  the  extent  of  their  prop- 
erty, 9,000  acres.  The  furnace  started  on  April  6,  1872,  with  an  average  product  of  10 
tons  per  day,  which  in  seven  months  netted  a  profit  of  $64,000,  and  in  the  year  of  $100,000 
— a  gain  of  133  per  cent,  upon  the  original  investment  in  the  short  space  of  twelve  months. 

Charcoal  Furnaces. 

FLOYD  COUNTY. 

Pawn  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Eoyle,  Ditmae  &  Jaevis.  ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Fawn  Iron  AYorks,  Fade  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  16  feet.  Character  of  ore,  fossiliferous.  Furnace  new,  built  in  1872-3,  and 
the  first  furnace  in  the  South  to  adopt  the  Whitwell  hot-blast  stove.  Engineer  in  charge  of 
construction,  Wm.  M.  IIabeeshaw  ;  and  it  is  proposed  to  add  hereafter  five  more  furnaces, 
four  of  which  will  be  75  feet  stack  by  18  feet  bosh,  and  all  stone-coal  furnaces. 

Ridge  Valley  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ridge  Valley  Iron  Co.,  Eome,  Georgia.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  8  miles  from  Rome.  Height  of  stack,  43  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores,  limestone  and 
bi-own  hematite. 


100 


BLAST  FTJRNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Cornwall  and  Stonewall  Furnaces. — Propvietors,  Cotiikan  &  Maguire.  'Num- 
ber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Rome,  Floyd  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown 
hematite. 

Bartow  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Bartow  Iron  Co.,  Rome,  Floyd  County.  Number 
of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Bartow  County.  Height  of  stack,  GO  and  30  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  9  and  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
1,800  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.    One  furnace  coke. 

Round  Mountain  Furnace, — Proprietors,  Pool,  Dodd  &  Co,  Rome,  Floyd  County. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  on  Etowah  River,  13  miles  from  Rome. 
Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

BAETOW  COUNTY. 

Leyden  Furnace, — Proprietors,  Rogers  &  Letdex.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Kingston,  Bartow  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.  New  in 
1872. 

DADE  COUNTY. 

Cherokee  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cherokee  Iron  Works,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Trenton,  Dade  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  fossil. 

Cherokee  Furnace. — Proprietors,  B.  G.  Pool  &  Co.  Location  of  furnace,  Bartow 
County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

CASS  COUNTY. 

Rogers  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Rogers  &  Dolet.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Cartersville,  Cass  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  New  in  1872  and  1873.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite. 

Stump  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Styles  &  Co.  Nmnber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Cartersville,  Cass  County.  Height  of  stack,  28  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  7  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  7,500  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

POLK  COUNTY. 

Cherokee  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cherokee  Iron  Woi'ks  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Cedartown,  Polk  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  New  in 
1872  and  1873. 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  /  ^^O^^K 

Etna  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Etna  Furnace  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.  N£i;iQati6'jiK 
of  furnace.  Prior's  Station,  Polk  County.    Height  of  stack,  4i  feet ;  diameter  of  10C<v  5 

feet;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite,  'x^'^  ^ 


Tecumseh  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tecumseh  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Tecumseh  Furnace,  Polk  County.  Pleight  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  New  ; 
building  in  1873. 

The  census  returns  for  Georgia  give  in  1870  but  2  establishments,  with  27  hands; 
§9,000  capital.  $9,200  wages.  Value  of  material,  $13,180.  Yalue  of  product,  $42,600 ; 
showing  very  imperfect  returns,  and  also  great  development  in  the  industry  since. 

RECAPITULATION  FOR  GEORGIA. 

Number  of  bituminous  furnaces  (coke)   2  (building). 

Annual  capacity   3,000  tons. 

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces   13 

Annual  capacity   39,000  tons. 

Total  numbei'  of  furnaces   15 

Total  productive  capacity   42,000  tons. 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Alabama. 

The  opportunities  offered  in  this  State  for  obtaining  ores  of  great  purity  and  richness, 
in  close  contiguity  to  the  finest  coals  and  on  completed  railroads  at  a  low  price,  are  prob- 
ably unequalled  in  the  United  States. 

With  this  condition  of  things,  and  the  small  amount  of  development  yet  made  there, 
it  is  not  strange  that  the  attention  of  foreign  capitalists  has  been  attracted  to  this  region, 
and  that  purchases  to  a  very  considerable  extent  have  been  made,  with  a  view  of  utilizing 
the  magnificent  deposits.  Every  advantage,  in  the  way  of  healthy  climate  and  abundant 
water,  exists,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  within  very  few  years  the  mineral  resources 
of  this  favored  region  will  be  thoroughly  developed. 

One  of  the  most  promising  portions  of  the  State  is  Central  Alabama,  around  the  town 
of  Birmingham.  This  place  is  located  in  a  beautiful,  healthy  valley,  at  the  terminus  of  the 
great  Allegheny  Mountain  range.  The  valley  is  from  five  to  six  miles  wide,  and  on  one 
side  runs  what  is  called  Red  or  Iron  Mountain,  400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  valley,  and 
on  the  top  of  which,  lies  the  vein  of  red  fossiliferous  ore.  This  vein  dips  to  the  south  at 
an  angle  of  25°,  and  runs  under  the  adjacent  hills  to  an  unknown  depth,  generally  exposed 
for  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile.  The  thickness,  as  exposed  to  view,  is  from  10  to  60  feet, 
and  it  is  seen  for  a  distance  of  50  niiles  continuously. 

The  yield,  from  these  ores,  of  metallic  iron  is  from  35  to  60  per  cent.  South  of  this 
mountain,  at  a  distance  ranging  from  3  to  6  miles,  lies  the  celcln-ated  Cawhaba  coal  field, 
embracing  about  500  square  miles  in  area.  On  the  north  of  the  valley  is  the  Warrior  coal 
field,  embracing  some  6,000  square  miles,  at  a  distance  from  the  ore  of  an  average  of  4  miles 


102 


BtAST  FURKACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


for  a  line  of  40  miles.  The  Alabama  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  runs  the  whole  length  of 
this  valley,  and  npon  it  is  fomid  limestone  of  excellent  quality,  and  water  in  abmidaiiee. 
The  completed  railroads  reaching  this  point  are,  the  Alabama  and  Chattanooga,  a  part  of 
the  great  tvimk  route,  from  New  Orleans  to  'New  York,  and  the  ISTashville  and  Louisville 
Railroad  running  south,  which  connects  the  gulf  with  the  lakes.  Other  roads  now  being 
built  will  connect  with  the  South  Atlantic  cities  by  the  shortest  possible  line,  and  also  Avith 
Memphis,  St.  Louis,  etc.,  in  that  direction.  As  yet,  the  furnaces  in  operation  all  use  char- 
coal fuel,  but  one  is  already  changing  to  the  native  coal,  and  several  more  are  projected  to 
use  raw  coal  and  coke. 

It  is  estimated  by  experienced  iron  men  who  have  thoroughly  examined  the  locality,  that 
pig  metal  can  be  made  here  at  a  cost  of  from  $10  to  $15  per  ton.  As  shown  by  the  reports 
of  furnaces  in  Tennessee  this  is  actually  feasible  there,  and  it  would  appear  to  be  possible 
to  accomplish  the  result  for  less,  with  the  following  data  of  cost.  One  furnace  in  this  region 
has  ore  delivered  at  the  furnace  for  G3  cents  per  ton^  and  coal  can  be  mined  for  $1.50  per 
ton.  Limestone  is  abundant.  These  estimates  are  of  course  based  upon  the  supposition 
that  mines  are  opened  and  trains  laid.  "With  these  advantages  and  facilities,  it  is  surprising 
that  ore  and  coal  lands  are  for  sale  at  the  low  rate  of  $25.00  per  acre,  nor  can  it  long  be 
the  case,  although  owners,  warned  by  the  course  pursued  by  those  who  have  previously  pur- 
chased without  development,  now  refuse  to  sell  to  any  but  actual  manufacturers  who  will 
erect  furnaces. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  capital  alone  is  needed  to  give  this  region  the  control  of  the  pig 
metal  trade  of  the  country. 

Charcoal  Furnaces. 

BIBB  COUNTY. 

Bibb  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Bibb  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of 
furnaces.  Bibb  Furnace,  Bibb  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  One  furnace  aban- 
doned. 

CHEROKEE  COUNTY. 

Cornwall  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cornwall  Iron  Works  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Cornwall  Iron  Works,  Cedar  Bluff,  Cherokee  County.  Height  of 
stack,  40  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feel  ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Cold  blast. 

Stonewall  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Stonewall  Iron  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Stonewall  Furnace,  Cherokee  County.    Height  of  stack,  45  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hema- 
.  tite.    Hot  blast. 

Tecumseh  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Tecumseh  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Tecumseh  Furnace,  Cherokee  County.  Height  of  stack,  58  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hema- 
tite. Building. 


EL  AST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  /  ^-H 


Round  Mountain  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Ronnd  Mountain  Iron  iW^  CoalnCo.^}^ 
Cherokee  County.    Height  of  stack,  45  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  avo^c  aniijial 
capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  fossiL    Building.  ^^^^^^J^ 

Rock  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Eock  Run  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnace.  Cooper 
P.  O.,  Cherokee  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet;  average 
annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.    Hot  blast.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

TUSCALOOSA  COUNTY. 

Giles  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Giles,  Edwakds  &  Co.    Number   of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Woodstock.    New  ;  building.    40  feet  stack  ;  10  feet  bosh. 

Irondale  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Irondale  Iron  Co.  (McKee,  Tjiomas  &  Co.).  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Irondale,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  5G 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
fossiliferous. 

Red  Mountain  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Red  Mountain  Iron  and  Coal  Co.  Presi- 
dent, D.  S.  Tkoy  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  A.  J.  Noble  ;  Superintendent,  L.  S.  Goodkicu. 
P.  O.  address,  Pratt,  Jefferson  County.  Number  of  fm-naces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces, 
Ironton,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  58  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average 
annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  red  fossiliferous.  One  stack  rebuilt  in 
1872.    One  furnace  changing  to  stone  coal,  new  hot  blast  being  introduced. 

Roup's  Valley  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Thomas  &  Co.    Number  of  furnaces,  3. 
Location  of  furnaces.  Roup's  Valley,  Jefferson  County.    Out  of  blast. 

Tannahill  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Alabama  Central  Iron  Co.    Location,  Tanna- 
hill,  Jefferson  County.    New  furnaces  projected. 

Turkey  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Alabama  Iron  Co.    Location,  Turkey  Creek, 
Jefferson  County.    New  furnaces  projected  or  lately  commenced. 

CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

Woodstock  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Noble  Bkothees.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Anniston,  Calhoun  County.  Height  of  stack,  43  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Hot  blast.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hema- 
tite.   New  in  18T3. 


Oxford  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Oxford  Iron  Co.  Location,  Oxford  Furnace,  Cal- 
houn County.    Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet.    Out  of  blast. 


104 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES. 


SHELBY  COUNTY. 


Shelby  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Shelby  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Lo- 
cation of  furnaces,  Columbiana,  Shelby  County.  Height  of  stack,  5G  and  60  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  12  and  14  feet;  average  annual -capacity,  12,000  tons.  Product  in  1872 
(one  furnace),  5,716,    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.    Second  furnace  new. 

TALLADEGA  COUNTY. 

Salt  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Horace  Ware  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location,  Salt  Creek,  Talladega  County.    New ;  building. 

Alabama  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Alabama  Iron  Co.  Height  of  stack,  45  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  New ;  blew  in  Septem- 
ber, 1873.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

The  census  returns  for  1870  give  for  Alabama:  Number  of  blast  fm-naces,  3.  Hands 
employed,  301.  Capital  invested,  $386,000.  Wages  paid,  $97,108.  Value  of  material, 
40,115.    Yalue  of  product,  $210,258,  which  included  6,250  tons  pig-iron. 


This  State  possesses  large  deposits  of  ores  which  are  almost  exact  counterparts  of  the 
celebrated  ores  of  Sweden,  and  hence  especially  suited  to  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  pig 
metal.  These  ores  are  principally  magnetites,  practically  free  from  sulj)hm'  and  phosphorus, 
but  contain  a  notable  percentage  of  manganese  and  chromium.  There  are  also  numerous 
red  hematites,  and,  as  is  the  case  in  Sweden,  frequently  running  into  the  magnetites. 

The  magnetites  are  either  pure  or  mixed  with  titanic  acid,  generally  where  pure  yield- 
ing from  40  to  50  per  cent,  metallic  iron.  The  titaniferous  magnetites  .average  55  per  cent, 
iron,  from  10  to  12  per  cent,  titanic  acid,  and  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  of  manganese  and  chro- 
mium. These  qualities  offer  great  advantages  for  metal  for  the  manufacture  of  tool  steel, 
while  they  also  indicate  an  ore  of  great  value  for  fettling  the  puddling  furnace.  The  com- 
pact red  hematites  of  North  Carolina  are  also  remarkable  for  their  purity,  abundance,  and 
yield  of  metallic  iron.  They  also  compare  in  many  respects  with  the  Cumberland  Besse- 
mer hematites  of  England  in  their  percentage  of  silicon.  This  is  a  desirable  feature  for  the 
manufacture  of  Bessemer  metal,  and  where  an  objection  for  other  purposes  may  be  neutral- 
ized by  the  admixture  of  the  magnetites.  There  arc  also  spathic  ores,  which  have  not  been 
developed  to  any  considerable  degree  as  yet.    The  fluxes  necessary  to  the  smelting  of  all 


EECAPITtJLATION  FOR  ALABAMA. 


Total  number  of  furnaces  (charcoal) 
Total  productive  capacity  


20 

57,500  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  North  Carolina. 


BLAST  FUEKACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


105 


these  ores  are  abundant  and  varied,  such  as  granular  limestones,  clays,  ochres  and  the  gan- 
gues  of  the  ores  themselves. 

Charcoal  is  abundant  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  ores,  and  ti72iber  for  many  years' 
use  is  at  hand ;  besides  Avhich,  communication  is  now  had  with  the  extensive  coal  fields 
of  the  Dun  and  Deep  rivers,  which  will  supply  a  superior  fuel  for  ages. 

The  North  Carolina  Central  Iron  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  is  largely  interested  in 
these  ores,  and  will  soon,  when  transportation  facilities  are  supplied,  be  able  to  furnish  the 
rolling  mills  of  the  East  with  an  ore  for  fettling  purposes  fully  equal  to  those  from  Lake 
Champlaiu,  at  lower  cost. 

The  Lobdell  Car-wheel  Company,  of  "Wilmington,  Delaware,  are  also  large  owners  of  ore 
lands,  the  iron  made  from  which  is  especially  adapted  to  wheel  purposes.  As  yet,  how- 
ever, the  furnaces  arc  of  small  capacity,  almost  entirely  charcoal,  but  many  new  ones  are 
building  or  projected,  and  it  is  certain  that  North  Carolina  must  soon  take  an  important 
place  in  the  iron-producing  States  of  the  Union. 

Charcoal  Furnaces. 

CHATHAM  COUNTY. 

Buckhom  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Cape  Fear  Iron  and  Steel  Co.,  Geo.  G.  Lobdell, 
Wilmington,  Del.,  President.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Ileckton, 
Chatham  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  5,000  tons.    Hot  blast.  Building. 

Endor  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cape  Fear  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Endor,  Chatham  County.  Height  of  stack,  39  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 

Ore  Hill  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ore  Hill  Manufacturing  Co.  (Niesbet  &  Greene). 
Nmnber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Ore  Hill,  Chatham  County.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  2,000  tons ;  stack,  33  feet ;  bosh,  7  feet. 

GASTON  COUNTY. 

Iiong  Creek  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Admiral  Wilkes.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace.  Long  Creek,  Gaston  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  0  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons.    Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 

LINCOLN  COUNTY. 

Madison  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Johnson,  Higgins  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Lincolnton,  Lincoln  County.  Ileight  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  G  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  800  tons.  Cold  blast,  and  built  in  1790.  Character 
of  ores,  magnetic. 

Rehoboth  Furnace. — Proprietor,  J.  W.  Deek.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Lincolnton,  Lincoln  County.    Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  6 
14 


106 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  800  tons.  Product  iu  1872,  150  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
magnetic. 

Stonewall  Furnace. — Proprietors,  IIiggins  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Lincoln  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosli,  6  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  800  tons.    Character  of  ores,  magnetic.    Built  in  1863. 

Vesuvius  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Johnson,  Higgins  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Lincolnton,  Lincoln  County.  IleiglU  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  6  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  800  tons.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic.  Biiilt  in 
1780. 

STOKES  COUNTY. 

Danbury  Furnace. — Location,  Danbury,  Stokes  County.    Out  of  blast. 

Bituminous  Coal  Furnaces. 

Sapona  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Greene  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Chatham  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  6  feet ;  average 
annual  capacity,  1,000  tons.     Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 

Gtilf  Furnace. — Chatham  County.  Building. 

Few  of  these  furnaces  are  worked  to  their  capacity,  and  the  yield  of  iron  is  very 
small,  and  frequently  made  into  castings  from  the  furnace  direct  for  agricultural  uses. 

The  census  returns  for  this  State  are  worthless. 

KECAPrrULATION  FOR  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Number  of  charcoal  fvirnaces   10 

Annual  capacity   13,800  tons. 

Number  of  bituminous  furnaces   2  (1  building.) 

Annual  capacity   1,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   12 

Total  productive  capacity   14,800  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Virginia. 

Few  States  are  richer  in  mineral  resources  than  Virginia,  and  few  have  done  as  little 
ill  manufacturing  industry  until  within  late  years.  Since  the  completion  of  the  Chesapeake 
&  Ohio  Eailroad,  and  the  revival  of  interest  in  the  Kanawha'  Canal,  a  new  era  has  opened 
for  this  State,  and  we  may  soon  expect  to  see  her  among  the  large  producing  iron  States. 
Every  particular  of  geographical  location,  contiguity  to  the  seaboard,  climate,  timber,  ores, 


BLAST  FTTENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


107 


coal,  and  limestone  is  favorable  to  tliis  conclusion;  while  immense  amoimts  of  ISTortliern 
and  foreign  capital  liave  been  invested  in  lands  along  tlie  line  of  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
Eailroad,  but  it  must  be  confessed  as  yet  rather  for  investment  than  immediate  develop- 
ment. With  one  exception,  and  that  an  anthracite  furnace  at  Eichmond,  the  blast  furnaces 
of  Virginia  are  run  with  charcoal  fuel,  while  the  finest  bituminous  cannel,  splint,  and  cok- 
ing coal  of  the  world  is  to  be  found  here.  It  is  said  that  the  first  investment  made  in  this 
country  for  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron  was  made  in  Virginia  in  1626,  the  industry  being 
established  in  Massachusetts  some,  forty  years  later. 

Charcoal  Purnaees. 

AUGUSTA  COUNTY. 

Buffalo  Gap  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  Buffalo  Gap  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Buffalo  Gap,  Augusta  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  and 
40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  and  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  hematite.    'New  in  1872. 

Elizabeth  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Fokeer  &  Dunlap.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hema- 
tite.   Hot  blast. 

Mount  Torrey  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Mount  Torrey  Iron  Co.  E"umber  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace.  Mount  Torrey  Iron  Works,  Augusta  County.  Height  of 
stack,  37  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  S^-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

ALLEGHAlSnr  COUNTY. 

Lucy  Salina  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Longdale  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Longdale,  Alleghany  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Product  in  1872,  1,626  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  brown  hematite.    Changing  to  bituminous  coal,  and  to  45  feet  by  9  feet. 

Clifton  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Howell  Fisher.  Location  of  furnace,  Clifton 
Forge  P.  O.  Height  of  stack,  34  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8^-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
3,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite.    Cold  blast. 

Callie  Furnace. — Proprietor,  D.  S.  Cook,  Clifton  Forge  P.  O.  Location  of  fur- 
nace, Eichpatcli  Mount.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average 
annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

AMHERST  COUNTY. 

Amherst  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Estate  of  S.  F.  Jordan.  Location  of  furnace,  Big 
Island,  Amherst  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet;  average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Hot  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 


108 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


PAGE  COUNTY. 

Shenandoah  Furnace.— Proprietor,  Wm.  Milnes,  Jr.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Shenandoali  Iron  "Works,  Page  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  2,700  tons.  Product  in  1872,  2,683  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Page  County  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Shenandoah  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Shenandoah  Iron  Works,  Page  County.  Height 
of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

WYTHE  COUNTY. 

Brown  Hill  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Brown  Hill  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Wytheville,  AYythe  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Chai'acter  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Eagle  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Benjamin  G-allup.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Wytlieville,  Wythe  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Barren  Spring  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Gkahaji  &  Robinson.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Graham's  Forge,  Wythe  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  7  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,400  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown 
hematite. 

Holland  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Holland  Iron  Works  Co.  E.  Shelley,  Superin- 
tendent. Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Wytheville,  Wythe  County. 
Building,  40  feet  by  11  feet. 

Mount  Hope  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Oglesbt  &  SxIyees.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Wytheville,  Wythe  County.  Height  of  stack,  31  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 
Cold  blast. 

Max  Meadows  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Geaham  &  Eobinson,  Grahams  Forge  P. 
O.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Max  Meadows,  Wythe  County.  Height 
of  stack,  38 feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Build- 
ing.   Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Providence  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Providence  Iron  Co.  J.  Ireland,  Superinten- 
dent. Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Speedwell,  Wythe  County.  Height 
of  stack,  30  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Raven's  Cliff  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Crocket,  Saunders  &  Co.    Number  of  fur- 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  ^ 

naces,  1.     Location  of  furnace,  "Wytlieville,  Wytlie  County.     Ileiglit  of  stack,  ^^'ie^t ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.     Cold  blast.    Browhs^^  ^\ 
red  hematite. 

Reed  Island  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Barrett  &  Forney,  l^umber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Wytlieville,  Wythe  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Walton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Howard  &  Saunders.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Max  Meadows,  Wythe  County.  Lleight  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

WARREN  COUNTY. 

Elizabeth  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Evans  &  Co.,  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Location  of 
furnace,  Evansdale,  Warren  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Hot  blast.  Character  of 
ores,  hematite. 

BOTETOURT  COUNTY. 


Salisbury  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Salisbury  L'on  Manufacturing  Co.,  Fineastle, 
Botetourt  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Salt  Petre  Cave,  Bote- 
tourt County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Grace  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tredegar  Co.,  Richmond.  Location  of  furnace, 
Craig's  Creek.  Lleight  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9|-  feet ;  average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 2,000  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

LOUISA  COUNTY. 

Victoria  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ira  F.  Jordan  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Tolersville,  Louisa  County.  lleight  of  stack,  34  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.  Product  in  1872,  1,000  tons.  Character  of 
ores,  hematite. 

SHENANDOAH  COUNTY. 

Van  Buren  Furnace.— Proprietor,  F.  King.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Newmarket,  Shenandoah  County.  Height  of  stack,  37  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  Rebuilding.  Cold 
blast. 


Liberty  Furnace.— Proprietor,  B.  P.  Newman.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Liberty  Furnace,  Shenandoah  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  850  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  brown  hematite. 


Columbia  Furnace. — Proprietors,  John  Triplee  &  Son.    Number  of  furnace,  1. 


110 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  TJNITED  STATES. 


Location  of  furnace,  ColiiniLia,  Shcnandoali  County.  Ileiglit  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter 
of  Losli,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Mine  Run  Furnace. — Proprietor,  "Wm.  Boyek,  Seven  Fountains.  Location  of  fur- 
nace, Shenandoah  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  G|-  feet ;  average 
annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.    Hot  blast.    Brown  hematite. 

ROCKBRIDGE  COUNTY. 

Buena  Vista  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Samuel  P.  Joedan  &  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Buena  Yista,  Rockbridge  Coimty.  Height  of  stack,  33 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
brown  hematite. 

Glenwood  Furnace. — Proprietor,  P.  T.  Andekson.  IsTumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  near  Lexington,  Rockbridge  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diametei 
of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,700  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite, 
Out  of  blast. 

PULASKI  COUNTY. 

Radford  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Radford  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Dublin,  Pulasid  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  £ 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.    Hot  blast 

CAMPBELL  COUNTY. 

Oxford  Furnace. — Proprietor,  D.  W.  Mooke,  Mount  Athos  P.  O.  Location  of  fur- 
nace, Beaver  Creek.  Height  of  stack,  83  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annua 
capacity,  2,500  tons.    Hot  blast.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

LEE  COUNTY. 

Cumberland  Gap  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Peyton,  Swap  &Co.,  Cumberland  Gap 
Tennessee.  Location  of  furnace,  Lee  County.  Height  of  stack,  28  feet  ;  diameter  of  bosh 
8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hem 
atite. 

Anthracite  Furnace. 

Powhatan  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Powhatan  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1 
Location  of  furnace,  Richmond,  Virginia.  Height  of  stack,  .50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosb 
13-1-  feet  ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  red  and  brown  hcma 
tite.  This  furnace  was  rebuilt  and  altered  from  charcoal  in  1872,  under  the  n:ianagemcni 
of  General  Baetlktt,  of  Massachusetts,  who  is  singularly  enough  the  manager  of  the  onl} 
anthracite  furnace  (Pomeroy  Furnace)  in  Massachiisetts,  and  also  of  the  only  anthracite 
furnace  in  Virginia. 


The  census  returns  for  Virginia  give  the  number  of  companies  at  10.    Hands  oiii 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES.  '^A1^K\ 

ployed,  l,03i.    Capital  invested,  $828,250.    Wages  paid,  $271,050.  Value  o'K^^ci^'^] 

$224,205.    Value  of  product,  $615,900.  X>  <^ 

EECATITULATION  FOK  VIEGUSTIA. 

ISTumber  of  anthracite  furnaces   1 

Annual  capacity   15,000  tons. 

ISTumber  of  charcoal  and  splint  furnaces   33 

Annual  capacity   G7,250  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   34 

Total  annual  capacity   82,250  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  West  Virginia. — Coke  Furnaces. 

OHIO  COUNTY. 

Benwood  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Benwood  Iron  Works  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace.  Wheeling,  Ohio  County.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  11^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Prodiict  in  1872,  8,400  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  Iron  Mountain  and  Lake  Superior. 

Riverside  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Dewey,  Vance  &  Co.,  Wheeling.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  in  Marshall  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  18  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,15,391  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  Missouri  and  Lake  Superior. 

Belmont  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Belmont  Nail  Works  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Wheeling,  Ohio  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet;  diameter  of 
bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Missouri  and.  Lake 
Superior.    New  in  1873. 

Wheeling  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Wheeling  Iron  and  Nail  Co.  Number  of  fm-- 
naces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Wheeling,  Ohio  County.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  18  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  15,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  Missouri 
and  Lake  Superior.    New  ;  building  in  1873. 

Martin  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Geokge  Hakdman  Gl^udeville.  Location  of  fur- 
nace, Three  Fork  Creek,  Preston  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

TAYLOR  COUNTY. 

Lancaster  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Sinsiiemee,  Px:YTEi«3EKa  &  Adlee,  Irouton. 
Location  of  furnace,  Ironton,  Taylor  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
11^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Fuel,  coke.  Character  of  ores,  limestone 
and  hematite. 


113 


BLAST  FUKNACES  OF  THE  UJSriTED  STATES, 


Charcoal  Furnaces. 

Gladeville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Geoege  IIahdman,  Gladeville,  Preston  Coiinty. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Gladeville,  Preston  County.  Height  of 
stack,  35  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  hematite. 

HARDY  COUNTY. 

Capon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Kellek  &  Co.  Location  of  furnace.  Capon  Iron 
Works.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  7  feet;  average  annual  capacity, 
1,500  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  brown  and  red  hematite. 

Furnaces  are  projected  in  the  Kanawha  Yalley,  considerable  purchases  of  ore  lands 
and  coal  lands  having  been  made  for  the  pui-pose,  but  none  have  as  yet  been  erected. 

The  census  returns  for  West  Virginia  give  the  number  of  establishments  at  2.  Llands 
employed,  138.  Capital  invested,  $194,000.  Wages  paid,  |73,3T0.  Yalue  of  material^ 
$195,460.    Yalue  of  product,  $100,200. 

WEST  VIEGmiA  KEOAPITULATIOSr. 


Number  of  coke  furnaces   5 

Annual  capacity   58,000  tons. 

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces   3 

Annual  capacity   8,000  tons. 

Total -number  of  furnaces   8 

Total  productive  capacity   61,000  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Maryland. 

Maryland  exported  pig-iron  to  England"  in  1717,  the  mother  country  at  that  date  not 
allowing  any  kind  of  iron  except  pig  to  be  made  in  the  colonies,  which  act  was  extended 
in  1737  to  allow  the  manufacture  of  bar  iron,  but  providing  that  there  should  be  built  no 
"  rolling,  mills,  slitting  mills,  or  forges  for  making  plates,  as  that  would  interfere  with  the 
manufacture  of  Great  Britain."  The  oldest  blast  furnace  now  in  Maryland  is  the 
Catoctin,  built  originally  in  1774,  and  rebuilt  in  1787,  and  is  located  in  Frederick  County. 
There  are  anthracite  furnaces  in  Paltimore  County  and  in  Harford  County,  but  the  prin- 
cipal product  is  of  charcoal  iron,  of  which  there  arc  some  eleven  furnaces  with  an  average 
annual  product  of  25,000  tons.  There  are  also  bituminous  furnaces  in  the  CumberLind 
region,  but  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  ores^  they  are  not  highly  productive. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


113 


Charcoal  Furnaces. 

FKEDERICK  COUNTY. 

Catoctin  Furnaces. — Proprietor,  J.  B.  Kunkel.  JSTumber  of  furnaces,  2.  Location 
of  furnaces,  Catoctin  Furnaces,  Fredericlc  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet :  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  and  8^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,800  tons.  Product  in  1872,  4,800  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  brown  and  red  hematite. 

BALTIMORE  COUNTY. 

Cedar  Point  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Hokace  L.  Bkooke.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Baltimore,  Baltimore  County.  Height  of  stack,  31  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  brown  hema- 
tite, 

Chesapeake  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Wm.  F.  Pannell.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Baltimore,  Baltimore  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet;  diameter 
of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Product  in  1872,  2,583.  Character 
of  ores,  carbonate. 

Laurel  Furnace. — Proprietor,  D.  M.  Reese.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
fiu'nace,  Baltimore,  Baltimore  County.  Height  of  stack,  52  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
10  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Stickney  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Stickney  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Baltimore,  Baltimore  County,  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet;  average  annual  capacity, 3,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  3,100  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

Locust  Grove  Furnace. — Proprietors,  L.  Sinsheimek,  J.  Ryttensbtjrg,  &  L.  Fttk- 
STEKNBUEG.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Stemmer's  Pun,  Baltimore 
County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  anni;al  capacity, 
1,400  tons.    Product  in  1872,  1,139  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Maryland  Furnaces. — Proprietor,  H.  W.  Ellicott.  Number  of  furnaces,  2,  Lo- 
cation of  furnaces,  Baltimore,  Baltimore  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  c^ipacity,  5,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

HAEFORD  COUNTY, 

Harford  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Clement  Dietkich  &  Sons,    Number  of  furnaces, 

1.  Location  of  furnace,  Harford  Furnace,  Harford  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hema- 
tite, 

15 


114 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


La  Grange  Furnace, — Proprietors,  Rogers  &  Moork.  ISTumber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Clermont  Mills,  Harford  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  7  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons.  Product  in  1872,  679  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

PRINCE  GEORGE'S  COUNTY. 

Muirkirk  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Muirkirk  Iron  Co.  C.  E.  Coffin,  President. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  IMuirkirk,  Prince  George's  County.  Height 
of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Pro- 
duct in  1872,  2,022  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hydrated. 

CECIL  COUNTY. 

Principio  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Gko.  P.  Whitaker.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Principio,  Cecil  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
8^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,200  tons.   Character  of  ores,  hematites. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

Greenspring  Furnace. — Proprietors,  J.  B.  Haynes  &  Co.  Location,  Greenspriug 
Furnace.  Height  of  stack,  34  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
1,500  tons.    Cold  blast.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 


Anthracite  Furnaces. 

BALTIMORE  COUNTY. 

Ashland  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ashland  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  3.  Lo- 
cation of  furnaces,  Ashland,  Baltimore  County.  Height  of  stacks,  35  and  52  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  11  and  16  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  17,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite  and  carbonates. 

Cedar  Point  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Horace  L.  Brooke.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Baltimore,  Baltimore  County.  Height  of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

HARFORD  COUNTY. 

Havre  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Havre  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location 
of  furnaces,  Havrc-de-Grace,  Harford  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet.    Out  of  blast. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Bituminous  Coal  and  Coke  Furnaces. 

ALLEGHENY  COUNTY. 

Bowery  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Consolidation  Coal  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Frostburg,  Alleglieny  County.  Height  of  stack,  56  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosli,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.    Chai*acter  of  ores,  fossiliferous. 

Mount  Savage  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Union  Mining  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
8.  Location  of  furnaces.  Mount  Savage,  Allegheny  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  and  52 
feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Out  of  blast  for 
want  of  ore. 

HOWARD  COUNTY. 

Elk  Hidge  Furnace. — Proprietor,  W.  Beown.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Elk  Ridge  Landing,  Howard  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

FREDEEICK  COUNTY. 

Knoxville  Furnace. — Proprietor,  C.  S.  Maltby.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Knoxville,  Frederick  County.  Rebuilding  in  1873.  Out  of  blast  for 
years.  Height  of  stack,  40|-  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
5  000  tons.    Hot  blast.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Catoctin  Furnace,  No.  3. — Proprietor,  J.  B.  Kunkel.  Location  of  furnace, 
Catoctin,  Frederick  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11^-  feet ;  aver- 
age annual  capacity,  9,000  tons.  Fuel,  anthracite  coal  and  coke.  Character  of  ores,  hem- 
atite. 

WASHINaTON  COUNTY. 

Antietam  Furnace.— Proprietors,  J.  S.  Ahl  &  Co.  Ninnber  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Sharpsburgh,  Washington  County.  Lleight  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.  This  was  the  site  of  one  of  the 
earliest  furnaces  of  the  country. 


The  census  returns  for  Maryland  give  the  number  of  establishments  at  12.  Handa 
employed,  743.  Capital  invested,  $1,820,000.  Wages,  $232,819.  Value  of  material, 
$1,219,919.    Value  of  product,  $1,991,589. 


116 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


EECAPITULATION  FOR  MARYLAND. 


Number  of  anthracite  furnaces. 

Annual  capacity  

Number  of  bituminous  furnaces 

Annual  capacity  

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces. . . 


Annual  capacity  

Total  number  of  furnaces, 


Total  productive  capacity. 


6 

22,000  tons. 
8 

40,000  tons. 
14 

32,439  tons. 
28 

94,439  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Maine. 


The  only  blast  furnace  of  Maine  is  a  charcoal  furnace,  which  was  repaired  after  having 
lain  idle  for  years,  and  went  into  blast  in  1873,  viz. : 

Katahdin  Furnace. — Proprietor,  O.  "W.  Davis,  Piscataquis  Iron  Works,  Portland. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  on  Piscataquis  and  Bangor  Railroad.  Height 
of  stack,  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Charac- 
ter of  ores,  bog.    This  property  includes  33,000  acres  of  land,  and  employs  100  men. 

Number  of  furnaces   1 

Annual  capacity  ,   2,500  tons. 


The  only  blast  furnace  in  New  Hampshire  is  the  old  Pranconia  furnace,  built  by  the 
New  Hampshire  Iron  Company  in  the  latter  part  of  1789,  rebuilt  in  1800  or  thereabouts. 
There  was  a  considerable  trade  done  here  at  an  early  date  in  stove-plate  castings,  and  a 
steel  works  was  also  carried  on.  The  old  books  of  the  New  Hampshire  Iron  Company  are 
interesting  relics  of  the  early  iron  trade,  and  are  now  in  the  possession  of  Messrs.  Wm.  E. 
Coffin  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  the  present  owners  of  the  furnace  and  property.  This  furnace  has 
been  out  of  blast  since  1855,  but  may  be  repaired  and  blown  in  on  the  completion  of  a  pro- 
jected railroad  from  Littleton  to  Pranconia,  a  distance  of  seven  miles,  by  which  coal  could  be 
brought  to  the  stack.  Ores  exist  in  the  vicinity,  of  superior  quality,  but  wood  for  fuel  is 
growing  scarce. 


RUTLAND  COUNTY. 

Pittsford  Furnace. — Proprietor,  J.  Pkichakd.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Pittsford,  Rutland  County.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons ;  height  of 


Blast  Furnaces  of  New  Hampshire. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Vermont. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


117 


stack,  -iU  feet;  dianietei-  of  bosh,  9  feet.  Character  of  ores,  hematite.  Built  in  1790,  and 
several  times  rebuilt. 

Conant  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Brandon  Iron  Co.  Location,  Forestdale,  Eutland 
County.  Abandoned. 

BENNINGTON  COUNTY. 

Shaftsbiiry  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Shaftsbury  Iron  Works  Co.  Lessees,  Geo.  W. 
SwETT  &  Co.  JSTumber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  South  Shaftsbury,  Benning- 
ton County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Dorset  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Dorset  Iron  Co.  Location,  East  Dorset,  Bennington 
County.    Out  of  blast. 

WINDSOR  COUNTY. 

Tyson  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tyson  Iron  Co.,  Plymouth,  Windsor  County.  Aban- 
doned. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   5 

Total  annual  capacity   5,000  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Massachusetts. 

Massachusetts  was  the  second  State  to  engage  in  the  manufacture  of  pig  metal,  which 
was  done  at  Braintree  and  Lynn  in  1G23.  In  1721  there  were  six  blast  or  air  furnaces, 
and  nineteen  forges,  in  New  England,  and  the  progress  made  there  and  elsewhere  was  such 
that  the  English  iron  masters  petitioned  Parliament  to  stop  the  industry  in  the  colonies,  as 
injurious  to  tlie  trade  at  home.  The  furnace  product  of  Massachusetts  has  been  small,  and 
confined  to  some  six  stacks,  one  of  which  alone  used  anthracite,  the  others  being  all  char- 
coal furnaces. 


Anthracite  Furnace. 

BERKSHIRE  COUNTY. 

Pomeroy  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Pomeroy  Iron  Co.  General  W.  F.  Bartlett, 
Manager.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Locatioii  of  furnace.  West  Stockbridge,  Berkshire 
County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14|-  feet ;  average  annual  capacity, 
6,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  during  which  it  was  rebuilt,  3,794  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
brown  hematite. 


118 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Charcoal  Furnaces. 


BERKSHIRE  COUNTY. 


Richmond  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Eiehmond  Iron  Works  Co.  Geokge  Coffin, 
Treasiirer.  Kiimber  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Richmond,  Berkshire  County. 
Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.    Warm  blast. 

Lenox  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Tayloe,  CnuEcn  &  Coffing.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Lenox  Furnace,  Berksliix'e  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hema- 
tite.   Hot  blast. 

Cheshire  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Eiehmond  Iron  Works  Co.  Geo.  Coffin,  Treas- 
urer. Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Cheshire,  Berkshire  County.  Height 
of  stack,  40  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Char- 
acter of  ores,  brown  hematite.    Hot  blast. 

Briggs  Furnace. — Proprietor,  J.  L.  Kolby.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Lanesboro,  Berkshire  County.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11^ 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3, 500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.    Hot  blast. 

Vandusenville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Eiehmond  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  near  Great  Barrington.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Cliaracter  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 


The  census  returns  for  Massachusetts  in  1870  give  the  number  of  establishments  at  4. 
Hands  employed,  421.  Capital  invested,  $700,000.  Wages  paid,  $334,541.  Value  of 
material,  $446,823.    Value  of  product,  $722,225. 


Hot  blast. 


EECAPITULATION  FOE  MASSACHTJSETTa. 


Number  of  anthracite  furnaces. 

Annual  capacity  

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces. . 


1 

6,000  tons. 
5 

12,000  tons. 
6 

18,000  tons. 


Annual  capacity. . . . 
Total  number  of  furnaces 


Total  productive  capacity, 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


119 


Blast  Furnaces  of  New  York. 

The  State  of  New  York  has  always  been  celebrated  for  the  richness  and  extent  of  her 
iron  ores,  both  magnetic  and  hematite  ;  tlie  former  of  which  for  many  years  was  the 
chief  supply  of  the  fm'naces  and  mills  of  the  country  using  that  kind  of  ore.  The  Lake 
Cham  plain  region  of  Essex  County  was  for  many  years  supposed  to  contain  the  largest 
and  most  valuable  iron-ore  deposit  in  the  United  States,  and  supplies  ores  of  absolute 
necessity  to  the  rolling  mills  east  of  the  AUeghanies  for  fettling  purposes.  The  ownership 
of  the  most  valuable  portions  of  these  magnetic  ores  has  always  been  in  comparatively 
few  hands,  and  large  fortunes  have  been  accumulated  from  their  development.  The  fol- 
lowing table  shows  the  ore  production  of  Lake  Champlain  District  for  1872,  and  gives 
some  idea  of  the  productive  capacity  of  the  region  : 


Port  Henry  L'on  Ore  Co.      l  97O  000 

Wetherbees,  Sherman  &  Co.  j *   *^  ' 

Cheever  Ore  Bed  Co   60,000 

Wetherbees  &  Co.  (N'ew  Bed)   15,000 

Mark  Smith   15,000 

Fisher  Ore  Bed  Co   10,000 

Pilfershire  Mine   5,000 


Total  ,   375,000 


Tliere  are  also  other  valuable  ore  beds  and  deposits  at  or  near  Fort  Ann,  south  of 
Port  Henry,  the  ores  of  which  analyze  with  equal  richness  and  purity.  Among  these 
is  the  Fort  Ann  or  "  Podunk  "  mine,  of  which  the  following  is  an  analysis : 

FORT  ANN  MAGNETIC  ORES. 
Analysis  made  by  Prof.  Chandler,  School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College,  New  York. 


Magnetic  oxide  of  iron   87.11 

Silica   6.16 

Alumina   0.82 

Lime   1.80 

Magnesia   0.78 

Manganese   0.53 

Chlorine  and  Fluorine   traces. 

Phosphoric  Acid   0.63 

Sulphur   0.12 

Moisture   2.05 


100,00 


120 


BLAST  FDKNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Equivalent  to — 


Per  cent. 


Metallic  Iron 
Manganese . . 
Sulplnu"  


63.08 
0.37 
0.12 
0.2Y 


Phosphorus 


This  mine  presents  an  extremely  valuable  deposit  of  ore,  giving  an  ore  breast  of  30C 
feet,  from  15  to  20  feet  in  thickness,  and,  as  above  seen,  furnishing  ores  of  remarkable 
purity. 

Scarcely  a  portion  of  ISTew  York  State  exists  without  iron  ores  of  some  quality,  and 
furnaces  have  been  at  work  in  various  sections  from  an  early  date ;  while  some  of  the 
largest  rolling  mills  in  the  country  are  to  be  found  here. 

The  principal  product  of  pig-iron  is  from  anthracite  furnaces,  of  which  there  are  a 
number  of  large  capacity.  There  are,  however,  numerous  charcoal  furnaces,  some  of  which 
make  a  very  superior  iron. 


Burden  Furnaces. — ^Proprietors,  H.  BuEDEisr  &  Sons.  Number  of  furnaces,  3,  one 
new.  Location  of  furnaces,  Troy,  Pensselaer  Coimty.  Height  of  stack,  50  and  60  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  21,601 
tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 


Port  Henry  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Bay  State  Iron  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.  JSTumbei 
of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces.  Port  Henry,  Essex  County.  Height  of  stack,  66 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite. 

Cedar  Point  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cedar  Point  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace.  Port  Henry,  Essex  County.  Height  of  stack,  70  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
magnetic. 

Crown  Point  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Crown  Point  Iron  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 2.  Location  of  furnaces.  Crown  Point,  Essex  County.  Height  of  stack,  66  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  18  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hema- 
tite and  magnetic.    New  ;  building  in  1873. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

Fort  Edward  and  Columbia  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  John  A.  Gpjswold  &  Co., 
Troy.    Number  of  furnaces,  2.    Location  of  furnaces,  Fort  Edward,  at  Fort  Edward,  Wasli- 


Anthracite  Furnaces. 


RENSSELAER  COUNTY. 


ESSEX  COUNTY. 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


121 


ington  County  ;  Columbia,  at  Hudson,  Columbia  County.  Height  of  stack,  40  and  50  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  14  and  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  17,000  tons.  Product  in  1872^ 
16,814  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Clove  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Peter  P.  Pakeott.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace.  Greenwood  Iron  Works,  Orange  County.  Height  of  stack,  55  feet;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  10,413  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  native  magnetic. 

Sterling  and  Southfield  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Sterling  Iron  and  Kailway  Co. 
A.  W.  IIuMPHKEYS,  Treasurer.  Office,  42  Pine  Street,  New  York.  Height  of  stack,  45 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
8,379  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Champlain,  Canada,  and  fossil. 

ONEIDA  COUNTY. 

Franklin  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  Franklin  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces.  Franklin  Iron  Works,  Oneida  County.  Height  of  stack,  54  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil- 
iferous,  red  hematite,  and  Clinton.    Product  in  1872,  11,372  tons. 

PUTNAM  COUNTY. 

Cold  Spring  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cold  Spring  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Cold  Spring,  Putnam  County.  Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  15-^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

DUTCHESS  COUNTY. 

Foughkeepsie  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Beck  &  Towee.  Number  of  fui-naces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Poughkeepsie,  Dutchess  County.  Height  of  stack,  43  and  46  feet; 
diameter  of  bosh,  14  and  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
brown  hematite. 

Fallkill  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Fallkill  Iron  Co.  Location  of  furnaces,  Pough- 
keepsie. Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

COLUMBIA  COUNTY. 

Hudson  Furnaces. — Proprietors,   Hudson   Iron   Co.    J.   W.   Hoyseadt,  Agent. 
Number  of  furnaces,  2.    Location  of  furnaces,  Hudson,  Columbia  County.    Height  of 
stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Character 
of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 
16 


122 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


NEW  YOEK  COUNTY. 

Manhattan  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Manhattan  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Manhattan ville,  New  York  County.  Ileiglit  of  stack,  48  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosli,  12  and  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hem- 
atite and  magnetic.    One  out  of  blast. 

ULSTER  COUNTY. 

Ulster  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Napanoch  Furnace  Co.  G.  L.  Smith,  Ehnira,  N.  Y. 
Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Napanoch,  Ulster  County.  Height  of  stack, 
4G  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
fossiliferous.  Blast  here  is  furnished  by  one  of  the  best  water-powers  in  the  State.  The 
furnace  has  been  entirely  rebuilt,  with  new  hearth,  boshes,  and  improved  hot  blast. 

ONONDAGA  COUNTY. 

Onondaga  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Onondaga  Iron  Co.  R.  N.  Gere,  President. 
Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Geddes,  Onondaga  County.  Height  of 
stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  15  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons.  Product 
in  1872,  7,370  tons.    Hematite  and  magnetic.    One  furnace  new  in  1872. 

WAYNE  COUNTY. 

Ontario  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Ontario  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation, Ontario,  Wayne  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet; 
average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossiliferous.  Formerly  a  charcoal 
furnace. 

ERIE  COUNTY. 

Union  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Union  Iron  Co.,  Buffalo.  Number  of  furnaces,  3. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Buffalo,  Erie  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
14,  15,  and  17  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  35,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  seven  months, 
18,355  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Champlain,  Canada,  and  fossil. 

Fletcher  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Pkatt  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Buffalo.  Height  of  stack,  47  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual 
capacity,  12,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 

Tonawanda  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Niagara  Piver  Iron  Co.  Niimber  of  fur- 
naces, 2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Ironton,  near  Buffalo,  Erie  County.  Height  of  stack,  63 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
hematite  and  magnetic.    New  ;  built  in  1872  and  1873. 

ALBANY  COUNTY. 

Corning  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Jagger  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Loca. 
tion  of  furnaces,  Albany,  N.  Y.    Height  of  stack,  GO  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ; 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


128 


average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.  Tliere  are 
two  blowing  engines,  with  38  inch  steam  cylinder  and  8  feet  stroke,  and  48  inch  blowing 
cylinder  with  8  feet  stroke.  The  engine  and  boiler  house  is  TO  by  40  feet ;  the  stock- 
house,  70  by  70  feet ;  and  the  casting-house,  70  by  50  feet,  all  built  of  brick.  Particular 
attention  is  paid  here  to  a  superior  grade  of  foundry  iron,  which  is  the  specialty. 

Albany  Furnaces. —Proprietors,  Alcott  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Albany,  !N".  Y.  Average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic.    New ;  built  and  building  in  1873. 

Clinton  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Clinton  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Loca- 
tion of  furnaces :  one,  Manchester,  Ontario  County ;  one,  Kirtland,  Oneida  County.  Height 
of  stack,  48  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  feet.  New ;  building.  Probable  capacity,  20,000 
tons. 

TOMPKINS  COUNTY. 

Ithaca  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Ithaca  Iron  Co.  Ezra  Cornell,  President.  Loca- 
tion of  furnace,  Ithaca,  Tompkins  County.  Height  of  stack,  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and  magnetic. 
New ;  building  in  1873-4, 

MONROE  COUNTY. 

Charlotte  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Rochester  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Rochester,  Monroe  County.  Height  of  stack,  50  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  14  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Character  of.  ores,  hema- 
tite. 

WESTCHESTER  COUNTY. 

Feekskill  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Peekskill  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Peekskill,  Westchester  County.  Height  of  stack,  44  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  ca^iacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hematite  and 
magnetic. 

CHEMUNG  COUNTY. 

Flmira  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Elmira  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Location  of  furnaces, 
Elmira,  Chemung  County.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Height  of  stack,  56  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  fossil  and  mag- 
netic.   One  building. 

This  company  have  a  well-built  and  successful  blast  furnace,  embodying  in  its  construc- 
tion the  best  practice  of  the  time,  and  are  building  another  alongside  of  it.  The  boilers 
are  upon  the  ground,  a  close  top  bringing  the  gases  down  to  them  and  to  the  pipes  in 
which  the  blast  is  heated.  The  blowing  engine  is  a  vertical  one,  by  Weimar  Bros.  The 
steam  cylinder  is  directly  imder  the  air  cylinder.  Stroke,  7  feet ;  diameter,  42  inches ; 
air  cylinder,  60  inches  diameter.  Double  fly-wheels  and  balanced  poppet  valves,  driven  by 
cams,  are  used.    Coal,  ore,  etc.,  are  elevated  by  means  of  an  air  hoist. 

The  location  of  the  furnace  is  most  favorable.    It  stands  upon  a  little  knoll  of  solid 


124 


BLAST  rUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ground,  suiTounded  on  all  sides  by  a  swamp,  wliicli  forms  a  most  capacious  and  convenient 
dumping-ground,  and  of  wliicli  tlic  company  own  about  seventeen  acres,  extending  along 
the  bank  of  the  Chemung  Canal,  which  is  distant  only  400  feet  from  the  furnace.  The 
Erie,  Lehigh  Yalley,  and  Northern  Central  railroads,  all  run  through  the  land  of  the  com- 
pany, and  near  the  furnace,  and  are  connected  with  the  company's  private  track  by 
switches.    Of  this  private  track  they  have  about  1,000  feet. 

Charcoal  Furnaces. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

Carthage  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Carthage  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Carthage,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  3G  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Alpena  Furnace. — Proprietor,  H.  Benton.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Oxbow,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  red  hematite. 

Redwood  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Eedwood  Furnace  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Redwood,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  8^  feet ;  average  annual  capacity  2,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  red  hematite. 

Sterling  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Sterling  Iron  Ore  Co.  Nmnber  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Philadelphia,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.     Character  of  ores,  red  hematite. 

Sterlingbush  and  Sterlingville  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Jefferson  Iron  Co. 
Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Sterlingbush,  in  Lewis  County,  near  Antwerp ; 
Sterlingville,  at  Sterlingville,  Jefferson  County.  Height  of  stack,  28  and  32  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  Cold  blast.  Character  of  ores, 
red  hematite. 

COLtMBIA  COUNTY. 

Chatham  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Becklet  &  Adajvis.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Chatham  Corners,  Columbia  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons. 

Copake  Furnaces.— Proprietor,  Feedeuick  Miles.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Loca- 
tion of  furnaces,  Copake,  Columbia  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite.    Hot  blast. 

DUTCHESS  COUNTY. 

Dover  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Dutchess  County  Iron  "Works  Co.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.    Location  of  furnace,  Dover,  Dutchess  County.    Height  of  stack,  83  feet ;  diam- 


BLAST  FDRlsrACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  f     ""f,.  1^%^ 


eter  of  bosli,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.  Character  of  ores,  o^n  hjhn 
atite.    Out  of  blast. 

Hopewell  Furnace. — Proprietor,  J.  White.    Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Locati 
furnace,  Fishkill,  Dutchess  County.    Out  of  blast. 

Millerton  Furnace.— Proprietors,  Millerton  Steel  Iron  Co.  (Landon  &  Co.).  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Millerton,  Dutchess  County.  Heiglxt  of  stack,  32 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.  Character  of  ores, 
brown  liematite.    Hot  blast. 

Phoenix  Furnace. — Proprietor,  C.  S.  Maltbt.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Millerton,  Dutchess  County.  Height  of  stack,  36  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Hot  blast. 

Wassaic  Furnace.— Proprietors,  N.  Gkidley  &  Son.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Lo- 
cation of  furnace,  Wassaic,  Dutchess  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh, 
9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 

OEANGE  COUNTY. 

Greenwood  Furnace. — Proprietor,  Peter  P.  Parrott.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Greenwood  Iron  Works,  Orange  County.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet  j  average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 

WAYNE  COUNTY. 

Wolcott  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Leavenworth  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace,  Wolcott  Village,  Wayne  County.  Height  of  stack,  35  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  1,300  tons.    Character  of  ores,  red  fossil. 

ST.  LAWKENCE  COUNTY. 

Rossie  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Rossie  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location 
of  furnace,  Rossie,  St.  Lawrence  Coimty.  Height  of  stack,  43  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  11 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  red  oxide. 

Clifton  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Myers  Steel  and  Iron  Co.  Location,  Clifton,  St. 
Lawrence  County.    Out  of  blast. 

LEWIS  COUNTY. 

Port  Leyden  Furnaces.— Proprietors,  Port  Leyden  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Port  Leyden.  Height  of  stack  38  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 


CHENANGO  COUNTY. 

Norwich  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Norwich  Iron  Co.  (Andrews  &  Scoville).  Num- 
ber of  furnaces,  1.    Location  of  furnace,  Norwich,  Chenango  County.    Height  of  stack,  32 


126 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


feet ;  diameter  of  ho&h,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.  Cliaracter  of  ores, 
fossiliferous. 

ESSEX  COUNTY. 

Pletcherville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  "Witiierbees  &  Fletcher.  Number  of  fur- 
naces, 1.  Location  of  furnace,  Mineville,  Essex  County.  Height  of  stack,  61|-  feet ;  diam- 
eter of  bosli,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Product  in  1872,  2,574  tons. 
Cliaracter  of  ores,  magnetic  and  specular. 

The  census  returns  for  'New  York  in  1870,  give  the  number  of  establishments  at 
40.  Hands  employed,  2,287.  Capital  invested,  $5,502,116.  Wages  paid,  $1,086,250. 
Value  of  material,  $5,382,925.    Value  of  product,  $7,632,463. 

RECAPITIJLATION  FOR  NEW  YORK. 


Number  of  anthracite  furnaces   45 

Annual  capacity   440,000  tons. 

Number  of  charcoal  furnaces   22 

Annual  capacity   48,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  furnaces   07 

Total  annual  capacity   488,000  tons. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Connecticut. 

The  blast  furnaces  of  Connecticut  are  all  run  with  charcoal  fuel,  and  were  formerly 
engaged  principally  on  car-wheel  iron  from  the  celebrated  Salisbury  ore  beds,  which  pro- 
duced an  iron  superior  to  most  made.  The  industry  of  iron-making  was  carried  on  here  to 
some  extent  previous  to  the  Revolution,  and  if  it  has  not  kept  pace  with  the  growth  of  the 
country,  it  is  because  other  bi'anches  of  iron  manufacture,  in  every  one  of  which  Connecti- 
cut is  largely  engaged,  have  proved  more  profitable. 

Charcoal  Furnaces. 

Canaan  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Barnum  &  Richardson  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
3.  Location  of  furnaces.  Lime  Rock,  Litchfield  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  and  30 
feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  9|- feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  Product  in  1872, 
5,005  tons.    Character  of  ores,  Salisbury. 

Chapinsville  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Landon  &  Son,  Chapinsville.  Number  of 
furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Litchfield  County.  Height  of  stack,  30  feet ;  diameter 
of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Cornwall  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Cornwall  Bridge  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces, 
1.    Location  of  furnace,  Cornwall  Bridge,  Litchfield  County.    Height  of  stack,  31  feet; 


%  %  % 

BLAST  FUKNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  \>'    \zZ  'Z\ 

diameter  of  bosh,  8  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.     Cliaracter  of  ores,  IjrNgn 
hematite. 


Hunt  Lyman  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Hunt  Lyman  Iron  Co.  Niunber  of  furnaces, 
1.  Location  of  furnace,  Iluntsville,  Litchfield  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet;  diam- 
eter of  bosh,  9  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  hematite. 

Kent  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Kent  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Kent,  Litchfield  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  9  feet ; 
average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.     Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 


Iiime  Rock  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Lime  Pock  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  1. 
Location  of  furnace.  Lime  Rock,  Litchfield  County.  Height  of  stack,  33  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  11^  feet.  Cold  blast.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,800  tons.  Character  of  ores,  hem- 
atite. This  is  one  of  the  oldest  iron-making  sites  in  the  country.  As  early  as  1739  iron 
was  made  here  by  bloomery  forges  running  upon  Old  Hill  ore.  At  Falls  Village  there 
was  an  old  furnace  that  has  not  made  iron  for  30  years.  At  Lakeville  was  a  furnace,  now 
torn  down,  that  made  iron  before  the  revolutionary  wai",  at  which  shot  and  shell  were  cast 
for  the  British  troops. 


Sharon  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Landon  &  Co.  Numljer  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of 
furnace,  Sharon  Yillage,  Litchfield  County.  Height  of  stack,  32  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  8 
feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons.    Character  of  ores,  brown  hematite. 


Anthracite  Furnace. 


New  London  Furnace. — Proprietors,  New  London  Furnace  Co.  Location,  New 
London.    New ;  building. 

The  census  returns  for  1870  give  the  number  of  establishments  at  7.  Hands  em- 
ployed, 159.  Capital  invested,  $780,000.  Wages  paid,  $92,614.  Value  of  material, 
$716,933.    Value  of  product,  $949,125. 


Total  number  of  furnaces  (charcoal)   9 

Total  productive  capacity   25,000 


Blast  Furnaces  of  New  Jersey. 

The  furnaces  of  New  Jersey,  which  State  is  richly  supplied  with  superior  ores,  both 
magnetic,  hematite,  and  bog,  are  principally  anthracite,  and  comj)rise  some  of  the  finest 
furnaces  blowing. 


128 


BLAST  FUKNAOES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


Anthracite  Furnaces. 

WARREN  COUNTY. 

Andover  Furnaces. — Pi*oprietors,  Andover  Iron  Co.  President,  J.  Comley. 
Superintendent,  Joseph  C.  Kent.  Office,  405  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  Number  of 
furnaces,  3.  Location  of  furnaces,  Phillipsburg,  Warren  County.  Height  of  stacks,  55 
and  42  feet;  diameter  of  bosh,  18  feet;  average  annual  capacity,  35,000  tons.  Product  in 
1872,  33,845  tons.    Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 

Oxford.  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Oxford  Iron  Co.  S.  T.  Scranton,  President. 
Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  Oxford,  Warren  County.  Height  of  stack, 
34  and  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  18  and  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  16,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  magnetic.    One  furnace  built  in  1742. 

This  old  stack  was  the  second  furnace  erected  in  what  was  then  the  colony  of  New 
Jersey.  It  was  built  by  Jonathajst  Robeson  (the  great-great-grandfather  of  the  present  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy),  about  the  year  1742.  He  had  a  few  years  before  built  the  Wayneville 
Furnace,  in  what  is  now  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey,  and  subsequently  built  another  furnace 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  called  the  "  Forest  of  Dean."  Old  Oxford  was  run  (of  course  on 
charcoal)  until  1811,  during  that  time  having  changed  owners  several  times.  It  subse- 
quently came  back  into  the  hands  of  the  Robeson  family,  and  was  blown  in  again  in  1832, 
by  Heney  Jtjedon  &  Co.,  who  operated  it  imder  a  lease  from  Judge  Wm.  P.  Robeson. 
Since  that  time  it  has  been  constantly  run — for  some  time  under  lease,  first  by  Henry 
JuRDON  &  Co.,  afterwards  by  the  Scrantons.  It  was  then  sold  by  Judge  Robeson  to  the 
ScRANTONS,  and  held  by  them  until  the  organization  of  the  Oxford  Iron  Company,  when  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  that  company,  togetJier  with  the  ore  mines  and  a  portion  of  the 
original  furnace  lands.  It  is  now  run  on  anthracite  coal,  and  has  been  for  a  number  of 
years.  During  the  last  blast  it  was  lined  to  9^  feet  at  the  boshes,  and  34  feet  high.  It 
made  at  one  time  as  high  as  105  tons  in  a  week,  and  averaged  over  90  for  the  blast.  The 
Oxford  Company  is  still  working  the  mines  opened  by  old  Mr.  Robeson,  and  produce  an 
iron  of  very  superior  quality.  The  mines  were  several  times  supposed  to  have  been  ex- 
hausted, but  are  now  more  promising  than  ever.  Three  parallel  veins  are  worked,  each 
one  averaging  from  15  to  30  feet  in  thickness.  They  are  not  particularly  rich,  but  are  very 
free  from  any  injurious  ingredients,  being  in  that  respect  similar  to  the  ores  of  the  Request 
Mining  Company. 

Pequest  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Request  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Co.  Number 
of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Oxford,  Warren  County.  Height  of  stack,  58  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  mag- 
netic.   New ;  building  in  1873. 

SUSSEX  COUNTY. 

Franklin  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Franklin  Iron  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2. 
Location  of  furnaces,  Franklin,  Sussex  Coimty.    Height  of  stack,  32  and  67  feet ;  diame- 


BLAST  FUENACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ter  of  bosL  (one),  23  feet  (greatest  bosli  diameter  in  tlie  United  States) ;  average  anm^ 
pacity,  15,000  tons.    Cliaracter  of  ores,  magnetic. 

The  old  furnace  of  tlie  Franklin  Iron  Company  is  historic.  It  is  the  oldest  and  perhapT 
the  most  widely  known  of  all  the  American  furnaces.  During  the  revolution  its  iron  was 
especially  valuable  to  the  struggling  colonies,  so  much  so  that  Congress  took  especial  notice 
of  it.    It  was  built  in  1770,  repaired  in  1854,  and  is  now  used  as  a  lime  kiln. 


Wayawanda  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Thomas  Iron  Co.,  Hokendauqua,Pa.  Number 
of  fm'naces,  1.  Location  of  furnace,  Wayawanda,  Sussex  County.  Height  of  stack,  42  feet ; 
diameter  of  bosh,  11  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 
Formerly  charcoal. 

Muscouetcoug  Furnaces. — Lessees,  A.  Pakjjee  &  Co.,  Philadelphia.  ISTumber  of 
furnaces,  2.  Location  of  fm-naces,  Stanhope,  Sussex  County.  Height  of  stack,  55  and 
80  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  17  and  20  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Prod- 
uct in  1872,  22,910  tons.    Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 


MORRIS  COUNTY. 

Boonton  Furnaces. — ^Proprietors,  Fuller,  Loed  &  Co.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Lo- 
cation of  furnaces,  Boonton,  Morris  County.  Height  of  stack,  44  and  60  feet ;  diameter  of 
bosh,  13|-  and  16  f^fet;  average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Character  of  ores,  mag- 
netic. 


Port  Oram  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Port  Oram  Iron  Co.  (E.  Canfield  &  Co.),  Mor- 
ris County.  Number  of  furnaces,  1.  Location  of  furnace.  Port  Oram,  Morris  Coimty. 
Height  of  stack,  60  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  16  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 
Character  of  ores,  magnetic. 

PASSAIC  COUNTY. 

Ringwood  Furnaces. — Proprietors,  Coopek,  Hewitt  &  Co.,  17  Burling  Slip,  New 
York.  Number  of  furnaces,  2.  Location  of  furnaces,  •  Pingwood,  Passaic  County. 
Height  of  stack,  48  and  65  feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  13  and  16  feet ;  average  annual  capac- 
ity, 12,000  tons.    Character  of  ores,  magnetic.    Altered  from  old  charcoal  furnaces. 


The  census  returns  for  1870  give  the  number  of  establishments  at  6.  Hands  em- 
ployed at  360.  Capital  invested,  $1,405,000.  Wages  paid,  $241,611.  Value  of  material, 
$1,125,621.    Value  of  product,  $1,547,695. 


RECAPITULATION  FOR  NEW  JERSEY. 


Number  of  anthracite  furnaces 

Annual  capacity  

17 


16 

155,000  tons. 


130 


BLAST  FTJENACES  OF  THE  ITNITED  STATES. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  Minnesota. 

iDuluth  Furnace. — Proprietors,  Dulutli  Blast  Furnace  Co.  Officers:  George  K. 
SnoENBEEGER,  President ;  B.  P.  Russell,  Treasurer ;  John  P.  McLaren,  Secretary ;  J. 
T.  McCalltjm,  Manager.  Location  of  furnace,  Dulutli,  Minnesota.  Height  of  stack,  45 
feet ;  diameter  of  bosh,  10  feet ;  average  annual  capacity,  50,00  tons.  Hot  blast.  Fuel, 
charcoal.    Ores,  Lake  Superior.    New  in  1873. 

Blast  Furnaces  of  Texas. 

Iron  has  been  made  in  Texas  during  1873,  and  one  or  more  furnaces  exist  there  of 
small  capacity.  We  have  been  unable  to  obtain  the  particiilars  of  these  furnaces,  although 
both  ores  of  good  quality  and  anthracite  coal  have  been  found  in  this  State. 


Blast  Furnaces  of  California. 

Two  charcoal  furnaces,  58  feet  stack,  diameter  of  bosh,  12  feet,  will  be  erected  in 
California  early  in  1874:,  it  is  said  in  Mendocino  County.  These  will  be  iron  stacks,  and 
be  supplied  with  steatite  concrete  backing  between  the  stack  and  the  lining.  These  fur- 
naces will  be  as  far  as  possible  constructed  in  Philadelphia,  and  then  shipped  via  Cape 
Horn  to  California.  They  will  be  supplied  with  the  Whitwell  fire-brick  hot-blast  stove, 
and  all  the  latest  improvements  in  blast-furnace  construction. 

BLAST-FURNACE  RECAPITULATION  FOR  THE  UNITED  SPATES. 


Statk. 


Maine  

New  Hampshire 

Vermont  

Massachusetts  . 
Connecticut. . . . 

New  York  

New  Jersey. . . . 
Pennsylvania  . . . 
Maryland  

Virginia  

A^est  Virginia. . 

Georgia  

Alabama  

North  Carolina. 

Tennessee  

Kentucky   

Ohio  

Indiana  

Illinois  

Michigan  

Missouri  

Wisconsin  , 

Minnesota  

Texas  


No. 

Furnaces. 


45 
16 
152 
6 
1 


Anthracite,  Ca- 
pacity. 


0,000 


440,000 
155,000 
1,257,500 
22,000 
15,000 


53,000 
1G,000 

'  50,666 


No. 

Furnaces. 


1 
1 

5 
5 
9 
22 

'44 

14 
33 
3 
13 
20 
10 
24 
23 
40 


30 
12 
11 
1 
1 


Charcoal,  Ca- 
pacity. 


2,500 


5,000 
12,000 
25,000 
48,000 

'  70,566 
32.439 
67,250 
8,000 
30,000 
57,500 
13,800 
04,700 
72,000 

132,000 


127,800 
72,000 
42,000 


No. 
Furnaces. 


73 


0 
3 

"2 
3 
5 

02 
7 
5 
3 
9 


Bituminous 
nnd  Coke, 
Capacity. 


'080,500 
40,000 

'  58,666 
3,000 

1,666 

20,000 
51,000 

580,000 
54,500 
81,000 
25,000 

115,000 


Total  No. 
Furnaces. 


1 
1 

5 
6 
9 
67 
16 
269 
.  28 
34 
8 
15 
20 
12 
27 
28 
102 
7 
9 
34 
21 
14 
1 
1 


No.  of  States  24 


229 


2,014,500 


322 


891,489 


184 


1,721,000 


735 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


NEW  ENGLAND. 
Maine. 

The  rolling  mills  of  Maine  are  comprised  of  two  only,  one  of  whicli  is  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  the  manufactiire  of  rails,  and  the  other  to  general  wrought  iron.  They  are 
both  of  large  capacity,  and  have  been  in  full  operation  of  late  years. 

Portland  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Portland  Boiling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Portland,  Cumberland  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
15,000  tons. 

Pembroke  Iron  Works. — ^Proprietors,  "Wm.  E.  Coffin  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.  Loca- 
tion of  mill,  Pembroke,  "Washington  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  G,000  tons. 

Vermont. 

St.  Albans  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  St.  Albans  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
miU,  St.  Albans,  Franklin  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
30,000  tons.  This  mill  was  completed  in  1873,  and  has  18  puddling  furnaces,  a  19  inch 
roll  train,  and  a  steam  hammer  weighing  3,000  lbs.  In  the  rail  mill  there  are  ten  heating 
furnaces,  and  a '20  inch  roll  train.  Silicon  steel  rails  and  various  kinds  of  iron  and  steel  are 
to  be  hereafter  manufactured. 

Massachusetts. 

BKISTOL  COTTNTT. 

Fall  River  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Fall  River  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill. 
Fall  River,  Bristol  County.  Character  of  product,  bars  and  guide  iron  and  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.    Established  in  1822. 

Gosnold  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Gosnold  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
New  Bedford,  Bristol  County.  Character  of  product,  rod  and  hoop  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  4,000  tons. 


134 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Dightou  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Digliton  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Former  location 
of  mill,  Dighton,  Bristol  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Burned  in  1870,  and 
not  rebuilt. 

Somerset  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Somerset  Iron  Co.  Location  of  works,  Som- 
erset, Bristol  Coimty.  Character  of  product,  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,500  tons. 

Old  Colony  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Old  Colony  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Taunton,  Bristol  County.  Character  of  product,  hoop,  scroll,  and  plate  iron,  nails  and 
tacks.    Average  annual  capacity :  nails,  100,000  kegs ;  300  tons  hoop  and  plate  iron. 

ESSEX  COUNTY. 

Banvers  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Danvers  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Danvers,  Essex  County.    Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.    Capacity,  2,000  tons. 

Barden's  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  Frederick  Barden,  Newton  Upper  Falls, 
Middlesex  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 1,500  tons. 

NORFOLK  COUNTY. 

Kinsley  Iron  and  Machine  Works. — Proprietors,  Kinsley  Iron  and  Machine 
Co.  Location  of  mill.  Canton,  Norfolk  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron,  car  axles, 
etc.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons  bar  iron  and  axles. 

Weymouth  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  "Weymouth  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill. 
East  Weymouth,  Norfolk  County.  Character  of  product,  nails  and  forgings.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  5,000  tons. 

PLYMOUTH  COUNTY. 

Bridgewater  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Bridgewater  Iron  Manufacturing  Co. 
Location  of  mill,  Bridgewater,  Plymouth  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Tisdale  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Tisdale  Nail  Co.  Location  of  mill.  East  Ware- 
ham,  Plymouth  County.    Character  of  product,  nails.    Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons. 

East  Bridgewater  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  East  Bridgewater  Iron  Co.  Loca- 
tion of  mill.  East  Bridgewater,  Plymouth  County.  Character  of  product,  nails  and  tacks. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons. 

Robinson  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Robinson  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Plymouth, 
Plymouth  County.    Character  of  product,  nails.    Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 

Wareham  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Wareham  Nail  Co.  Location  of  mill.  South 
Wareham,  Plymouth  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacitj', 
2,500  tons. 


EOLLmO  MLLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


135 


Franconia  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Franconia  Iron  and  Steel  Co ., 
Wm.  E.  Coffin  &  Co.,  ISTo.  3  Oliver  Street,  Boston,  Mass.  Location  of  mill,  Wareham, 
Plymouth  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron,  hoop  and  rod  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  10,000  tons.    This  mill  was  burned  in  1872,  and  rebuilt. 

Parker  Mills  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Parker  Mills  ISTail  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Wareham,  Plymouth  County.  Character  of  product,  nails  and  spikes.  Average  annual 
capacity,  3,000  tons.    800  hands  employed. 

Tremont  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Tremont  Nail  Co.  Location  of  mill,  West 
Wareham,  Plymouth  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
6.000  tons. 

WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Washburn  Iron  Works.^^roprietors,  Washburn  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Wor- 
cester, Worcester  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.   Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 

Washburn  and  Moen  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Washburn  and  Moen  Manufact- 
uring Co.  President,  Philip  L.  Moen  ;  Treasurer,  Wm.  E.  Rioe  ;  Secretary,  Charles  F. 
Washburn.  Location  of  mill,  Worcester,  Worcester  County.  Average  annual  capacity, 
3,000  tons.    Character  of  product,  wire. 

SUFFOLK  COUNTY. 

Boston  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  W.  E.  Ellis  &  Co.  Office,  17  Batterymarch 
Street,  Boston,  Mass.  Location  ®f  mill,  Cambridge,  Suffolk  Coimty.  Character  of  product, 
Norway  iron  shapes.    Average  annual  capacity,  G,000  tons. 

Bay  State  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Bay  State  Iron  Co.  J.  H.  Eeed,  Treas- 
urer ;  J.  Avery  Richards,  Secretary.  Office,  Pemberton  Square,  Boston,  Mass.  Location 
of  mill.  South  Boston.  Character  of  .product,  rails  and  homogeneous  steel  boiler  plates, 
made  by  the  Siemens-Martin  process.    Average  annual  capacity,  rails,  15,000  tons. 

This  company  has  lately  finished  an  extensive  plate  mill,  capable  of  rolling  plates  of 
the  largest  size,  which  would  have  gone  into  operation  in  the  fall  of  1873  but  for  the  de- 
pression. The  main  building  of  the  new  mill  is  210  feet  long  and  111  feet  wide,  and  has 
an  L  70  by  30  feet.  The  mill  has  six  heating  furnaces  with  boilers,  the  stacks  of  which 
are  of  iron  lined  up  with  fire-brick.  There  will  be  two  trains  of  rollers,  each  nine  feet 
long  and  thirty  inches  in  diameter.  The  works  will  be  driven  by  a  condensing  engine  of 
1,000  horse-power,  the  cylinder  of  which  is  40  inches  in  diameter ;  stroke,  6  feet.  The  two 
fly-wheels  are  24  feet  in  diameter,  and  weigh  53  tons  each. 

New  England  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  New  England  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Reedville,  Suft'olk  County.  Character  of  product,  bars  and  rod  iron.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 2,500  tons. 


Norway  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Katlor  &  Co.     Offices  :  New  York,  Boston, 


136 


EOLLING  miiLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


and  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  South  Boston,  Suffolk  County.  Character  of  product, 
Norway  iron  shapes  and  angle  iron.    Average  annual  caj)acity,  10,000  tons. 

EECAPITULATION  FOK  MASSACnUSETTS. 


Number  of  rail  mills   2 

Average  capacity   30,000  tons. 

Number  of  bar  and  plate  mills   19 

Average  capacity   106,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  mills   21 

Total  annual  productive  capacity   136,000  tons. 


The  census  returns  for  1870  give  for  Massachusetts  the  following  retiu-ns  :  Number 
of  rolling  mills,  22.  Hands  employed,  1,949.  Capital  invested,  $1,790,125.  "Wages  paid, 
$1,031,075.    Yalue  of  material^  $3,501,606.    Value  of  product,  $5,027,307. 


Rolling^  Mills  of  Rhode  Island. 

Providence  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Providence  Iron  Co.  N.  Stetson,  Presi- 
dent ;  O.  A.  AYashbukn,  Treasurer.  Location  of  mill.  Providence,  Providence  County. 
Character  of  product,  nails  and  sheet-iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons. 

Union  Horseshoe  Works. — Proprietors,  Union  Horseshoe  Co.  Location  of  mill. 
Providence,  Providence  County.  Character  of  product,  horseshoe  iron,  consumed  in  the 
works. 

Rhode  Island  Horseshoe  Works.-^Proprietors,  E.  I.  Horseshoe  Co.  W.  Spragtje, 
President;  A.  Spkagtje,  Treasurer.  Location  of  mill.  Providence,  Providence  Coimty. 
Character  of  product,  horseshoe  iron,  consumed  in  the  works. 

Providence  Sheet  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Providence  Sheet  Iron  Co.  Loca- 
tion, Providence,  Providence  County.    Character  of  product,  sheet  iron. 

KECAPITULATION  FOR  KIIODE  ISLAND. 

Number  of  rolling  mills   4 

Annual  capacity.   15,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  Pliode  Island  give  tlie  number  of  rolling  mills  at  3.  Ilaiuls 
employed,  138.  Capital  invested,  $410,000.  Wages  paid,  $93,500.  Value  of  material, 
$284,436.  Value  of  product,  $403,500,  which  includes  1,965  tons  bar  iron,  625  tons  slieet, 
and  1,825  tons  rods. 


ROLLEsra  MILLS  OF  TIIJE  UNITED  STATES. 


137 


Rolling^  Mills  of  Connecticut. 

NEW  HAVEN  COUNTY. 

Birmingham  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Birmingliam  Iron  and  Steel  Co. 
Thomas  Elmes,  Secretary  and  Superintendent.  Location  of  mill,  Birmingham,  'New  Haven 
County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron,  and  carriage  springs.  .  Average  annual 
capacity,  iron,  4,000  tons. 


New  Haven  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  New  Haven  Polling  Mill  Co.  Cuas.  S. 
Wheelek,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  Location  of  mill,  New  Haven,  New  Haven  County. 
Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.    Average  aimual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 


FAIRFIELD  COUNTY. 


Stillwater  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Stillwater  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Stam- 
ford, Fairfield  County.    Character  of  product,  rod  iron.    Capacity,  2,500  tons. 


LITCHFIELD  COUNTY. 


Hunt  Caniield  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Hunt  Canfield  Iron  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Huntsville,  Litchfield  County.    Character  of  product,  rod  iron.    Capacity  small. 

NEW  LONDON  COUNTY. 

Thames  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Thames  Iron  Works  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Norwich,  New  London  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,200  tons. 

RECAPITULATION  FOE  CONNECTICUT. 

Number  of  mills   5 

Annual  capacity   8,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  Connecticut  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  5.    Hands  em- 
ployed,  235.    Capital  invested,  $2-45,000.    Wages  paid,  $149,751.    Yalue  of  material, 
$377,550.    Value  of  product,  $595,000,  in  which  is  included  4,725  tons  of  bar  and  2,725 
tons  of  rod  iron,  or  a  total  of  rolled  iron  of  7,450  tons. 
18 


138 


nOLLnsTG  MILLS  0^^  THE  tTNlTED  STATES. 


Rolling  Mills  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

ALBANY  COTINTY, 

Cohoes  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Mokkisox,  Colwell  &  Page.  Office,  269 
River  Street,  Troy.  Location  of  mill,  Colioes,  Albany  County.  Character  of  product,  bar 
and  axe  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  0,000  tons. 

These  works  have  six  double  and  four  single  puddling  furnaces,  one  scrap  furnace,  one 
muck  train,  one  merchant  iron  train,  and  one  guide  train,  running  on  all  sizes,  from  4  inch 
squares  and  rounds  to  quarter-inch,  and  from  8  inch  flats  to  five-eighths  inch  same.  A  spe- 
cialty is  the  manufacture  of  saw-blades  for  marble  sawing,  and  heavier  machinery  is  being 
added  for  the  manufacture  of  gas  and  steam  pipe.  The  works  employs  230  hands,  with  a 
monthly  pay-roll  of  $12,000. 

ERIE  COUNTY. 

Buffalo  Iron  and.  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Peatt  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Buf- 
falo, Erie  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  plate  iron,  and  nails,  spikes,  etc.-  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  25,000  tons.  Manufacture  hardware  also.  The  works  are  located  on 
Niagara  Street  and  on  the  Niagara  Piver,  foiir  miles  below  the  stores.  The  iron  is  brought 
to  the  store  by  means  of  tugs  and  boats  on  the  canal,  and  also  by  teams.  The  works 
cover  a  large  amount  of  land,  two  and  a  half  acres  of  the  same  being  enclosed  and  covered 
with  slate  roofing.  The  Canada  Southern,  New  York  Central,  Grand  Trunk,  Great 
Western,  and  Erie  Railways  are  to  b6  connected  with  the  mills  by  side  tracks — part  being 
already  built — the  Erie  Canal  and  New  York  Central  Railroad  passing  directly  through 
the  yards. 

Peatt  &  Co.  employ  over  twelve  hundred  men  in  all  the  branches  of  their  business, 
and  have  an  immense  trade  with  railroads,  dealers,  and  manufacturers  throughout  the 
country.  The  capacity  of  production  is  more  than  two  thousand  tons  manufactured  iron, 
etc.,  per  month.  Being  extensive  manufacturers  themselves,  they  can  give  superior  facili- 
ties in  the  general  trade.  There  has  been  lately  erected  a  structure,  in  connection  with  the 
mills,  five  hundred  feet  long,  for  the  manufacture  of  composite  beams,  girders,  and  joists, 
iron  bridges,  iron  roofs,  and  iron  framing  of  every  description. 

Pkatt  &  Co.  have  been  engaged  in  the  iron  and  hardware  trade  for  more  than  forty 
years,  and  the  firm  is  well  known  as  one  of  unlimited  resources  and  credit. 


KOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITP^D  STATES. 


138  « 


Union  Iron  Works, — Proprietors,  Union  Iron  Co.  President,  A.  Pardee;  Vice- 
President,  Guilford  R.  "Wilson  ;  Treasurer,  G-eo.  Beals  ;  Secretary,  T.  Guilfokd  Smith. 
Location  of  mill,  Buffalo,  Erie  Count3^  Character  of  product,  bar  iron,  plate,  channel, 
beams,  girders,  shafting,  rolled  car  axles,  and  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons. 

This  mill  is  GOO  feet  long  by  90  feet  wide,  with  three  wings  of  100,  200,  and  200  feet 
respectively  in  depth,  and  imder  iron  roof,  employs  over  1,000  men,  and  consumes  3G,000 
tons  of  coal  yearly.  There  are  three  blast  furnaces,  which  will  be  found  described  under 
the  proper  head. 

The  works  of  this  company  are  located  in  the  1st  and  13tli  wards  of  the  City  of  Buf- 
falo, Erie  County,  ISTew  York,  upon  a  tract  of  land  comprising  .53  acres. 

It  has  two  Avater  fronts  of  1,000  feet  each  on  Buffalo  Uiver,  by  which  the  lake  vessels 
and  the  Erie  canal  boats,  can  deliver  their  cargoes  upon  the  company's  docks  without  break- 
ing bulk. 

The  Erie  Railway  and  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Railway  connect  the 
works  with  the  east,  west,  and  south. 

The  plant  consists  of  three  blast  furnaces  and  a  rolling-mill,  with  the  necessary  black- 
smith and  machine-shops,  boat-yards,  docks,  stables,  warehouses,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Pioneer  Furnace  was  first  erected  in  1861,  by  Messrs.  Palmek  &  Co. ;  the  Excelsior 
and  the  Monitor  in  18G2  and  1865. 

The  rolling-mill  was  built  in  1862,  and  enlarged  to  its  present  size  1864-65,  by  Messrs. 
Wadswoeth  &  Co.    The  present  proprietors  purchased  the  entire  property  in  1872. 

The  officers  of  the  Union  Iron  Company  are :  President,  A.  Pakdee  ;  Vice-President, 
Guilford  R.  "Wilson  ;  Treasurer,  George  Beals  ;  Secretary,  T.  Guilford  Smith  ;  Superin- 
tendent, James  Jenkins. 

The  blast  furnaces  are  three  in  number,  all  50  feet  high,  and  14,  15,  and  17  feet  across 
the  bosh  respectively,  closed  at  the  tops  and  provided  with  bells  and  hoppers. 

Number  one  has  an  upright  blowing  engine  42  inches  by  7|-  feet  stroke,  with  a  100 
inch  blowing  cylinder.  Numbers  two  and  iliree  are  provided  with  similar  upright  engines 
86  inches  by  7  feet  stroke,  with  an  84  inch  blowing  cylinder. 

To  supply  these  furnaces,  about  50,000  tons  of  ore.,  mainly  from  the  Lake  Superior  re- 
gions, with  some  from  a  mine  of  the  company  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  are 
required  annually.  To  smelt  this  amount  of  ore,  there  are  consumed  45,000  tons  of  an- 
thracite coal  per  annum,  with  limestone  in  proportion.  This  coal  is  brought  from  the 
mines  in  Pennsylvania,  by  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  to  "Waverly,  and  thence  via  the 
Erie  Railway  direct  to  the  furnaces. 

For  convenience  in  stocking  the  furnaces,  an  elevated  railway,  half  a  mile  long,  has 
been  built,  by  which  the  furnace  stock  houses  are  brought  into  immediate  connection  with 
the  various  railroad  sidings  on  the  company's  premises. 

The  annual  production  of  the  three  furnaces  is  28,000  tons  of  pig  iron,  most  of  which  is 
converted  at  the  mill  into  puddled  bars,  and  thus  used  on  the  premises,  any  surplus  being 
sold  at  Buffalo,  or  in  the  West,  or  in  Canada. 

The  rolling-mill  is  a  brick  structure  with  an  iron  roof  slated.  The  main  building  is  600 
feet  long  by  90  feet  wide,  with  three  wings,  two  of  200  feet  and  one  100  feet  long. 

It  contains  a  19  inch  puddle  train  of  three  high  rolls,  driven  by  a  condensing  engine  44 
inches  cylinder  by  39  inch  stroke,  which  also  drives  a  Burden  rotary  squeezer.  It  is  sup- 
plied by  16  double  puddling  furnaces,  and  turns  out  70  tons  a  day. 


1385  KOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UJTITED  STATEs!. 

In  the  east  wing  of  the  mill  is  located  the  21  inch  train  devoted  to  making  beams, 
channel  iron,  and  large  rounds  up  to  inches  in  diameter ;  this  is  also  a  three-high  train, 
and  is  driven  by  a  condensing  engine,  44  by  39  inches.  Six  heating  furnaces  supply  this 
train.  The  product  of  beams  is  about  50  tons  a  day,  and  they  vary  in  depth  from  four  to 
15  inches,  and  run  up  to  90  feet  in  length. 

In  the  north  end  of  the  mill  is  located  the  rail  train,  also  a  three-high  21  inch  train, 
driven  by  a  condensing  engine  44  by  36  inches.  Eight  heating  furnaces  supply  this  train 
which  has  turned  out  75  tons  per  diem.  "When  not  making  rails,  this  train  rolls  rough  iron 
for  the  beam  mill. 

In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned,  there  are  two  more  trains,  one  of  8  inches,  and  the 
other  12,  both  three-high,  for  making  bars  and  angles. 

The  plate  mill  is  on  the  west  of  the  main  mill,  and  is  100  feet  by  130  feet ;  built  of 
brick,  with  an  iron  roof  slated.  It  has  two  sets  of  rolls,  one  roughing  two-high,  and  one 
finishing  three-high ;  the  rolls  31  inches  in  diameter,  and  90  inches  long ;  both  trains  are 
driven  by  an  engine  36  inches  cylinder  by  7^  feet  stroke.  Two  large  heating  furnaces  are 
attached  to  this  mill.  All  descriptions  of  plates  are  made.  The  Union  Iron  Company  have 
made  the  plates  for  10  iron  propellers  for  lake  service,  4  of  which  were  launched  from  their 
boat-yard. 

Semi-bituminous  coal  from  the  Fall  Brook  mines  at  Blossburg,  Tioga  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, is  the  fuel  used  in  the  mill.  "When  in  full  work,  about  3,000  tons  are  used  per 
month.    Most  of  the  repairs  are  done  on  the  premises  in  the  company's  shops. 

Between  1,000  and  1,200  men  are  employed  at  these  works.  When  in  full  blast  they 
turn  out  100  tons  pig  iron,  and  80  tons  of  finished  iron  a  day.  About  90  dwellings  have 
been  erected  for  the  employes  who  wish  to  live  on  the  premises. 

For  the  past  two  years  this  mill  has  manufactured  beams  mainly,  of  which  it  furnishes 
about  40  per  cent,  of  those  used  in  the  United  States.  The  principal  markets  at  the  east 
are  at  New  York  and  Boston,  and  in  the  west,  Cleveland,  Chicago,  and  even  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

The  beams  are  used  extensively  in  Government  buildings.  State  capitols,  municipal 
buildings,  and  generally  in  fire-proof  structures,  and  also  in  the  numerous  iron  railroad 
bridges  on  almost  all  the  principal  lines. 

ESSEX  COUNTY. 

Au  Sable  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Au  Sable  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Au  Sable 
Forks,  Essex  County.  Character  of  product,  nail  rod,  principally.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 5,000  tons,  blooms  for  cast  steel ;  3,000  kegs  Au  Sable  cut  nails.  Connected  with 
"these  works  is  the  Au  Sable  Horse  Nail  Company,  which  has  four  large  factories  at  Kees- 
villc,  where  it  has  in  ojicration  62  machines,  producing  from  five  to  six  tons  a  day.  The 
works  furnish  employment  to  250  men.  The  managers  buy  the  iron,  and  in  their  own 
rolling  mills  produce  the  rods  to  be  worked  up  by  the  machines  into  horseshoe  nails.  The 
company  has  ^Iso  its  own  saw-mill,  and  all  the  machine  shops  requisite  to  make  a  complete 
institution. 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


139 


CHEMUNG  COUNTY. 

Elmira  Rolling  Mills.— Proprietors,  Elmira  Iron  and  Steel  Rolling  Mill  Co.  " 
Location  of  mill,  Elmira,  Chemung  County.  President,  E.  Eldkidge;  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  H.  W.  Rathbone.  Character  of  product,  rails  and  bars.  The  former,  silicon 
steel  rails,  made  by  the  ISTes  Silicon  Steel  Process.  Average  annual  capacity :  rails,  20,000 
tons ;  bars,  8,000  tons.  The  process  of  manufacture  will  be  found  described  under  the 
proper  technological  head.  The  works  include  two  blast  furnaces,"  and  two  rolling  mills  ; 
one  for  steel  rails,  and  one  for  merchant  bar,  which  contain  twelve  double  puddling  fur- 
naces, eleven  heating  furnaces,  and  one  scrap  furnace,  a  3,500  pound  steam  hammer  for 
blooming,  and  seven  vertical  steam  engines ;  three  of  which  are  250  horse-power,  one  150 
horse-power,  and  three  of  40  horse-power.  An  addition  to  the  bar  mill  with  3  furnaces,  2 
engines,  two  trains  of  rolls,  and  one  steam  hammer,  is  just  completed.  The  works  now  em- 
ploy 450  men. 

MONROE  COUNTY. 

Rochester  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Rochester  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Rochester,  Monroe  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

NIAGARA  COUNTY. 

Lockport  Manufacturing  Co.'s  Works. — Proprietors,  Lockport  Manufacturmg 
Co.  Location  of  mill,  Lockport,  Niagara  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  2,500  tons. 

ONEIDA  COUNTY. 

Rome  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Rome  Iron  Co.  E.  Huntington,  President. 
Location  of  mill,  Ronle,  Oneida  County.  Character  of  product,  rails  and  bar  iron.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Number  of  puddling  furnaces,  7  double.  Number  of 
heating  furnaces,  8.    Hands  employed,  300.    Siiperintendent,  T.  C  Nock. 

Rome  Iron  and  Steel  Bloom  Co. — Proprietors,  Nes  Sihcon  Steel  Co.  President, 
E.  Gulick.  Location  of  works,  Rome,  Oneida  County.  Character  of  product,  silicon 
steel  blooms  for  silicon  rails,  and  plate  metal.  Average  annual  capacity  4,000  tons. 
This  mill  has  four  puddling  furnaces,  a  steam  hammer,  and  a  reiinery  for  plate  metal. 
It  will  be  enlarged  into  a  rail  mill  as  soon  as  the  rail  mill  of  the  Sandusky,  O.,  Steel  Works, 
belonging  to  same  company,  is  completed. 

Rome  Merchant  Iron  Mill. — Proprietor,  D.  Cady.  Location  of  mill,  Rome, 
Oneida  County.  Character  of  product,  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000 
tons. 

*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  New  York. 


140 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ONONDAGA  COUNTY. 

Syracuse  Iron  Works. — Proprietoi-s,  Syracuse  Iron  Co.  President,  R.  N.  Gerk. 
Location  of  mill,  Syracuse,  Onondaga  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

Delano  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Delano  Iron  Co.  Ieving  T.  Ballakd,  Secretary. 
Location  of  mill,  Syracuse,  Onondaga  County.  Character  of  product,  bars  and  rails. 
Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

Skeneateles  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Skeneateles  Iron  Works  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Skeneateles,  Onondaga  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,200  tons. 

EENSSELAER  COUNTY. 

Albany  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  E.  Cokning  &  Co.  Manager,  James  E. 
"Walkek.  Location  of  mill,  Troy,  Rensselaer  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron- 
nails,  spikes,  cultivator  steel,  axles,  etc.    Average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

Rensselaer  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  John  A.  Gkiswold  &  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Troy,  Rensselaer  County.  Character  of  product,  iron  and  steel  rails,  and  bar  iron. 
Average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons. 

At  this  works  wsl&  built  the  first  Bessemer  steel  plant  in  the  United  States,  which  will 
be  found  described  under  the  proper  department. 

Burden  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  11.  Burden  &  Sons.  Location  of  mill,  Troy, 
Rensselaer  County.  Character  of  product,  merchant  bar,  and  horseshoe  iron  and  horse- 
shoes.   Average  annual  capacity  of  merchant  iron,  10,000  tons,  and  8,000  other. 

This  mill  was  established  by  Henry  Burden,  celebrated  as  the  inventor  of  the  horse- 
shoe machine,  which  has  netted  great  wealth  to  his  sons.  He  also  invented  the  Burden 
Rotary  Squeezer,  an  invention  which  contributed  greatly  to  increase  the  manufacture  of 
bar  iron  in  the  country.  Mr.  Burden  is  succeeded  in  business  by  his  sons,  and  the  firm 
owns  blast  furnaces,  ore  and  coal  lands,  and  is  one  of  the  wealthiest  engaged  in  the  iron 
manufacturing  business  in  the  country. 

ROCKLAND  COUNTY. 

Samsondale  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  John  Peck.  Location  of  mill,  Ilavei'straw, 
Rockland  Covmty.    Character  of  product,  bar  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons. 

ULSTER  COUNTY. 

Ulster  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Tuckerman,  Mulligan  &  Co.  Office,  90  Broad- 
way, E'ew  York.  Location  of  mill,  Saugerties,  Ulster  County.  Character  of  product,  bar 
iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  The  product  of  this  mill  has  ahvays  been  cel- 
ebrated for  superior  quality,  and  is  used  for  specialties  requiring  fine  iron. 


EOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


141 


WESTCHESTER  COUNTY. 

Spuyten  Duyvil  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Spuyten  Duyvil  Kolling  Mill  Co. 
Office,  4:7  Exchange  Place,  New  York.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 20,000  tons. 

EECAPITULATION  FOK  NEW  YORK. 

N^umber  of  bar  and  merchant  iron  mills   16 

Average  annual  capacit^^   104,500  tons. 

Number  of  rail  mills   5 

Average  annual  capacity   103,000 

Total  number  of  mills   21 

Total  capacity,  iron   207,500  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  New  York  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  21.  Hands  em- 
ployed, 4,653.  Capital  invested,  $5,008,400  (notoriously  too  small).  Value  of  materials, 
$9,714,807.  Value  of  products,  $14,136,225.  This  includes  73,747  tons  bar  iron,  4,563 
tons  plate  iron,  2,500  tons  sheet,  79,701  tons  rails,  8,337  tons  rod  iron.  The  consumption 
of  raw  metal  was :  pig,  86,088  tons ;  scrap,  78,371  tons  ;  blooms,  17,985  tons ;  ore,  31,292 
tons;  coal,  199,481  tons.    Total  production  of  rolled  iron  in  1870,  168,348  tons. 


Rolling  Mills  of  New  Jersey. 

CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

Camden  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Loxakee  &  Hoffman.  Location  of  mill,  Cam- 
den, Camden  County.  Character  of  product,  merchant  iron  and  nails.  Average  annual 
capacity,  6,000  tons. 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 

Cumberland  Nail  and  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Cumberland  Nail  and  Iron  Co. 
Office,  44  North  Delaware  Avenue,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Bridgeton,  Cumber- 
land Coimty.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron  and  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  10,000 
tons. 

MERCER  COUNTY. 

Trenton  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  New  Jersey  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Cooper,  Hew- 
rrr  &  Co.,  17  Burling  Slip,  New  York.  Location  of  mill,  Trenton,  Mercer  County.  Char- 
acter of  product,  bar  iron,  rolled  beams,  puddle  steel-headed  rails,  and  Martin  steel  made 
by  the  Siemens-Martin  process.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  Number  of  hands 
employed,  650. 

MORRIS  COUNTY. 

Boouton  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Fuller,  Lord  &  Co,  139  Greenwich  Street,  New 
York.  Location  of  mill,  Boonton,  Morris  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.    At  this  site  was  one  of  the  earliest  iron  works  of  the  country. 


142 


ROLLING-  mLLS  OF  THE  tlTSriTED  STATES. 


Rockaway  Merchant  Mill.— Proprietors,  Eockaway  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
IlockaA\'ay,  Morris  County.  Character  of  product,  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 2,500  tons.    Eehuilt  in  18T2. 

Powerville  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  John  Leonaed.  Location  of  mill,  Power- 
ville,  Morris  County.  Cliaracter  of  product,  merchant  iron,  charcoal  blooms,  and  hoops. 
Average  annual  capacity,  1,400  tons. 

PASSAIC  COUNTY. 

Passiac  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Passaic  Eolling  Mill  Co.  "Watts  Cooke,  Super- 
intendent. Location  of  mill,  Paterson,  Passaic  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and 
merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  The  product  of  these  works  is  con- 
sumed in  the  locomotive  works  of  Paterson,  and  the  quahty  of  the  iron  made  is  superior. 

Colliers  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Wm.  Collier.  Location  of  mill,  Paterson,  Pas- 
saic County.  Character  of  product,  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 
Mill  burned  in  1872. 

UNION  COUNTY. 

Elizabeth  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Ehzabeth  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Elizabethport,  Union  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
10,000  tons.  Eerolled  from  old  rails.  Works  stopped  in  fall  of  1873  on  account  of  scarcity 
of  old  rails  from  abroad. 

WARREN  COUNTY. 

Delaware  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Delaware  Eolling  Mill  Co.  John  Tindall, 
President.  Location  of  mill,  Phillipsburg,  Warren  County.  Character  of  product,  bar 
iron,  axles,  etc.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

Oxford  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Oxford  Iron  and  Nail  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Oxford,  Warren  County.  Character  of  product,  merchant  iron  and  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

EECAPITULATION  FOE  NEW  JEESEY. 


Number  of  bar  and  merchant  iron  mills   10 

Annual  capacity  , .  .  .  .  63,000  tons. 

Number  of  rail  mills   2 

Annual  capacity   30,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   12 

Total  annual  capacity   93,000  tons. 


The  census  returns  for  New  Jersey  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  12.  Hands  em- 
ployed, 1,070.  Capital  invested,  $1,813,097.  Wages,  $1,040,510.  Value  of  material,  $3,- 
049,417.    Value  of  product,  $4,611,648,  which  includes  13,524  tons  of  bar  iron,  22,768  tons 


EOLLESTG  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


r 


of  plate  iron,  l,-i82  tons  of  sheet  iron,  14,657  tons  of  rails,  100  rolled  axles,  and  tojA 
of  rod  iron.    In  all,  54,607  tons  of  rolled  iron.  ^ 


Rollings  Mills  of  Pennsylvania. 

ALLEGHENY  COUNTY. 

American  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Jones  &  Latjghlins.  Office,  120  Water 
Street.  Location  of  mill,  Pittsburg,  Allegheny  County.  Character  of  product,  merchant 
iron,  cold  rolled  shafting.  Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  This  is  one  of  the 
largest,  if  not  the  largest,  miscellaneous  rolled  iron  works  in  the  country.  The  specialty 
of  the  firm  is  cold  rolled  shafting,  made  under  a  peculiar  process,  and  which  is  celebrated 
throughout  the  country.  Messrs.  Jones  &  Lauchlins  made  the  shafting  for  the  Vienna 
Exposition,  and  took  the  prize  for  the  best  shafting  at  that  fair,  receiving  a  gold  medal. 
The  mill  of  this  firm  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  January,  1872,  but  immediately  rebuilt,  the 
firm  meanwhile  running  their  machinery  exposed  to  the  winter  weather,  and  having  the 
works  enclosed  and  in  full  running  order  in  March  following.  Boiler  explosions,  causing 
considerable  damage,  occurred  in  1872  and  1873.  This  works  maybe  considered  the  repre- 
sentative works  of  Pittsburg. 

Monongahela  and  Allegheny  Works. — Proprietors,  Lewis,  Olivee  &  Phillips. 
Location  of  mills :  one,  Pittsburg ;  one.  Lower  Allegheny  City,  Allegheny  .County.  Character 
of  product,  merchant  iron  and  nails ;  wagon  irons  a  specialty.  Average  annual  capacity, 
18,000  tons. 

Sable  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Zva  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Pittsburg,  Allegheny 
County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron,  and  nails.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 10,000  tons. 

Tliis  is  one  of  the  best-arranged  mills  in  the  country,  and  has  every  facility  for  eco- 
nomical working ;  among  other  improvements,  has  in  operation  at  their  new  puddle  de- 
partment a  peculiar  mechanism  which  is  to  some  extent  automatic.  The  purpose  of  the  ar- 
rangement is  to  dispose  of  the  puddle  bars  as  they  leave  the  rolls.  First,  as  the  bar  comes 
from  the  rolls,  it  is  discharged  on  a  line  of  rollers  opposite  the  finishing  groove,  over  which 
it  is  taken  to  a  scale  that  is  midway  between  rolls  and  shears.  While  still  on  the  rollers  it 
is  detamed  long  enough  at  the  scale  to  be  weighed,  after  which  it  is  pushed  along  the  rollers 
to  the  shears,  where  it  is  cut  to  lengths,  and  from  where  the  pieces  fall  into  an  iron  basket 
occupying  a  pit  of  water.  This  basket,  suspended  from  a  beam  overhead,  is  raised  to  such 
a  height  that  it  i-uns,  of  its  own  gravity,  to  the  other  end,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with 
an  object  that  imlatches  and  lets  fall  the  bottom  of  the  basket,  and  the  iron  falls  on  the 
ground  ready  for  piling  for  the  various  furnaces.  The  striking  of  the  object  which  opens 
the  bottom  also  reverses  its  direction  and  sends  it  back  on  the  now  falKng  beam  to  the  pit, 
with  the  bottom  again  secure  for  reloading.  In  brief,  the  puddle  iron,  with  the  aid  of  this 
mechanism,  after  it  leaves  the  rolls  is  "  dragged  out,"  weighed,  cut,  and  laid  aside  by  one 
man,  who  handles  the  product  of  sixteen  furnaces.  The  invention  belongs  to  the  senior 
partner  of  the  firm. 
19 


144 


ROLLING  mLLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Etna  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Spang,  Chalfant  &  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Peiin.  Lo- 
cation of  mill,  Etna  Borough,  Upper  Allegheny  City,  Allegheny  County.  Character  of 
product,  merchant  bar,  rod,  etc.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

This  firm  is  building  a  new  mill  at  Etna  Borough,  which  will  be  entirely  of  iron,  and 
supplied  with  all  the  latest  appliances  and  improvements. 

Clinton  and  Millvale  Rolling  Mills. — ^Proprietors,  Gkaff,  Bei^nett  &  Co.  Office, 
97  "Water  Street,  Pittsburg.  Location  of  mills,  Clinton  Mill  on  the  Monongahela  Kiver, 
below  Pittsburg ;  Millvale  in  Upper  Allegheny,  Allegheny  County.  Character  of  prod- 
-uet,  merchant  iron,  rod,  sheet,  plate,  and  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  25,000  tons. 
This  firm  completed,  in  1873,  an  extensive  addition  to  their  Millvale  mill,  intended  for  the 
manufacture  of  plates  of  the  largest  size.  In  this  extension  are  introduced  five  of  Danks' 
Rotary  Puddling  Machines,  for  the  purpose  of  puddling  large  quantities  of  iron  by 
machinery.  Each  of  these  puddling  machines  is  supplied  with  a  separate  engine  for  rotat- 
ing the  machine  either  way.  The  cost  of  these  puddling  machines  is  over  $5,000  each, 
and  they  are  capable  of  puddling  charges  of  1,000  lbs.  each.  The  machinery  to  work  the 
product  of  the  Danks'  Puddlers,  is  on  a  scale  of  equally  magnificent  proportions.  The 
squeezer,  capable  of  receiving  the  1,000  lb.  bloom  from  the  puddling  machine,  is  of  great 
strength,  and  in  addition  to  squeezing  the  ball,  a  ram  is  provided  for  "  upsetting"  the  mass 
while  being  treated,  thus  securing  greater  homogeneity  in  the  iron.  Beside  the  squeezer, 
there  is  a  powerful  steam  hammer  intended  for  cutting  up  the  bloom  if  desired.  Shears 
of  extra  j)OWer  are  provided  for  cutting  the  heavy  bars.  An  "  Universal  Mill,"  or  a  series 
of  rolls  so  arranged  as  to  engage  all  sides  of  the  mass  of  iron  submitted  to  them,  is  pro- 
vided with  the  Napier  reversible  gear,  by  which  all  handling  of  the  immense  mass  of 
iron  treated,  is  avoided.  The  feature  of  the  mill  is  the  "  Lauth  three  high  "  mill  for  plates. 
The  housings  of  this  train  are  of  immense  size  and  weight,  and  the  rolls  are  ninety- 
five  inches  long  by  twenty-eight  inches  in  diameter,  being,  with  one  exception,  the  largest 
chilled  rolls  cast  in  the  United  States.  The  engine  which  supplies  the  power  for  this  im- 
mense machinery  is  of  like  proportions,  the  fly-wheel  being  thirty  feet  in  diameter.  The 
usual  heating  furnaces,  both  for  the  bloom  and  plate  piles,  are  provided,  and  the  mill  is 
supplied  with  all  the  latest  improvements.  With  the  new  extension,  the  Millvale  works 
now  presents  an  unbroken  floor  line  of  800  feet  in  length.  The  whole  of  the  work  was 
done  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  "Williams,  the  manager.  The  mill  has  been  run- 
ning successfully  during  1873,  and  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  iron  worked,  may  be 
formed,  from  the  size  of  the  muck-bar  rolled,  which  is  12  inches  wide  and  2  inches  thick, 
against  4  inches  by  half  an  inch,  in  ordinary  mills. 

Pittsburg  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  J.  Paintee  &  Sons.  Location  of  mill,  Pitts- 
burg, Penn.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron,  sheet  iron,  and  hoop  iron,  the  latter  a  spe- 
cialty for  which  this  firm  is  celebrated.    Average  annual  caj)acity,  15,000  tons. 

Star  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Lindsay  &  McCutcheon.  Location  of  miU,  Alle- 
gheny City.    Character  of  product,  hoop  iron  only.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 


Vesuvius  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Lewis,  Bailey,  Dalzell  &  Co.    Location  of 


ROLLIlSra  MILLS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


145 


mill,  Sliarpsburg,  above  Allegheny  City.  Character  of  product,  merchant  iron  and  nails. 
Average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 

Pennsylvania  Iron  Works.- — Proprietors,  Eveeson,  Gkatf  &  Macrum  (late  Evek- 
soN,  Peeston  &  Co.),  Pittsburg.  Location  of  mills,  Pittsburg  and  Fountain  Mills,  Penn. 
Character  of  product,  merchant  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

The  mill  at  Fountain  Mills  contains  18  boiling  furnaces,  1  heating  furnace,  bar  and 
sheet  rolls,  and  annealing  furnaces.    500  men  employed. 

Union  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Caenegie,  KlomAjST  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  heavy  iron  for  bridges,  rolled  beams,  girders,  etc.  Av- 
erage annual  capacity,  12,000  tons.  Extensive  improvements  in  gas  furnaces,  steam  cranes, 
etc.,  are  being  added  to  this  mill. 

Birmingham  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  McKnight,  Duncan  &  Co., 
Pittsburg.  Location  of  mill,  Birmingham.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

Kensington  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Lloyd  &  Black.  Location  of  mill,  Pitts- 
burg.   Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.    Average  annvial  capacity,  10,000  tons. 

Port  Pitt  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Eeese,  Graff  &  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron,  and  cemented  steel.  Average 
annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

Wayne  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Brown  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Duquesne,  Way,  and  Tenth  Streets,  Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  hoop,  and 
sheet  iron,  light  rails,  plough,  spring,  and  tire  steel.  Agricultural  iron  and  steel  a  spe- 
cialty.   Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons. 

Solar  Hoop  Mills. — Proprietors,  Wu.  Clark  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Pittsburg. 
Character  of  product,  hoop  only ;  quality  a  specialty.  Average  annual  capacity,  10,000 
tons.    Mill  enlarged  in  1873. 

Pittsburg  Forge  and  Iron  Co. — Alex.  Speee,  President;  James  H.  Muedock, 
Secretary ;  W.  P.  Porter,  Superintendent.  Office,  358  Penn  Street,  Pittsburg.  Loca- 
tion of  mill,  on  the  Ohio  Eiver,  south  of  Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  band, 
hoop,  oval  and  half -oval  fish  plates,  track  bolts,  hammered  iron,  car  and  locomotive  axles, 
railroad,  steamboat,  and  machine  forgnigs. 

This  company  was  incorporated  in  1861,  and  has  been  running  steadily  ever  since  that 
time,  with  increasing  demand  for  their  product.  The  works  are  located  in  the  Ninth  Ward, 
Allegheny  City,  and  connected  with  city  office  by  private  telegraph.  They  occupy  a  track 
-of  16  acres,  with  room  for  contemplated  extension,  boimded  on  one  side  by  the  Ohio  River, 
with  1,000  feet  of  frontage  and  wharfs  for  receiving  and  shipping  by  water,  south  and 
west.  The  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  Erie  and  Pittsburg,  and  Cleve- 
land and  Pittsburg  Railroads  pass  through  the  property,  from  which  roads  connections  are 


146 


EOLLINO  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


had  with  all  railways  leading  out  of  Pittsburg,  thus  facilitating  the  receipt  of  raw  material 
and  shipment  of  finished  product.  Mr.  Poetek,  the  superintendent,  has  few  equals  in  the 
practical  working  of  iron,  having  been  engaged  in  it  from  his  boyhood,  and  a  careful  ob- 
server of  its  qualities,  familiar  with  the  best  practice  in  vogue  in  England  and  the  United 
States.  In  his  progress  as  apprentice,  employe,  and  employer,  his  effort  has  been  to  make 
good  goods ;  and  the  success  of  the  works  he  conducts  attests  his  thorough  integrity.  The 
capacity  of  the  works  is  divided  as  follows  : 

Rolling  mills,  13,000  tons  iron  and  splice  bars ;  forge,  2,000  tons  railway  axles,  rail- 
road and  steamboat  forgings. 

Byers,  McCuUough  &,  Co.'s  Mill. — Proprietors,  Buyers,  McCttllough  .&  Co.  Lo- 
cation of  mill,  Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  6,000  tons. 

Soho  Iron  Mills. — Proprietors,  Mooeehead  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Pittsburg. 
Character  of  product,  sheet  and  plate  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 

Eagle  Rolling  Mills. — Proprietors,  Trustees  of  James  Wood's  Sons  &  Co.  Loca- 
tion of  mill,  Sawmill  Run,  Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron,  nails, 
spikes,  etc.    Capacity,  6,000  tons. 

Superior  Rail  Mill. — Proprietors,  Haebaugh,  MArrniAs  &  Owens.  Office,  corner 
Fifth  Avenue  and  Smithtield  Street,  Pittsburg.  Location  of  mill,  Mechanicsburg.  Char- 
acter of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  '40,000  tons.  This  mill  has  produced 
1,000  tons  per  week  ;  is  noted  for  quality  of  rails. 

Keystone  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Glass,  Neely  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
6,000  tons. 

Anchor  Nail  and  Tack  Works.— Proprietors,  Chess,  Smtthe  &  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Pittsburg.    Character  of  product,  nails  and  tacks.    Capacity,  5,000  tons. 

Iron  City  Iron  Works  and  Apollo  Sheet  Mill. — Proprietors,  Rogers,  Buech- 
FiELD  &  Co.  Office,  108  Water  Street,  Pittsburg.  Location  of  mills  :  Iron  City,  Pitts- 
burg ;  Apollo,  Leechburg.  Character  of  product,  sheet  of  all  kinds.  Specialty,  Imitation 
Russia  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

Juniata  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Shoenbeeger  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Pitts- 
burg. Character  of  product,  plate,  sheet,  and  horseshoe  iron,  horseshoes,  nails,  and  spikes. 
Average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

Sligo  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Phillips,  ISTimick  &  Co.  (late  Lyon,  Shore  &  Co.), 
Pittsburg.  Location  of  mill,  Birmingham.  Character  of  product,  bar,  plate,  and  sheet 
iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons. 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


14T 


Juniata  Wire  Mill. — Proprietors,  Wm.  P.  Townsend  &  Co.,  19  and  21  Market 
Street,  Pittsburg.    Cliaraeter  of  product,  wire  and  rivets. 

Wharton  Brothers'  Mill.— Proprietors,  "Wharton  Bros.,  Pittsburg.  Location  of 
mill,  Birmingliam.  Character  of  product,  bar,  guide,  and  hoop  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  6,000  tons. 

Pittsburg  Bolt  Works. — Proprietors,  Pittsburg  Bolt  Co.  II.  F.  Lynch,  Secretary. 
Office,  369  Liberty  Street,  Pittsburg.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  sheet  iron,  bolts, 
screws,  and  rivets.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

Dilworth,  Porter  &,  Co. — Manufacturer  of  bolts,  spikes,  nuts,  etc.,  Pittsburg.  • 

0,000  tons. 

McKeesport  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Wm.  D.  Wood  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
McKeesport,  Allegheny  County.  Character  of  product,  sheet  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  3,000  tons. 

ARMSTRONG  COUNTY. 

Brady's  Bend  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Brady's  Bend  Iron  Co.  Location, 
Brady's  Bend,  Armstrong  County.  Character  of  product,  rails  and  bars.  Average  annual 
capacity,  20,000  tons. 

This  company  employs  600  hands,  and  manufactures  pig-iron,  rails,  castings,  machinery, 
and  fire-brick,  and  mines  on  its  own  lands  30,000  tons  of  ore  yearly.  Capital,  $1,000,000, 
principally  owned  in  New  York. 

Kittanning  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Kittanning  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Kittanning,  Armstrong  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Av- 
erage annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Valley  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Meredith,  Fitzell  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Kittanning,  Armstrong  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 

BERKS  COUNTY. 

Reading  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Seyfert,  McManus  &  Co.  Office,  621  Chest- 
nut Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Reading,  Berks  County.  Character  of  prod- 
uct, bar,  rod,  and  skelp  iron,  and  nails.    Average  annual  caj)aeity,  12,000  tons. 

Reading  Rolling  Mill  and  Forge. — Proprietor,  J.  II.  Steenbergh.  Location  of 
mill,  Reading,  Berks  County.  Character  of  product,  bolts,  nuts,  screws ;  rolling  only  iron 
consumed  in  bolt  and  nut  works.  Quality  of  product  a  specialty.  Average  annual  capacity, 
3,000  tons. 

Mcllvaine's  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Wm.  McIlvaine  &  Sons.    Location  of 


148 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


mill,  Reading,  Berks  Coiinty.  Character  of  product,  locomotive  iron  and  plate.  Average 
annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 

Keystone  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  CrxVig  &  Kocn.  Location  of  mill,  Reading 
Berks  County.    Character  of  product,  rod  and  bolt  iron.    Capacity,  1,200  tons. 

Reading  Railroad  Co.'s  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Philadelphia  &  Reading 
Railroad  Co.  Office,  227  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Reading 
Berks  County,  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  29,000  tons.  En 
larged  and  improved  in  1873.  Commenced  rolling  steel  rails  in  February,  1873,  the  stee 
being  furnished  from  the  Midvale  Steel  Works  at  Nicetown,  near  Philadelphia,  and  mad( 
by  the  Siemens-Maetik  steel  process. 

Blandon  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Blandon  Iron  Co.  (Kauffman  Bkos.).  Loca 
tion  of  mill,  Blandon,  Berks  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  skelp  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  1,200  tons. 

Hamburg  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Hamburg  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill.  Ham 
burg,  Berks  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.  Average  annual  capacity 
1,300  tons. 

Birdsborough  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  E.  &  G.  Bkooke.  Location  of  mill, 
Birdsborough,  Berks  County.    Character  of  product,  nails. 

Pine  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Joseph  L.  Bailey  &  Co.  Location  of  mill.  Pine 
Iron  Works,  Berks  County.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.  Quality  a  specialty.  Mil] 
celebrated  for  product. 

BLAIR  COUNTY. 

HoUidaysburgh  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  HoUidaysburgh  Iron  and 
Nail  Co.  Location  of  mill,  HoUidaysburgh,  Blair  County.  Character  of  product,  princi- 
pally nails.    Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons. 

Altoona  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Altoona  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.  Location  oi 
mill,  Altoona,  Blair  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron,  principally  for  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  Company's  shops  at  Altoona.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

Duncansville  Nail  Works. — Proprietor,  Jorm  Musselman.  Location  of  mill, 
Duncansvillc,  Blair  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,000 
tons. 

BUCKS  COUNTY. 

Bristol  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Owen  Jones  &  Co.    Location  of  mill,  Bristol, 
Bucks  County.    Character  of  product,  sheet  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons. 
A  company  with  $1,000,000  capital  projects  another  rolling  mill  at  this  place  in  1874. 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


149 


CAMBRLA.  COUNTY. 

Cambria  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Camljria  Iron  Co.  President,  Hon.  D.  I. 
MoEEELL.  Office,  218  South  Foiirtli  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  works,  Johnstown, 
Cambria  County.  Character  of  product,  iron  and  steel  rails.  Average  annual  capacity  iron 
and  steel  rails,  100,000  tons. 

This  is  the  most  extensive  works  in  the  United  States,  and  includes  blast  furnaces,  iron 
and  steel  rail  rolling  mills,  Bessemer  works,  etc.,  besides  owning  large  deposits  of  ore,  and 
coal  lands.  This  company  was  originally  organized  in  1853,  and  reorganized  in  1860.  It 
employs  7,000  hands,  and  does  a  business  of  $10,000,000  annually ;  owns  nine  blast  fur- 
naces, over  50,000  acres  coal  and  ore  lands,  eleven  locomotives,  engaged  entirely  at  the 
works,  one  of  which,  "the  dwarf"  is  only  4  feet  high.  Thirty-six  miles  of  railroad  track 
are  included  with  the  works.  This  company  owns  also  two  grist-mills,  stone  quarry,  saAv- 
mill,  brick  works  producing  six  million  bricks  yearly ;  coke  works,  gas  works,  and  a  large 
woollen  mill  running  on  cloths  and  tweeds  principally  consumed  by  hands  of  the  company; 
stores,  shops,  and  generally  the  whole  of  Johnstown,  Cambria  County. 

CENTRE  COUNTY. 

Belfont  Iron  Works, — Proprietors,   Valentine  &  Co.     Removed  in  1873  to 
Williamsport,  Penn. 

Jenkins  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  W.  R.  Jenkins  &  Co.,  Howard,  Centre  County. 
Character  of  product,  bar  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,000  tons. 

Milesburg  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  McCoy  &  Linn,  Milesburg,  Centre  County. 
Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons. 

Eagle  Rolling  Mill. — ^Proprietors,  R.  C.  &  J.  Cuetin.    Location  of  mill,  Milesburg,  • 
Centre  County.    Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,000 
tons. 

CHESTER  COUNTY. 

Phoenix  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Phoenix  Iron  Co.  Samuel  J.  Reeves,  Presi- 
dent. Office,  410  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  works,  Phoenixville,  Chester 
County.  Character  of  product,  rails,  beams,  girders,  ship  and  building  iron.  Phoenix  post 
colamns  (patented  specialty),  rails,  bridge  and  heavy  irons  generally.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 20,000  tons. 

This  works  is  among  the  oldest  in  the  United  States,  having  been  first  established  in 
1790,  and  in  1827  coming  into  possession  of  the  late  Daved  Reeves,  father  of  the  present 
president  of  the  company.  The  works  employs  over  1,500  hands,  and,  in  connection  with 
tlie  Plioenixville  Bridge  Co.,*  are  the  largest  manufacturers  of  iron  bridges  in  the  world. 
The  works  includes  blast  fui-naces,  rolling  mill,  and  bridge  works,  and  the  company  is  com- 
pleting a  new  njill  628  feet  long,  288  feet  wide,  and  30  feet  high,  covering  under  roof  six 
and  one-third  acres  of  ground. 


*  See  Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Pennsylvania. 


150 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UlSnTED  STATES. 


Liukens  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Huston  &  Penrose.  Location  of  mill,  Coates- 
ville,  Chester  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
3,500  tons. 

Laurel  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Hugh  E.  Steele,  Coatesville,  Penn.  Location  ol 
mill,  Laurel  Station,  Wilmington  and  Reading  Railroad.  Character  (Jf  product,  boiler  plate. 
Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons. 

Viaduct  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Steele  &  Wokth.  Location  of  mill,  Coates- 
ville, Peun.    Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.    Average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons. 

Valley  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  C.  E.  Pennock  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Coates- 
ville, Chester  Coimty.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,20C 
tons. 

Wagontown  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  Horace  A.  Beale.  Location  of  mill, 
"Wagontown,  Chester  County.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 1,000  tons. 

Brandy  wine  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Hatfield  &  Co.,  Coatesville,  Penn.  Lo- 
cation of  mill,  near  Wagontown,  Chester  County.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate, 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 

Hibernia  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Brooke  Bros.  Location  of  mill,  Wagontown 
Chester  County.    Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.    Average  anniial  capacity,  1,000  tons 

Parkesburg  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Parkesburg  Rolling  Mill  Co.    Location  oi 
■    mill,  Parkesburg,  Chester  County.    Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Aver 
age  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    New  in  1872. 

COLUMBIA  COITNTY. 

Berwick  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Berwick  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill 
Berwick,  Columbia  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron,  principally  for  cai 
uses.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  Machinery  removed  from  the  West  Reading 
Mill  in  1872. 

DAUPHIN  COUNTY. 

Ijochiel  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Lochiel  Rolling  Mill  Co.    President,  Henri 
MoCoRMiCK ;  Superintendent,  A.  J.  Dull.    Location  of  mill,  Harrisburg,  Dauphin  County 
Character  of  product,  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.    Partially  destroyed 
fire  in  the  fall  of  1872,  and  rebuilt. 

Central  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  George  Bailey.  Location  of  mill,  Harrisburg 
Dauphin  County.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate  and  bar  iron.  Average  annual  ca 
pacity,  3,000  tons. 


EOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


151 


Chesapeake  Nail  Works.— Proprietors,  C.  L.  Bailey  &  Bko.  Location  of  miU, 
Harrisburg,  Daiipliin  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
7,000  tons. 

Harrisburg  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Harrisburg  ISTail  "Works  Co.  Heney  Mo- 
CoRMicK,  Treasiirer.  Location  of  mill,  Ilari'isburg,  Daupliin  County.  Character  of  prod- 
uct, nails.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

Paxton  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Paxton  Polling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Harrisburg,  Dauphin  County.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.  Average  annual 
capacity,  8,000  tons. 

Pennsylvania  Steel  Works.— Proprietors,  Pennsylvania  Steel  Co.  OflSce,  corner 
Fifth  and  Library  Streets,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Baldwin  Station,  Dauphin 
County.  Character  of  product,  Bessemer  steel  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 
Described  under  Bessemer  department. 

DELAWARE  COUNTY. 

Edge  Moor  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  "William  Sellers  &  Co.,  Philadelphia. 
Location  of  mill,  near  Chester,  Delaware  County.  An  extensive  works  in  course  of  con- 
struction for  several  years,  but  not  yet  in  operation. 


ERIE  COUNTY. 

Erie  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Erie  Polling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Erie,  Erie 
County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  7,000 
tons.    Machinery  removed  from  Duquesne  Iron  Works,  of  Pittsburg,  in  1872. 

HUNTINGDON  COUNTY. 

Juniata  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  S.  Hatfield,  Huntingdon,  Penn.  Location  of 
mill.  Porter's  Township,  near  Alexandria,  Huntingdon  County.  Character  of  product, 
bar  and  sheet  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons. 

LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Coliunbia  Steel  and  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  W.  G.  Case  &  Son.  Location  of 
mill,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
12,000  tons. 

Susquehannah  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Susquehannah  Iron  Works  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.    Mill  contains  3  heating  and  12  single  puddling  furnaces. 

Rohrerstown  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietor,  M.vnuel  McShain-.    Office,  140  Walnut 
Street,  Philadelphia.    Location  of  mill,  Rohrerstown,  Lancaster  County.    Average  annual 
capacity,  3,000  tons.    Product,  bar  and  rod  iron. 
30 


152 


BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Chickies  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Beckek  &  Reinhold.  Character  of  product 
bar  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Ijancaster  Manufacturing  Go's.  Works. — Proprietors,  Lancaster  Manufacturing 
Co.  Location  of  mill,  Lancaster,  Lancaster  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  and 
miscellaneous  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  2,500  tons. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY. 

Shenango  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Eeis,  Bkown  &  Beeger.  Location  of  uiiU, 
Newcastle,  Lawrence  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  sheet  iron,  and  nails,  spikes 
and  bolts.  Average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons  bar  and  sheet  iron;  120,000  kegs  nails; 
6,000  kegs  boat  spikes.    700  hands  employed.    {See  also  Blast  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania?) 

The  Shenango  L*on  Works  includes  in  its  machinery  55  nail  machines,  producing  450 
kegs  per  day  ;  27  boUing  furnaces,  8  heating  furnaces,  one  18  inch  muck  train,  1(3  inch  bar- 
mill,  8  inch  guide  mill,  nail,  plate,  and  sheet  mill. 

Onondaga  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Onondaga  Iron  and  ^fail  Co.  Lo- 
cation of  mill,  New  Castle,  Lawrence  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  nails,  etc. 
Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons ;  33  nail  machines  producing  300  kegs  per  day. 

New  Castle  Sheet  Mill — Proprietors,  New  Castle  Iron  Co.  President,  R.  W.  Cux- 
NESTCfHAM.  Locatiou  of  mill.  New  Castle,  Lawrence  County.  Character  of  product,  sheet 
iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  100  hands  employed.  Mill  contains  10  boil- 
ing and  6  heating  furnaces,  and  a  25  ton  steam  hammer ;  and  a  boiler-plate  mul  is  being 
built. 

LEBANON  COUNTY. 

Lebanon  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Yan  de  Sand  &  Cap.  Location  of  mill, 
Lebanon,  Lebanon  County.    Character  of  product,  bar  iron.    Product,  1,000  tons. 

Light  Bros.  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Light  Beos.  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Leb- 
anon, Lebanon  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  sheet  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  12,000  tons. 

LEHIGH  COUNTY. 

Catasauqua  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Catasauqua  Manufacturing  Co.  President, 
Samuel  Thomas  ;  Superintendent,  Olivee  Williams.  Location  of  mill,  Catasauqua, 
Lehigh  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  plate,  and  sheet  iron.  Average  annual 
product,  20,000  tons. 

This  company  includes  the  Catasauqua  and  Fcrndale  Mills  at  Catasauqua,  and  Hope 
Rolling  Mill  at  Allentown,  the  latter  used  as  a  muck  mill.  The  product  is  varied,  and  of 
special  quality.  Constant  improvements  are  being  made.  During  1873,  a  six-ton  cteaui- 
hammer  was  added  to  the  Ferndale  Mill,  with  a  capacity  of  31  tons  force  of  blow.  A 
train  of  21  inch  rolls  has  lately  been  added  to  this  mill. 


EOLLIKG  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  153 

AUentown  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Allentown  Rolling  Mill  Co.    Office,  305^ 
AValuut  Street,  Pliiladelphia.    Location  of  mill,  Allentown,  Lehigh  County.    Character M  ^  ^ 
product,  rails,  fish  bars,  and  spikes.    Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons.  '^'^■u^ 

This  mill  has  been  greatly  increased  and  improved  in  1873,  the  single  puddling  fur- 
naces changed  into  double,  and  the  value  of  the  company's  property  is  stated  at  $2,000,000. 

Glen  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Glen  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Allentown, 
Lehigh  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  and  large  roiind  iron.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 2,000  tons.  Four-inch  rounds  are  now  rolled  at  this  mill,  and  a  nail  works  is  projected 
in  connection  with  it. 

Weissport  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Weissport  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Weissport,  Lehigh  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 2,000  tons.    Mill  being  enlarged. 

LUZERNE  COUNTY. 

Lackawanna  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Lackawanna  L-on  and  Coal  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Scranton,  Luzerne  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
50,000  tons.    Product  in  18T2,  40,484  tons ;  product  in  1873,  40,339  tons. 

LYCOMING  COUNTY. 

Crescent  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Heylman  &  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Cogan  Station,  Lycoming  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron  and  nails.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  1,000  tons. 

Valentine  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Valentine  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Williamsport,  Lycoming  County.  Removed  from  Bellefonte,  Centre  County.  Character 
of  product,  boiler  plate.    Mill  building.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 


MERCER  COUNTY. 

Sharon  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Westerman  Iron  Co.  President,  James  Wester- 
m.\:n.  Location  of  mill,  Sharon,  Mercer  County.  Character  of  pi'oduct,  bar,  rod,  sheet, 
hoop  iron,  and  nails.    Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons. 

Atlantic  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Kimbeely,  Carnes  &  Co.  Loca- 
tion of  mill,  Sharon,  Mercer  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  plate,  hoop,  rod  iron,  and 
nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons.  There  are  at  this  mill  23  boiling  and  6  heat- 
ing furnaces,  and  40  nail  machines.    Employ  500  hands. 

Stewart  Iron  Go's.  Mill. — Proprietors,  Stewart  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Sharon, 
Mercer  County.  Character  of  product,  muck  bar  for  Lake  Erie  Iron  Co.,  Cleveland, 
formerly  both  property  of  Otis  Iron  Co.,  Cleveland. 


West  Middlesex  Mill.— Proprietors,  Yeacii,  "Windfield  &  Co.    location  of  mill, 


154 


ROLLING  IVULLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


est  Middlesex,  Mercer  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  5,000  tons.    New  ;  building. 

Wheatland  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Trustees  of  James  Wood's  Sons  &  Co. 
Location  of  mill,  Wheatland,  Mercer  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual 
capacity,  30,000  tons. 

Greenville  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Greenville  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Greenville,  Mercer  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  hoop  iron.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  1,500  tons. 

MONTOUR  COUNTY. 

Pennsylvania  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Waterman  &  Beaver.  Office,  407 
Library  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Danville,  Montour  County.  Character  of 
product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  48,000  tons ;  increased  12,000  tons  capacity  in 
1873. 

This  is  an  old  and  extensive  vporks,  and  includes  four  blast  furnaces,  two  puddle  mills, 
and  a  rail  mill.  1,400  hands  are  employed,  to  whom  $1,100,000  yearly  is  paid  in  wages. 
The  first  f  rail  and  first  30  foot  rail  in  the  United  States  rolled  here.  This  works  was 
established  in  1845,  and  consumes  80,000  tons  of  ore,  20,000  tons  of  limestone,  and  25,000 
tons  of  coal  per  annum. 

National  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  National  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Dan- 
ville, Montour  County.    Character  of  product,  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  26,000  tons. 

Company  bankrupt,  and  works  sold  under  bankruptcy  order  in  September,  1873 ;  pur- 
chaser, Wm.  Shaw,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  mortgagee.    Works  idle. 

Danville  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Danville  Iron  Co.  Lessees,  Gilead  A.  Smith 
&  Co.,  30  Pine  Street,  New  York.  Location  of  mill,  Danville,  Montour  County.  Char- 
acter of  product,  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

Co-operative  Iron  and  Steel  Works.— Proprietors,  Co-operative  Iron  and  Steel 
Co.  Location  of  mill,  Danville,  Montour  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  etc.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 

Norristown  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  James  Hooven  &  Sons.  Location  of  miU, 
Norristown,  Montgomery  County.  Character  of  product,  skelp  iron  for  pipe  works. 
Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

Schall's  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Wm.  Schall  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Norris- 
town, Montgomery  County.  Character  of  product,  bars,  and  plate  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,500  tons.  Tliis  mill  has  5  double  puddling  and  3  heating  furnaces,  and  employs 
90  men. 


Fulton's  Mill.— Proprietors,  Fulton  &  Co.    Office,  218  South  Third  Street,  Phila- 


EOLLIKG  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


155 


delpliia.  Location  of  works,  Norristown,  Montgomery  County.  Character  of  product, 
muck  bar  principally.  Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons.  (See  also  Blast  Furnaces  of 
Pennsylvania.) 

Pottstown  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Pottstown  Iron  Co.  C.  L.  Bailey,  Treas- 
urer. Office,  corner  of  Sixteenth  and  Market  Streets,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill, 
Pottstown,  Montgomery  County.  Character  of  product,  plate  iron.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 12,000  tons.    This  mill  is  increasing  its  capacity. 

Pottsgrove  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Potts  Bkos.  Location  of  mill,  Pottsgrove, 
Montgomery  County.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.  Average  annual  capacity, 
3,000  tons.    Same  concern  as  above. 

Schuylkill  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Alan  Wood  &  Co.  Office,  519  Arch  Street, 
Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Conshohocken,  Montgomery  County.  Character  of  prod- 
uct, imitation  Pussia  sheet  iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.  This  mill  has  8 
doable  piiddling  furnaces  and  G  heating  furnaces. 

Conshohocken  and  Pennsylvania  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  John  Wood  &  Beo. 
Office,  223  North  Second  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Conshohocken,  Montgomery 
County.    Character  of  product,  sheet  and  plate  iroij.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons. 

NOETHAMPTON  COUNTY. 

Bethlehem  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Bethelehem  Polling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Bethlehem,  Northampton  County.  Character  of  product,  iron  and  steel  rails.  Bes- 
SEMEE  works  described  under  Bessemee  department.  Average  annual  capacity  of  iron  rails, 
20,000  tons. 

The  new  mill,  which  is  one  of  the  most  complete  in  the  world,  and  built  under  the 
superintendence  of  John  Feitz,  Superintendent,  was  finished  in  the  fall  of  1873. 

Easton  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Stewaet  &  Co.,  South  Easton.  Character  of 
product,  bar  and  sheet  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,300  tons. 

NORTHUMBEELAND  COUNTY. 

Milton  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Milton  Iron  Co.  President,  W.  E.  Jenkins; 
Treasurer,  P.  C.  Johnson.  Location  of  mill,  Milton,  Northumberland  County.  Character 
of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons, 

Northumberland  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Van  Allen  &  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Northumberland,  Northumberland  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

PEERY  COUNTY. 

Buncannon  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Duncannon  Iron  Co.  Office,  122  Pace 
Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  Duncannon,  Perry  County.  Character  of  product, 
bar  and  rod  iron,  and  nails.    Average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 


156 


ROLLING  5IILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


PHILADELPHIA  COUNTY. 

Gray's  Ferry  Plate  Iron  Works.— Proprietor,  E.  S.  Buckley.  Office,  228^ 
Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill.  Gray's  Ferry,  Philadelphia  County. 
Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.    Average  annual  capacity  5,000  tons. 

Kensington  Iron  and  Steel  Works.— Proprietors,  James  Eowland  &  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  920  North  Delaware  xVvenue,  Philadelphia.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  mer- 
chant iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons. 

Fair  Hill  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Gaijlbeet,  Morgan  &  Caskey. 
Location  of  mill,  York  and  America  Streets,  Philadelphia.  Character  of  product,  bar  and 
rod  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Delaware  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Hughes  &  Patteeson.  Location  of  mill, 
Richmond  and  Otis  Streets,  Philadelphia.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  4,000  tons. 

Penn  Treaty  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Marshall  Bros.  Office,  24  Girard 
Avenue,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill.  Beach  and  Marlborough  Streets,  Philadelphia. 
Character  of  product,  sheet  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Pencoyd  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  A.  &  P.  Roberts  &  Co.  Office,  2G5  South 
Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  on  Schuylkill  River,  nearly  opposite  Mana- 
yunk,  Philadelphia  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  heavy  iron,  and  axles.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.    New  mill,  finished  in  1S73,  increased  capacity  to  above. 

Philadelpliia  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Philadelphia  Iron  and  Steel 
Co.  John  P.  Vereee,  President.  Office  and  mill,  939  North  Delaware  Avenue,  Phila- 
delphia. Character  of  product,  bar  and  angle  iron,  and  fish  bars.  Average  annual  capacity, 
0,000  tons.    Late  Yeeeee  &  Mitchell. 

Robbins  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  Stephen  Robbins.  Location  of  mill,  Beach 
and  Vienna  Streets,  Philadelphia.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 

SCHUYLKILL  COUNTY. 

Pottsville  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Atkins  Bros.  Location  of  mill,  Pottsville, 
Schuylkill  County.    Character  of  product,  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  18,000  tons. 

Palo  Alto  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  Benjamin  Haywood.  Location  of  mill, 
Pottsville,  Schuylkill  County.  Character  of  product,  rails,  principally  for  street  railways. 
Average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

Schuylkill  Haven  Rolling  Mill  and  Spilse  Works.— Proprietors,  Schuylkill 
Haven  Rolling  Mill  Co.    Location  of  miH,  Schuylkill  Haven,  Schuylkill  County.  Char- 


EOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  mSTITED  STATES. 

aeter  of  product,  mercliaut  bar  iron,  spikes,  and  mine  rails.     Average  annual  ea 
3,000  tons. 

A  horseshoe  machine,  with  a  capacity  of  20  finished  shoes  a  minute,  is  being  added  to 
this  mill.    Works  new  in  1873. 

YORK  COUNTY. 

York  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  York  County  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Yoi'k, 
York  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,200  tons. 

WESTMORELAND  COUNTY. 

Fountain  Rolling  Mills. — Proprietors,  Everson-,  Gkaff  &  Maceum,  Pittsburg.- 
Location  of  mill.  Fountain  Mills,  Westmoreland  County.  Character  of  product,  b^r  and 
sheet  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  Pennsylvania  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  120.  Hands 
employed,  21,221.  Capital  invested,  $27,177,896.  Wages  paid  per  annum,  $11,880,450. 
Value  of  material,  $38,896,771.  Value  of  product,  $56,881,975,  which  includes  233,85-4  tons 
bar  iron,  113,847  tons  plate  iron,  47,353  tons  sheet  iron,  281,445  tons  rails,  34,615  rolled 
axles,  and  represents  a  consumption  of  584,106  tons  pig-iron,  174,243  tons  scrap  iron,  96,433 
tons  blooms,  and  58,773  tons  ore.    Total  product  of  rolled  iron,  690,449  tons. 

Number  of  nail  works,  31.    Value  of  nails  and  spikes,  $6,783,669. 

KECAPITULATION  FOR  PENNSYLVANIA. 


Number  of  rail  mills   16 

Average  annual  capacity   433,000  tons. 

Number  of  bar,  plate,  and  sheet  mills   102 

Average  annual  capacity   583,400  tons.  , 

Total  number  of  mills   118 

Total  annual  capacity  rolled  iron  1,016,400  tons. 


Rolling  Mills  of  Delaware. 

NEW  CASTLE  COUNTY. 

Wilmington  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Wilmington  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Wilmington,  New  Castle  County.  Character  of  product,  plate  and  merchant  iron. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons.    A  new  mill  being  built. 

Diamond  State  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Diamond  State  Iron  Co.  H.  Menden- 
HALL,  President.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  mercliant  iron,  fish  bars,  spikes,  bolts,  nuts, 
etc.    Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons. 


Newport  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Marshall  Bros.     Office,  24  Girard  Avenue, 


158  KOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UKITED  STATES. 

Philadelpliia.  Location  of  mill,  New])ort,  I^ew  Castle  County.  Character  of  product, 
sheet  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 

Tasker  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Moeeis,  Taskek  &  Co.,  Philadelphia.  Lo- 
cation of  mills,  'New  Castle,  New  Castle  County.  Character  of  product,  skelp  iron  for 
pipe  works.  Mills  being  built.  A  very  extensive  works  is  being  built  here  by  the  above 
firm,  who  will  continue  the  manufacture  of  pipe  of  all  kinds,  as  in  Philadelphia,  and  roll 
the  iron  consumed.    Blast  furnaces  are  projected  also  in  the  future. 

McCullough  Iron  Go's.  Mill. — Proprietors,  McCullough  Iron  Co.  Office  and 
galvanizing  works.  Sixteenth  Street  and  "Washington  Avenue,  Philadelphia.  Location  of 
mill,  "  The  Rocks,"  on  the  Christiana  Creek,  near  "Wilmington.  Character  of  product, 
sheet  iron.  Works  building,  and  to  be  entirely  of  corrugated  iron.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 3,000  tons. 

Seidel  &  Hastings. — Location  of  works,  Wilmington,  Del.  Character  of  product, 
ship  and  boiler  plate,  and  forgings.  This  works  has  a  forge  attached,  and  makes  its  own 
charcoal  blooms.    Works  was  established  in  1864,  and  enlarged  in  18Y0. 

Delaware  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Alan  Wood  &  Co.  Office,  519  Arch  Street, 
Philadelphia.  Location  of  mill,  near  Wilmington,  New  Castle  County.  Character  of 
product,  sheet  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons.    An  old  mill  built  in  1812. 

The  census  returns  for  Delaware  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  4.  Llands  em- 
ployed, 275.  Capital  invested,  $195,860.  Wages  paid,  $163,766.  Value  of  material, 
$499,714.  Value  of  product,  $776,000,  which  includes  6,200  tons  bar  iron,  1,407  tons 
plate  iron,  500  tons  sheet  iron,  200  tons  rod  iron ;  in  all  a  total  of  8,307  tons  rolled  iron. 

EECAPITTJLATION  FOR  DELAWARE., 

Number  of  rolling  mills   10  (2  building). 

Average  annual  capacity   18,200  tons. 

Bar  and  merchant  iron,  plate,  sheet,  spikes,  bolts,  nuts,  etc. 

Rolling  Mills  of  Maryland. 

BALTIMOKE  COUNTY. 

Canton  Rolling  Mills. — Proprietors,  Abbott  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Baltimore, 
Baltimore  County.  Character  of  product,  rails  and  plate  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
40,000  tons  rails,  and  6,000  tons  plate.  This  mill  has  the  largest  plate  rolls  in  the  country 
capable  of  rolling  plates  100  inches  wide,  and  girders  40  feet  long. 


Baltimore  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Teego,  Thompson  &  Co.    Location  of  mill, 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  159 

Baltimore,  Baltimore  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  2,200  tons. 

Locust  Point  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Coates  Bros.  Location  of  mill.  Locust 
Point,  Baltimore.  Character  of  product,  plate  iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  4,500  tons. 
Hands  employed,  160. 

CECIL  COUNTY. 

Northeast  Rolling  Mill  and  Shannon  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  McCullough 
Iron  Co.  Office,  Sixteenth  Street  and  Washington  Avenue,  Philadelphia.  Location  of 
mUls,  Northeast,  Cecil  County.  Character  of  product,  sheet  iron.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 4,000  tons. 

ALLEGHENY  COUNTY. 

Mount  Savage  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Mount  Savage  Iron  Co.  Location  of 
mill.  Mount  Savage,  Allegheny  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Not  in  operation.  Mr. 
Samuel  Danks,  the  inventor  of  Danes'  System  of  Rotary  Puddling  by  machinery,  was 
formerly  superintendent  of  this  mill,  and  made  his  invention  first  at  these  works. 

Cumberland  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Co.  Loca- 
tion of  mill,  Cumberland,  Allegheny  County.  Character  of  product,  rails  and  bars.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  40,000  tons  rails ;  bars,  10,000  tons.  The  rail  mill  was  started  in  1871, 
and  the  bar  mill  built  in  1872-3,  going  into  operation  in  June.  This  mill  is  225  feet  long 
and  100  feet  wide,  supported  on  iron  columns  and  roofed  with  slate,  and  has  10  heating 
furnaces  and  3  trains  of  rolls,  one  eight-inch,  one  twelve-inch,  and  one  sixteen-inch,  each  of 
which  work  for  2  furnaces.  The  remaining  4  furnaces  are  for  blooming  scrap  in  connec- 
tion with  a  3,000  pound  Bement  steam  hammer. 

The  census  returns  for  Maryland  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  7.  Hands  em- 
ployed, 1,444.  Capital  invested,  $983,000.  Wages  paid,  $709,922.  Value  of  material, 
$1,309,315.  Value  of  product,  $3,573,212,  which  includes  4,983  tons  bar,  4,947  tons 
plate,  4,100  tons  sheet,  27,190  tons  rails,  or  a  total  of  rolled  iron  of  41,180  tons  in  1870. 


EECAPITTTLATION  EOE  MAKTLAND. 


Kumber  of  rail  mills  (1  not  running)   3 

Average  annual  capacity   100,000  tons. 

Number  of  bar,  plate,  and  sheet  mills   5 

Average  annual  capacity   26,500  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   8 

Total  annual  capacity   126,500  tons. 

21 


160 


EOLLESTG  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


Rolling  Mills  of  Virginia. 

HENEICO  COUNTY. 

Tredegar  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Tredegar  Manufacturing  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Richmond,  Henrico  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  plate  iron,  spikes,  fish 
bars,  axles,  etc.    Average  annual  capacity,  24,000  tons  rolled  iron. 

This  works  was  founded  in  1835,  and  employs  1,500  hands  when  running  full.  The  an- 
nual capacity  of  product  is  divided  as  follows  :  bar  iron,  5,000  tons  ;  fish  bars,  8,000  tons  ; 
axles,  1,000  tons ;  spikes,  10,000  tons,  or  in  all  21:,000  tons  in  the  rolling  mill.  There  are 
also  made  here  6,000  tons  of  car  wheels,  and  5,000  tons  of  other  castings,  and  the  company 
builds  annually  2,000  freight  cars,  and  50  steam  engines.  General  Jas.  R.  Andeeson  is 
President,  and  ~R.  S.  Aecher,  Superintendent,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  courtesies  in 
obtaining  information.  The  iron  used  at  these  works  is  largely  Yirginia  charcoal  iron,  and 
the  product  in  all  departments  has  a  high  reputation. 

Old  Dominion  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Old  Dominion  Iron  and  ISTail 
Co.  R.  H.  Blankenship,  Manager.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron  and  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons  bars. 

Richmond  Steam  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  J.  R.  Johnson  &  Co. 
Location  of  mill,  Richmond,  Henrico  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 

CAMPBELL  COUNTY. 

Lynchburg  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Lynchburg  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Lynchburg,  Campbell  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  2,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  "Virginia  give  the  number  of  mills  at  2  (an  error).  Hands  em- 
ployed, 1,540.  Capital  invested,  $775,000.  Wages  paid,  $255,000.  Value  of  material, 
$1,053,248.  Value  of  product,  $1,270,000,  which  includes  2,671  tons  bars,  6,050  tons  plate, 
950  tons  rod,  or  a  total  of  9,670  tons  rolled  iron.  One  company,  the  Tredegar,  of  Rich- 
mond, makes  more  iron  than  is  returned  in  the  census. 

RECAPITTTLATION  FOR  VIEaiOTA. 

Kumber  of  rolling  mills 
Average  annual  capacity 

Rolling  Mills  of  West  Virginia. 

MASON  COUNTY. 

Clifton  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Clifton  Iron  and  Nail  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Clifton,  Mason  County.  Character  of  product,  nails  only.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 90,000  kegs,  or  4,500  tons. 


3 

28,000  tons. 


EOLLING  MLLS  OF  THE  mTITED  STATES. 


161 


OHIO  COUNTY. 

La  Belle  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Bailey,  "Woodwaed  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
"Wheeling,  Ohio  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000 
kegs.  Employ  400  hands.  This  mill  has  22  boiling  furnaces,  3  heating  furnaces,  and  84 
nail  machines.  * 

Belmont  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Belmont  ISTail  Works  Co.  President,  H. 
Wood  ;  Vice-President,  J.  D.  Dubois.  Location  of  mill.  Wheeling,  Ohio  County.  Char- 
acter of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  200,000  kegs  nails.  22  boiling  furnaces, 
3  heating  furnaces,  and  110  nail  machines.    Employ  500  hands. 

Benwood  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Benwood  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Wheel- 
ing, Ohio  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  200,000  kegs, 
nails.    This  mill  has  21  boiling  and  4  heating  furnaces,  and  101  nail  machines. 

Crescent  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Crescent  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Wheel- 
ing, West  Virginia.  Average  annual  capacity,  29,300  tons.  500  hands.  Character  of 
product :  rails,  25,000  tons ;  sheet,  1,800  ;  spikes,  etc.,  2,500  tons. 

Riverside  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Dewey,  Vance  &  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Wheeling,  Ohio  County.  Character  of  product,  nails,  principally.  Average 
annual  capacity,  200,000  kegs  nails.  This  mill  has  22  boiling  and  4  heating  furnaces,  and 
90  nail  machines. 

Wheeling  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Wheeling  Iron  and  ]S"ail  Co.  Lo- 
cation of  mill.  Wheeling,  Ohio  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual 
capacity,  260,000  kegs  nails.  This  works  was  burned  and  rebuilt  in  1872.  The  Wheeling 
Iron  Company  has  26  boiling  furnaces,  3  heating  furnaces,  106  nail  machines.  Wheeling 
and  the  immediate  vicinity  has  8  rolling  mills  and  5  blast  furnaces,  with  a  combined 
capital  of  $8,000,000.    The  nail  works  produce  2,650  kegs  of  finished  nails  daily. 

The  census  returns  for  West  Virginia  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  Y.  JS'umber 
of  hands  employed,  1,498.  Capital  invested,  $1,185,000.  Wages  paid,  $1,016,977.  Value 
of  material,  $2,424,646.    Value  of  product,  $4,025,620. 

EECAPITtTLATION  FOR  WEST  VXEGINIA. 


Number  of  rolling  mills   6 

Average  annual  capacity   57,500  tons. 

l^umber  of  rail  mills   1 

Average  annual  capacity   29,300  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   7 

Total  annual  capacity   86,800  tons. 


162 


EOLLEDfG  MILLS  OF  THE  imiTED  STATES. 


Rolling  MiUs  of  Ohio. 

BELMONT  COUNTY. 

Bellaire  Nail  Works. — Bellaire  Iron  and  Xall  Works  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Bel- 
laire,  Belmont  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  100,000 
kegs.  Number  of  hands  employed,  300.  This  mill  has  17  boiling  and  3  heating  furnaces, 
and  51  nail  machines.    {See  also  Blast  Furnaces  of  Ohio.) 

Etna  Iron  &  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Etna  Iron  and  Nail  Works  Co.  Presi- 
dent, W.  W.  HoLLAWAY  ;  Secretary,  W.  H.  Tallman  ;  Manager,  Lewis  Jones.  Location 
of  mill,  Bridgeport,  Belmont  County,  Ohio.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  sheet  iron, 
and  light  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons.  The  mill  has  3  trains  of  rolls  for 
muck,  bar,  and  sheet  iron ;  also  12  puddling  furnaces  and  1  heating  furnaces. 

Ohio  City  and  Iron  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Ohio  City  Iron  and  Nail  Co.  Pres- 
ident, Wm.  Claek  ;  Secretary,  C.  A.  Bukkows.  Location  of  mill,  Martin's  Ferry,  Belmont 
County.    Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron,  and  nails.    New  ;  building  in  1873. 

Sandusky  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Nes  Silicon  Steel  Co.,  of  New  York.  Lo- 
cation of  mill,  Sandusky,  Erie  Covmty.  Character  of  product,  silicon  steel  rails.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.    This  mill  has  6  puddling  and  7  heating  furnaces. 

This  company  has  also  works  at  Pome  and  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  and  projects  others  in  Chi- 
cago and  elsewhere.  This  rail  is  made  by  puddling  the  iron  with  silicious  ore  from  York 
County,  Penn.,  and  possesses  all  the  valuable  qualities  of  the  steel  rail,  at  a  cost  of  only  $10 
above  that  of  iron  rails.  The  rail  has  been  thoroughly  tested  on  the  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad  for  two  years ;  225  miles  of  track  having  been  laid  with  it,  and  not  a  rail  has 
been  broken,  while  the  wearing  qualities  are  said  to  be  fully  equal  to  Bessemek  rails. 

COSHOCTON  COUNTY. 

Coshocton  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Coshocton  Iron  and  Steel  Co. 
Location  of  mill,  Coshocton,  Coshocton  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  bridge 
iron,  and  cemented  steel,  axles,  and  springs.    110  hands. 

COLUMBIANA  COUNTY. 

Cherry  Valley  Iron  Co. — President,  E.  J.  Warner;  Secretary,  Jno.  K.  Shinn; 
Superintendent,  J.  G.  Chamberlain.    Location  of  works,  Leetonia,  Columbiana  County. 

This  company  succeeds  the  Leetonia  Iron  and  Coal  Company,  having  purchased  the 
entire  property  belonging  to  that  company.  The  rolling  mill  contains  IG  puddling 
furnaces  and  merchant  iron  train  for  ordinary  sizes  bar  iron.  {See  also  Blast  Furnaces  of 
Ohio)    Number  of  hands  employed  at  mill,  furnaces,  and  coal  mines,  about  400. 


EOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


163 


FEANKLIN  COUNTY. 

Columbus  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Hayden  &  Baker.  Location  of  mill, 
Columbus,  Franklin  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  2,000  tons. 

Columbus  Rail  Mill. — Proprietors,  Columbus  Eail  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Columbus,  Franklin  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
30,000  tons,    i^ew  ;  started  September,  1872. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

Jefferson  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Spaulding,  Woodwaed  &  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Steuljeuville,  Jefferson  County.  Character  of  product,  principally  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  175,000  kegs  nails.  This  mill  has  22  boiling  and  3  heating  furnaces,  one 
22  inch  muck  train,  and  90  nail  machines. 

CUYAHOGA  COUNTY. 

American  Sheet  and  Boiler-plate  Works.— Proprietors,  American  Sheet  and 
Boiler-plate  Co.,  Cleveland.  Location  of  mill,  I^ewburg,  Cuyahoga  County.  Character 
of  product,  sheet  iron,  boiler  plate,  and  corrugated  iron  for  roofing.    Capacity,  8,000  tons. 

The  capacity  of  this  works  has  been  largely  increased  in  1.873,  and  in  addition  to  the 
usual  machinery,  it  has  the  largest  corrugating  machine  in  the  world,  capable  of  corrugating 
iron  to  a  width  of  5^  inches,  and  working  a  sheet  9-|  feet  long. 

Cleveland  Eoiler-plate  Mill. — Proprietors,  Cleveland  Boiler-plate  Manufacturing 
Co.  Location  of  mill,  Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  County.  President,  A.  B.  Hough  ;  Secretary, 
Chas.  H.  Tuckek  101^  Water  Street.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.  Average 
amiual  capacity,  7,500  tons  boiler  plate.    Hands  employed,  125. 

Union  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Union  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  ISTewburg, 
Cuj^ahoga  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron,  etc.  Average  annual  capacity, 
10,000  tons.  President,  Moses  Hill  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  A.  T.  Slade.  Office,  121 
Superior  Street,  Cleveland. 

Lake  Shore  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Cleveland  Rolling  Mill  Co.;  President,  A. 
B.  Stone  ;  H.  Cuisholm,  Vice-President  and  General  Superintendent ;  E.  S.  Page, 
Secretary.  Office,  River  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Location  of  works,  ISTewbiirg,  Cuya- 
hoga County.  Character  of  product,  bars,  rails  (iron  and  steel),  wire  rod,  and  wire,  both 
iron  and  steel.  This  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  works  in  the  United  States,  and  com- 
bines blast  furnaces,  Bessemer  works,  and  rolling  mills  of  the  various  branches  mentioned 
above.  These  include  as  follows :  1  steel  rail  mill,  capacity,  50  tons  a  day ;  1  steel- 
headed  rail  mill  (Booth  patent),  capacity,  50  tons  a  day ;  1  iron  rail  mill,  capacity,  60  tons 
per  day ;  1  bar  iron  mill,  capacity,  20  tons  per  day ;  1  wire-rod  mill,  capacity,  7  tons  per 
day ;  1  wire-drawing  mill,  capacity,  50  tons  per  day.  Total,  rolled  iron,  daily  capacity, 
187  tons. 


164 


EOLLESTG  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


A  feature  at  this  works  is  tlie  utilization  of  the  crop  ends  of  Bessemer  rails  int 
wire  for  springs  and  other  purposes.  The  Bessemek  plant  will  be  found  under  th 
appropriate  head. 

Average  annual  capacity,  50,000  tons. 

Lake  Erie  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Lake  Erie  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mil 
Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  County.  Character  of  j^roduct,  bar  iron  and  car  axles.  Averag 
annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 

This  works  was  formerly  the  property  of  the  Otis  Iron  Co.,  and  sold  in  1872  to  presen 
owners.  It  was  burned  in  January,  1873,  and  rebuilt  with  7  puddling  and  14  heating  fiu 
naces,  8  steam  hammers,  2  eighteen-inch  trains,  1  nine-inch  train,  1  eight-inch  train,  and  a 
eighteen-inch  muck  train. 

Cleveland  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Cleveland  Iron  Co.  President,  Geo.  I 
Ingeksoll  ;  Vice-President,  William  Bengham  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  S.  A.  Ftjlleb 
Location  of  mill,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Character  of  product,  rails,  bars,  spikes,  bolts,  nails 
Average  annual  capacity :  rails,  30,000  tons ;  other  iron,  5,000  tons.  Employ  500  handf 
and  consume  300  tons  of  coal  per  day. 

Otis  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Otis  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Charles  A 
Otis,  President ;  E.  B.  Thomas,  Secretary.  Character  of  product,  iron  car  axles,  and  Mar 
TIN  steel  made  by  the  SiEMENS-MAExm  process. 

This  works  is  situated  on  a  tract  of  20  acres  lying  between  the  Cleveland  and  Pitts 
burg  and  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Railways,  with  sidings  from  each.  The  build 
ings  are  substantially  constructed  of  brick,  and  supplied  with  all  the  latest  improvements 
The  President,  Mr.  Otis,  was  formerly  president  of  the  Otis  Iron  Company  of  Cleveland 
succeeded  by  the  Lake  Erie  Iron  Company,  and  is  well  known  to  the  iron  trade  of  th( 
United  States  as  a  careful  and  successfid  iron  manufacturer. 

HAMILTON  COUNTY. 

Licking  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Phillips  &  Jordan  Iron  Co.  Office,  58  Eas 
Second  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Character  of  product,  bar,  sheet,  and  merchant  iron 
Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons.    Location  of  mill,  Covington,  Kentucky. 

Swift  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Swift  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  President 
A.  Swift  ;  Secretary,  T.  M.  Sechler,  No.  62  East  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Loca 
tion  of  works,  Newport,  Kentucky.    Character  of  product,  bar  and  sheet  iron,  and  steel. 

Cincinnati  Railway  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Cincinnati  Eailway  Iron  Co 
Location  of  mill,  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 

Globe  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Globe  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Office,  44  West  Sec 
end  Street.    Location  of  mill,  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  County.    Character  of  product,  bai 


ROLLING  MLLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


165 


and  mercLant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  Mill  burned  in  1872,  and  re- 
built in  1873.  "  ' 

Evans  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Evans,  Clifton  &  Evans.  Location  of  mill, 
Cincinnati,  Hamilton  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY. 

Lawrence  Iron  Works.— Lawrence  Iron  Works  Co.  Location  of  mill,  L-onton, 
Lawrence  County.    Character  of  product,  bar  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  7,000  tons.  ' 

Ironton  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Ironton  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Irontou,  Lawrence  County.  Character  of  prodiict,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

Belfont  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Belfont  Iron  Works  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity,  *8,000 
tons  nail  plate,  or  146,000  kegs  nails. 

These  three  mills  employ  863  men,  and  disbursed  for  wages  $411,612;  and  made 
21,747  tons  muck  bar,  12,473  tons  finished  iron,  and  146,000  kegs  of  nails,  in  1872. 

LICKING  COUNTY. 

Newark  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Newark  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  J^ewark, 
Licking  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
8,000  tons. 

LUCAS  COUNTY. 

Toledo  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Toledo  Furnace  and  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Toledo,  Lucas  County.  Character  of  product,  silicon  steel  rails.  Works  to  be  built 
in  1873-4. 

MAHONING  COUNTY. 

Mahoning  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Bkown,  Bonnell  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  sheet,  and  plate  iron, 
nails,  bolts,  and  spikes.    Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons. 

This  is  a  very  extensive  works,  and  has  grown  from  a  capacity  of  4  tons  daily  in  1855, 
to  100  tons  finished  iron  per  day.  There  are  in  the  works  55  puddling  furnaces,  and  the 
necessary  heating  furnaces.  The  roll  trains  comprise  2  muck  mills,  1  nail-plate  mill,  1 
sheet  miU,  1  plate  train,  1  18  inch  merchant-iron  mill,  1  10  inch  do.,  and  one  8  inch  guide 
mill.  The  nail  factory  contains  40  nail  machines,  and  4  railroad  and  boat-spike  machines. 
The  consumption  of  raw  material  and  fuel  is  enormous,  that  of  coal  alone  being  175,000 
tons  per  annum.  This  works  is  arranged  with  a  view  to  economical  working,  and  great  en- 
terprise is  shown  by  the  firm.  In  1872,  heavy  losses  were  sustained  by  two  separate  boiler 
explosions,  causing  damage  and  loss  of  life. 

The  blast  furnaces  are  described  under  the  appropriate  department. 


166 


EOLLIKG  MILLS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Enterprise  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Cartwkight,  McCuedy  &  Co.  Office,  Eiver 
Street,  Cleveland.  Location  of  mill,  Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.  Character  of 
product,  hoop  iron  only.    Bar  mill  building.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

The  specialty  of  this  firm  is  fine  hoop  for  barrel,  pail,  and  tub  uses,  and  for  which  it  has 
received  prizes  at  several  State  Expositions.  Hereafter  merchant  iron  will  be  added  to  the 
product.    S.  C.  Atkins,  Superintendent. 

Youngstown  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Youngstown  Polling  Mill  Co.  Paul 
"Wick,  President ;  E.  C.  Wells,  Secretary  ;  Geoege  Atkins,  Superintendent.  Location 
of  mill,  Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.  Character  of  product,  hoop  and  guide  iron. 
Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Ridgway  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Wicks,  Eidgway  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Youngstown,  Mahoning  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
40,000  tons.  This  mill  started  in  1872,  and  has  12  double  puddling  furnaces  and  14  heat- 
ing furnaces,  besides  large  heating  furnaces  for  old  rails,  an  extensive  business  being  done 
in  re-rolling  for  the  numerous  railroads  of  this  section. 

Hubfoard  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Hubbard  Polling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Hubbard,  Mahoning  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  4,500  tons.  Specialty,  nut  and  bolt  iron  of  superior  quality.  Num- 
ber of  hands  employed,  TO. 

MEIGS  COUNTY. 

Pomeroy  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Pomeroy  Iron  Co.,  represented  in  Cincin- 
nati by  Mendenhall  &  Kitciiell.  Location  of  mill,  Pomeroy,  Meigs  County.  Character 
of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron  and  spikes.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

MUSKINGUM  COUNTY. 

Ohio  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Ohio  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Zanesville,  Mus- 
kingum County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  hoop,  and  angle  iron,  light  rails,  spikes,  and 
axles.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons,  to  be  doubled  by  erection  of  new  mill,  in 
1873-4. 

SCIOTO  COUNTY. 

Bloom  Forge  Iron  Works.- — Proprietors,  Gaylokd  &  Co.,  Portsmouth,  repre- 
sented by  Gayloed,  Son  &  Co.,  92  Broadway,  Cincinnati.  Location  of  mill,  Portsmouth, 
Scioto  County.    Character  of  product,  boiler  plate.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

This  works  is  celebrated  for  the  quality  of  the  boiler  plate  manufactured,  and  was  the  first 
to  adopt  the  Act  of  Congress  requiring  boiler-plate  makers  to  stamp  their  iron  with  the 
strength  or  resistance  power  in  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

Portsmouth  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Portsmouth  Iron  Works  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Portsmouth,  Scioto  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron  and  spikes.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  3,000  tons. 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


Burgess  Steel  and  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Burgess  Steel  aud  Iron  Co. 
dent,  J.  R.  WiLLLVMS  ;  Vice-President,  L.  C.  Robinson  ;  Treasurer,  JM.  II.  Ball  ;  Secr^ 
tary,  G.  W.  Weyeb.  Location  of  mill,  Portsmouth,  Scioto  County.  Cliaracter  of  product, 
bar  iron,  cast  and  cemented  steel.    Product,  3,000  tons  to  8,000  tons.    150  hands. 

This  Avorks  also  makes  plough  and  agricultural  steel,  steel  boiler  plate,  steel  tire,  and 
extra  quality  flange  and  fire-box  iron,  sheet  iron  and  "  C.  B."  refined  bar  iron,  and  received 
the  gold  medal  for  boiler  plate  at  the  Cincinnati  Expositions  of  1872  and  1873. 

STAEK  COUNTY. 

Alliance  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Alliance  Rolling  Mill  Co.  President,  John- 
Hunter  ;  Secretary,  William  Jones.  Location  of  mill,  Alliance,  Stark  County.  Charac- 
ter of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  Hands  employed,  400.  Mill 
burned  in  February,  1874,  but  rebuilding. 

Massillon  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Massillon  Coal  and  Iron  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Massillon,  Stark  County.  Character  of  product,  rails  and  bar  iron.  Mill  new ;  ex- 
pected to  start  in  December,  1873.    Has  10  heating  furnaces,  with  space  for  30. 

SUMMIT  COUNTY. 

Akron  Iron  Works.- — Proprietors,  Akron  Iron  Co.  President,  L.  A.  Miller  ;  Sec- 
retary, J.  A.  Long  ;  Superintendent  and  Managing  Director,  Joseph  Corns.  Character  of 
product,  agricultural  iron  and  light  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

Cuyahoga  Palls  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  James  Israel.  Location  of  mill, 
Cuyahoga  Falls,  Summit  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron,  and  car 
axles  and  forgings.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

TRUMBULL  COUNTY. 

Falcon  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  James  Ward  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
N'iles,  Trumbull  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  sheet,  hoop  and  boiler  plate,  nails, 
railway  and  boat  spikes.    Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 

This  works  includes  3  rolling  mills,  with  nail  and  spike  factory,  foundry,  and  machine 
shop.  The  firm  owns  60  acres  of  ground,  5  of  which  are  covered  by  these  buildings.  The 
main  building  ("  old  mill ")  is  135  by  460  feet ;  has  18  boiling  and  7  heating  furnaces ;  6  trains 
of  rolls  audi  squeezer;  one  18  inch  muck,  22  inch  plate  (three-high),  10  inch  bar,  and  10  and 
8  inch  guide  mill.  This  building  has  a  capacity  of  80  tons  finished  iron  per  day.  The 
nail  mill  building  is  100  by  100  feet,  with  wings,  which  make  the  building  300  feet  long. 
In  this  building  are  12  boiling  and  2  heating  furnaces,  1  squeezer,  a  21  inch  muck  train,  20 
inch  plate  mill,  and  an  8  inch  guide  mill.  This  mill  has  a  capacity  of  40  tons  finished  iron 
per  day,  the  nail  factory  having  a  capacity  of  and  making  2,000  kegs  of  nails  per  week.  The 
"  Russia  "  sheet  mill,  which  was  originally  built  for  the  manufacture  of  Russia  sheet  iron, 
is  at  present  making  common  sheet  iron.  The  building  is  100  by  200  feet;  has  12 boiling, 
3  heating,  and  2  annealing  furnaces ;  1  squeezer,  and  an  8  inch  muck  train  and  sheet  mill. 
22 


168 


EOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  TINITED  STATES. 


Product,  12  tons  finished  slieet  iron  per  day.  The  spike  factory  building  is  40  by  60  feet; 
contains  G  machines  and  4  shingle  and  band  cutters.  Product,  spikes  of  all  sizes  for  rail- 
roads, boats,  etc.  These  works  are  kept  in  constant  operation,  and  give  employment  to 
about  1,200  hands. 

Niles  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  ISTiles  Iron  Co.  L.  G.  Aijdkews,  President.  Lo- 
cation of  mill,  Niles,  Trumbull  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  sheet,  hoop,  and  band 
iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  12,000  tons. 

Mineral  Ridge  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietor,  Jonathan  Warner.  Location  of  mill, 
Mineral  Ridge,  Trumbull  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Aver- 
age annvial  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Richards'  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  "William  Richards  &  Sons.  Location  of 
mill,  Warren,  Trumbull  County.  Character  of  product,  principally  muck  bar  for  rail  mills. 
Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons. 

Girard  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Girard  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill 
Girard,  Trumbull  County.  Character  of  product,  bar,  rod,  hoop,  sheet  iron,  and  light  rails. 
Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons.  This  mill  has  an  18  inch  muck  train,  a  10  inch  train, 
8  boiling  and  2  heating  furnaces. 

TUSCARAWAS  COUNTY. 

Dover  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Dover  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill.  Canal 
Dover,  Tuscarawas  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

G-reer's  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Gkeer  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Canal  Dover, 
Tuscarawas  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  animal  ca- 
pacity, 2,000  tons. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

Marietta  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Marietta  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill.  Marietta, 
Washington  County.  Character  of  product,  rails,  bars,  and  fish  plate.  Average  annual 
capacity,  30,000  tons.  President,  R.  R.  Dawes;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  T.  D.Dale. 
IsTew  York  Ofiice,  12  Pine  Street.    Cincinnati  Office,  181  Walnut  Street. 

Phoenix  Iron  Company. — President,  D.  A.  Gerrisu  ;  Secretary,  J.  W.  Roller. 
Location  of  mill,  Bedford,  Ohio.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  Ohio  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  29.  Hands  employed, 
4,431.  Capital  invested,  $6,100,409.  Wages  paid,  $2,644,895.  Yaluc  of  materials, 
$8,016,590.    Yalue  of  product,  $12,365,698,  which  includes  63,712  to-as  bar  iron,  30,316 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


169 


tons  plate,  11,79G  tons  sheet,  30,552  tons  rails,  and  1,323  tons  rod,  or  a  total  of  rolled 
iron  of  142,705  tons ;  representing  a  consunaption  of  137,330  tons  pig-iron,  37,621  tons  scrap 
iron,  992  tons  blooms,  and  21,747  tons  ore. 

EECAPITULATION  FOB  OHIO. 


Number  of  rail  mills   7 

Annual  capacity   213,000  tons. 

Ifumber  of  other  rolling  mills   42  (3  building). 

Annual  capacity   245,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   49 

Total  annual  capacity  of  rolled  iron   458,000  tons. 


Rolling  Mills  of  Kentucky. 

BOYD  COUNTY. 

Norton  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Norton  Iron  Co.    President,  E.  M.  Korton. 

Location  of  mill,  Ashland,  Boyd  County.  Character  of  product,  nails,  bolts,  and  nuts. 
Average  annual  capacity,  150,000  kegs.  This  works  includes  two  new  and  two  old  furnaces, 
and  owns  16,000  acres  of  the  finest  mineral  lands  in  Kentucky.  The  works  when  completed 
will  have  cost  near  one  million  dollars,  and  employ  500  hands. 

CAMPBELL  COUNTY. 

Newport  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  D.  &  S.  Wolf.  Location  of  mill,  Newport, 
Campbell  County.  Character  of  product,  boiler  plate,  bar,  and  sheet  iron.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  3,000  tons. 

Swift  Iron  and  Steel  Works.— Proprietors,  Swift  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Office,  60 
East  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Location  of  mill,  Newport,  Campbell  County. 
Character  of  product,  sheet  and  plate  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  8,000  tons. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

Kentucky  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Kentucky  Rolling  Mill  Co.  J.  Morgan 
CoLEMA^j,  President.  Location  of  mill,  Louisville,  Jefferson  County.  Character  of  prod- 
uct, bars  and  light  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons. 

The  following  record  of  two  weeks'  product  of  a  12  inch  train  and  an  8  inch  guide  mill 
at  this  works,  during  1873,  is  considered  the  largest  ever  made  with  similar  machinery : 

12  inch  train,  with  2  furnaces,  6  heats  each,  run  from  5  a.  m.  to  3  p.  m.  each  day — first 
week,  95  tons  17  cwt.  1  qr.  19  lbs.  (gross)  assorted  iron  ;  second  week,  114  tons  2  cwt.  2  qrs. 
27  lbs.  (gross)  assorted  iron.  8  inch  train,  with  1  furnace,  7  heats  per  day,  run  from  5 
A.  M.  to  3  p.  M. — first  week,  51  tons  4  cwt.  3  qrs.  (gross)  ;  second  week,  49  tons  10  cwt.  3  qrs. 
(gross).    Assorted  iron  from  f  to  f  (round),  1  x  ^  to  1^  x  |-  iron. 


170 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


liOuisville  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Louisville  Rolling  Mill  Co.  President,  T. 
C.  Coleman.  Location  of  mill,  Louisville,  Jetferson  County.  Character  of  product,  bar 
iron  and  boiler  plate.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons,  single  turn.    175  bands  employed. 

Louisville  Rail  Mill. — Proprietors,  Louisville  Eail  Mill  Co.  Location,  Louisville, 
Jefferson  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 
New  ;  building  in  1873. 

KENTON  COUNTY. 

Covington  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Jas.  G.  Kyle  &  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Covington,  Kenton  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000 
tons.    Office,  33  "West  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

LYON  COUNTY. 

Tennessee  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Hilljian  Bros.  Location  of  mill,  Eddyville, 
Lyon  County,  Kentucky.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  sheet  iron,  and  nails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

McCKACKEN  COUNTY. 

Southern  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Gates,  Brown  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Pa- 
ducah.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  sheet  iron  and  nails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
2,500  tons. 

Harris,  Brown  &,  Co.'s  Mill. — Proprietors,  Harris,  Broavn  &  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Paducah,  McCracken  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  2,000  tons, 

Paducah  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Paducah  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Paducah,  McCracken  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
G,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  Kentucky  give  the  number  of  mills  at  6.  Hands  employed, 
876.  Capital  invested,  $1,125,000.  Wages  paid,  $582,283.  Value  of  material,  $1,307,064. 
Value  of  product,  $2,464,928,  which  includes  15,116  tons  bar,  5,450  tons  plate,  1,947  sheet, 
3,996  tons  rails,  1,256  rod,  or  a  total  of  rolled  iron  of  67,765  tons. 

RECAPITTJLATION  for  KENTUCKY. 

Number  of  rail  mills   1  (building,  or  soon  to  be.) 

Annual  capacity   40,000  tons, 

Number  of  other  rolling  mills   8 

Annual  capacity   27,000  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   10 

Total  annual  capacity   67,000  tons. 


ROLLESTG  5I1LLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


171 


Rolling^  Mills  of  Tennessee. 

Chattanooga  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Eoane  Iron  Co.  W.  P.  Rathbuen, 
President;  General  Wilder,  Superintendent,  Chattanooga,  Hamilton  County.  Charac- 
ter of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons.  This  mill  is  remarkable 
for  having  been  the  first  to  adopt  the  Danks  system  of  rotary  puddling,  10  of  which 
fm-naces  were  built  here  and  successfully  used. 

Vulcan  Iron  Works. — S.  B.  Lowe,  Superintendent.  Location  of  mill,  Chattanooga, 
Tennessee.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron,  and  hammered  axles.  Average 
annual  capacity,  6,000  tons,    l^umber  of  hands  employed,  150. 

KNOX  COUNTY. 

Knoxville  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Chamberlain,  Richards  &  Co.  Location 
of  mill,  Knoxville,  Knox  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average 
annual  capacity,  2,500  tons. 

SHELBY  COUNTY. 

Memphis  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  Battell  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Memphis, 
Shelby  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  merchant  iron.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  of  Tennessee  are  manifestly  incorrect,  and  hence  not  quoted. 

recapitulation  for  TENNESSEE. 


Number  of  rail  mills   1 

Average  annual  capacity  „   30,000  tons. 

Number  of  bar,  etc.,  mills   4 

Average  annual  capacity.   12,500  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   5 

Total  product  rolled  iron   42,500  tons. 


Rolling  Mills  of  Indiana. 

CLAY  COUNTY, 

Western  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Western  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Knights- 
ville.  Clay  County.  Character  of  product,  muck  bar  for  Cleveland  Rolling  Mill  Co. 
Average  annual  capacity,  9,600  tons  muck  bar.  188  hands.  {See  Blast  Furnaces  of 
Ohio) 

•  FLOYD  COUNTY. 

Ohio  Falls  Iron  Works  Proprietors,  Ohio  Falls  Iron  Works  Co.  Location  of  miU, 

jN^ew  Albany,  Floyd  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  car  iron.  Average  annual 
capacity,  6,000  tons. 


172 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  TTNITED  STATES. 


New  Albany  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  New  Albany  Eolling  Mill  Co.  J.  H 
Bragdon,  President.  Location  of  mill,  l^ew  Albany,  Floyd  County.  Character  of  prod 
net,  rails.    Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  tons. 

MARION  COUNTY. 

Indianapolis  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Indianapolis  Polling  Mill  Co.  Locatior 
of  mill,  Marion  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,00( 
tons. 

This  mill  employs  320  hands,  and  pays  $13,500  a  month  in  wages,  and  tiirned  out  ii 
one  week  in  1873,  480  tons  of  rolled  iron. 

PUTNAM  COUNTY. 

Green  Castle  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Green  Castle  Iron  and  Nai 
Co.  Location  of  mill.  Green  Castle,  Putnam  County.  Character  of  product,  nails  anc 
spikes.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons  iron  made  into  52,500  kegs  of  nails  anc 
spikes. 

VANDERBURGH  COUNTY. 

Evansville  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Evansville  Rolling  Mill  Co.  President 
WiLLiARD  C.vkpexter;  Treasurer,  W.  F.  ISTisbett;  Secretary,  J.  McDoxoiiGn.  Locatioi 
of  mill,  Evansville,  Yanderbui'gh  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annua 
capacity,  24,000  tons.    Another  new  mill  is  projected  here  by  Hillman  Bros. 

VIGO  COUNTY. 

Terre  Haute  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Terre  Haute  Iron  and  Nai 
Co.  Location  of  mill,  Terre  Haute,  Yigo  County.  Character  of  product,  nails  and  spikes 
Average  annual  capacity,  3,600  tons  of  nail  plate  made  into  75,000  kegs  nails  and  spikes 

This  mill  was  burned  early  in  1873,  but  rebuilt.  This  works  has  70  ])ail  machines 
and  employs  300  men. 

Wabash  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Wabash  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Terr 
Haute,  Vigo  County.  New;  building  in  1873.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,500  tons  mei 
chant  iron.    90  hands. 

The  census  returns  for  Indiana  give  the  number  of  rojling  mills  at  8.  Hands  em 
ployed,  977.  Capital  invested,  $1,576,000.  Wages  paid,  $521,672.  Yalue  of  material 
$1,968,518.  Yalue  of  product,  $2,817,505,  which  includes  10,870  tons  bar  iron,  3,600  ton 
plate  iron,  19,235  tons  rails,  or  a  total  of  rolled  iron  in  1870  of  33,705.  Two  of  the  larg 
est  rail  mills  have  been  established  since  1871. 


ROLLING  JIILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  173 
EECAPITULATION  FOK  INDIANA. 

ISTumber  of  rail  mills   3 

Average  annual  capacity   64,000  tons. 

Number  of  other  rolling  mills   6 

Average  annual  capacity   26,100  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   9 

Total  capacity  rolled  iron   90,100  tons. 


RoUing  Mills  of  Ulinois. 

Illinois  now  ranks  third  only  to  Pennsylvania,  as  a  rail-producing  State.  The  first 
rail  was  rolled  in  Illinois  in  1858,  when  1,158  tons  were  made  in  that  year.  Of  re-rolled  iron, 
in  1864:,  26,836  tons  were  rolled;  in  1871,  91,781  tons  of  new  rails;  and  in  1872,  106,916 
tons,  or  an  increase  of  105,758  tons  in  14  years. 

COOK  COUNTY. 

North  Chicago  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  ISTorth  Chicago  Rolling  Mill  Co.; 
President,  O.  W.  Potter  ;  Treasurer,  E.  B.  "Ward  ;  Secretary,  R.  C.  Hannah.  Office,  17 
Metropolitan  Block.  Location  of  mill,  on  the  North  branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  Chicago, 
Cook  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  35,000  tons. 
Capital,  $3,000,000. 

This  works  includes  blast  furnaces  and  Bessemer  works,  which  are  described  under 
their  respective  departments.  The  rolling  mill  is  supplied  with  every  improvement  in  mill 
machinery,  and  is  a  most  interesting  works.  The  buildings  are  of  stone,  with  iron  and 
slate  roofs,  and  comprise  two  puddle  mills;  No.  1  containing  8  double  and  5  single 
puddling  furnaces — equal  to  21  single  furnaces — a  muck  train,  and  squeezers.  No.  2 
has  5  double  and  6  single  puddling  furnaces,  equal  to  16  single  puddling  furnaces,  or  a 
total  puddling  capacity  of  37  fm-naces.  The  iron  rail  mill  has  a  capacity  of  60  tons  finished 
rails  per  day,  and  has  16  heating  furnaces.  The  steel-rail  mill  is  of  equal  capacity.  There 
are,  including  the  blowing  engines  for  the  blast  furnaces  and  Bessemer  plant,  44  steam- 
engines  employed  in  this  works,  with  an  aggregate  horse-power  of  4,430. 

Union  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Union  Polling  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Chi- 
cago, Cook  County.  Character  of  product,  rails,  iron,  and  steel.  Average  annual  capacity, 
30,000  tons. 

MACON  COUNTY. 

Decatur  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Decatur  Rolling  Mill  Co.  President,  A.  B. 
Stone.  Location  of  mill,  Decatur,  Macon  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  24,000  gross  tons.    Number  of  hands,  250. 

ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY. 

Belleville  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Belleville  Nail  Works  Co.  Location  of 
mill,  Belleville,  St.  Clair  County.  Character  of  product,  nails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
4,000  tons. 


174 


EOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


East  St.  Louis  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  East  St.  Louis  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Pres- 
ident, G.  B.  Allen.  Office,  Second  and  Carr  Streets,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Location  of  mill, 
East  St.  Louis,  St.  Clair  County,  111.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 20,000  tons. 

St.  Iiouis  Bolt  and  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  St.  Louis  Bolt  and  Iron  Co. 
Office,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Location  of  mill,  East  St.  Louis,  St.  Clair  County.  Character  of 
product,  merchant  bar,  fish  bar,  bolts,  spikes,  rivets,  lag-screws.  Average  annual  capacity, 
4,000  tons.  Mill  new.  Employs  80  hands,  and  has  2  double  puddling  furnaces,  1  scrap 
furnace,  1  bar  mill,  1  little  mill,  1  sixteen-inch  muck  train,  and  an  eighteen-inch  guide 
train. 

SANGAMON  COUNTY. 

Springfield  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,   Springfield    Eolling    Mill    Co.  Chas. 

RiDGELY,  President ;  Geo.  Beinkekhoff,  Secretary  ;  E.  A.  Richardson,  Superintendent. 
Location  of  mill,  Springfield,  Sangamon  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average 
annual  capacity,  25,000  tons. 

This  mill  was  commenced  in  October,  1871,  and  the  buildings  blown  down  in  Decem- 
ber of  that  year ;  but  the  mill  was  rebuilt,  and  commenced  puddling  in  June,  1872,  and 
rolled  the  first  rail  in  September,  1872.    This  mill  contains  8  double  puddling  furnaces, 
-    two  of  which  are  Siemens  puddling  furnaces,  of  large  capacity.    There  are  4  Siemens 
heating  furnaces,  with  beds  9^  by  11-J  feet,  and  16  "  producers  "  to  make  gas  for  the  same. 
■  There  is  an  18  inch  muck  train,  and  a  22-inch  rail  train. 

Siemens  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Siemens  Steel  Works  Co.  Location  of  works, 
near  Springfield,  Sangamon  County.  Character  of  product,  Siemens-Martin  steel.  J^ew ; 
building. 

WILL  COUNTY. 

Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  Presi- 
dent, A.  B.  Meeker.  Office,  "Washington  Street,  Chicago.  Location  of  works,  Joliet, 
Will  County.  Average  annual  capacity,  83,200  tons  iron  and  steel  rails.  Character  oi 
product,  iron  and  steel  rails.  The  product  of  this  works  in  September,  1873,  was  3,102  tons 
ingots,  2,588  tons  of  steel  rails,  and  2,160  tons  of  iron  rails. 

This  works,  although  not  the  largest,  is  considered  the  best  arranged  in  the  country, 
and  includes  4  blast  furnaces,  2  of  which  are  located  at  Chicago,  and  a  Bessemer  steel 
works,  all  of  which  will  be  found  described  under  their  respective  heads ;  and  iron  an;! 
steel  rail  mills,  coal-washing  apparatus,  coking  ovens,  Siemens  gas  producers,  and  fire-brick 
works,  machine  shops,  water-works,  foundry,  and  boiler  works. 

The  works  are  located  on  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad,  and  the  canal,  near  the  city 
of  Joliet,  and  also  near  the  penitentiary,  the  buildings  of  both  being  built  of  the  peculiai 
limestone  of  the  spot ;  and  standing,  as  they  do,  on  a  perfectly  level  prairie,  present  an 
imposing  appearance.    The  whole  works  cover  an  area  of  one  hundred  acres,  and  the  use 


PvOLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES". 

of  limestone  is  here  cheaper  as  a  building  material  than  brick  or  iron  and  as  the  buildings 
are  iron-roofed,  the  whole  is  fire-proof.  The  rolling  mills  proper,  the  other  portions  of  the 
Avorks  connected  with  the  Bessemer  plant  being  described  imder  that  head,  consist  of  a 
puddle  mill  190  by  75  feet,  with  a  wood  extension  75  by  40  feet,  containing  nine  double 
puddli)ig  and  one  heating  furnace.  The  roll  trains  here  are  a  10  inch  muck  train  and  a 
21  inch  train,  with  a  squeezer  driven  by  an  independent  engine  26  by  4  feet.  An  iron-rail 
mill  contains  3  trains  of  21  inch  rolls  for  tops  and  bottoms,  and  finishing  rolls  for  rails, 
and  8  heating  furnaces.  This  mill  has  also  its  own  engine,  and  the  usual  saws,  punches, 
and  shears  for  rail  trimming.  The  new  steel-rail  mill,  which  is  the  great  mill  of  the  works, 
is  445  feet  long  by  105  feet  wide,  with  two  wings  85  feet  wide,  all  covered  by  an  iron 
roof,  and  supported  on  stone  piers. 

The  heating  furnaces  are  on  the  Siemens  principle,  and  are  two  in  number,  although 
room  has  been  left  for  six  in  all.  These  have  beds  of  16  feet  by  6|-,  and  owing  to  the 
proximity  of  water  to  the  surface,  their  foundations  were  laid  in  boiler  iron  tanks  set  in 
cement.  These  furnaces  are  supplied  with  charging  and  discharging  aj)paratus,  and  thus 
avoid  the  handling  of  the  heated  ingot.  The  gas  producers  to  supply  these  furnaces  are 
located  in  a  separate  building  near  the  rail  mill,  and  built  for  20  producers.  The  steel-rail 
trains  are  three,  of  23  inch  three-high  rolls,  and  are  driven  by  a  Corliss  engine,  with  40 
inch  cylinder  and  5  feet  stroke,  which  was  designed  for  this  works  especially,  and  is  a  ver- 
tical condensing  engine,  with  a  30  foot  fly-wheel,  weighing  58  tons,  and  a  shaft  of  20 
inches  diameter.  The  blooming  train  for  the  ingots  is  of  three-high  30  inch  rolls,  supplied 
with  Feitz'  feeding  tables,  by  the  aid  of  which  an  ingot  weighing  a  ton  can  be  rolled  by 
three  men  in  four  minutes.  This  train  is  also  driven  by  an  independent  engine  built  by 
Corliss,  with  32  inch  cylinder  and  5  feet  stroke.  All  of  these  roll  trains  are  set  in  solid 
rock  foundations  set  in  cement,  with  a  passage  under  the  housings  to  reach  foundation 
bolts.  The  finishing  apparatus  has  saws  driven  by  a  special  engine,  with  straightening 
plates  and  hot  and  cold  beds,  steam  straightening  presses,  punching  and  drilling  machines, 
etc.,  etc.  A  three-ton  steam  hammer  supplies  the  forging  requirements  of  the  mill,  and  a 
travelling  crane  changes  the  rolls  of  any  train  without  stopping  the  mill. 

The  works  is  complete  in  every  respect,  and  has  been  built  with  a  view  to  greatly  in- 
creasing its  present  large  capacity.  It  is  a  city  in  itself,  and  to  those  who  doubt  the  value 
of  a  large  iron-works  to  an  agricultural  community,  the  following  is  a  convincing  argument 
of  their  error.  The  first  rail  was  rolled  in  Joliet  in  July,  1870,  and  by  July,  1872,  just 
two  years,  the  population  of  Joliet  had  doubled,  and  the  value  of  real  estate  in  the  city  and 
vicinity  had  quadrupled  in  value.  The  land  upon  w4iich  this  works  stands  had  been  twice 
sold  in  the  last  ten  years  for  taxes ;  now  additional  space  near  the  works  sells  for  $1,000 
per  acre. 

The  census  returns  for  Illinois  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  6.  Hands  em- 
ployed, 1,582.  Capital  invested,  $2,245,000.  Wages  paid,  $984,082.  Value  of  material, 
$1,819,228.  Value  of  product,  $8,165,471,  which  includes  750  tons  bar  iron,  7,100  tons 
plate  iron,  300  tons  sheet,  and  17,611  tons  rails,  or  a  total  of  rolled  iron  of  25,761  tons ; 
showing  great  inaccuracy,  the  product  of  rails  alone  rolled  in  1864  being  more  than  this 
total. 

23 


1Y6 


EOLLESTG  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


RECAPITULATION  FOR  ILLINOIS. 


Number  of  rail  mills   6 

Average  annual  capacity   217,200  tons. 

Number  of  otlier  rolling  mills   2 

Average  annual  capacity   8,500  tons. 

Total  number  of  rolling  mills   8 

Total  rolled  iron  capacity   225,000  tons. 


Rollings  Mills  of  Michigan. 

JACKSON  COUNTY. 

Jackson  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Jackson  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.  Wm.  M. 
Benneti',  President.  Location  of  mill,  Jackson,  Jackson  County.  Character  of  product, 
bar  and  merchant  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons. 

This  mill  was  built  in  1872-3,  and  has  8  puddling  furnaces,  one  IG  inch  and  one  12 
inch  train. 

IMARQUETTE  COUNTY. 

Marquette  and  Pacific  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Marquette  and  Pacific  Polling 
Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Marquette,  Marquette  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and 
rod  iron.    Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons. 

WAYNE  COUNTY. 

Wyandotte  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Wyandotte  Polling  Mill  Co.  President, 
E.  B.  Ward  ;  Secretary,  S.  C.  Potter.  Office,  foot  of  Wayne  Street,  Detroit.  Location 
of  mill,  Wyandotte,  Wayne  County.  Character  of  product,  rails,  plate,  and  bar  iron. 
Average  annual  capacity,  l-i,000  tons. 

This  company  exhibited  at  the  Chicago 'Industrial  Exhibition,  in  1873,  a  plate  of  boiler 
iron  19  feet  loug,  6  feet  wide,  and  -^^  of  an  inch  thick,  which  was  claimed  to  be  the  largest 
boiler  plate  ever  produced  in  this  country. 

Hamtramck  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Hamtramck  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Detroit,  Wayne  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron,  bolts  and  spikes.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  3,000  tons. 

The  census  returns  for  Michigan  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  in  1870  at  1. 
Hands  employed,  433.  Capital  invested,  $672,000.  Wages  paid,  $221,764.  Value  of  ma- 
terial, $381,000.  Value  of  product,  $678,500,  which  includes  1,250  tons  bar,  1,450  tons 
plate,  150  tons  sheet  iron,  and  4,550  tons  rails,  or  a  total  of  rolled  iron  of  7,400  tons. 


ROLLING  JIILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


177 


EECAPITULATION  FOR  MICHIGAN. 


Number  of  rail  mills.  , 


1 

9,000  tons. 
4 

18,000  tons. 
4 

27,000  tons. 


Average  annual  capacity. 
Number  of  other  rolling  mills 


Average  annual  capacity 
Total  number  of  rolling  mills. 


Total  rolled  iron  production 


Rolling  Mills  of  Missouri. 


La  Grange  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  La  Grange  Rolling  Mill  Co.  Location  of 
mill.  La  Grange,  on  the  Mississippi  Valley  Western  Railway.  Character  of  product,  rails. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2.5,000  tons.    Mill  new;  built  in  1872-3. 

This  mill  will  have  Siemens  heating  furnaces  in  addition  to  the  visual  machinery,  and 
has  been  built  at  a  cost  of  $400,000. 


La  Clede  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Chouteau,  Harrison  &  Valle.  Office,  941 
North  Second  Street,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  sheet  iron,  spikes  and 
rivets.    Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  tons. 

At  this  mill  a  process  for  puddling  by  means  of  petroleum  fuel  was  tried  in  1871-2 
with  considerable  success.  The  process  was  the  invention  of  Messrs.  Whipple  &  Dicker- 
son,  and  it  was  claimed  puddled  the  iron  more  economically  than  with  coal,  and  also  to  a 
great  extent  eliminated  the  sulphur. 

St.  Louis  Steam  Forge  and  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  A.  H.  McDonald  &  Co. 
Character  of  product,  bar  iron  and  forgings.  Average  annual  capacity  (rolled  iron),  2,000 
tons. 

Helmbacher  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill. — M.  Helmbacher,  President ;  G.  L.  Goetz, 
Secretary.  Location  of  mill.  No.  SIS  North  Second  Street,  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  County. 
Character  of  product,  bar  iron  and  forgings,  principally  latter.  Average  annual  capacity, 
5,000  tons  bar,  7,000  axles.    250  hands. 

St.  Louis  Rail  Fastening  Works. — Proprietors,  St.  Louis  Rail  Fastening  Co. 
Secretary,  C.  Meningerode.  Office,  211  North  Third  Street,  St.  Louis.  Location  of  mill, 
on  Li-on  Mountain  Railroad,  near  United  States  Arsenal,  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  County. 
Character  of  product,  spikes,  fish  bars,  bolts,  and  nuts.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000 
tons,  of  which  there  are  made  90,000  kegs  spikes. 

St.  Louis  Bolt  and  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  St.  Louis  Bolt  and  Iron  Co.  Office, 
St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  County.  Location  of  mill,  East  St.  Louis,  Illinois.  Office,  Third  and 
Chestnut  Streets. 


ST.  LOUIS  COUNTY. 


178 


ROLLING  mLLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


East  St.  Louis  Rolling  Mill.— Proprietors,  East  St.  Louis  Eolling  Mill  Co.  Ger- 
ard B.  Allen,  President.  Office,  Second  and  Carr  Streets,  St.  Louis.  Location  of  mill, 
East  St.  Louis,  Illinois.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000 
tons. 

Vulcan  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Vulcan  Iron  Works  Co.  Office,  221  Olive 
Street,  St.  Louis.  President,  D.  P.  Garrison  ;  Secretary,  D.  K.  Garrison.  Location  of 
mill,  Carondelet,  St.  Louis  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 45,000  tons. 

This  is  one  of  the  representative  works  of  the  country,  and,  like  those  of  Chicago, 
Joliet,  and  Si^ringfield,  Illinois,  and  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  shows  better  than  any  statis- 
tics the  growth  of  the  North-west.  The  Yulean  Works  includes  three  blast  furnaces,  which 
will  be  found  described  under  the  proper  department.  In  the  rolling  mill  there  are  17 
double  and  1  single  puddling  furnace,  seven  heating  furnaces,  one  being  for  old  rails,  and 
the  usual  muck  train,  squeezer,  etc.,  with  trains  for  tops  and  bottoms,  all  driven  by  2  en- 
gines of  250  horse-power. 

The  rail  mill  has  10  heating  furnaces,  and  a  23  incli  rail  train,  with  its  own  engine. 

A  particular  application  of  cranes  for  charging  the  puddling  and  heating  furnaces,  saves 
much  labor  and  is  peculiar  to  this  mill.  The  works  are  supplied  with  coal,  which  comes 
from  Belleville,  Illinois,  by  overhead  tracks,  which  deliver  fuel  at  all  points,  the  consump- 
tion being  about  11,000  bushels  per  day.  This  mill  produced  in  1872,  22,000  tons  of  rails, 
which  was  to  be  increased  to  45,000  tons  in  1873. 

There  is  also  building,  or  projected,  in  St,  Louis,  a  sheet  iron  mill,  with  a  capacity  of 
1,500  tons  per  annum. 

The  census  returns  for  1870  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  in  Missouri  at  2. 
Hands  employed,  401.  Capital  invested,  $1,007,143.  AVages,  $330,000.  Value  of  mate- 
rial, $826,750.  Value  of  product,  $1,455,000,  which  includes  3,500  tons  bar,  5,800  tons 
plate,  and  4,800  tons  of  sheet  iron,  or  a  total  of  17,500  tons  of  rolled  iron. 

recapitulation  for  MISSOURI. 

Number  of  rail  mills  

Average  annual  capacity''  

Number  of  other  rolling  mills  

Average  annual  capacity  

Total  number  of  rolling  mills  , 

Total  rolled  iron  capacity  

With  one  mill  of  1,500  tons  more  projected. 

Rolling  Mills  of  Wisconsin. 

MILWAUKEE  COUNTY. 

Milwaukee  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Milwaukee  Iron  Co.  President,  E.  B. 
Ward  ;  Treasurer,  Alex.  Mitchell  ;  Secretary,  J.  J.  Hagerman.    Location  of  miU,  Bay 


2 

70,000  tons. 
4 

19,000  tons. 
G 

89,000  tons. 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


179 


Vie'sv,  Milwaukee,  Milwaukee  County.  Character  of  product,  rails.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 45,000  tons. 

This  works  has  been  increased  in  capacity  from  35,000  tons,  the  product  of  1872,  to 
the  present  capacity.  The  new  mill  is  devoted  to  making  tops  and  bottoms,  and  has  6 
heating  furnaces,  with  two  more  to  be  added.  The  engine  for  this  mill  is  of  34  by  36  inch 
cylinder,  with  a  40  ton  fly-wheel.  In  the  old  mill  there  are  two  trains  of  puddle  rolls,  a 
rail  train,  and  two  trains  for  tops  and  bottoms,  two  Bueden  squeezers,  with  seven  shears, 
rail  straighteners,  punches,  and  slotters.  The  number  of  hands  employed  is  1,000,  and  the 
monthly  pay-roll  $75,000.  The  woi'ks,  including  the  blast  furnaces,  consume  during  the 
year  55,000  tons  bituminous  coal  from  Ohio,  25,000  tons  anthracite  coal  from  Pennsylvania, 
and  20,000  tons  coke  from  Connellsville.  The  ore  used  amounts  to  62,000  tons,  22,000 
tons  of  which  comes  from  Escanaba  in  the  company's  vessels,  and  40,000  tons  from  Iron 
Ridge,  Wisconsin,  via  St.  Paul  Railroad,  where  the  company  owns  two-fifths  of  the  iron 
mines,  the  remainder  of  the  product  going  to  the  North  Chicago  and  Wyandotte  Works,  in 
Avhich  Captain  Waed  is  also  a  principal  owner. 

The  consumption  of  old  rails  is  also  large,  17,000  tons  having  been  used  in  the  works 
in  1872. 

The  caj)ital  of  the  company  was  originally  $250,000,  which  has  been  increased  to  $1,- 
500,000,  beside  |750,000  cash  capital  used  in  the  business. 

Great  credit  is  due  the  Secretary,  Mr.  IIageeman,  who  has  managed  the  entire  routine 
business  since  its  organization  until  the  fall  of  1873,  when  Mr.  W.  S.  Duefee,  formerly  of 
Philadelphia,  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  mill. 

Another  rail  mill  is  projected  at  Black  River  Falls,  in  connection  with  a  blast  furnace, 
but  as  yet  has  not  been  built. 

The  census  returns  for  Wisconsin  give  in  1870  the  nmnber  of  rolling  mills  at  1. 
Hands  employed,  642.  Capital  invested,  $1,000,000.  Wages  paid,  $374,078.  Value  of 
material  $753,430.    Value  of  product,  $1,129,562,  in  which  is  included  16,248  tons  rails. 

EECAPITULA.TION  FOE  WISCONSIN, 

Kumber  of  rolling  mills  (rail) 
Average  annual  capacity .... 

Rolling  Mills  of  Georgia. 

Rome  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Rome  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.,  Rome,  Floyd 
County,  Georgia.  Location  of  mill,  near  Rome.  Character  of  product,  merchant  bar, 
spikes  and  nails.  Average  annual  calpacity,  38,000  kegs  nails,  900  tons  spikes,  3,600  tons 
bar  iron. 

This  mill  has  two  double  and  one  single  puddling  furnaces,  three  heating  furnaces,  a 
train  of  18  inch  puddle,  and  bar  rolls  driven  by  two  horizontal  engines  of  120  horse-power 
each,  and  all  necessary  appurtenances,  and  is  offered  for  sale  under  a  decree  in  Chancery. 


1 

45,000  tons. 


180 


ROLLESTG  MILLS  OF  THE  TJOTTED  STATES. 


Scofield  HoUing  Mill.— Proprietors,  Scofiekl  EoUing  Mill  Co.  Location  of  mill, 
Atlanta,  Fulton  County.  Character  of  product,  rails  and  bars.  Average  annual  cap)acity, 
12,000  tons  rails;  bar  iron,  1,500  tons. 

KECAPITULATION  FOR  GEORGIA. 


I^umber  of  rail  mills   1 

Average  annual  capacity   12,000  tons 

Number  of  other  rolling  mills   2 

Average  annual  capacity   3,500  tons. 

Total  number  of  rollins:  mills   3 

Total  capacity  rolled  iron   15,500  tons. 


California. 

Pacific  Rolling  Mill. — Proprietors,  Pacific  Rolling  Mill  Co.  President,  "Wm. 
Alvoed  ;  Vice-President  and  Manager,  L.  P.  Benchley  ;  Secretaiy,  S.  C.  Swezey  ;  Super- 
intendent, B.  P.  Beuner.  Location  of  works,  San  Francisco.  Character  of  product,  bar 
and  merchant  iron,  hammered  iron,  bolts,  nuts,  washers,  shafting,  etc.  Average  annua] 
product,  six  thousand  tons. 

Rollings  Mills  of  Alabama. 

SHELBY  COUNTY. 

Central  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Fell  Bros.  &  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Helena, 
on  and  S.  Alabama  Pailroad.  Character  of  product,  bar  and  rod  iron  and  cotton  tie 
hoop.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons.    New  in  1873. 

BIBB  COUNTY. 

Briarfield  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Briarfield  Iron  Co.  Location  of  mill,  Briar- 
field,  Bibb  County.  Character  of  product,  bar  iron  and  nails.  Average  annual  capacity, 
4,000  tons.  This  works  was  built  during  the  war,  and  purchased  by  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment for  $600,000  when  Confederate  money  had  not  been  depreciated.  It  was  enlarged, 
and  the  iron  from  the  blast  furnace  used  in  easting  cannon.  The  mill  was  destroyed  par- 
tially by  General  Wilson's  cavalry  in  a  raid  in  1865,  and  was  sold  by  the  United  States 
Government  in  January,  1866,  to  the  present  company,  which  at  once  commenced  to  re- 
build it.  There  is  a  muck  train,  bar  train,  and  nail-plate  train,  eight  puddling  and  two 
heating  furnaces.  A  foundry  and  shops  are  attached,  and  two  blast  furnaces,  one  hot  and 
one  cold  blast,  the  latter  only  in  use. 

The  census  returns  for  Alabama  in  1870  give  the  number  of  rolling  mills  at  1.  Hands 
employed,  14.  Capital  invested,  $3,000.  Wages  paid,  $1,800.  Value  of  material,  $14,900. 
Value  of  product,  $33,000,  which  includes  300  tons  of  bar  iron. 


ROLLING  MILLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


181 


KECAPITULATION  FOK  ALABAMA. 


Kumber  of  rolling  mills. 


Average  annual  caj)acity   7,000  tons. 


Kansas. 

A  large  iron  and  steel  rolling  mill  is  being  erected  at  Topeka,  Kansas,  with  machinery 
formerly  in  use  in  Connecticut,  and  it  is  expected  will  be  in  operation  in  the  summer  of 
1874. 

RECAPITULATION  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


State. 


Maine  

Vermont  

Massachusetts 
Rhode  Island  . 
Connecticut. . . 
New  York . . . , 
New  Jersey. . 
Pennsylvania  , 
Delaware  .... 
Maryland  

Virghiia  

West  Virginia. 

Ohio  

Kentucky  ... 
Tennessee  . . . . 

Indiana  

Illinois  

Michigan  .... 

Missouri  

Wisconsin  

Georgia  

Alabama  

California  


No.  of  States.  .23 


No.  Rail 
Mills. 


5 
2 
IG 


55 


Annual  Capac- 
ity of  Rails, 
tons. 


L5,000 
30,000 
30,000 


103,000 
30,000 
433,000 

100,666 


29,300 
213,000 
40,000 
30,000 
64,000 
217,200 
9,000 
70,000 
45,000 
12,000 


1,470,500 


No.  of 
other  Roll- 
ing Mills, 


1 

"io 

4 
5 

16 
10 
102 
10 
5 

3 
6 
42 
8 
4 
6 
3 
4 
4 

"'2 

2 
1 


256 


Annual  Capac- 
ity of  other 
Rolled  Iron. 


6,000 


106,000 
15,000 
8,000 

104,500 
60,000 

583,400 
18,200 
26,500 

28,000 
35,000 
245,000 
27,000 
12,500 
26,100 
8,500 
18,000 
19,000 

3,566 
7,000 
6,000 


1,373,200 


Total  No. 
Mills. 


2 
1 

21 
4 
5 

21 

12 
118 

10 


3 
7 
49 
10 
5 
9 
8 
4 
6 
1 
3 
2 
1 


310 


Total  Rolled 
Iron  Capacity. 


21,000 

30,000 
136,000 

15,000 
8,000 
207,500 

90,000 
1,016,400 

18,200 
126,500 

28,000 
64,300 

458,000 
67,000 
42,500 
90,100 

225,000 
27,000 
89,000 
45,000 
15,500 
7,000 
6,000 


2,833,000 


Completed  in  1873. 


2  building. 

1  rail  mill  not  in  opera- 
tion. 


3  rolling  mills  buUditig. 
1  rolling  mill  buUding. 


1  ran  mill  unfinished. 


No  iron  puddled  yet  on 
Pacific  Coast. 


Rail  capacity  includes 
light,  heavy,  and 
street,  iron  rails ;  Bes- 
semer, Martin,  and 
silicon,  steel  rails. 


THE  BESSEMER  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


24 


THE  BESSEMER  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


The  Bessemer  steel  works  of  the  United  States  are  eight  in  number,  and  are  divided 
among  the  States  as  f oUows,  viz :  'New  York,  one ;  Pennsylvania,  three,  with  one  more 
building;  Ohio,  one ;  Illinois,  three.  The  rolling  mills  for  rolling  steel  rails,  in  which 
80  per  cent,  of  the  pig-iron  converted  into  Bessemer  steel  annually,  is  consumed,  have  been 
described  in  the  rolling-mill  departments  of  the  respective  States,  and  it  only  remains  here 
to  describe  the  various  Bessemer  plants,  and  the  process  of  conversion.  The  Bessemer, 
or  more  properly  the  Pneumatic  process,  for  the  conversion  of  pig-iron  into  steel,  has  been 
frequently  described  and  explained,  but  principally  in  scientilic  or  technical  works  not 
likely  to  come  into  general  circulation.  As  it  is  a  highly  important  and  rapidly  growing 
branch  of  industry  in  the  United  States  as  well  as  abroad,  a  brief  description  and  explana- 
tion of  it  here  will  not  be  out  of  place. 

The  Bessemer  process  was  patented  in  England  in  the  latter  part  of  1855  by  Henrt 
Bessemer,  and  the  original  invention  consists  in  "forcing  currents  of  air  or  of  steam,  or  of 
air  and  steam,  into  and  among  the  particles  of  molten  crude  iron,  or  of  remelted  pig  or 
refined  iron,  until  the  metal  so  treated  is  thereby  rendered  malleable,  and  has  acquired 
other  properties  common  to  cast  steel,  and  still  retaining  the  fluid  state  of  such  metal,  and 
pouring  or  running  the  same  into  suitable  moulds."  A  second  patent  was  granted  Besse- 
mer in  1855,  for  the  reducing  vessel,  which  was  made  of  egg  shape,  and  of  cast  or  wrought 
iron,  lined  with  fire-clay.  In  1856  another  patent  was  granted  the  same  inventor,  by 
which  crude  iron  or  refined  pig  was  converted  "  into  steel  or  malleable  iron,  without  the 
use  of  fuel  for  reheating  or  continuing  to  heat  the  molten  metal.  This  was  effected  by 
forcing  into  and  among  the  mass  of  molten  metal  currents  of  air  or  gaseous  matter,  capa- 
ble of  evolving  sufficient  oxygen  to  keep  up  the  combustion  of  the  carbon  contained  in 
the  iron,  until  the  conversion  is  accomplished."  Several  other  minor  patents  have  been 
granted  the  same  inventor,  but  those  referred  to  contain  the  gist  of  the  Pneumatic  or  Bes- 
semer process  of  converting  iron  into  steel  or  its  equivalent.  The  object  of  the  process 
is  to  decarbonize  the  metal  by  burning  out  the  carbon  contained  in  it  by  a  current  of 
oxygen,  and  the  original  idea  of  Mr.  Bessemer  seems  to  have  been  to  have  controlled  the 
action  of  the  blast,  so  as  to  stop  tlie  process  at  a  given  point;  thus  leaving  sufficient  carbon 
in  the  metal  to  mark  it  as  steel,  or  to  continue  it  until  the  whole  had  been  eliminated,  and 
malleable  or  molten  "  wrought  iron  "  was  the  product. 

In  practice,  however,  this  could  not  be  successfully  done,  although  it  is  accomplished 
in  Sweden  at  some  works.  It  therefore  became  necessary  to  continue  the  blast  in  all  cases 
until  the  metal  was  thoroughly  decarbonized,  and  then  to  add  carbon  to  the  desired  amount 
to  produce  steel.    This  last  is  most  conveniently  done  by  the  introduction  of  spiegeleisen, 


186 


BESSEMER  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


whicli  being  a  species  of  iron  in  wliicli  tlie  precise  proportion  of  carbon  can  be  definitely 
fixed,  the  exact  amount  added  to  the  Bessemer  metal  is  known.  The  spiegeleisen  has  the 
further  advantage  from  its  large  proportion  of  manganese,  of  absorbing  any  excess  of  oxy- 
gen in  the  Bessemek  metal,  and  of  thus  rendering  it  more  homogeneous.  The  addition  of 
the  spiegeleisen  is  not,  however,  an  invention  of  Henry  Bessemer,  but  is  due  to  Robert 
MusiiET,  of  England,  noted  for  his  knowledge  of  the  metallurgy  of  steel,  by  whom  it  was 
suggested  in  1856.  "Without  this  addition,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  Bessemer  invention, 
at  least  so  far  as  this  country  is  concerned,  would  have  remained  a  dead  letter.  The  Bes- 
semer process,  however,  requires  for  its  material  of  conversion  a  pig-iron  which  shall  not 
contain  j)hosphorus  to  any  appreciable  extent,  and  hence  for  a  long  time  the  first  Bessemer 
works  of  the  United  States  imported  all  the  pig-iron  converted,  from  England,  and  which 
Avas  made  from  "West  Cumberland  ores  free  from  phosphorus.  Later,  and  as  the  demand 
grew  in  this  country,  American  blast-furnace  men  turned  their  attention  to  the  manu- 
facture of  Bessemer  pig  metal,  and  by  the  use  of  the  ores  of  the  Lake  Superior  re- 
gion and  the  Iron  Mountain  of  Missouri,  with  some  others,  it  is  now  produced  in  quantity 
equal  to  the  demand.  Having  thus  briefly  described  the  theory  of  the  Bessemer  process, 
the  method  of  manufacture  will  be  easily  understood. 

The  Bessemer  plant  consists  of  cupola  furnaces  for  melting  the  pig-iron  to  be  con- 
verted into  steel,  a  small  furnace  for  melting  the  spiegeleisen,  the  converters  in  which  the 
molten  pig-iron  is  treated,  a  blowing  engine  to  furnish  the  blast ;  hydraulic  machinery  by 
which  the  converters  are  swung  over  to  receive  the  melted  iron  and  Spiegel  and  to  cast 
their  product,  and  a  moulding  pit,  with  ingot  moulds,  in  which  this  product  is  cast  into 
workable  masses.  All  the  rest  of  the  machinery,  after  this  plant  is  described,  belongs  to 
the  rolling-mill  department,  although  many  improvements  have  been  made  in  this  for 
handling  the  large  masses  of  Bessemer  steel.  The  "  converters  "  are  pear-shaped  iron  ves- 
sels, lined  with  fire-clay  or  other  refractory  material,  and  swung  on  trunnions,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  inversion  and  other  movements.  They  are  in  this  country  usually  of  a  capacity  of 
five  tons,  and  the  bottom  is  pierced  with  holes  to  admit  the  blast  of  air  which  does  the 
work  of  decarbonizing.  One  side  of  these  converters  is  made  with  a  depression  or  swell, 
to  receive  the  molten  pig  metal,  which  otherwise  would  run  down  and  choke  the  tuyeres  or 
blast  holes  when  the  metal  is  charged.  The  minor  details  and  differences  of  the  American 
plant  from  the  English  may  be  omitted  here. 

The  pig-iron  having  been  melted  in  the  cupola  furnaces,  and  the  lining  of  the  convert- 
ers heated,  the  process  begins.  The  converter  is  swung  under  the  runner  of  the  cupola 
and  turned  on  its  side,  the  movement  being  actuated  and  controlled  by  the  hydraxdic  ma- 
chinery, the  valves  of  which  are  regulated  from  a  platform  at  one  side  of  the  converting 
house.  The  cupolas  are  next  tapped,  and  the  converter  receives  its  charge  of  metal  and  is 
swung  up  into  a  perpendicular  position,  the  blast  being  turned  on  at  the  same  time.  The 
beauty  of  the  process  is  now  visible.  The  air,  rushing  through  the  mass  of  iron,  carries  a 
tremendous  column  of  flame  far  above  the  mouth  of  the  converter.  By  the  color  and  char- 
acter of  this  flame  is  traced  the  progress  of  the  operation,  and  formerly  the  spectroscope 
was  used  entirely  to  distinguish  the  elimination  of  the  carbon ;  but  in  practice  the  educated 
eye  is  alone  required  to  detect  the  moment  when,  the  appearance  of  the  flame  changing, 
the  carbon  is  all  gone.  The  blast  is  then  checked,  and  the  converter  swung  over  to  receive 
the  charge  of  spiegel,  which  immediately  diffuses  itself  tliroughout  the  mass,  impregnating 


BESSEMEE  STEEL  WOEKS  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES. 


187 


it  with  the  desired  proportion  of  carbon,  which,  for  boiler  plate,  and  forgings,  tyres,  etc.,  is 
from  0.15  to  0.20  per  cent.,  and  for  rails,  from  0.35  to  0.45  per  cent.,  although  in  practice 
the  railroad  companies  prefer  a  softer  rail,  with  about  0.25  per  cent,  of  carbon.  The 
Spiegel  having  been  mixed  with  the  mass,  a  large  ladle  is  swung  under  the  converter,  which 
is  tipped  up,  and  its  contents  of  converted  pig  metal  poured  into  the  ladle.  This  in  turn 
is  swung  over  the  moulding  pit,  which  is  semicircular  in  form,  and  contains  a  row  of  ingot 
moulds  some  twelve  inches  square  and  three  feet  long.  As  the  ladle  arrives  over  the  cen- 
tre of  each  mould,  a  fire-clay  plug  in  the  bottom  is  moved  out  by  a  lever,  and  the  stream 
of  molten  steel  passes  into  the  mould  until  it  is  filled,  wlien  the  process  is  repeated  with 
the  others,  until  the  whole  product,  or  "  blow,"  of  five  tons  has  been  cast.  Test  ingots  are 
taken  from  each  blow,  and  tlie  percentage  of  carbon  determined,  from  which  the  future 
uses  of  tlie  metal  are  established.  The  whole  operation  being  conducted  almost  entirely  by 
machinery,  there  is  no  noise  or  confusion ;  and  from  the  charging  of  the  metal  until  the 
casting  of  tlie  ingots,  but  a  very  brief  time  is  employed.  From  the  converting  department 
the  ingots  pass  to  the  forge  or  rolling  mill,  as  their  future  use  may  indicate. 

From  the  foregoing  description  the  general  reader  may  clearly  understand  the  process 
of  making  Bessemer  steel. 

The  first  Bessemer  steel  plant  in  the  United  States  was  built  at  the  Rensselaer  Works 
©f  Messrs.  JouN  A.  Griswold  &  Co.,  of  Troy,  New  York,  the  patent  for  the 
Bessemer  process  being  owned  by  the  Pneumatic  Steel  Co.,  of  which  Jno.  A. 
Griswold,  Erastus  CoRNiNa,  and  J.  Winslow  were  the  original  pitrchasers. 
This  plant  consisted  of  a  converter  of  one  and  a  half  tons  capacity,  which  was 
started  in  1865,  and  increased  with  two  five-ton  converters  in  1867.  Early  in  1867  the 
Pennsylvania  Steel  Works  at  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  started  with  two  five-ton  con- 
verters, and  in  the  same  year  the  plant  of  the  Cleveland  Polling  Mill  Co.,  at  Newburg,  near 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  put  in  operation ;  the  latter  works  has  since  doubled  its  capacity,  and 
the  former  projects  an  addition.  The  Troy  works  was  burned  in  1868,  and  rebuilt, 
starting  in  1870,  greatly  improved.  In  1871,  the  Union  Rolling  Mill  Co.,  of  Chicago,  put 
into  operation  two  five-ton  converters,  and  the  Cambria  Iron  Co.,  at  Johnstown,  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  same  number.  The  North  Chicago  Rolling  Mill  Co.  started  a  plant  with  two 
five-ton  converters  in  1872,  and  the  Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Co.,  of  Joliet,  Illinois,  a  similar 
plant  in  January,  1873.  The  Bethlehem  Ii'on  Co.,  of  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  with  two 
five-ton  converters,  went  into  operation  in  October,  1873,  and  the  Edgar  Thomson  Besse- 
mer Steel  Works  is  being  erected  near  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  These  comprise  the 
Bessemer  Works  of  the  United  States,  although  the  great  value  of  the  product  for  rails, 
tyres,  and  many  other  uses,  renders  it  certain  that  the  number  will  be  rapidly  increased,  un- 
less, which  is  doubtful,  a  process  should  be  discovered  superseding  this.  The  progress  and 
improvement  of  the  Bessemer  process  in  the  United  States  is  largely  due  to  Alexander  L. 
IIoLLEY,  Esq.,  of  Troy,  who  has  made  numerous  and  valuable  improvements,  and  also  to 
John  B.  Pearse,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Steel  Works,  Harrisburg,  and  to  Mr.  Henry  Chis- 
noLM,  of  the  Cleveland  Bessemer  Works ;  all  of  whom  have  contributed  valuable  and 
important  improvements  in  the  machinery.  The  process,  however,  owes  its  success  in  this 
country,  in  a  greater  measure  than  to  any  other  one  man,  to  the  late  Hon.  .Tohn  A.  Gris- 
wold, of  Troy,  who  contributed  his  capital,  time,  and  energy  to  make  it  a  commercial  success, 
when  few  manufacturers  in  (his  country  viewed  it  with  aught  else  but  doubt  and  suspicion. 


188  BESSEMER  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  production  of  Bessemer  steel  in  1873  is  estimated  at  about  110,000  tons,  of  which 
85  per  cent,  is  rolled  into  steel  rails. 

The  following  are  the  particulars  of  the  various  Bessemer  Works  : 


New  York. 

Rensselaer  Works. — Proprietors,  John  A.  Griswold  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Troy,  Rensselaer  County.  Two  5  ton  and  one  1^  ton  converters.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 21,000  tons  ingots. 

This  was  the  first  Bessemer  steel  works  in  the  United  States,  and  the  proprietors  may 
be  said  to  have  founded  this  industry  in  our  country.  Many  and  costly  experiments  were 
made  entirely  at  their  expense,  which  succeeding  works  have  profited  by  ;  but  the  works  is 
now  as  complete  in  detail,  and  probably  more  carefully  conducted,  than  any  other  Bessemer 
steel  works  in  the  country. 


Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania  Steel  Works.— Proprietors,  Pennsylvania  Steel  Co.  Oflice,  Fifth 
and  Library  Streets,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  works,  Baldwin  Station,  near  Ilarrisburg, 
Dauphin  County,  Penn.  Number  of  converters,  4,  of  five  tons  capacity  each,  the  additional 
capacity  in  course  of  construction.  Average  annual  capacity,  with  new  w6rks  finished, 
60,000  tons  ingots. 

In  October  last  this  works  made  32  heats  in  22  hours,  and  produced  363,406  j)Ouuds  of 
steel,  and  on  several  occasions  has  made  16  heats  in  12  hours. 

Cambria  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Cambria  Iron  Co.  Ofiice,  218  South  Fourth 
Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  works,  Johnstown,  Cambria  County.  Number  of  con- 
verters, two,  of  five  tons  capacity  each.    Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  tons. 

This  works  has  made  154  heats  in  a  week  of  six  days  and  five  nights,  producing  843-J- 
tons,  or  1,889,120  poimds  of  steel,  during  one  night  of  which  week  210,800  pounds  were 
made. 

Bethlehem  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Bethluhciu  Iron  Co.  Abraham  S. 
ScHROPP,  Secretary ;  John  Fritz,  Superintendent.  Location  of  works,  Bethlehem,  North- 
ampton County,  Penn.  Number  of  converters,  two,  of  five  tons  capacity  each.  Average 
annual  capacity,  30,000  tons  ingots. 

This  works  made  its  first  blow  on  October  4,  1873,  and  with  perfect  success.  Tlie 
rolling  mill  for  the  production  of  steel  rails  from  these  ingots  has  been  built  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  John  Fripz,  and  is  probably  the  finest  and  best  arranged  mill  ol 
the  kind  in  the  world. 

* 


BESSEMER  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


189 


Ohio. 

Newburg  Bessemer  Works. — Proprietors,  Cleveland  Rolling  Mill  Co.    A.  B. 

Stone,  President ;  II.  CnisuoLM,  Superintendent.  Ofiice,  Cleveland,  O.  Location  of 
works,  Newburg,  Cuyahoga  County,  O.  Number  of  converters,  four,  of  five  tons  capacity 
each.    Average  annual  capacity,  50,000  tons  ingots. 

Mr.  CnisuoLM,  superintendent  of  this  works,  has  patented  several  valuable  improve- 
ments in  attaching  converter  bottoms. 

Illinois. 

North  Chicago  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  North  Chicago  Polling  Mill  Co. 
President,  O.  W.  Potter  ;  Treasurer,  E.  B.  Wakd  ;  Secretary,  P.  C.  Hannah.  Office,  19 
Metropolitan  Block,  Chicago.  Location  of  works,  on  north  branch  of  the  Chicago  River, 
Chicago,  111.  Number  of  converters,  two,  of  five  tons  capacity  each.  Average  annual 
capacity,  30,000  tons. 

Union  Bessemer  Works. — Proprietors,  Union  Rolling  Mill  Co.  A.  B.  Stone, 
President,  Chicago,  111.  Location  of  works,  Bridgeport,  South  Chicago,  Cook  County. 
Number  of  converters,  two,  of  five  tons  capacity  each.  Average  annual  capacity,  24,000 
tons. 

Joliet  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Joliet  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  President,  A.  B. 
Meekee  ;  Superintendent,  J.  T.  Tokrence.  Office,  Washington  Street,  Chicago.  Location 
of  works,  Joliet,  "Will  County,  111.  Number  of  converters  two,  of  5  tons  capacity  each. 
Average  annual  capacity,  36,000  tons.  As  this  is  the  latest  of  the  Bessemer  Works  of  the 
West,  the  following  details  of  desoription  will  be  of  interest : 

THE  BESSEMER  WORKS. 

The  converting  building  is  115  by  81  feet,  and  30  feet  high,  with  a  shed  wing  75  by 
42  feet  for  ovens,  weigh-office,  laboratory,  and  moulding  department ;  also  a  smaller  wing 
for  stopper-room  and  ovens.  Adjoining  this  building,  on  one  side,  is  the  melting-house,  115 
by  48  feet,  by  48  feet  high  ;  and  on  the  other  side,  the  engine-house,  70  by  40  feet,  by  40 
feet  high,  large  enough  for  blowing  machinery  for  a  second  Bessemer  plant.  Adjoining 
the  engine-house  is  the  boiler-house,  70  by  42  feet,  by  20  feet  high.  The  extreme  dimen- 
sions of  these  buildings  are  215  by  157  feet.  There  are  9  feet  basements  under  all  these 
buildings,  in  addition  to  the  heights  given,  which  are  taken  from  the  general  level,  9  feet 
above  the  bed  rock.  All  these  structures  are  of  stone,  heavily  buttressed,  and  having  brick- 
arched  doors  and  windows. 

The  roofs  of  the  melting  and  converting  houses  and  wings  are  entirely  of  iron,  and 
these  buildings  are  fire-proof  throughout.  The  roofs  of  the  engine  and  boiler  houses,  in 
which  there  is  no  exposure  to  fire,  and  which  are  separated  from  the  other  buildings  by 


190 


Bp;SSK>IER  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITE-D  STATES. 


continuous  walls  and  parapets,  have  timber  trusses  and  slate  covering.  The  machinery  is 
as  follows :  Eight  boilers,  each  15  by  5  feet,  with  forty  4^  inch  return  tubes,  having  mud 
drums,  domes,  copper  expansion  joints,  wrought-iron  steam  pipes,  and  Langen  grates  for 
burning  slack  coal.  A  double,  vertical,  non-condensing  blowing  engine,  with  poppet  steam 
valves,  having  two  air  cylinders  of  58  inch  diameter,  and  two  steam  cylinders  of  40  inch 
diameter,  with4|-  feet  stroke;  total  height,  32|  feet ;  bed,  11|  by  18  feet ;  fly-wheel,  20  feet 
diameter,  weighing  20  tons.  The  engine  was  built  by  I.  P.  Mokris  &  Co.,  Philadelphia. 
A  WoKTHiNGTON  duplcx  pumpiug  engine  to  actuate  the  hydraulic  machinery  ;  water  cylin- 
ders, 9  inches ;  steam  cylinders,  25  inches ;  stroke,  2  feet.  A  water  accumulator,  with  2-1 
inch  ram,  13;^  feet  stroke,  and  52  ton  weight  box.  An  air  receiver,  48  by  5^  feet.  Two 
feed  pumps,  a  feed-water  heater,  hot-water  tank,  cold-water  tank,  an  artesian  well,  and 
connections  for  the  pressure  pumps,  and  all  the  steam,  feed,  discharge,  and  drainage  pipes, 
cocks,  and  valves  for  the  supply  of  artesian  and  canal  water,  cold  or  hot,  for  all  purposes; 
for  conveying  exhaust  steam,  blow-off,  water  and  drainage  to  the  sewer ;  for  feeding 
boilers,  and  for  supplying  engines  and  pumps.  This  necessiirily  complex  pipe  apparatus  is 
in  the  well-lighted  basement  of  the  engine-house,  and  easily  accessible. 

The  converting-house  machinery  is  as  follows  :  Tv/o  5  ton  converters,  8  feet  in  diame- 
ter by  14  feet  high  over  all,  with  wrought-iron  shells  a«d  trunnions,  made  in  England. 
Also  the  piers,  columns,  and  platforms  for  supporting  and  working  the  same,  and  14  inches 
by  G  feet  hydraulic  rotating  cylinders  with  wi'ought-iron  racks,  and  8  duplicate  bottoms ; 
two  8  inch  hydraulic  lifts  under  the  converters,  with  two  bottom  cars  and  hydraulic  cylin- 
ders for  moving  them,  with  their  connections ;  two  wrought-iron  brick-lined  converter 
stacks  and  hoods ;  a  12  ton  hydraulic  ladle  crane  (20  inch  ram,  6|-  feet  stroke,  and  15|  feet 
jib),  with  rotating,  extension,  and  ladle-tipping  gear,  and  12  duplicate  ladles  and  stopper 
apparatus ;  two  10  ton  Wokthington  side  ingot  cranes  (hydraulic),  with  13  inch  ram,  9  feet 
stroke,  and  22  feet  jib ;  an  English  5  ton  centre  hydraulic  ingot  crane  with  18  inch  ram, 
8|-  feet  lift,  and  21  feet  jib.  A  regulator,  consisting  of  a  working  platform,  and  distribu- 
ting pipes  and  tanks  for  air  and  water  to  converters,  ladle  b4owers,  and  all  hydraulic  cranes 
and  cylinders,  with  the  necessary  valves  and  hand  levers ;  a  casting  pit  37  feet  diameter, 
and  mould  stands  ;  an  English  hydraulic  crane  (like  the  ofle  before  mentioned)  iu  the  mould- 
ing wing ;  a  steam  hammer  and  fire  for  testing  trial  ingots ;  oven  cars,  ingot  cars,  and  the 
necessary  tools,  fixtures,  and  movables. 

All  the  hydraulic  and  air  pipes  lie  in  a  9^  by  6^  feet  lighted,  brick -arched  tunnel  on 
the  bed  rock,  and  under  the  general  floor,  where  they  are  protected  from  frost  by  steam 
radiators,  and  where  they  are  conveniently  accessible  for  repairs. 

The  converters  and  their  moving  gear,  and  three  of  the  five  cranes  (all  of  English 
manufacture)  and  the  blowing  engine,  were  removed  from  the  Freedom  Iron  and  Steel 
Works,  and  rearranged  in  accordance  with  modern  plans. 

The  melting-house  machinery  is  as  follows :  Two  2  ton  elevators  with  45  feet  lift, 
actuated  by  hydraulic  cylinders  9  inches  diameter  by  22|^  feet  stroke,  and  all  the  necessary 
platforms,  coke  and  iron  cars  and  charging  scales ;  three  5  feet  (internal)  cupola  furnaces 
14  feet  high,  with  fire-brick-lined  stacks,  tuyere  boxes,  valves,  slag-discharging  apparatus, 
spouts,  etc.  (room  and  supporting  walls  are  made  for  a  fourth  cupola  if  required) ;  two  13 
ton  ladles  for  melted  iron  ;  two  20  ton  Fairbanks  scales  (all  iron)  for  supporting  the  ladles 
and  weighing  the  charges  ;  boiler-plate  spouts  and  runners  with  their  platforms,  from  the 


BESSEMER  STEEL  V/ORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  191 

ladles  and  spiegel  furnaces  to  the  converters;  two  reverberatory  furnaces,  eaclp^G. by -6 
feet  over  all,  by  G  feet  liigli,  with  independent  sheet-iron,  fire-brick-lined  stacks  fol^'melt- 
ing  spiegeleisen ;  a  cupola  charging  floor  44  by  22  feet  over  all,  and  37  feet  above  thg-:;^ 
general  level,  composed  of  cast  and  wrought  iron  beams  and  iron  floor,  supported  on  iron 
columns ;  an  iron  floor  (25  feet  high)  aroimd  the  cupola  and  spiegel  furnaces,  the  I'est  of 
this  25  feet  floor  being  paved  with  stone ;  an  iron  floor  44  by  14  feet  around  the  ladles ; 
a  floor  115  by  12  feet  (made  of  iron  plates  behind  the  converters),  8|-  feet  above  the  gen- 
eral level  in  the  rear  of  the  convei'ters ;  a  vertical  engine  20  by  26  inches,  and  line  shaft- 
ing and  pulleys  for  driving  the  fans  and  grinding  machinery ;  a  ISTo.  8  Stuktevant  pressure 
blower,  and  fixtures  and  pipes  for  driving  the  cupolas ;  a  duplicate  of  the  same ;  a  No.  6 
Stuktevant  fan  for  blowing  the  spiegel  furnaces  ;  a  Blake  crusher,  and  a  Storee  crusher, 
and  connections  for  preparing  refractory  materials  for  vessel  linings,  etc. ;  two  cinder  mills 
and  connections  for  cleaning  cupola  debris  and  saving  the  shot  iron  ;  store  liins  under  the 
ladles  and  cupolas,  and  on  the  various  floors  for  fuel,  tuyeres,  and  refractory  materials ; 
inclined  cupola  dischargers,  which  deposit  the  cupola  and  other  debris  outside  the  building ; 
and  all  the  necessary  tools  and  working  details.  The  cupolas,  ladles,  spiegel  furnaces,  and 
all  heavy  parts,  stand  on  stone  piers,  walls  and  arches,  faced  with  brick  where  exposed  to 
fire,  the  spaces  between  and  around  them  being  utilized  for  storing  purposes. 

As  an  evidence  of  American  rolling-mill  construction,  we  append   the  following 
description  of  the 

NEW  STEEL-RAIL  MILL. 

This  building  stands  GOO  feet  west  of  the  converting  works,  ample  space  between  them 
being  left  for  a  second  Bessemer  plant,  and  an  open  hearth,  or  other  steel-making  plant. 
The  rail  mill  is  445  feet  long  by  105  feet  wide,  and  25  feet  high,  with  two  transepts  of  85 
feet  span,  the  one  being  40  feet  and  the  other  20  feet  long ;  also  a  shed  wing  125  by  40 
feet.  This  building  consists  of  60  stone  piers,  5  feet  wide  by  30  inches  thick,  and  20  feet 
Apart  centres,  sui-mounted  by  arches  with  brick  voussoirs  of  15  feet  span,  filled  in  with 
windows  and  wooden  doors.  Over  each  side  pier  is  a  compound  truss,  consisting  of  timber 
top  chord  and  iron  bottom  chord.  These  are  connected  by  12  by  2  inch  timber  perlins, 
upon  which  rest  the  sheet-iron  covering  and  iron  ventilators. 

The  heating  end  of  the  mill  is  large  enough  to  contain  six  Siemens  gas  furnaces  of  the 
largest  class.  The  two  furnaces  erected  are  double,  being  26  by  16  feet  over  all,  each  bed 
being  16  by  6^  feet.  Each  furnace  takes  16  three-rail  ingots  at  a  time.  Chimney  and  gas 
flues  from  the  producers  are  already  built  for  all  the  furnaces,  and  a  sheet-iron,  brick-lined 
chimney,  h\  feet  diameter  by  85  feet  high,  is  erected  for  three  furnaces.  Each  furnace  is 
stayed  with  wrought  iron  buck-staves  and  trusses  of  the  strongest  description,  and  provided 
with  double  fire-brick  regenerators,  air  and  gas  valves  and  dampers,  and  hydraulic  charging 
apparatus,  by  wliich  the  ingots,  hot  from  the  converting  works,  are  charged  without  rehand- 
ling,  and  by  which  they  are  drawn  to  be  bloomed. 

The  gas  producers  occupy  a  stone  building  96-J-  by  44  feet,  with  roof  and  ventilators 
entirely  of  iron,  situated  near  the  rail  mill,  and  convenient  for  the  reception  of  coal.  It  is 
large  enough  for  20  producers,  and  at  present  contains  12,  with  their  .gas  stacks,  dampers, 
cooling  tubes,  charging  hoppers,  coal  railways,  and  chutes  and  ash  discharge.  The  producers 
are  in  nests  of  four  each,  each  nest  being  IS  by  20  feet  over  all,  by  9  feet  high,  and  having  the 
25 


192 


BESSEJfER  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


most  approved  sliapes  and  appliances.  Tlie  engines,  standing  in  the  rail-mill  transepts,  are 
118  feet  apart  centres;  the  two  trains  stand  between  them  on  continnous  shoes  98  feet  long. 

The  rail  train  consists  of  three  stands  of  three-high  23  inch  rolls  and  a  stand  of  pinions, 
made  complete,  with  gnides,  guards,  and  appurtenances,  by  Moore,  of  Philadelphia.  The 
rail-train  engine,  by  Corliss,  was  specially  designed  for  these  works,  and  is  vertical  and 
condensing,  having  a  40  inch  cylinder  and  5  feet  stroke,  with  a  58  ton  30  feet  fly-wheel, 
and  a  20  inch  shaft,  with  journals  17  by  36  inches. 

The  blooming  train,  to  reduce  14  inch  ingots  into  three  7  inch  rail  blooms  each,  was 
built  by  Moore,  of  Philadelphia,  and  consists  of  one  stand  of  30  inch,  three-high  rolls  5 
feet  long,  with  pinions  and  fixti;res  complete  ;  also,  Fritz's  power  feeding  tables,  by  the 
aid  of  which  three  men  roll  an  ingot  weighing  a  ton  in  four  minutes.  The  blooming 
engine,  by  Corliss,  is  vertical  and  condensing,  having  a  32  inch  cylinder  and  5  feet  stroke, 
with  a  40  ton,  25  feet  fly-wheel,  and  a  17  inch  shaft,  with  journals  14  by  30  inches. 

The  boilers  occupy  a  separate  stone  building,  85  by  48^  feet,  with  roof  and  ventilators 
entirely  of  iron.  It  is  situated  close  to  the  rail  mill,  and  convenient  to  the  coal  supply. 
There  are  eight  boilers  and  fixtures  almost  exactly  like  those  in  the  converting  works,  and 
there  is  room  for  two  more. 

An  English  pressure  pump,  with  two  plungers  3^  inches  each,  and  a  14  inch  steam  cylin- 
der, 30  inch  stroke ;  also,  a  12  inch  accumulator ;  also,  a  boiler  feed  pump,  are  placed  in  the 
rail  engine  transept.    The  former  drives  the  charging  machinery  and  the  blooming  tables. 

The  steam,  injection,  feed,  blow-oif,  overflow,  and  hydraulic  pipes  and  valves  (water 
being  taken  from  the  main,  and  also  from  an  artesian  well)  are  necessarily  numerous. 
They  are  conveniently  situated  in  a  4  by  4|-  feet  stone  tunnel,  leading  to  the  main  water 
supply  tunnel  before  mentioned.  They  are  mostly  of  wrought  iron,  with  copper  expansion 
joints.    The  exhaust  steam  from  all  the  non-condensing  engines  is  led  into  this  tunnel. 

The  engine  and  train  foundations  are  masses  of  dimension  stone  of  great  size  and  thick- 
ness, laid  in  cement  on  the  bed  rock  in  the  most  durable  manner.  A  tunnel  passes  under- 
neath the  entire  train,  from  engine  to  engine,  to  get  at  the  foundation  bolts,  and  the 
drainage  system  is  all  above  this. 

The  rail-finishing  apparatus  consists  of  a  IG  by  12  inch  saw  engine  and  saws  and 
carriage,  by  Moore,  of  Philadelphia,  straightening  and  curving  plates ;  two  hot  beds  on 
cast-iron  stands,  with  rollers,  the  total  hot-bed  area  being  108  by  30  feet ;  a  cold  bed,  108 
by  30  feet ;  two  steam  straightening  presses,  by  Moore  ;  two  punching  machines,  of 
the  same  make ;  four  rail-drilling  machines,  by  Bement,  of  Philadelphia ;  an  engine 
(built  in  the  shops),  with  16  by  12  inch  cylinder,  for  driving  the  punches  and  drills ;  rollers 
for  carrying  the  rail  to  the  saws,  and  power-driving  gear.  The  saws  are  80  feet  from  the 
centre  of  rail  train,  thus  allowing  the  rolling  of  GO  feet  rails  and  long  merchant  steel  and  iron. 

In  the  rear  of  the  blooming  train  stands  a  3  ton  steam  hammer  by  Sellers,  of 
Philadelphia,  with  25  ton  block,  crane,  and  fixtures.  Rolls  and  couplings  are  to  be  changed 
by  a  travelling  crane  running  the  length  of  both  trains. 

There  is  room  on  the  rail-train  shoes  and  power  in  the  rail  engine  for  two  more  stands 
of  rolls,  to  run  together  with  the  rail  train,  for  rolling  either"  tops  and  bottoms  for  iron 
rails,  or  iron  rails,  or  large  merchant  iron  and  steel  of  any  description.  These  rolls  can  be 
changed  while  the  rail  mill  is  running,  thus  saving  the  immense  cost  of  stopping  to  change 
for  small  orders. 


CRUCIBLE  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


CRUCIBLE  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


Probably  no  brancli  of  mamifactiires  in  the  United  States  lias  had  a  more  difficult 
course  to  pursue  in  commanding  success,  than  the  Crucible  Steel  trade.  "Within  a  very  few- 
years  the  query,  "  Who  uses  American  steel  ? "  was  as  common  as  the  English  sneer,  "  Who 
reads  an  American  book  ? "  As  in  the  latter  ease  our  native  talent  has  commanded  the 
respect  and  admiration  of  the  world,  so  in  the  former,  the  American  steel  manufacturer 
has  triumphed  over  graver  obstacles  than  ever  beset  any  other  trade,  and  to-day  American 
Steel  is  not  only  generally  used  in  the  United  States,  but  is  also  exported,  especially  to 
Russia,  while  tools  of  American  make  have  in  certain  specialties  driven  the  Sheffield  article 
from  foreign  markets  entirely. 

We  have  no  record  of  who  made  the  first  crucible  steel  in  the  United  States,  but  he 
was  a  bold  man,  since  from  the  days  of  Huntsman  to  within  a  very  brief  period,  all  steel 
makers  surrounded  their  art  with  a  mystery  and  cloud  which  premised  an  occult  process  as 
mysterious  as  alchemy  itself.    To  the  energy  and  courage  of  a  few  men,  })rinci2)ally  in 

,  Pittsburg,  is  due  the  success  of  American  steel,  and  especially  of  divesting  it  of  its  mystery. 

\  The  difficulties  encountered  in  the  trade  were  not  only  from  foreign  competition,  but  skilled 
labor  had  to  be  imported  at  extra  wages;  that  done,  a  hard  fight  was  to  be  fought  in  Con- 
gress for  sufficient  protection  to  allow  the  industry  to  grow,  and  this  in  the  face  of  the  most 
powerful  and  wealthy  trade  combination  of  the  w^orld,  the  allied  steel  nuxkcrs  of  England 
and  the  importers  of  the  United  States.  This  successfully  overcome,  a  new  difficulty  arose 
in  that  the  English  manufacturer,  while  competing  under  our  tariff,  nullified  its  benefits  to 
the  native  steel  maker  by  invoicing  his  goods  far  below  their  value  or  selling  price,  and 
thus  escaping  the  legitimate  duty,  underselling  his  American  competitor  just  enough  to  hold 
the  market.  The  late  James  M.  Cooper,  of  Pittsburg,  employed  many  years  of  his  life  in 
fighting  this  battle,  fortixnately,  shortly  before  his  death,  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
the  victory  gained.  The  crucible  steel  business  is  one  which  has  not  permitted  of  as  many 
or  so  radical  improvements  as  iron  making,  being  carried  on  in  smaller  proportion,  at 
greater  expense,  and  with  heavy  losses  attending  failure  in  experimenting.  The  advance- 
ment has,  however,  been  steady ;  the  invention  or  discovery  of  Heath,  of  England,  in  the 
use  of  manganese,  and  the  Siemens  furnace  giving  a  steady,  easily  controlled,  and  intense 
gas  heat,  have  been  the  principal.  Mr.  James  Park,  of  Pittsburg,  has  made  many  valu- 
able improvements,  and  his  product  is  celebrated  for  quality.  Numerous  processes  have 
been  patented,  and  indeed  are  daily,  for  the  production  of  crucible  steel  castings,  but  none 
have  been  entirely  successful  in  avoiding  porosity  in  the  product  as  yet.  Nor  has  there 
been  any  great  progress  in  extending  the  capacity  of  production,  which  must  necessarily  be 


196 


CRUCIBLE  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


small  wliile  steel  is  made  in  crueiLles  or  pots  of  small  capacity.  Each  in  turn  of  the  new 
processes  has  promised  a  grade  of  steel  equal  to  crucible  steel,  but  none,  either  Bessemer's, 
Maetin's,  or  Heaton's,  valuable  as  their  product  is  for  other  uses,  has  supplied  a  metal  pos- 
sessing the  characteristics  of  true  crucible  steel,  the  demand  for  which  must  always  be  very 
considerable.  An  American  inventor  claims  to  have  discovered  a  process  by  which  cruci- 
ble steel,  or  a  grade  of  like  quality,  may  be  made  in  large  quantities,  and  also  to  make 
solid  castings  to  shape  of  any  size,  of  the  same  metal.  Should  his  performance  bear  out  the 
promise,  the  production  may  be  enlarged,  otherwise  substitutes  for  the  really  noble  metal, 
the  true  metallum  onartis,  must  continue  to  be  used.  The  production  of  crucible  steel  in 
the  United  States  in  1873,  is  placed  at  near  28,000  tons,  as  estimated  against  32,000  tons  in 
1872  ;  the  diminution,  if  correct,  being  due  to  the  panic  of  1873.  The  prices  have  ranged 
nearly  steady  for  the  year,  and  are  now  but  slightly  below  those  of  the  imported  article, 
quality  being  fully  equal  and  in  notable  instances  superior. 

The  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  the  United  States,  with  their  capacity  and  details  of  in- 
terest, are  grouped  in  the  following  pages  : 


Pennsylvania. 

Pittsburg  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Anderson  &  Woods.  Location  of  works. 
First  Avenue  and  Ross  Street,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Branch  houses,  74  and  75  North  Street, 
Boston ;  C.  H.  Whitney  &  Son,  142  Gi-eenwich  Street,  New  York ;  W.  F.  Potts,  Son  & 
Co.,  1225  Market  Street,  Philadelphia. 

This  works  was  established  in  1845,  making  best  refined  cast  steel,  and  cast  and  Ger- 
man plough  and  spring  steel,  with  an  excellent  reputation  for  quality. 

Labelle  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Reiter,  SurroN  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Eidge,  Lighthill,  and  Belmont  Streets,  and  Ohio  River,  Allegheny.  Post-ofRce  address, 
Pittsburg,  Penn.    This  firm  make  all  khids  of  steel,  also  springs,  axles,  rake  teeth,  etc. 

Sheffield  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Singer,  Nimick  &  Co.  Warehouse,  83  Water 
and  100  First  Streets,  Pittsburg,  Penn.    Location  of  works,  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

This  works  was  established  in  1848.  The  specialty  is  an  exti-a  quality  of  tool  cast 
steel,  also  patent  rolled  saw  plates,  with  all  descriptions  of  spring  and  plough  steel,  springs, 
axles,  tire,  agricultural  steels,  etc. 

Hussey,  Wells  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Penn  and  Seventeenth  Streets,  Pittsburg. 
Branch  oflices :  30  Gold  Street,  New  York ;  13  and  15  Custom  House  Street,  Boston,  and 
54  Fifth  Avenue,  Chicago.  This  firm  makes  a  specialty  of  best  refined  cast  steel  for 
edge  tools,  and  homogeneous  plates  for  locomotives,  boilers,  and  tire  boxes  ;  as  also  smoke- 
stack steel,  cast  steel  forgings  for  crank  pins,  car  axles,  etc.,  with  a  particular  brand  of 
"IIussEY,  Wells  &  Co.'s  Cast  Spring  Steel"  for  eliptic  springs  for  car  and  locomotive 
uses.    The  works  is  extensive,  and  supplied  with  all  the  best  appliances. 


CEUCIBLE  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


197 


Crescent  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Miller,  Bakr  &  Paekin.  Office,  339  Lib- 
erty Street,  Pittsburg.    Location  of  worlcs,  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

This  works  manufactures  all  descriptions  of  steel,  and  has  obtained  great  celebrity  for 
the  "  Crescent "  brand  of  tool  steel,  which  is  considered  by  many  tool  makers  as  equal  to 
the  best  imported  article. 

Wayne  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Bkown  &  Co.  Office  and  works, 
corner  Duquesne,  Way,  and  Tenth  Streets,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  {See  also  ItolLinij  Mills  of 
Pittsburg.) 

The  steel  specialty  of  this  firm  are  the  Wayne  and  "  IT.  S."  brands  of  best  refined  steel 
(converted),  and  cast  steel,  iron  centre  cast  steel  for  ploughs  and  cultivators,  and  agricultural 
steels  in  great  variety. 

A.  J.  Nellis. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Manufacturer  of  agricultural 
steels  as  a  specialty,  plough  wings,  patent  hay  forks,  and  all  varieties  of  agricxdtural  ma- 
chine steel  under  special  process. 

Black  Diamond  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Park  Bros.  &  Co.  Location  of 
works,  Thirtieth,  Thirty-first  Streets,  and  Railroad  Avenue,  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Fort  Pitt  Iron  and  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Reese,  Graff  &  Co.  Location 
of  works.  Thirty-second  Street,  near  Penn,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Product,  crucible  and  con- 
verted steels,  rolled  and  hammered,  machinery  and  agricultural  steels,  in  great  variety. 

Midvale  Steel  Works. — Location  of  works,  Midvale,  near  Mcetown,  Philadelphia. 

This  works  was  formerly  under  the  title  of  The  William  Butcher  Steel  Works, 
and  passed  through  the  vicissitudes  frequent  with  the  establishment  of  extensive  works. 
The  product  manufactured  includes  crucible,  carbon,  Martin,  and  chrome  steels ;  and  the 
works  is  fitted  with  excellent  machinery,  improved  apj^liances,  Siemens  furnaces,  and  all 
the  necessary  apparatus.  It  is  very  favorably  situated  on  the  Richmond  branch  of  the 
Philadelphia,  Reading  and  Pottsville  Railroad,  and  supplied  with  the  necessary  sidings. 
The  buildings  are  of  brick,  with  fire-proof  roof,  and  of  very  imposing  appearance.  The 
works  is  within  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  is  easy  of  access  by  either 
steam  or  horse  cars.  This  works  has  furnished  most,  if  not  all,  the  steel  used  for  the  great 
bridge  over  the  Missouri  River,  at  St.  Louis.  The  appliances  are  sufficient  for  the  manu- 
facture of  steel  shafts,  axles,  locomotive  tyres,  heavy  forgings  in  ingot  steel,  all  of  which 
are  produced  here. 

Keystone  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Henry  Disston  &  Sons.  Location  of  works. 
Front  and  Laurel  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

The  specialty  of  this  works  is  saws,  in  which  line  the  firm  are  the  largest  producers  in 
the  world,  and  have  introduced  their  goods  successfully  throughout  foreign  markets.  Cru- 
cible steel  is  also  largely  manufactured,  not  only  for  the  consumption  of  the  works  and  to 
be  rolled  into  saw  plates,  but  for  the  trade  in  general,  in  both  ingot  and  bar  steel.  Ar- 
rangements are  now  being  made  for  adding  the  manufacture  of  files  to  the  specialties  of 


198 


CRUCIBLE  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


this  firm,  and  the  reputation  of  their  goods  renders  it  certain  that  when  introduced  Diss- 
ton's  files  will  speedily  gain  the  renown  for  excellence  of  product  and  honesty  of  work- 
manship which  Disston's  saws  now  possess. 

This  firm  has  already  been  frequently  noted  for  its  kindliness  to  employes  and  charity 
to  the  suffering  poor,  a  noteworthy  instance  of  which  is  that  diiring  the  winter  of  1873,  in 
order  to  alleviate  as  far  as  possible  the  sufferings  of  the  imemployed  workmen  and  their 
families  of  their  district,  this  firm  has  maintained  entirely  at  its  own  expense  a  large  soup 
house,  supplying  free  both  soup  and  bread  in  quantity. 

The  firm  and  their  workmen  are  large  subscribers  to  the  stock  of  the  Centennial  Ex- 
position, and  have  always  shown  a  commendable  pride  in  the  welfare  of  the  great  manu- 
facturing city  in  which  they  are  one  of  the  most  fitting  exponents  of  the  dignity  of  Amer- 
ican skilled  labor. 

Fairmount  Steel  Works,— Proprietors,  Alex.  Foster  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Twenty-fourth  Street  and  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  Philadelphia. 

The  specialty  of  this  works  is  crucible  steel,  tool,  refined,  and  bar  steel,  and  light  steel 
forgings.  The  quality  of  the  product  ranks  high,  and  the  members  of  the  firm  are  all 
practical  steel  melters  and  makers. 

Baldwin  &  Livezey.— Location  of  works,  Margaret  Street,  Frankford,  Philadel- 
phia.   Product,  crucible  and  bar  steel,  and  ingots. 

Rowland's  Steel  Works.— Proprietors,  William  &  Hakvey  Rowland.  Charac- 
ter of  product,  Norway  shapes,  spring  and  ingot  steel. 

This  firm  lias  lately  completed  a  new  and  expensive  works  on  the  Delaware  Eiver,  at 
the  mouth  of  Frankford  Creek,  in  Frankford,  Philadelphia.  This  firm  has  been  connectec 
with  the  steel  trade  for  many  years,  and  is  well  known  throughout  the  United  States. 

Crucible  Steel  Works.— Proprietors,  Crucible  Steel  Co.  Location  of  works 
Lewistown,  Penn.  Office,  218  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia.  Character  of  product 
cast-steel  ingots,  tyres,  axles,  forgings,  castings,  etc. 

Logan  Iron  and  Steel  Co.— Location  of  works,  Lewistown,  Penn.  Office,  218  Soutl 
Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia.    Axles,  forgings,  etc. 

New  Jersey. 

D.  G-.  Gautier  &  Co.— Dudley  CI.  Gautier,  Jostaii  II.  Gautier.  Location  u 
works,  Warren  Street,  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey. 

This  firm  makes  a  specialty  of  crucible  cast  steel,  and  hammered  and  rolled  steel  of  ever 
description.    New  York  office,  12  CM  Street.    Established  1869. 

Newayk  Steel  Works.— G.  P.  Alha  &  Co.   Location  of  works,  Newark,  New  J erse.^ 
The  spe(*iulty  of  this  company  is  hammered  and  rolled  cast  steel,  of  which  the  prodiu 
has  gained  an  excellent  reputation.    The  company  employs  ninety  men,  and  propose  u 


CEUCIBLE  STEEL  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


199 


creasing  the  capacity  of  their  works,  which  includes  four  steam  hammers,  three  trains  of 
rolls,  and  four  engines,  beside  the  usual  melting  and  heating  furnaces. 

Adirondack  Steel  Manufacturing  Co. — Proprietors,  Gregoky  &  Co.  H.  J. 
Hopper,  Superintendent.  Established  lSi7.  Product,  all  kinds  of  cast  steel.  Number  of 
men  employed,  100.    Location  of  works,  foot  of  Warren  Street,  Jersey  City. 

J ersey  City  Steel  "Works. — Proprietors,  James  E.  Thompson  &  Co.  Location  of 
works,  Warren  Street,  Jersey  City.  Manufacture  hammered  and  rolled  cast  steel  of  all 
descriptions.    Employs  100  hands. 

Fompton  Steel  "Works. — Location  of  works,  Pompton.  Proprietors,  J ames  Hoknee 
&  Co.  New  York  office,  47  Warren  Street.  Character  of  product,  cast  steel,  ingots,  and 
tool  steel.    Employ  200  hands. 

Crucible  Steel  Works  of  New  York. 

Atlantic  Steel  Works. — Richardson,  Boynton  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Brook- 
lyn. New  York  office,  234  Water  Street.  Manufacturers  of  tool,  spring,  and  machinery  cast 
steel,  solid  steel  picks  and  crowbars,  billets,  forgings,  railroad  supplies,  etc. 

Union  Steel  and  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  C.  B.  Morse  &  J.  A.  Bennett. 
Location  of  works,  Ehinebeck,  New  York.  Office,  57  Cedar  Street.  Manufacture  under 
Morse's  patent. 

Chrome  Steel  Co. — Location  of  works,  Kent  Avenue  and  Keap  Street,  Brooklyn, 
New  York.    Character  of  product,  chrome  cast  steel. 

Mott  Haven  Steel  Works.— Mott  Haven  Steel  Co.  Wm.  Rider,  President ;  E. 
Eider,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  Location  of  works,  Mott  Haven,  New  York.  Not  in 
operation  now. 

Sweet  Manufacturing  Co. — W.  A.  Sweet  &  G.  W.  Harwood.    Tires,  springs, 
etc.    Location  of  works,  Syracuse,  New  York.    Rolled  and  hammered  steel  a  specialty- 
Employ  large  number  of  hands  in  melting  and  rolling  department  of  works. 

Connecticut. 

American  Silver  Steel  Works.— Location  of  works,  Bridgeport.  F.  L.  Gleason, 
Treasurer.    Established  1869.    Character  of  product,  cast  steel,  ingots,  and  tool  steel. 

Farist  Steel  Co. — J.  Farist,  President ;  J.  B.  Windsor,  Treasurer.  Character  of 
product,  cast  steel,  ingots,  and  tool  steel. 

Large  quantities  of  steel  are  made  in  various  parts  of  the  country  by  cementation,  but 
the  above  comprises  the  crucible  steel  works  in  active  operation  in  the  United  States. 
26 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


THE  BALDWIN  LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS. 

The  following  extended  history  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  "Works  is  included  here, 

because  while  furnishing  valuable  information  in  regard  to  the  greatest  locomotive  works 
of  the  world,  it  is  also  a  record  of  the  progress  of  locomotive  engineering  in  the  United 
States : 

Matthias  W.  Baldwin,  the  founder  of  this  establishment,  learned  the  trade  of  a  jew- 
eler, and  entered  the  service  of  Fletcher  &  Gakdinee,  jewellers  and  silversmiths,  Philadel- 
phia, in  1817.  Two  years  later  he  opened  a  small  shop,  in  the  same  line  of  business,  on  his 
own  account.  The  demand  for  articles  of  this  character  falling  off,  however,  he  formed  a 
partnership,  in  1825,  with  Davh)  Mason,  a  machinist,  in  the  manufacture  of  bookbinders' 
tools  and  cylinders  for  calico-printing.  Their  shop  was  in  a  small  alley  which  runs  north 
from  Walnut  Street,  above  Fourth.  They  afterwards  removed  to  Minor  Street,  below  Sixth. 
The  business  was  so  successful  that  steam-power  became  necessary  in  carrying  on  their 
manufactures,  and  an  engine  was  bought  for  the  purpose.  This  proving  unsatisfactory,  Mr. 
Baldwin  decided  to  design  and  construct  one  which  should  be  specially  adapted  to  the  re- 
quirements of  his  shop.  One  of  these  requirements  was  that  it  should  occupy  the  least  possi- 
ble space,  and  this  was  met  by  the  construction  of  an  upright  engine  on  a  novel  and  ingenious 
plan.  On  a  bed  plate  about  five  feet  square,  an  upright  cylinder  was  placed  ;  the  piston-rod 
connected  to  a  cross  bar  having  two  legs,  turned  downward,  and  sliding  in  grooves  on  the 
sides  of  the  cylinder,  which  thus  formed  the  guides.  To  the  sides  of  these  legs,  at  their  lower 
ends,  was  connected  by  pivots  an  inverted  U-shaped  frame,  prolonged  at  the  arch  into  a  single 
rod,  which  took  hold  of  the  crank  of  a  fly-wheel  carried  by  upright  standards  on  the  bed 
plate.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  length  of  the  ordinary  separate  guide  bars  was  thus  saved, 
and  the  whole  engine  was  brought  witliin  the  smallest  possible  compass.  The  design  of  the 
machine  was  not  only  unique,  but  its  workmanship  was  so  excellent,  and  its  efficiency  so 
great,  as  readily  to  procure  for  Mr.  Baldwin  orders  for  additional  stationary  engines.  His 
attention  was  thus  turned  to  steam-engineering,  and  the  way  was  prepared  for  his  grappling 
with  the  problem  of  the  locomotive  when  the  time  should  arrive. 

This  original  stationary  engine,  constructed  prior  to  1830,  has  been  in  almost  con- 
stant service  since  its  completion,  and  at  this  day  is  still  in  use,  furnishing  all  the  power 
required  to  drive  the  machinery  in  the  erecting  shop  of  the  present  works.    The  visitor 


206 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


who  beliolds  it  quietly  performing  its  regular  duty  in  a  corner  of  tlie  shop,  may  justly  re 
gard  it  with  considerable  interest,  as  in  all  probability  the  indirect  foundation  of  the  Bald- 
win Locomotive  Works,  and  permitted  still  to  contribute  to  the  operation  of  the  mammoth 
industry  which  it  was  instrumental  in  building  up. 

The  manufacture  of  stationary  steam-engines  thus  took  a  prominent  place  in  the  estab- 
lishment, and  Mr.  Mason  shortly  afterward  withdrew  from  the  business. 

In  1829-30,  the  use  of  steam  as  a  motive  power  on  railroads  had  begun  to  engage  the 
attention  of  American  engineers.  A  few  locomotives  had  been  imported  from  England, 
and  one  (which,  however,  was  not  successful)  had  been  constructed  at  the  West  Point 
Foundry,  in  New  York  City.  To  gratify  the  public  interest  in  the  new  motor,  Mr.  Fkank- 
LiN  Peale,  then  proprietor  of  the  Philadelphia  Museum,  applied  to  Mr.  Baldwin  to  con- 
struct a  miniature  locomotive  for  exhibition  in  his  establishment.  With  the  aid  only  of  the 
imperfect  published  descriptions  and  sketches  of  the  locomotives  which  had  taken  part  in 
the  Rainhill  competition  in  England,  Mr.  Baldwin  undertook  the  work,  and  on  the  25th 
of  April,  1831,  the  miniature  locomotive  was  put  in  motion  on  a  circular  track  made  of 
pine  boards  covered  with  liooj)  iron,  in  the  rooms  of  the  Museum.  Two  small  cars,  con- 
taining seats  for  four  passengers,  were  attached  to  it,  and  the  novel  spectacle  attracted 
crowds  of  admiring  spectators.  Both  anthracite  and  pine-knot  coal  were  used  as  fuel, 
and  the  exhaust  steam  was  discharged  into  the  chimney,  thus  utilizing  it  to  increase  the 
draught. 

The  success  of  the  model  was  such  that,  in  the  same  year,  Mr.  Baldwin  received  an 
order  for  a  locomotive  from  the  Philadelphia,  Germantown  and  Norristown  Railroad  Com- 
pany, whose  short  line  of  six  miles  to  Germantown  was  operated  by  horse-power.  The 
Camden  and  Amljoy  Railroad  Company  had  shortly  before  imported  a  locomotive  from 
England,  which  was  stored  in  a  shed  at  Bordentown.  It  had  not  yet  been  put  together ; 
but  Mr.  Baldwin,  in  company  with  his  friend,  Mr.  Peale,  visited  the  spot,  inspected  the 
detached  parts,  and  made  a  few  memoranda  of  some  of  its  principal  dimensions.  Guided 
by  these  figures  and  his  exj^erieiice  with  the  Peale  model,  Mr.  Baldwin  commenced  the 
task.  The  difficulties  to  be  overcome  in  filling  the  order  can  hardly  be  appreciated  at  this 
day.  There  were  few  mechanics  competent  to  do  any  part  of  the  work  on  a  locomotive. 
Suitable  tools  were  with  difficidty  obtained.  Cylinders  were  bored  by  a  chisel  fixed  in  a 
block  of  wood  and  turned  by  hand.  Blacksmiths  able  to  weld  a  bar  of  iron  exceeding  one 
and  one-cpiarter  inch  in  thickness,  were  few,  or  not  to  be  had.  It  was  necessary  for  Mr. 
Baldwin  to  do  much  of  the  work  with  his  own  hands,  to  educate  the  workmen  who  assisted 
him,  and  to  improvise  tools  for  the  various  processes. 

The  work  was  prosecuted,  nevertheless,  under  all  these  difficidties,  and  the  locomotive 
was  finally  completed,  christened  the  "  Old  Ironsides,"  and  tried  on  the  road,  November 
23,  1832.  The  circumstances  of  the  trial  are  fully  preserved,  and  are  given,  further  on,  in 
the  extracts  from  the  journals  of  the  day.  Despite  some  imperfections,  naturally  occurring 
in  a  first  effort,  and  which  were  afterward,  to  a  great  extent,  remedied,  the  engine  was,  for 
that  early  day,  a  marked  and  gratifying  success.  It  was  put  at  once  into  service,  as  appears 
from  the  Company's  advertisement  three  days  after  the  trial,  and  did  duty  on  the  German- 
town  road  and  others,  for  over  a  score  of  years. 

The  "  Ironsides  "  was  a  four-wheeled  engine,  modelled  essentially  on  the  English  prac- 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Fig.  1.— The    Ou)  Ironsides,"  1832. 


tice  of  tliat  day,  as  shown  in  the  "  Planet  "  class,  and  weighed,  in  running 
over  five  tons.     The  rear  or  driving 
wheels  were  fifty-four  inches  in  diam- 
eter, on  a  crank-axle  placed  in  front  of 
the  fire-box.    The  cranks  were  thirty- 
nine  inches  from  centre   to  centre. 
The  front  wheels,  which  were  simply 
carrying  wheels,  were  forty-five  inches 
in  diameter,  on  an  axle  placed  just 
back  of  the  cylinders.    The  cylinders 
were  nine  and  one  half  inches  in  diam- 
eter by  eighteen  inches  stroke,  and 
were  attached  horizontally  to  the  out- 
side of  the  smoke-box,  which  was  D- 
shaped,  with  the  sides  receding  in- 
wardly, so  as  to  bring  the  centre  line  of  each  cylinder  in  line  with  the  centre  of  the  crank. 
The  wheels  were  made  with  heavy  cast-iron  hubs,  wooden  spokes  and  rims,  and  wrought-iron 
tires.     The  frame  was  of  wood,  placed  outside  the  wheels.    The  boiler  was  thirty  inches 
in  diameter,  and  contained  seventy-two  copper  flues,  one  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter, 
and  seven  feet  long.    The  tender  was  a  four-wheeled  platform,  with  wooden  sides  and 
back,  carrying  an  iron  box  for  a  water-tank,  inclosed  in  a  wooden  casing,  and  with  a  space 
for  fuel  in  front.    The  engine  had  no  cab.    The  valve-motion  was  given  by  a  single  loose 
eccentric  for  each  cylinder,  placed  on  the  axle  between  the  crank  and  the  hub  of  the  wheel. 
On  the  inside  of  the  eccentric  was  a  half-circular  slot,  running  half  way  around.    A  stop 
was  fastened  to  the  axle  at  the  arm  of  the  crank,  terminating  in  a  pin  which  projected  into 
the  slot.    This  pin  would  thus  hold  the  eccentric  at  one  end  or  the  other  of  the  half-circular 
slot,  and  the  engine  was  reversed  by  moving  the  eccentric  about  the  axle,  by  means  of  movable 
hand  levers  set  in  sockets  in  the  rock-shafts,  until  it  was  arrested  and  held  by  the  pin  at  one 
end  or  the  other  of  the  slot.    The  rock-shafts,  which  were  under  the  footboard,  had  arms 
above  and  below,  and  the  eccentric-straps  had  each  a  forked  rod,  with  a  hook,  or  an  upper 
and  lower  latch  or  pin,  at  their  extremities,  to  engage  with  the  upper  or  lower  arm  of  the 
rock-shaft.    The  eccentric-rods  were  raised  or  lowered  by  a  double  treadle,  so  as  to  connect 
with  the  upper  or  lower  arm  of  the  rock-shaft,  according  as  forward  or  backward  gear  was 
desired.    A  peculiarity  in  the  exhaust  of  the  "  Ironsides  "  was,  that  there  was  only  a  single 
straight  pipe  running  across  from  one  cylinder  to  the  other,  with  an  opening  in  the  upper 
side  of  the  pipe,  midway  between  the  cylinders,  to  which  was  attached  at  right  angles  the 
perpendicular  pipe  into  the  chimney.    The  cylinders,  therefore,  exhausted  against  each 
other ;  and  it  was  found,  after  the  engine  had  been  put  in  use,  that  this  was  a  serious  ob- 
jection.   This  defect  was  afterwards  remedied  by  turning  each  exhaust-pipe  upward  into 
the  chimney,  substantially  as  is  now  done.     The  steam-joints  were  made  with  canvas  and 
red  lead,  as  was  the  practice  in  English  locomotives,  and  in  consequence  much  trouble  was 
caused,  from  time  to  time,  by  leaking. 

The  price  of  the  engine  was  to  have  been  $4,000,  but  some  difiiculty  was  found  in  pro- 
curing a  settlement.  The  company  claimed  that  the  engine  did  not  perform  according  to 
contract ;  and  objection  was  also  made  to  some  of  the  defects  alluded  to.    After  these  had 


208 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


been  corrected  as  far  as  possible,  however,  Mr.  Baldwin  finally  succeeded  in  eflt'eeting  a 
compromise  settlement,  and  received  from  the  company  $3,500  for  the  machine. 

The  results  of  the  trial  and  the  impression  produced  by  it  on  the  public  mind  may  be 
gathered  from  the  following  extracts  from  the  newspapers  of  the  day  : 

The  United  States  Gazette  of  ISTov.  24:th,  1832,  remarks  : 

"  A  most  gratifying  experiment  was  made  yesterday  afternoon  on  the  Philadelphia,  Germantown  and  Nor- 
ristown  RnOroad.  The  beautiful  locomotive  engine  and  tender,  buUt  by  Mr.  Bai.dwin,  of  this  city,  whose  repu- 
tation as  an  ingenious  machinist  is  weU  known,  were  for  the  first  time  placed  on  the  road.  The  engine  travelled 
about  six  mUes,  working  with  perfect  accuracy  and  ease  in  all  its  parts,  and  mth  great  velocity." 

The  Chronicle  of  the  same  date  noticed  the  trial  more  at  length,  as  follows : 

"It  gives  us  pleasure  to  state  that  the  locomotive  engine  built  by  our  townsman,  M.  W.  Baldwin,  has 
proved  highly  successful  In  the  presence  of  several  gentlemen  of  science  and  information  on  such  subjects,  the 
engine  was  yesterday  placed  upon  the  road  for  the  first  time.  All  her  parts  had  been  previously  highly  finished 
and  fitted  together  in  Mr.  Baldwin's  factory.  She  was  taken  apart  on  Tuesday,  and  removed  to  the  Company's 
depot,  and  yesterday  morning  she  was  completely  together,  ready  for  travel.  After  the  regular  passenger  cars 
had  arrived  from  Germantown  in  the  afternoon,  the  tracks  being  clear,  preparation  was  made  for  her  starting. 
The  placing  fire  in  the  furnace  and  raising  steam  occupied  twenty  minutes.  The  engine  (with  her  tender)  moved 
from  the  depot  in  beautiful  style,  working  with  great  ease  and  uniformity.  She  proceeded  about  half  a  mile  be- 
yond the  Union  Tavern,  at  the  tovmship  line,  and  returned  immediately,  a  distance  of  six  miles,  at  a  si^eed  of 
about  twenty-eight  miles  to  the  hour,  her  speed  having  been  slackened  at  all  the  road  crossings,  and  it  being  after 
dark,  but  .a  portion  of  her  power  was  used.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  the  spectators  were  delighted.  From  this 
experiment  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  this  engine  will  draw  thirty  tons  gross,  at  an  average  speed  of  forty 
mUes  an  hour,  on  a  level  road.  The  principal  superiority  of  the  engine  over  any  of  the  English  ones  known,  con- 
sists in  the  light  weight — which  is  but  between  four  and  five  tons, — her  small  bulk,  and  the  simplicity  of  her  work- 
ing machinery.  We  rejoice  at  the  result  of  this  experiment,  as  it  conclusively  shows  that  Philadelphia,  always 
famous  for  the  skill  of  her  mechanics,  is  enabled  to  produce  steam-engines  for  railroads  combiuing  so  many  supe- 
rior qualities,  as  to  warrant  the  belief  that  her  mechanics  will  hereafter  supply  nearly  aU  the  public  works  of  this 
description  in  the  country." 

On  subsequent  trials,  the  "  Ironsides  "  attained  a  speed  of  thirty  miles  per  hour,  witD 
its  usual  train  attached.  So  great  were  the  wonder  and  curiosity  which  attached  to  such  a 
prodigy,  that  people  flocked  to  see  the  marvel,  and  eagerly  bought  the  privilege  of  ridino 
after  the  strange  monster.  The  officers  of  the  road  were  not  slow  to  avail  themselves  o: 
the  public  interest  to  increase  their  passenger  receipts,  and  the  following  advertisemen' 
from  Poulson^s  American  Daily  Advertiser  of  Nov.  26,  1832,  will  show  that  as  yet  the_) 
regarded  the  new  machine  rather  as  a  curiosity  and  a  bait  to  allure  travel,  than  as  a  practi 
cal,  every-day  servant : 

"Notice. — The  locomotive  engine  (built  by  M.  W.  Baldwin,  of  this  city)  wiU  depart  daily,  wMn  th 

weather  is  fair,  with  a  train  of  passenger  cars.    On  rainy  days,  horses  will  he  attached.'''' 

This  announcement  did  not  mean  that  in  w  et  weather  horses  would  he  attached  to  th 
locomotive  to  aid  in  drawing  the  train,  but  that  the  usual  horse-cars  would  be  employed  ii 
making  the  trips  upon  the  road  without  the  engine. 

Such  was  Mr.  Baldwin's  first  locomotive ;  and  it  is  related  of  him  that  his  discourage 
ment  at  the  difficulties  which  he  had  undergone  in  building  it  and  in  finally  procuring 
settlement  for  it,  was  such  that  he  remarked  to  one  of  his  friends,  with  much  decisioi 
"  That  is  our  last  locomotive." 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


209 


lat  lib' was.ea'jer''' 
Mr.  EyL.' 


It  was  some  time  before  lie  received  an  order  for  another,  but  mear 
had  become  singularly  fascinating  to  him,  and  occupied  his  mind  so  fully 
to  work  out  his  new  ideas  in  a  tangible  form. 

Shortly  after  the  "  Ironsides  "  had  been  placed  on  the  Germantown  i'oa<.r,^. 
Miller,  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  came  to  Philadelphia,  and  made  a  careful  examinati'©*-^ 
tlio  machine.  Mr.  Miller  had,  in  1830,  contracted  to  furnish  a  locomotive  to  the  Charles- 
ton and  Hamburg  Railroad  Company,  and  accordingly  the  engine  "Best  Friend"  had  been 
l)iult  under  his  direction  at  the  West  Point  Foundry,  New  York.  After  inspecting  the 
"  Ironsides,"  he  suggested  to  Mr.  Baldwin  to  visit  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Railroad,  and 
examine  an  English  locomotive  which  had  been  placed  on  that  road  in  July,  1831,  b}'' 
Messrs.  Robert  Stephenson  &  Co.,  of  JS'ewcastle,  England.  It  was  originally  a  four- 
v.  heelcd  engine  of  the  "  Planet "  type,  with  horizontal  cylinders  and  crank-axle.  The  front 
wheels  of  this  engine  were  removed  about  a  year  after  the  machine  was  put  at  work,  and  a 
four-wheeled  swivelling  or  "bogie  "  truck  substituted.  The  result  of  Mr.  Baldwin's  inves- 
tigations was  the  adoption  of  this  design,  but  with  some  important  improve- 
mcats.  Among  these  was  the  "  half -crank,"  which  he  devised  on  his  return 
from  this  trip,  and  which  he  patented  September  10,  1834.  In  this  form 
of  crank,  shown  in  Figure  2,  the  outer  arm  is  omitted,  and  the  wrist  is 
fixed  in  a  spoke  of  the  wheel.  In  other  words,  the  wheel  itself  formed  one 
arm  of  the  crank.  The  result  sought  and  gained  was  that  the  cranks  were 
strengthened,  and,  being  at  the  extremities  of  the  axle,  the  boiler  could  be 
made  larger  in  diameter  and  placed  lower.  The  driving-axle  could  also  be 
placed  back  of  the  fire-box,  the  connecting-rods  passing  by  the  sides  of  the 
fire-box,  and  taking  hold  inside  of  the  wheels.  This  arrangement  of  the 
cranlc  also  involved  the  placing  of  the  cylinders  outside  the  smoke-box,  as 
was  done  on  the  "  Ironsides." 

By  the  time  the  order  for  the  second  locomotive  was  received,  Mr. 
Baldwin  had  matured  this  device  and  was  prepared  to  emlwdy  it  in  practi- 
cal form.  The  order  came  from  Mr.  E.  L.  Miller,  in  behalf  of  the  Charles- 
ton and  Hamburg  Railroad  Company,  and  the  engine  bore  his  name,  and  was  completed 
February  18,  1831.  It  v/as  on  six  wheels;  one  pair  being  drivers,  four  and  a  half  feet  in 
diameter,  with  half-crank  axle  placed  back  of  the  fire-box  as  above  described,  and  the  four 
front  wheels  combined  in  a  swivelling  truck.  The  driving-wheels,  it  should  be  observed, 
were  cast  in  solid  bell-metal !  The  combined  wood  and  iron  wheels  used  on  the  "  Iron- 
sides "  had  proved  objectionable,  and  Mr.  Baldwin,  in  his  endeavors  to  find  a  satisfactory 
substitute,  had  recourse  to  brass.  June  29,  1833,  he  took  out  a  patent  for  a  cast-brass 
wheel,  his  idea  being  that  by  varying  the  hardness  of  the  metal  the  adhesion  of  the  drivers 
on  the  rails  could  be  increased  or  diminished  at  will.  The  brass  wheels  on  the  "  Miller," 
however,  soon  wore  out,  and  the  experiment  with  this  metal  was  not  repeated.  The  "  E. 
L.  Miller"  had  cylinders  10  inches  in  diameter;  stroke  of  piston,  IG  inches ;  and  weighed, 
with  water  in  the  boiler,  7  tons  8  hundredweight.  The  boiler  had  a  high  dome  over  the 
fire-box,  as  shown  in  Figure  3  ;  and  this  form  of  construction,  it  may  be  noted,  was  fol- 
lowed, with  a  few  exceptions,  for  many  years. 

The  valve-motion  was  given  by  a  single  fixed  eccentric  for  each  cylinder.    Each  eccen- 
tric-strap liad  two  arms  attached  to  it,  one  above  and  the  other  below,  and,  as  the  driving- 
27 


Fig.  2.— Half-Crank. 


210 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


axle  was  back  of  the  lire-box,  these  amis  were  prolonged  backward  under  the  footboard, 
with  a  hook  on  the  inner  side  of  the  end  of  each.  The  rock-shaft  had  arms  above  and  be- 
low its  axis,  and  the  hooks  of  the  two  rods  of  each  eccentric  were  moved  by  hand  levers  so 
as  to  engage  with  either  arm,  thus  producing  backward  or  forward  gear.  This  form  of 
single  eccentric,  peculiar  to  Mr.  Baldwin,  was  in  the  interest  of  simplicity  in  the  working 
parts,  and  was  adhered  to  for  some  years.  It  gave  rise  to  an  animated  controversy  among 
mechanics  as  to  whether,  with  its  use,  it  was  possible  to  get  a  lead  on  the  valve  in  both  di- 
rections. Many  maintained  that  this  was  impracticable  ;  but  Mr.  Baldwin  demonstrated 
by  actual  experience  that  the  reverse  w^as  the  case. 

Meanwdiile  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  had  given  Mr.  Baldwin  an  order  for  a 
locomotive  for  the  State  Eoad,  as  it  was  then  called,  from  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  which, 
up  to  that  time,  had  been  worked  by  horses.  This  engine,  called  the  "  Lancaster,"  was  com- 
pleted in  June,  1834.  It  was  similar  to  the  "Miller,"  and  weighed  17,000  pounds.  After 
it  was  placed  in  service,  the  records  show  that  it  hauled  at  one  time  19  loaded  burden  cars 
over  the  highest  grades  between  Philadelphia  and  Columbia.  This  was  characterized  at 
the  time  by  the  officers  of  the  read  as  an  "  unprecedented  performance."  The  success  of 
the  machine  on  its  trial  trips  was  such  that  the  Legislature  decided  to  adopt  steam-power 
for  working  the  road,  and  Mr.  Baldwin  received  orders  for  several  additional  locomotives. 
Two  others  were  accordingly  delivered  to  the  State  in  September  and  November  respec- 
tively of  that  year,  and  one  was  also  built  and  delivered  to  the  Philadelphia  and  Trenton 
Eailroad  Company  during  the  same  season.  This  latter  engine,  which  w-as  put  in  service 
October  21,  1834,  averaged  21,000  miles  per  year  to  September  15,  1810. 

Five  locomotives  were  thus  completed  in  1831, 
and  the  new  business  was  fairly  under  way.  The. 
building  in  Lodge  Alley,  to  which  Mr.  Baldwin  had 
removed  from  Minor  Street,  and  where  these  engines 
were  constructed,  began  to  be  found  too  contracted, 
and  another  removal  was  decided  upon.    A  location 
on  Broad  and  Hamilton  Streets,  (the  site,  in  part,  of 
the  present  works)  was  selected,  and  a  three-story  L- 
]     shaped    brick    building,  fronting   on   both  streets, 
U     erected.    This  was  completed,  and  the  business  re- 
moved to  it  during  the  following  year  (1835).  The 
Fig.  3.-BALDWIN  ENGINE,  1S34.  original   building   still   stands,  forming  the  office, 

drawang-room,  and  principal  machine  shops  of  the 
present  works. 

These  early  locomotives,  built  in  1831,  were  the  types  of  Mr.  Baldwin's  practice  for 
some  years.  Their  general  design  is  shown  in  Figure  3.  All,  or  nearly  all  of  them,  em- 
braced several  important  devices,  which  were  the  results  of  his  study  ajid  experiments  up 
to  that  time.  The  devices  referred  to  were  patented  September  10,  1834,  and  the  same  pa- 
tent covered  the  four  following  inventions,  viz. : 

1.  The  half-crank,  and  method  of  attaching  it  to  the  driving-Avheel.  (This  has  already 
been  described.) 

2.  A  new  mode  of  constructing  the  wheels  of  locomotive  engines  and  cars.    In  this  the 

.  •  1 

hub  and  spokes  were  of  cast-iron,  cast  together.    The  spokes  were  cast  without  a  run,  and 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  ^ i21"t>^ 

terminated  in  segment  flanges,  eacli  spoke  Laving  a  separate  flange  disconnasted  W^n?'  4tsi 
neighbors.  By  this  means,  it  was  ehximed,  the  injurious  effect  of  the  unequal  e^Ansion  of 
the  materials  composing  the  wheels  was  lessened  or  altogether  prevented.  Theoftanges 
bore  against  wooden  felloes,  made  in  two  thicknesses,  and  put  together  so  as  to  break  joints." 


Fig.  4.— BALDWIN  Compound  Wood  and  Ieon  Wheels,  1834. 

Tenons  or  pins  projected  from  the  flanges  into  openings  made  in  the  wooden  felloes,  to 
keep  them  in  place.  Around  the  whole  the  tire  was  passed  and  secured  by  bolts.  The 
above  sketch  shows  the  device. 

3.  A  new  mode  of  forming  the  joints  of  steam  and  other  tubes.  This  was  Mr.  Bald- 
win's invention  of  ground  joints  for  steam  j^ipes,  which  was  a  very  valuable  improvement 
over  previous  methods  of  making  joints  with  red-lead  packing,  and  which  rendered  it  pos- 
sible to  carry  a  much  higher  pressure  of  steam. 

4.  A  new  mode  of  forming  the  joints  and  other  parts  of  the  supply-pump,  and  of  locat- 
ing the  pump  itself.  This  invention  consisted  in  making  the  single  guide-bar  hollow,  and 
using  it  for  the  pump-])arrel.  T]ie  pump-plunger  was  attached  to  the  piston-rod  at  a  socket 
or  sleeve  formed  for  the  pm-jjose,  and  the  hollow  guide-bar  terminated  in  the  vertical  pump- 
chamber.  This  chamber  was  made  in  two  pieces,,  joined  about  midway  between  the  induc- 
tion and  eduction  pipes.  This  joint  was  ground  steam-tight,  as  wei*e  also  the  joints  of  the 
induction-pipe  with  the  bottom  of  the  lower  chamber,  and  the  flange  of  the  cduetion-pipe 


212 


LOCOaiOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


with  the  top  of  the  upper  chamber.  All  these  parts  Avere  held  together  by  a  stirrup  with  a 
set-screw  in  its  arched  top,  aud  the  arrangement  was  such  that  by  simply  unscrewing  this 
set-screw,  the  different  sections  of  the  chamber,  with  all  the  valves,  could  be  taken  apart 
for  cleaning  or  adjusting.    The  cut  below  illustrates  the  device. 

It  is  probable  that  the  five  engines  built  during  1834  embodied  all,  or  nearly  all,  these 
devices.    They  all  had  the  half-crank,  the  ground  joints  for  steam-jiipes  (which  was  first 


Fig.  6  — Ptoip  and  Stirrup. 


made  by  him  in  1833),  and  the  pump  formed  in  the  guide-bar,  and  all  had  the  four-wheeled 
truck  in  front,  and  a  single  pair  of  drivers  back  of  the  fire-box.  On  this  position  of  the 
driving-wheels,  Mr.  Baldwin  laid  great  stress,  as  it  made  a  more  even  distribution  of  the 
weight,  throwing  about  one-half  on  the  drivers,  and  one-half  on  the  four-wheeled  truck.  It 
also  extended  the  wheel-base,  making  the  engine  much  steadier  and  less  damaging  to  the 
track. 

To  the  use  of  the  ground  joint  for  steam-pipes,  however,  much  of  the  success  of  his 
early  engines  was  due.  The  English  builders  were  making  locomotives  with  canvas  and 
red-lead  joints,  permitting  a  steam  pressure  of  only  60  pounds  per  inch  to  be  carried,  while 
Mr.  Baldwin's  machines  were  worked  at  120  pounds  with  ease.  Several  locomotives  im- 
ported from  England  at  about  this  period  by  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  for  the 
State  Road  (three  of  which  were  made  by  Stephenson),  had  canvas  and  red-lead  joints,  and 
their  efficiency  was  so  much  less  than  that  of  the  Baldwin  engines,  on  account  of  this  and 
other  features  of  construction,  that  they  were  soon  laid  aside  or  sold. 

In  June,  1831,  a  patent  was  issued  to  Mr,  E.  L.  Miller,  by  whom  Mr.  Baldwin's 
second  engine  was  ordered,  for  a  method  of  increasing  the  adhesion  of  a  locomotive  by 
throwing  a  part  of  the  weight  of  the  tender  on  the  rear  of  the  engine,  thus  increasing  tlie 
weight  on  the  drivers.  Mr.  Baldwin  adopted  this  device  on  an  engine  built  for  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Trenton  Eailroad  Company,  May,  1835,  and  thereafter  used  it  largely,  pay- 
ing $100  royalty  for  each  engine.  Eventually  (May  6,  lSd9)  he  bought  the  patent  foi 
$9,000  dollars,  evidently  considering  that  the  device  was  especially  valuable,  if  not  indis- 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


213 


ponsable,  in  order  to  render  liis  engine  as  powerfnl,  when  required,  as  other  patterns  liav- 
ing  the  driving-wheels  in  front  of  the  fire-box,  and  therefore  utilizing  more  of  the  weight 
of  the  engine  for  adhesion. 

In  making  the  truck  and  tender  wheels  of  these  early  locomotives,  the  hubs  were  cast 
in  three  pieces,  and  afterward  banded  with  wrought-iron,  the  interstices  being  filled  with 
spelter.  This  method  of  construction  was  adopted  on  accoimt  of  the  difficulty  then  found 
in  casting  a  chilled  wheel  in  one  solid  piece. 

Ajjril  3,  1835,  Mr.  Baldwin  took  out  a  patent  for  certain  improvements  in  the  wheels 
and  tubes  of  locomotive  engines.  That  relating  to  the  wheels  provided  for  casting  the  hub 
and  spokes  together,  and  having  the  spokes  terminate  in  segments  of  a  rim,  as  described  in 
his  patent  of  September  10,  1834:.  Between  the  ends  of  the  spokes  and  the  tires  wood  was 
interposed,  and  the  tire  might  be  either  of  wrouglit-iron  or  of  chilled  cast-iron.  The  inten- 
tion was  expressed  of  making  the  tire  iisually  of  cast-iron  chilled.  The  main  object,  hovv^- 
ever,  was  declared  to  be  the  interposition  between  the  spokes  and  the  rim  of  a  layer  of 
wood  or  other  substance  possessing  some  degree  of  elasticity.  This  method  of  making 
driving-wheels  was  followed  for  several  years. 

The  improvement  in  locomotive  tubes  consisted  in  driving  a  copper  ferrule  or  thimble 
on  the  outside  of  the  end  of  the  tube,  and  soldering  it  in  place,  instead  of  driving  the  fer- 
rule into  the  tube,  as  had  previously  been  the  practice.  The  object  of  the  latter  method 
had  been  to  make  a  tight  joint  with  the  tube-sheet;  but,  by  putting  the  ferrule  on  the  out- 
side of  the  tube,  not  only  was  the  joint  made  as  tight  as  before,  but  the  tube  was  strength- 
ened, and  left  unobstructed  throughout  to  the  full  extent  of  its  diameter.  This  method  of 
setting  flues  has  been  generally  followed  in  the  works  from  that  date  to  the  present,  the 
only  difference  being  that,  at  this  time,  with  iron  tubes,  the  end  is  swedged  down,  the  cop- 
per ferrule  brazed  on,  and  the  iron  end  turned  or  riveted  over  against  the  copper  thimble 
and  the  flue-sheet,  to  make  the  joint  perfect. 

Early  in  1835,  the  new  shop  on  Broad  Street  was  completed  and  occupied.  Mr.  Bald- 
win's attention  was  thenceforward  given  to  locomotive  building  exclusively,  except  that  a 
stationary  engine  was  occasionally  constructed. 

In  May,  1835,  his  eleventh  locomotive,  the  "  Black  Hawk,"  was  delivered  to  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Trenton  Kailroad  Company.  This  was  the  first  outside-connected  engine  of  his 
build.  It  was  also  the  first  engine  on  which  the  Miller  device  of  attaching  part  of  the 
weight  of  the  tender  to  the  engine  was  employed.  On  the  eighteenth  engine,  the  "  Bran- 
dywine,"  built  for  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Eailroad  Company,  brass  tires  were  used 
on  the  driving-wheels,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  more  adhesion ;  but  they  wore  out  rap- 
idly, and  were  replaced  with  iron. 

Fourteen  engines  were  constructed  in  1835  ;  forty  in  183G ;  forty  in  1837 ;  twenty- 
three  in  1838  ;  twenty-six  in  1839';  and  nine  in  1840.  During  all  these  years  the  general 
design  continued  the  same  ;  but,  in  compliance  with  the  demand  for  more  power,  three 
sizes  were  furnished,  as  follows  : 


First-class.    Cylinders,  12^  x  IG;  weight,  loaded,  26,000  pounds. 
Second-class.       "        12  xl6;       "         "     23,000  " 
Third-class.        "        104- x  16;       "         "      20,000  " 


214 


LOCOMOTIVE  W0KK8  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  fii.sL-elass  engine  he  fully  believed,  in  1838,  was  as  heaA'y  as  would  be  called  for, 
and  he  declared  that  it  was  as  large  as  he  intended  to  make.  Most  of  the  engines  were 
built  with  the  half-cranlc,  but  occasionally  an  outside-connected  machine  was  turned  out. 
These  latter,  however,  failed  to  give  as  complete  satisfaction  as  the  half-crank  machine. 
The  drivers  were  generally  four  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter. 

A  patent  was  issued  to  Mr.  B^vldwin,  August  17,  1835,  for  his  device  of  cylindrical 
pedestals.  In  this  method  of  construction,  the  pedestal  was  of  cast-iron,  and  was  bored  in 
a  lathe,  so  as  to  form  two  concave  jaws.  The  boxes  were  also  turned  in  a  lathe,  so  that 
their  vertical  ends  were  cylindrical,  and  they  were  thus  fitted  in  the  pedestals.  This 
method  of  fitting  up  pedestals  and  boxes  was  cheap  and  ejBEective,  and  was  used  for  some 
years  for  the  driving  and  tender  wheels. 

As  showing  the  estimation  in  which  these  early  engines  were  held,  it  may  not  be  out 
of  place  to  refer  to  the  opinions  of  some  of  the  railroad  managers  of  that  period. 

Mr.  L.  A.  Sykes,  engineer  of  the  New  Jersey  Transportation  Company,  under  date  of 
June  12,  1838,  wrote  that  he  could  draw  with  his  engines  twenty  four-wheeled  cars  with 
twenty-six  passengers  each,  at  a  speed  of  twenty  to  twenty-five  miles  per  hour,  over  grades 
of  twenty -six  feet  per  mile.  "  As  to  simplicity  of  construction,"  he  adds,  "  small  liability 
to  get  out  of  order,  economy  of  repairs,  and  ease  to  the  road,  I  fully  believe  Mr.  Baldwin's 
engines  stand  unrivalled.  I  consider  the  simplicity  of  the  engine,  the  arrangement  of  the 
working  parts,  and  the  distribution  of  the  weight,  far  superior  to^  any  engine  I  have  ever 
seen,  either  of  American  or  English  manufacture,  and  I  have  not  the  least  hesitation  in  say- 
ing that  Mr.  Baldwin's  engine  will  do  the  same  amount  of  work,  with  much  less  repairs, 
either  to  the  engine  or  the  track,  than  any  other  engine  in  use." 

Some  of  Mr.  Baldwin's  engines  on  the  State  Eoad,  in  1837,  cost  for  repairs  only  from 
one  and  two-tenths  to  one  and  six-tenths  cents  per  mile.  It  is  noted  that  the  engine  "West 
Chester,"  on  the  same  road,  weighing  20,735  pounds  (10,475  on  drivers),  drew  51  cars  (four- 
wheeled),  weighing  289  net  tons,  over  the  road,  some  of  the  track  being  of  wood  covered 
with  strap-rail. 

The  financial  difficulties  of  1836  and  1837,  which  brought  ruin  upon  so  many,  did  not 
leave  Mr.  Baldwin  unscathed.  His  embarrassments  became  so  great  that  he  was  unable  to 
proceed,  and  was  forced  to  call  his  creditors  together  for  a  settlement.  After  offering  to 
surrender  all  his  property,  his  shop,  tools,  house,  and  everything,  if  they  so  desired^ — all  of 
Avhich  would  realize  only  about  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  their  claims — he  proposed  to  thcui 
that  they  should  permit  him  to  go  on  with  the  business,  and  in  three  years  he  would 
the  full  amount  of  all  claims,  j)rincipal  and  interest.  This  was  finally  acceded  to,  and  the 
promise  was  in  effect  fulfilled,  although  not  without  an  extension  of  two  years  beyond  the 
time  originally  proposed. 

In  May,  1837,  the  number  of  hands  employed  was  300,  but  this  number  was  reduced 
weekly,  owing  to  the  falling  off  in  the  demand  for  engines. 

These  financial  troubles  had  their  effect  on  the  demand  for  locomotives,  as  will  be  seen 
in  the  decrease  in  the  number  built  in  1838,  1839,  and  1810  ;  and  this  result  was  furthered 
by  the  establishment  of  several  other  locomotive  works  and  the  inti'oduction  of  other  pat- 
terns of  engines. 

The  changes  and  improvements  in  details  made  during  these  years  may  be  summed  up 
as  follows : 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


COAL  BUENEKS. 


The  subject  of  burning  coal  bad  engaged  much  attention.  In  October,  1836,  Mr.  Bald- 
win seciu'ed  a  patent  for  a  grate  or  fireplace,  whicb  could  be  detached  from  the  engine  at 
pleasure,  and  a  new  one  with  a  fresh  coal  fire  substituted.  The  intention  was  to  have  the 
grate,  with  freshly  ignited  coal,  all  read)''  for  the  engine  on  its  arrival  at  a  station,  and  placed 
between  the  rails  over  suitable  levers,  by  which  it  could  be  attached  quickly  to  the  fire-box. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  this  was  never  practised.  In  January,  1838,  however,  Mr.  Bald- 
win was  experimenting  with  the  consumption  of  coal  on  the  Gennantown  road,  and  in 
July  of  the  same  year  the  records  show  tliat  he  was  making  a  locomotive  to  burn  coal,  part 
of  the  arrangement  being  to  blow  the  fire  with  a  fan. 

Up  to  1838,  Mr.  Baldwin  had  made  both  driving  and  truck  wheels  with  wrought  tires, 
but  during  that  year  chilled  wheels  for  engine  and  tender  trucks  were  adopted.  His  tires 
were  furnished  by  Messrs.  S.  Vail  &  Son,  Morristown,  N.  J.,  who  made  the  only  tires  then 
obtainable  in  America.  They  were  very  thin,  being  only  one  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches 
thick  ;  and  Mr.  Baldwin,  in  importing  some  tires  from  England  at  that  time,  insisted  on 
their  being  made  double  the  ordinary  thickness.  The  manufacturers  at  first  objected  and 
ridiculed  the  idea,  the  practice  being  to  use  two  tires  when  extra  tliickness  was  wanted,  but 
finally  they  consented  to  meet  his  requirements. 

At  this  early  period,  Mr.  Baldwin  had  begun  to  feel  the  necessity  of  making  all  like 
parts  of  locomotives  of  the  same  class  in  such  manner  as  to  be  absolutely  interchangeable. 
Steps  were  taken  in  this  direction,  but  it  was  not  until  many  years  afterward  that  tlie  system 
of  standard  gauges  was  perfected,  wliich  has  since  grown  to  be  a  distinguishing  feature  ia 
the  establishment. 

On  the  one  hundred  and  thirty-sixth  locomotive,  completed  October  18,  1839,  for  the 
Philadelphia,  Gennantown  and  IS'orristown  Eailroad,  the  old  pattern  of  wooden  frame  was 
abandoned,  and  no  outside  frame  whatever  was  employed — the  machinery,  as  well  as  the 
truck  and  the  pedestals  of  the  driving-axles,  being  attached  directly  to  the  naked  boiler. ' 
The  wooden  frame  thenceforward  disappeared  gradually,  and  an  iron  frame  took  its  place. 
Another  innovation  was  the  adoption  of  eight-wheeled  tenders,  the  first  of  which  was  built 
at  about  this  period. 

April  8,  1839,  Mr.  Baldwin  associated  with  himself  Messrs.  Tail  &  Hufty,  and  the 
business  was  conducted  under  the  firm  name  of  Baldwin,  Yail  &  ITufty,  until  1841,  when 
Mr.  Hufty  withdrew,  and  Baldwin  &  Yail  continued  the  copartnership  until  1812. 

The  time  had  now  arrived  when  the  increase  of  business  on  railroads  demanded  more 
powerful  locomotives.  It  had  for  some  years  been  felt  that  for  freight  traftic  the  engine 
with  one  pair  of  drivers  was  insufficient.  Mr.  Baldwin's  engine  had  the  single  pair  of 
drivers  placed  back  of  the  fire-box  ;  that  made  by  Mr.  ISToreis,  one  pair  in  front  of  the  tire- 
box.  An  engine  with  two  pairs  of  drivers,  one  pair  in  front  and  one  pair  behind  the  fire- 
box, was  the  next  logical  step,  and  Mr.  Heney  R.  Campbell,  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  first 
to  carry  this  design  into  execution.  Mr.  Campbell,  as  has  been  noted,  was  the  Chief  Engi- 
neer of  the  Germantown  Railroad  when  the  "  Ironsides  "  was  placed  on  that  line,  and  had 
since  given  much  attention  to  the  subject  of  locomotive  construction.    February  5,  1830, 


216 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Mr.  Campbell  seciired  a  patent  for  an  eigLt-wlieeled  engine  witli  four  drivers  connected, 
and  a  four-wheeled  trnek  in  front ;  and  subsequently  contracted  with  James  Bkooks,  of 
Philadelphia,  to  build  for  him  such  a  machine.  The  work  was  begun  March  IG,  1836,  and 
the  engine  was  completed  May  8,  1837.  This  was  the  first  eight-wheeled  engine  of  this 
type,  and  fi'om  it  the  standard  American  locomotive  of  to-day  takes  its  origin.  The  engine 
lacked,  however,  one  essential  feature ;  there  were  no  equalizing  beams  between  the  drivers, 
and  nothing  but  the  ordinary  steel  springs  over  each  journal  of  the  driving  axles  to  equalize 
the  weight  upon  them.  It  remained  for  Messrs.  Eastwick  &  Harrison  to  supply  this  de- 
ficiency ;  and  in  1837  that  firm  constructed  at  their  shop  in  Philadelphia  a  locomotive  on 
this  plan,  but  with  the  driving-axles  running  in  a  separate  square  frame,  connected  to  the 
main  frame  above  it  by  a  single  central  bearing  on  each  side.  This  engine  had  cylinders 
twelve  by  eighteen,  four  coupled  driving-wheels,  forty-four  inches  in  diameter,  carrying  eight 
of  the  twelve  tons  constituting  the  total  weight.  Subsequently,  Mr.  Joseph  Harrison,  Jr., 
of  the  same  firm,  substituted  "  equalizing  beams  "  on  engines  of  this  plan  afterward  con- 
structed by  them,  substantially  in  the  same  manner  as  since  generally  employed.  • 

A  step  had  thus  been  taken  toward  a  plan  of  locomotive  having  more  adhesive  power. 
Mr.  Baldwin,  however,  was  slow  to  adopt  the  new  design.  He  naturally  regarded  innova- 
tions with  distrust.  He  had  done  much  to  perfect  the  old  pattern  of  engine,  and  had  built 
over  a  hundred  of  them,  which  were  in  successful  operation  on  various  railroads.  Many  of 
the  details  were  the  subjects  of  his  several  patents,  and  had  been  greatly  simplified  in  his 
practice.  In  fact,  simplicity  in  all  the  working  parts  had  been  so  largely  his  aim,  that  it 
was  natural  that  he  should  distrust  any  plan  involving  additional  machinery,  and  he  re- 
garded the  new  design  as  only  an  experiment  at  best.  lai  November,  1838,  he  wrote  to  a 
correspondent  that  he  did  not  think  there  was  any  advantage  in  the  eight-wheeled  engine. 
There  being  three  points  in  contact,  it  could  not  turn  a  curve,  he  argued,  without  slipping 
one  or  the  other  pair  of  wheels  sideways.  Another  objection  was  in  the  multiplicity  of 
machinery  and  the  difiiculty  in  maintaining  four  driving-wheels  all  of  exactly  the  same 
size.  Some  means,  however,  of  getting  more  adliesion  must  be  had,  and  the  result  of  his 
reflections  upon  this  subject  was  the  project  of  a  "  geared  engine."  In  August,  1839,  he 
took  steps  to  secure  a  patent  for  such  a  machine,  and  December  31, 1840,  letters  patent  were 
granted  him  for  the  device.  In  this  engine,  an  independent  shaft  or  axle  was  placed 
betvv'ecn  the  two  axles  of  the  truck,  and  connected  by  cranks  and  coupling-rods  with  cranks 
on  the  outside  of  the  driving-wheels.  This  shaft  had  a  central  cog-wheel  engaging  on  each 
side  with  intemiediate  cog-wheels,  which  in  turn  geared  into  cog-wheels  on  each  truck-axle. 
The  intermediate  cog-wheels  had  wide  teeth,  so  that  the  truck  could  jjiyot  while  the  main 
shaft  remained  parallel  v*^ith  the  driving-axle.  The  diameters  of  the  cog-wheels  were,  of 
course,  in  such  proportion  to  the  driving  and  truck  wheels,  that  the  latter  should  revolve 
as  much  oftener  thaii  the  drivers  as  their  smaller  size  might  require.  Of  the  success  of  this 
machine  for  freight  service  Mr.  Baldwin  was  very  sanguine.  One  was  put  in  hand  at 
once,  completed  in  August,  1841,  and  eventually  sold  to  the  Sugarloaf  Coal  Company.  It 
was  an  outside-connected  engine,  weighing  30,000  pounds,  of  which  11,775  pounds  wore  on 
the  drivers,  and  18,335  on  the  truck.  The  driving-wheels  were  forty-four  and  the  truck- 
wheels  thirty-three  inches  in  diameter.  The  cylinders  were  thirteen  inches  in  diameter  by 
sixteen  inches  stroke.    On  a  trial  of  the  engine  upon  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Rail- 


LOCOMOTIVi:  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

road,  it  hauled  590  tons  from  Reading  to  PliiladelpHa — a  distance  of  fifty-four' 
five  liours  aud  twenty-two  minutes.  The  superintendent  of  tlie  road,  in  writing  of  ^  r 
remarked  that  this  train  was  unprecedented  in  length  and  weight  both  in  America'^-ajMl'^ 
Europe.  The  performance  was  noticed  in  favorable  terms  by  the  Philadelphia  newspapers, 
and  was  made  the  subject  of  a  report  by  the  Committee  on  Science  and  Arts  of  the  Frank- 
lin Institute,  who  strongly  recommended  this  plan  of  engine  for  freight  service.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  trial  led  Mr.  Baldwin  at  first  to  believe  that  the  geared  engine  would  be  gen- 
erally adopted  for  freight  trafiic ;  but  in  this  he  was  disappointed.  No  further  demand 
was  made  for  such  machines,  and  no  more  of  them  were  built. 

In  18-10,  Mr.  Baldwin  received  an  order,  through  August  Belmont,  Esq.,  of  New  York, 
for  a  locomotive  for  Austria,  and  had  nearly  completed  one  which  was  calculated  to  do  the 
work  required,  when  he  learned  that  only  sixty  pounds  pressure  of  steam  was  admissible, 
whereas  his  engine  was  destined  to  use  steam  at  one  hundred  pounds  and  over.  He  ac- 
cordingly constructed  another,  meeting  this  requirement,  and  shipped  it  in  the  following 
year.  This  engine,  it  may  be  noted,  had  a  kind  of  link-motion,  agreeably  to  the  specifica- 
tion received,  and  was  the  first  of  his  make  upon  which  the  link  was  introduced. 

In  1842,  Mr.  Baldwin  constructed,  under  an  arrangement  with  Mi*.  Ross  Winans, 
three  locomotives  for  the  Western  Railroad  of  Massachusetts,  on  a  plan  which  had  been  de- 
signed by  that  gentleman  for  freight  trafiic.  These  machines  had  upright  boilers,  and  hori- 
zontal cylinders  which  worked  cranks  on  a  shaft  bearing  cog-wheels  engaging  with  other 
cog-wheels  on  an  intermediate  shaft.  This  latter  shaft  had  cranks  coupled  to  four  driving- 
wheels  on  each  side.  These  engines  were  constructed  to  burn  anthracite  coal.  Their  pe- 
cuharly  uncouth  appearance  earned  for  them  the  name  of  "  crabs,"  and  they  were  but  short- 
lived in  service. 

But,  to  return  to  the  progress  of  Mr.  Baldwin's  locomotive  practice.  The  geared  en- 
gine had  not  proved  a  success.  It  was  unsatisfactory,  as  well  to  its  designer  as  to  the  rail- 
road community.  The  problem  of  utilizing  more  or  all  of  the  weight  of  the  engine  for  ad- 
hesion remained,  in  Mr.  Baldwin's  view,  yet  to  be  solved.  The  plan  of  coupling  four  or 
six  wheels  had  long  before  been  adopted  in  England,  but  on  the  short  curves  prevalent  on 
American  railroads,  he  felt  that  something  more  was  necessary.  The  wheels  must  not  only 
be  coupled,  but  at  the  same  time  must  be  free  to  adapt  themselves  to  a  curve.  These  two 
conditions  were  apparently  incompatible,  and  to  reconcile  these  inconsistencies  was  the  task 
which  Mr.  Baldwin  set  himself  to  accomplish.  He  undertook  it,  too,  at  a  time  when  his 
business  had  fallen  off  greatly  and  he  was  involved  in  the  most  serious  financial  embarrass- 
ments. The  problem  was  constantly  before  him,  and  at  length,  during  a  sleepless  night,  its 
solution  flashed  across  his  mind.  The  plan  so  long  sought  for,  and  which,  subsequently,  more 
than  any  other  of  his  improvements  or  inventions,  contributed  to  the  foundation  of  his  fort- 
une, was  his  well-known  six- wheels-connected  locomotive  with  the  four  front  drivers  combined 
in  a  flexible  truck.  For  this  machine  Mr.  Baldwin  secured  a  patent,  August  25,  1842. 
Its  principal  characteristic  features  are  now  matters  of  history,  but  they  deserve  here  a  brief 
mention.  The  engine  was  on  six  wheels,  all  connected  as  drivers.  The  rear  wheels  were 
placed  rigidly  in  the  frames,  usually  behind  the  fire-box,  with  inside  bearings.  The  cylin- 
ders were  inclined,  aud  with  outside  connections.  The  f  om-  remaining  wheels  had  inside 
28 


218 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  TJNITEP  STATES. 


Fig.  6.— Baldwin  Six-Whisels-Connected  Ekgine,  1842, 

beam  midway  between  the  two  axles 


Fig.  7.— Baldwin  Flexible-Beam  Truck,  1842.— Elevation, 


journals  running  in  boxes  held  by  two 
wide  and  deep  wrouglit-iron  beams,  one 
on  each  side.    These  beams  were  uncon- 
nected, and  entirely  independent  of  each 
other.     The  pedestals  formed  in  them 
were  bored  out  cylindrically,  and  into 
them  cylindrical  boxes,  as  patented  by 
him  in  1835,  were  fitted.    The  engine- 
frame  on  each  side  was  directly  over  the 
beam,  and  a  spherical  pin,  running  down 
from  the  frame,  bore  in  a  socket  in  the 
It  will  thus  be  seen  tliat  each  side  beam  indepen- 
dently could  turn  horizontally  or  vertically 
under  the  spherical  pin,  and  the  cylindrical 
boxes  could  also  turn  in  the  pedestals.  Hence, 
in  passing  a  curve,  the  middle  pair  of  drivers 
could  move  laterally  in  one  direction — say  to 
the  right — while  the  front  pair  could  move  in 
the  opposite  direction,  or  to  the  left ;  the  two 
axles  all  the  while  remaining  parallel  to  each 
other  and  to  the.  rear  driving-axle.  The 
operation  of  these  beams  was,  therefore,  like 
that  of  the  parallel-ruler.    On  a  straight  line 
the  tv/o  beams  and  the  two  axles  formed  a 
rectangle ;   on  curves,  a  parallelogram,  the 
angles  varying  with  the  degree  of  curvature- 
The  coupling-rods  were  made  Avith  cylindri- 
cal brasses,   thus   forming  ball-and-socket 
joints,  to  enable  them  to  accommodate  themselves  to  the  lateral  movements  of  the  wheels. 

Tlie  first  engine  of  the  new  plan  was  finished  early  in  December,  1842,  being  one  of 
fourteen  engines  constructed  in  that  year,  and  was  sent  to  the  Georgia  Railroad,  on  the  or- 
der of  Mr.  J.  Edgak  Thomson,  then  Chief  Engineer  and  Superintendent  of  that  line.  It 
weighed  twelve  tons,  and  drew,  besides  its  own  weight,  250  tons  up  a  grade  of  thirty-six 
feet  to  the  mile. 

Other  orders  soon  followed.  The  new  machine  was  received  generally  with  great  fa- 
vor. The  loads  hauled  by  it  exceeded  anything  so  far  known  in  American  railroad  practice, 
and  sagacious  managers  hailed  it  as  a  means  of  largely  reducing  operating  expenses.  On 
the  Central  Railroad  of  Georgia,  one  of  these  twelve-ton  engines  drew  nineteen  eight- 
wheeled  cars,  with  750  bales  of  cotton,  eacli  bale  weighing  450  pounds,  over  maximum 
grades  of  thirty  feet  per  mile,  and  the  manager  of  the  road  declared  that  it  could  readily 
take  1,000  bales.  On  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad  a  similar  engine  of  eighteen 
tons  weight  drew  150  loaded  cars  (total  weight  of  cars  and  lading,  1,180  tons)  from  Schuyl- 
kill Haven  to  Philadelphia,  at  a  speed  of  seven  miles  per  hour.  The  regular  load  was  100 
loaded  cars,  which  were  hauled  at  a  speed  of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  miles  per  hour  on  a 
level. 


HALF  Plan. 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


219 


But  the  flexible-beam  truck  also  enabled  Mr.  B.vldwin  to  meet  tlie  demand  for  an  en- 
gine witli  four  drivers  connected.  Other  builders  were  making  engines  with  four  drivers 
and  a  four-wheeled  truck,  of  the  present  American  standard  type.  To  compete  with  this 
design,  Mr.  Baldwin  modified  his  six-wheels-connected  engine  by  connecting  only  two  out 
of  the  three  pairs  of  wheels  as  drivers,  making  the  forward  wheels  of  smaller  diameter  as 
leading  wheels,  but  combining  them  with  the  front  drivers  in  a  flexible-beam  truck.  The 
first  engine  on  this  plan  was  sent  to  the  Erie  and  Kalamazoo  Railroad,  in  October,  1843,  and 
gave  great  satisfaction. 

This  machine  of  coiirse  came  in  competition  with  the  eight-wheeled  engine  having  four 
drivers,  and  Mr.  Baldwin  claimed  for  his  plan  a  decided  superiority.  In  each  case  about 
two-thirds  of  the  total  weight  was  carried  on  the  four  drivers,  and  Mr.  Baldwin  maintained 
that  his  engine,  having  only  six  instead  of  eight  wheels,  was  simpler  and  more  effective. 

With  the  introduction  of  the  new  machine,  business  began  at  once  to  revive,  and  the 
tide  of  prosperity  turned  once  more  in  Mr.  Baldwin's  favor.  Twelve  engines  were  con- 
structed in  1843,  all  but  four  of  them  of  the  new  pattern ;  twenty-two  engines  in  1814,  all 
of  the  new  pattern ;  and  twenty-seven  in  1845.  Three  of  this  number  were  of  the  old 
type,  with  one  pair  of  drivers,  but  from  that  time  forward  the  old  pattern  with  the  single 
pair  of  drivers  disappeared  from  the  practice  of  the  establishment,  save  occasionally  for  ex- 
ceptional purposes. 

In  1842,  the  partnership  with  Mr.  Yail  was  dissolved,  and  Mr.  Asa  Whitney,  who  had 
been  Superintendent  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Railroad,  became  a  partner  with  Mr. 
Baldwin,  and  the  firm  continued  as  Baldwin  &  Whitney  until  1846,  when  the  latter 
withdrew  to  engage  in  the  manufacture  of  car  wheels,  in  which  business  he  is  still  con- 
cerned as  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  A.  Whitney  &  Sons,  Philadelphia. 

Mr.  Whitney  brought  to  the  firm  a  railroad  experience  and  thorough  business  talent. 
He  introduced  a  system  in  many  details  of  the  management  of  the  business,  which  Mr. 
Baldwin,  whose  mind  was  devoted  more  exclusively  to  mechanical  subjects,  had  failed  to 
establish  or  wholly  ignored. 

The  adoption  of  the  plan  of  six-wheels-connected  engines  opened  the  way  at  once  to  in- 
creasing their  size.  The  weight  being  almost  evenly  distributed  on  six  points,  heavier  ma- 
chines were  admissible,  the  weight  on  any  one  pair  of  drivers  being  little,  if  any,  greater 
than  had  been  the  practice  with  the  old  plan  of  engine  having  a  single  pair  of  drivers. 
Hence  engines  of  eighteen  and  twenty  tons  weight  were  shortly  introduced,  and  in  1844 
three  of  twenty  tons  weight,  with  cylinders  sixteen  and  one-half  inches  diameter  by  eighteen 
inches  stroke,  were  constructed  for  the  Western  Railroad  of  Massachusetts,  and  six,  of 
eighteen  tons  weight,  with  cylinders  fifteen  by  eighteen,  and  drivers  forty-six  inches  in  di- 
ameter, were  built  for  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad.  It  should  be  noted,  that 
three  of  these  latter  engines  had  iron  flues.  This  was  the  first  instance  in  which  Mr.  Bald- 
win had  employed  tubes  of  this  material.  The  advantage  found  to  result  from  the  use  of 
iron  tubes,  apart  from  their  less  cost,  was  that  the  tubes  and  boiler-shell,  being  of  the  same 
material,  expanded  and  contracted  alike,  while  in  the  case  of  copper  tubes  the  expansion  of 
the  metal  by  heat  varied  from  that  of  the  boiler-shell,  and  as  a  consequence  there  was 
greater  liability  to  leakage  at  the  joints  with  the  tube-sheets. 

In  1845,  Mr.  Baldwln  built  three  locomotives  for  the  Royal  Railroad  Committee  of 
Wiirtemberg.    They  were  of  fifteen  tons  weight,  on  six  wheels,  four  of  them  being  sixty 


220 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  tTOTTED  STATES. 


inclies  in  diameter  and  coiTpled.  Tlie  front  drivers  were  combined  by  tlie  flexible  beams 
into  a  truck  with  the  smaller  leading  wheels.  The  cylinders  were  inclined  and  outside,  and 
the  connecting-rods  took  hold  of  a  half-crank  axle  back  of  the  fire-box.  It  was  specified 
that  these  engines  should  have  the  link-motion  which  had  shortly  before  been  introduced 
in  England  by  the  SxEpnENSONS.  Mr.  Baldwin^  accordingly  applied  a  link  of  a  peculiar 
character  to  suit  his  own  ideas  of  the  device.  The  link  was  made  solid,  and  of  a  truncated 
V-section,  and  the  block  was  grooved  so  as  to  fit  and  slide  on  the  outside  of  the  link. 

During  the  year  1845,  another  important  feature  in  locomotive  construction — tlie  cut- 
off valve — was  added  to  Mr.  Baldwin's  practice.  Up  to  that  time  the  valve-motion  had 
been  the  two  eccentrics,  with  the  single  flat  hook  for  each  cylinder.  Since  1841  Mr.  Bald- 
win had  contemplated  the  addition  of  some  device  allowing  the  steam  to  be  used  ex'pan- 
sively,  and  he  now  added  the  "  half-stroke  cut-off."  In  this  device  the  steam-chest  was  sep- 
arated by  a  horizontal  plate  into  an  upper  and  a  lower  compartment.  In  the  upper  com- 
partment, a  valve  worked  by  a  separate  eccentric,  and  having  a  single  opening,  admitted 
steam  through  a  port  in  this  plate  to  the  lower  steam-chamber.  Tlie  valve-rod  of  the  upper 
valve  terminated  in  a  notch  or  hook,  which  engaged  with  the  upper  arm  of  its  rock-sliaft. 
"When  thus  worldng,  it  acted  as  a  cut-off  at  a  fixed  part  of  the  stroke,  determined  by  the 
setting  of  the  eccentric.  This  was  usually  at  half  the  stroke.  When  it  was  desired  to  dis- 
pense with  the  cut-off  and  work  steam  for  the  full  stroke,  the  hook  of  the  valve-rod  was 
lifted  from  the  pin  on  the  upper  arm  of  the  rock-shaft  by  a  lever  worked  from  the  foot- 
board, and  the  valve-rod  was  held  in  a  notched  rest  fastened  to  the  side  of  the  boiler.  This 
left  the  opening  through  the  upper  valve  and  the  port  in  the  partition  plate  open  for  the 
free  passage  of  steam  throughout  the  whole  stroke.  The  first  application  of  the  half-stroke 
cut-off  was  made  on  the  engine  "  Champlain  "  (20  D),  built  for  the  Philadelphia  and  Read- 
ing Railroad  Company,  in  1845.  It  at  once  became  the  practice  to  apply  the  cut-off  on  all 
passenger  engines,  while  the  six  and  eight-wheels-connected  freight  engines  were,  with  a 
few  exceptions,  built  for  a  time  longer  with  the  single  valve  admitting  steam  for  the  full 
stroke. 

After  building,  during  the  years  1843,  1844,  and  1845,  ten  four- wheels-connected  en- 
gines on  the  j^lan  above  described,  viz.,  six  wheels  in  all,  the  leading  wheels  and  the  front 
drivers  being  combined  into  a  truck  by  the  flexible  beams,  Mr.  Baldwin  finally  adopted  the 
present  design  of  four  drivers  and  a  four-wheeled  truck.  Some  of  his  customers  who  were 
favorable  to  the  latter  plan  had  ordered  such  machines  of  other  builders,  and  Colonel  Gads- 
den, President  of  the  South  Carolina  Railroad  Company,  called  on  him  in  1845  to  build 
for  that  line  some  passenger  engines  of  this  pattern.  He  accordingly  bought  the  patent- 
right  for  this  plan  of  engine  of  Mr.  II.  R.  Campbell,  and  for  the  equalizing  beams  used  be- 
tween the  drivers,  of  Messrs.  Eastwick  &  IIakeison,  and  delivered  to  the  South  Carolina 
Railroad  Company,  in  December,  1845,  his  first  eight-wheeled  engine  with  four  drivers  and 
a  four-wheeled  truck.  This  machine  had  cylinders  thirteen  and  three-quarters  by  eighteen, 
and  drivers  sixty  inches  in  diameter,  with  the  springs  between  them  arranged  as  equalizers. 
Its  weight  was  fifteen  tons.  It  had  the  half -crank  axle,  the  cylinders  being  inside  the  frame 
but  outside  the  smoke-box.  The  inside-connected  engine,  counterweighting  being  as  yet 
unknown,  was  admitted  to  be  steadier  in  running,  and  hence  more  suitable  for  passenger 
service.  With  the  completion  of  the  first  eight-wheeled  "  C  "  engine,  Mr.  Baldwin's  feel- 
ings underwent  a  revulsion  in  favor  of  this  plan,  and  his  partiality  for  it  became  as  great  as 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UlSTITED  STATES. 


liad  been,  liis  antipathy  before.    Commenting  on  the  machine,  he  recorded  himj 
pleased  with  its  appearance  and  action  than  any  engine  he  had  turned  out." 
the  three  engines  of  this  description  for  the  South  Carolina  Railroad  Company 
was  sent  to  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad  Company,  and  a  similar  but  lighter 
Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  Company,  shortly  afterwards.    The  engine 


^ore 


dition  to- J . 
iftlicate 

Am. 

for  the 


Fig.  8.— EALDWFN-  ElGnT-WHEELS-CONNBCTED  ENGINE,  1846. 


Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad  Company,  and  perhaps  the  others,  had  the  half-stroke  cut- 
off. 

From  that  time  forward,  all  of  his  four-wheels-connected  machines  were  built  on  this 
plan,  and  the  six-wheeled  "  C  "  engine  was  abandoned,  except  in  the  case  of  one  built  for 
the  Philadelphia,  Germantown,  and  l^orristown  Railroad  Company  in  1846,  and  this  was 
afterwards  rebuilt  into  a  six-wheels-connectcd  machine.  Three  methods  of  carrying  out  the 
general  design  were,  however,  subsequently  followed.  At  first  the  half-crank  was  used ; 
then  horizontal  cylinders  inclosed  in  the  chimney-seat  and  working  a  full-crank  axle,  which 
form  of  construction  had  been  prac- 
tised at  the  Lowell  Works ;  and 
eventually,  outside  cylinders  with  out- 
side connections. 

Meanwhile  the  flexible  truck  ma- 
chine maintained  its  popularity  for 
heavy  freight  service.  All  the  en- 
gines thus  far  built  on  this  plan  had 
been  six-wheeled,  some  with  the  rear 
driving-axle  back  of  the  fire-box,  and 
others  with  it  in  front.  The  next 
step,  following  logically  after  the 
adoption  of  the  eight-wheeled  "  C  "  engine,  was  to  increase  the  size  of  the  freight  machine, 
and  distribute  the  weight  on  eight  wheels  all  connected,  the  two  rear  pairs  being  rigid  in 
the  frame,  and  the  two  front  pairs  combined  into  the  flexible-beam  truck.  This  was  first 
done  in  1846,  when  seventeen  engines  on  this  plan  were  constructed  on  one  order  for  the 
Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad  Company.  Fifteen  of  these  were  of  twenty  tons 
weight,  with  cylinders  fifteen  and  a  half  by  twenty,  and  wheels  forty-six  inches  m  diame- 
ter ;  and  two  of  twenty-five  tons  weight,  with  cylinders  seventeen  and  a  quarter  by  eigh- 
teen, and  drivers  forty-two  inches  in  diameter.  These  engines  were  the  first  ones  on  which 
Mr.  Baldwin  placed  sand-boxes,  and  they  were  also  the  first  built  by  him  with  roofs;  On 
all  previous  engines  the  footboard  had  only  been 
inclosed  by  a  railing.  On  these  engines  for  the 
Reading  Railroad,  four  iron  posts  were  carried 
up,  and  a  wooden  roof  supported  by  them.  The 
engine-men  added  curtains  at  the  sides  and  front, 
and  Mr.  Balbwin  on  subsequent  engines  added 
sides,  with  sash  and  glass.  The  cab  proper,  how- 1 
ever,  was  of  New  England  origin,  where  the  se- 
verity of  the  climate  demanded  it,  and  where  it 
had  been  used  previous  to  this  period. 

Forty-two  engines  were  completed  in  1846,  and  thirty-nine  in  1847-    The  only  novelty 


Fig.  9.— BALDWIN  ENOINE  POTl  EACK-BAIL,  1847. 


222 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


to  be  noted  among  them  was  tlie  engine  "M.  G.  Briglit,"  bnilt  for  operating  the  inclined 
plane  on  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad.  The  rise  of  this  incline  was  one  in  seventeen, 
from  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  at  Madison.  The  engine  had  eight  wheels,  forty-two 
inches  in  diameter,  connected,  and  worked  in  the  usual  manner  by  outside  inclined  cylinders, 
fifteen  and  one-half  inches  diameter  by  twenty  inches  stroke.  A  second  pair  of  cylinders, 
seventeen  inches  in  diameter  with  eighteen  inches  stroke  of  piston,  was  placed  vertically 
over  the  boiler,  midway  between  the  furnace  and  smoke-arch.  The  connecting-rods  worked 
by  these  cylinders  connected  with  cranks  on  a  shaft  under  the  boiler.  This  shaft  carried  a 
single  cog-wheel  at  its  centre,  and  this  cog-wheel  engaged  with  another  of  about  twice  its 
diameter  on  a  second  shaft  adjacent  to  it  and  in  the  same  plane.  The  cog-wheel  on  this  lat- 
ter shaft  worked  in  a  rack-rail  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  track.  The  shaft  itself  had  its 
bearings  in  the  lower  ends  of  two  vertical  rods,  one  on  each  side  of  the  boiler,  and  these 
rods  were  united  over  the  boiler  by  a  horizontal  bar  which  was  connected  by  means  of  a 
bent  lever  and  connecting-rod  to  the  piston  worked  by  a  small  horizontal  cylinder  placed  on 
top  of  the  boiler.  By  means  of  this  cylinder,  the  yoke  carrying  the  shaft  and  cog-wheel 
could  be  depressed  and  held  down  so  as  to  engage  the  cogs  with  the  rack-rail,  or  raised  out 
of  the  way  when  only  the  ordinary  drivers  were  required.  This  device  was  designed  by 
Mr.  Andrew  Cathcakt,  Master  Mechanic  of  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad.  A 
similar  machine,  the  "  John  Beough,"  for  the  same  plane,  was  built  by  Mr.  Baldwin  iu 
1850.  The  incline  was  worked  with  a  rack-rail  and  these  engines  imtil  it  was  finally  aban- 
doned and  a  line  with  easy  gradients  substituted. 

The  use  of  iron  tubes  in  freight  engines  grew  in  favor,  and  in  October,  1847,  Mr. 
Baldwin  noted  that  he  was  fitting  his  flues  with  copper  ends,  "for  riveting  to  the  boiler." 

The  subject  of  burning  coal  continued  to  engage  much  attention,  but  the  use  of  an- 
thracite had  not  as  yet  been  generally  successful.  In  October,  1847,  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  Company  advertised  for  proposals  for  four  engines  to  burn  Cumberland 
coal,  and  the  order  was  taken  and  filled  by  Mr.  Baldwin  with  four  of  his  eight-wheels- 
connected  machines. 

The  year  1848  showed  a  falling  off  in  business,  and  only  twenty  engines  were  turned 
out.  In  the  following  year,  however,  there  was  a  rapid  recovery,  and  the  production  of 
the  works  increased  to  thirty,  followed  by  thirty-seven  in  1850,  and  fifty  in  1851. 

Early  in  1848,  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad  was  approaching  completion,  and  Gov- 
ernor Paine,  the  President  of  the  Company,  conceived  the  idea  that  the  passenger  service 
on  the  road  required  locomotives  capable  of  running  at  very  high  velocities.  Henry  R. 
Campbell,  Esq.,  was  a  contractor  in  building  the  line,  and  was  authorized  by  Governor 
Paine  to  come  to  Philadelphia  and  offer  Mr.  Baldwin  ten  thousand  dollars  for  a  locomo- 
tive which  could  run  with  a  passenger  train  at  a  speed  of  sixty  miles  per  hour.  Mr.  Bald- 
win at  once  imdertook  to  meet  these  conditions.  The  work  was  begun  early  in  1848,  and 
in  March  of  that  year  Mr.  Baldwin  filed  a  caveat  for  his  design.  The  engine  was  com- 
pleted in  1849,  and  was  named  the  "  Governor  Paine."  It  had  one  pair  of  drivings 
wheels  six  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  placed  back  of  the  fire-box.  Another  pair  of 
wheels,  but  smaller  and  unconnected,  was  placed  directly  in  front  of  the  fire-box,  and 
a  four-wheeled  truck'  carried  the  front  of  the  engine.  The  cylinders  were  seventeen 
and  a  quarter  inches  diameter,  and  twenty  inches  stroke,  and  were  placed  horizontally 
between  the  frames  and  the  boiler,  at  about  the  middle  of  the  waist.    The  connecting- 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UKITED  STATES. 

rods  took  hold  of  "  lialf-craiiks "  inside  of  the  driviug-wheels.  The  object 
the  cylinders  at  the  middle  of  the  boiler  was  to  lessen  or  obviate  the  lateral  motion 
engine,  produced  when  the  cylinders 
were  attached  to  the  smoke-arch.  The 
bearings  on  the  two  rear  axles  were  so 
contrived  that,  by  means  of  a  lever,  a 
part  of  the  weight  of  the  engine  usual- 
ly carried  on  tlie  wheels  in  front  of  the 
fire-box  coiild  be  transferred  to  the 
driving  axle.  The  "  Governor  Paine  " 
was  wsed  for  several  years  on  the  Ver- 
mont Central  Railroad,  and  then  rebuilt 
into  a  four-coupled  machine.    During  ^'s-  io.-balwvin  fast  passenger  engike,  i848. 

its  career,  it  was  stated  by  the  officers  of  the  road  that  it  could  be  started  from  a  state  of 
rest,  and  run  a  mile  in  forty-three  seconds.  Three  engines  on  the  same  plan,  but  with  cyl- 
inders fourteen  by  twenty,  and  six-feet  driving-wheels,  the  "  Mifflin,"  "  Blair,"  and  "  Indiana," 
were  also  built  for  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  in  1849.  They  weighed  each  about 
47,000  pounds,  distributed  as  follows :  18,000  on  drivers,  14,000  on  the  pair  of  wheels  in  front 
of  the  fire-box,  and  16,000  on  the  truck.  By  applying  the  lever,  the  weight  on  the  drivers 
could  be  increased  to  about  24,000  pounds,  the  weight  on  the  wheels  in  front  of  the  fire-box 
being  correspondingly  reduced.  A  speed  of  four  miles  in  three  minutes  is  recorded  for 
them,  and  upon  one  occasion  President  Taylor  was  taken  in  a  special  train  over  the  road 
by  one  of  these  machines  at  a  speed  of  sixty  miles  an  hour.  One  other  engine  of  this  pat- 
tern, the  "  Susquehanna,"  was  built  for  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  Company,  in  1850.  Its 
cylinders  were  fifteen  inches  diameter  by  twenty  inches  stroke,  and  drivers  six  feet  in 
diameter.  All  these  engines,  however,  were  short-lived,  and  died  young,  of  insufficient 
adhesion. 

In  May,  1848,  Mr.  Baldwin  filed  a  caveat  for  a  four-cylinder  locomotive,  but  never 
carried  the  design  into  execution.  The  first  instance  of  the  use  of  steel  axles  in  the  prac- 
tice of  the  establishment  occurred  during  the  same  yeai", — a  set  being  placed  as  an  experi- 
ment under  an  engine  constructed  for  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company.  In  1850,  the 
old  foim  of  dome  boiler,  which  had  characterized  the  Baldwin  engine  since  1834,  was  aban- 
doned, and  the  wagon-top  form  substituted. 

The  business  in  1851  had  reached  the  full  capacity  of  the  shop,  and  the  next  year 
marked  the  completion  of  about  an  equal  number  of  engines  (forty-nine).     Contracts  for 
work  extended  a  year  ahead,  and,  to  meet  the  demand,  the  facilities  in  the  various  depart-  , 
ments  were  increased,  and  resulted  in  the  construction  of  sixty  engines  in  1853,  and  sixty- 
two  in  1854. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  latter  year,  Mr.  Matthew  Baird,  who  had  been  connected 
with  the  works  since  1836  as  one  of  its  foremen,  entered  into  partnership  with  Mr.  Bald- 
win, and  the  style  of  the  firm  was  made  M.  W.  Baldwin  &  Co. 

The  only  novelty  in  the  general  plan  of  engines  during  this  period  was  the  addition  ' 
of  the  ten-wheeled  engine  to  the  patterns  of  the  establishment.    The  success  of  Mr.  Bald- 
win's engines  with  all  six  or  eight  wheels  connected,  and  the  two  front  pairs  combined  by 
tlie  parallel  beams  into  a  flexible  truck,  had  been  so  marked  that  it  was  natural  that  he 


224 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Bliould  oppose  any  other  plan  for  freight  service.  The  ten-wheeled  engine,  with  six  driv- 
ers connected,  had,  however,  now  become  a  competitor.  This  plan  of  engine  "was  first 
patented  by  Septimus  Noreis,  of  Philadelphia,  in  IS-iG,  and  the  original  design  was  appar- 
ently to  produce  an  engme  which  should  have  equal  tractive  power  with  the  Baldwin  six- 
wheels-connected  machine.  This  the  Noeeis  patent  sought  to  accomplish  by  proposing  au 
engine  with  six  drivers  connected,  and  so  disposed  as  to  carry  substantially  the  whole  weight, 
the  forward  diivers  being  in  advance  of  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  engine,  and  the  truck 
only  serving  as  a  guide,  the  front  of  the  engine  being  connected  with  it  by  a  pivot  pin,  but 
without  a  bearing  on  the  centre-plate.  Mr.  Noeeis's  first  engine  on  this  plan  was  tried  in 
April,  1847,  and  was  found  not  to  pass  curves  so  readily  as  was  expected.  As  tlie  truck 
carried  little  or  no  weight,  it  would  not  keep  the  track.  The  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road Company,  of  which  John  Beajstdt  was  then  Master  Mechanic,  shortly  afterwards 
adopted  the  ten-wheeled  engine,  modified  in  plan  so  as  to  carry  a  part  of  the  weight  on  the 
truck.  Mr.  Baldwin  filled  an  order  for  this  company,  in  1850,  of  four  eight-wheels- 
connected  engines,  and  in  making  the  contract  he  agreed  to  substitute  a  truck  for  the  front 
pair  of  wheels  if  desired  after  trial.    This,  however,  he  was  not  called  upon  to  do. 

In  February,  1852,  Mr.  J.  Edgae  Thomson,  President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company,  invited  proposals  for  a  number  of  freight  locomotives  of  5G,000  pounds  weight 
each.  They  were  to  be  adapted  to  burn  bituminous  coal,  and  to  have  six  wheels  connected 
and  a  truck  in  front,  which  might  be  either  of  two  or  four  wheels.  Mr.  Baldwin  secured 
the  contract,  and  built  twelve  engines  of  the  prescribed  dimensions,  viz.,  cylinders  eighteen 
by  twenty-two ;  drivers  forty-four  inches  diameter,  with  chilled  tires.  Several  of  these  en- 
gines were  constructed  with  a  single  pair  of  truck-wheels  in  front  of  the  drivers,  but  back 
of  the  cylinders.  It  was  found,  however,  after  the  engines  were  put  in  service,  that  the 
two  truck-wheels  carried  18,000  or  19,000  pounds,  and  this  was  objected  to  by  the  company 
as  too  great  a  weight  to  be  carried  on  a  single  pair  of  wheels.  On  the  rest  of  the  engines 
of  the  order,  therefore,  a  four-wheeled  truck  in  front  was  employed. 

The  ten-wheeled  engine  thereafter  assumed  a  place  in  the  Baldwin  classification.  In 
1855-56,  two,  of  twenty-seven  tons  weight,  nineteen  by  twenty-two  cylinders,  forty-eight 
inches  drivers,  were  built  for  the  Portage  Railroad,  and  .three  for  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road. In  1855,  '56,  and  '57,  fourteen,  of  the  same  dimensions,  were  built  for  the  Cleve- 
land and  Pittsburg  Railroad ;  four  for  the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad ; 
and  one  for  the  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad.  In  1858  and  '59,  one  was  constructed 
for  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  of  the  same  size,  and  six  lighter  ten-wheelers,  with  cylin- 
ders fifteen  and  a  half  by  twenty-two,  and  four-feet  drivers,  and  two  with  cyhnders  sixteen 
by  twenty-two,  and  four-feet  drivers,  were  sent  out  to  railroads  in  Cuba. 

It  was  some  years — not  until  after  1860,  however — before  this  pattern  of  engine  wholly 
superseded  in  Mr.  Baldwin's  practice  the  old  plan  of  freight  engine  on  six  or  eight  wheels, 
all  connected. 

On  three  locomotives — the  "Clinton,"  "Athens,"  and  "Sparta" — completed  for  the 
Central  Railroad  of  Georgia  in  July,  1852,  the  driving-boxes  were  made  with  a  slot  or  cavity 
in  the  line  of  the  vertical  bearing  on  the  journal.  The  object  was  to  produce  a  more  uni- 
form distribution  of  the  wear  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  bearing.  This  Avas  the  first 
instance  in  which  this  device,  which  has  since  come  into  general  use,  was  employed  in  tlie 
works,  and  the  boxes  were  so  made  by  direction  of  Mr.  Chaeles  "Whiting,  then  master 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  "^^^^^^25^ 

meclianic  of  the  Central  Railroad  of  Georgia.    He  subsequently  informed  Mr.  Baldw^w- 
tliat  this  method  of  fitting  up  driving-boxes  had  been  in  use  on  the  road  for  several  years 
previous  to  his  connection  with  the  company.    As  this  device  vras  subsequently  made  the 
subject  of  a  patent  by  Mr.  David  Matthew,  these  facts  may  not  be  without  interest. 

In  1853,  Mr.  Charles  Ellet,  chief  engineer  of  the  Yirginia  Central  Railroad,  laid  a 
temporary  track  across  the  Blue  Ridge,  at  Rock  Fish  Gap,  for  use  during  the  construction 
of  a  tunnel  through  the  mountain.  This  track  was  12,500  feet  in  length  on  the  eastern 
slope,  ascending  in  that  distance  610  feet,  or  at  the  average  rate  of  one  in  twenty  and  a 
half  feet.  The  maximum  grade  was  calculated  for  296  feet  per  mile,  and  prevailed  for 
half  a  mile.  It  was  found,  however,  in  fact,  that  the  grade  in  places  exceeded  300  feet  per 
mile.  The  shortest  radius  of  curvature  was  238  feet.  On  the  western  slope,  which  was 
10,650  feet  in  length,  the  maximum  grade  was  280  feet  per  mile,  and  the  ruling  radius  of 
curvature  300  feet.  This  track  was  worked  by  two  of  the  Baldwin  six-wheels-connected 
flexible-beam  truck  locomotives  constructed  in  1853-54. 

The  mountain-top  track,  it  may  be  added,  was  worked  successfully  for  several  years  by 
the  engines  described,  until  it  was  abandoned  on  the  completion  of  the  tunnel.  The  ex- 
ceptionally steep  grades  and  short  curves  which  characterized  the  line  afforded  a  complete 
and  satisfactory  test  of  the  adaptation  of  these  machines  to  such  peculiar  service. 

But  the  period  now  under  consideration  was  marked  by  another  and  a  most  important 
step  in  the  progress  of  American  locomotive  practice.  We  refer  to  the  introduction  of  the 
link-motion.  Although  this  device  was  first  employed  by  William  T.  James,  of  ISTew 
York,  in  1832,  and  eleven  years  later  by  the  Stephensons,  in  England,  and  was  by  them  ap- 
plied thenceforward  on  their  engines,  it  was  not  imtil  1819  that  it  was  adopted  in  this  coun- 
try. In  that  year  Mr.  Thomas  Rogers,  of  the  Rogers  Locomotive  and  Machine  Company, 
introduced  it  in  his  practice.  Other  builders,  however,  strenuously  resisted  the  innovation, 
and  none  more  so  than  Mr.  Baldwin.  The  theoretical  objections  which  confessedly  apply 
to  the  device,  but  which  practically  have  been  proved  to  be  unimportant,  were  urged  from 
the  first  by  Mr.  Baldwin  as  arguments  against  its  use.  The  strong  claim  of  the  advocates 
of  the  link-motion,  that  it  gave  a  means  of  cutting  off  steam  at  any  point  of  the  stroke, 
could  not  be  gainsaid,  and  this  was  admitted  to  be  a  consideration  of  the  first  importance. 
This  very  circumstance  undoubtedly  turned  Mr.  Baldwin's  attention  to  the  subject  of 
methods  for  cutting  off  steam,  and  one  of  the  first  results  was  his  "  Variable  Cut-off,"  pat- 
ented April  27,  1852. 

But  while  Mr.  Baldwin,  in  common  with  many  other  builders,  was  thus  resolutely  op- 
posing the  hnk-motion,  it  was  nevertheless  rapidly  gaining  favor  with  railroad  managers. 
Engineers  and  master  mechanics  were  everywhere  learning  to  admire  its  simplicity,  and 
were  manifesting  an  enthusiastic  preference  for  engines  so  constructed.  At  length,  there- 
fore, he  was  forced  to  succumb,  and  the  link  was  applied  to  the  "  Pennsylvania,"  one  of 
two  engines  completed  for  the  Central  Railroad  of  Georgia,  in  February,  1854.  The  other 
engine  of  the  order,  the  "  'New  Hampshire,"  had  the  variable  cut-off,  and  Mr.  Baldwin, 
while  yielding  to  the  demand  in  the  former  engine,  was  undoubtedly  sanguine  that  the 
working  of  the  latter  would  demonstrate  the  inferiority  of  the  new  device.  In  this,  how- 
ever, he  was  disappointed,  for  in  the  following  year  the  same  company  ordered  three  more 
engines,  on  which  they  specified  the  link-motion.  In  1856,  seventeen  engines  for  nine  dif- 
ferent companies  had  this  form  of  valve  gear,  and  its  use  was  thus  incorporated  in  his  prac- 
29 


226 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


tice.  It  was  not,  however,  until  185Y  that  he  was  induced  to  adopt  it  exclusively.  This 
step  was  forced  upon  him,  at  that  time,  by  the  report  of  Mr.  Pakey,  then  superintendent 
of  the  works  (now  a  member  of  the  present  firm),  who,  on  returning  from  an  extended  tour 
in  the  South,  brought  back  the  intelligence  that  the  link-motion  was  everywhere  preferred, 
and  that  the  Baldwin  engines  were  losing  groimd  rapidly,  in  consequence  of  their  lack  of 
this  feature.  Mr.  Baldwin's  characteristic  reply  was,  "  Then  they  shall  have  link-motion 
hereafter."  And  thenceforth  the  independent  cut-ofE  gradually  disappeared,  and  the  link 
reigned  in  its  stead. 

The  use  of  coal,  both  bituminous  and  anthracite,  as  a  fuel  for  locomotives,  had  by  this 
time  become  a  practical  success.  The  economical  combustion  of  bituminous  coal,  however, 
engaged  considerable  attention.  It  was  felt  that  much  remained  to  be  accomplished  in  con- 
suming the  smoke  and  deriving  the  maximum  of  useful  eiiect  from  the  fuel.  Mr.  Baikd, 
who  was  now  associated  with  Mr.  Baldwin  in  the  management  of  the  business,  made  this 
matter  a  subject  of  careful  study  and  investigation.  An  experiment  was  conducted  under 
his  direction,  by  placing  a  sheet-iron  deflector  in  the  fire-box  of  an  engine  on  the  German- 
town  and  ISTorristown  Railroad.  The  success  of  the  trial  was  such  as  to  show  conclusively 
that  a  more  complete  combustion  resulted.  As,  however,  a  deflector  formed  by  a  single 
plate  of  iron  would  soon  be  destroyed  by  the  action  of  the  fire,  Mr.  Baikd  proposed  to  use 
a  water-leg  projecting  upward  and  backward  from  the  front  of  the  fire-box  under  the  flues. 
Drawings  and  a  model  of  the  device  were  prepared,  with  a  view  of  patenting  it,  but  subse- 
quently the  intention  was  abandoned,  Mr.  Baikd  concluding  that  a  fire-brick  arch  as  a  de- 
flector to  accomplish  the  same  object  was  preferable.  This  was  accordingly  tried  on  two 
locomotives  built  for  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  in  1854,  and  was  found  so  valua- 
ble an  appliance  that  its  use  was  at  once  established,  and  it  was  pat  on  a  number  of  engines 
built  for  railroads  in  Cuba  and  elsewhere.  Por  several  years  the  fire-bricks  were  supported 
on  side  plugs ;  but  in  1858,  in  the  "  Media,"  built  for  the  West  Chester  and  Philadelphia 
Railroad  Company,  water-pipes,  extending  from  the  crown  obliquely  downward,  and  curv- 
ing to  the  sides  of  the  fire-box  at  the  bottom,  were  successfully  used  for  the  purpose. 

The  adoption  of  the  link-motion  may  be  regarded  as  the  dividing  line  between  the  pres- 
ent and  the  early  and  transitional  stage  of  locomotive  practice.  Changes  since  that  event 
have  been  principally  in  matters  of  detail,  but  it  is  the  gradual  perfection  of  these  details 
which  has  made  the  locomotive  the  symmetrical,  efficient,  and  wonderfully  complete  piece 
of  mechanism  it  is  to-day. 

The  result  of  experience  and  study  had  meantime  satisfied  Mr.  Baldwin  tliat  to  bum 
soft  coal  successfully  required  no  peculiar  devices  ;  that  the  ordinary  form  of  boiler,  with 
plain  fire-box,  was  right,  with  perhaps  the  addition  of  a  fire-brick  deflector;  and  that  the 
secret  of  the  economical  and  successful  use  of  coal  was  in  the  mode  of  firing,  rather  than 
in  a  different  form  of  furnace. 

The  year  1861  witnessed  a  marked  falling  off  in  the  production.  The  breaking  out  of 
the  war  at  first  unsettled  business,  and  by  many  it  was  thought  that  railroad  traffic  would 
be  so  largely  reduced  that  the  demand  for  locomotives  must  cease  altogether.  A  large 
number  of  hands  were  discharged  from  the  works,  and  only  forty  locomotives  were  turned 
out  during  the  year.  It  was  even  seriously  contemplated  to  turn  the  resources  of  the  estab- 
lishment to  the  manufacture  of  shot  and  shell,  and  other  munitions  of  war,  the  belief  being 
entertained  that  the  building  of  locomotives  would  have  to  be  altogether  suspended.  So 


LOCOMOTIVE  "WOEKS  OF  THE  TUSTITED  STATES. 


227 


far,  however,  was  this  from  being  the  case,  that,  after  the  first  excitement  had  subsided, 
it  was  found  that  the  demand  for  transportation  by  the  general  government,  and  by  the 
branches  of  trade  and  production  created  by  the  war,  was  likely  to  tax  the  carrying  capacity 
of  the  principal  IvTorthern  railroads  to  the  fullest  extent.  The  government  itself  became  a 
large  purchaser  of  locomotives,  and  it  is  noticeable,  as  indicating  the  increase  of  travel  and 
freight  transportation,  that  heavier  machines  than  had  ever  before  been  built  became  the 
rule.  Seventy-five  engines  were  sent  from  the  works  in  1862  ;  ninety-six  in  1863  ;  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  in  1864 ;  and  one  hundred  and  fifteen  in  1865.  During  two  years  of  this 
period,  from  May,  1862,  to  June,  1864,  thirty-three  engines  were  built  for  the  United 
States  military  railroads.  The  demand  from  the  various  coal-carrying  roads  in  Pennsylva- 
nia and  vicinity  was  particularly  active,  and  large  numbers  of  ten- wheeled  engines,  and  of 
the  heaviest  eight-wheeled  four-coupled  engines,  were  built.  Of  the  latter  class,  the  major- 
ity were  with  fifteen  and  sixteen  inch  cylinders,  and  of  the  former,  seventeen  and  eighteen 
inch  cylinders. 

The  introduction  of  steel  in  locomotive  construction  was  a  distinguishing  feature  of  the 
l^eriod.  Steel  tires  were  first  used  in  the  works  in  1863,  on  some  engines  for  the  Don 
Pedeo  II.  Eailway  of  South  America.  Their  general  adoption  on  American  railroads 
followed  slowly.  'No  tires  of  this  material  were  then  made  in  this  country,  and  it  was  ob- 
jected to  their  use  that,  as  it  took  from  sixty  to  ninety  days  to  import  them,  an  engine,  in 
case  of  a  breakage  of  one  of  its  tires,  might  be  laid  up  useless  for  several  months.  To  ob- 
viate this  objection,  M.  W.  Baldwin  &  Co.  imported  five  hundred  steel  tires,  most  of 
which  were  kept  in  stock,  from  which  to  fill  orders. 

Steel  fire-boxes  were  first  built  for  some  engines  for  the  Pennsylvania  Eailroad  Com- 
pany in  1861.  English  steel,  of  a  high  temper,  was  used,  and  at  the  first  attempt  the  fire- 
boxes cracked  in  fitting  them  in  the  boilers,  and  it  became  necessary  to  take  them  out  and 
substitute  copper.  American  homogeneous  cast-steel  Avas  then  tried  on  engines  231  and 
232,  completed  for  the  Pennsylvania  Eailroad  in  January,  1862,  and  it  was  found  to  work 
successfully.  The  fire-boxes  of  nearly  all  engines  thereafter  built  for  that  road  were  of  this 
material,  and  in  1866  its  use  for  the  purpose  became  general.  It  may  be  added  that  while 
all  steel  sheets  for  fire-boxes  or  boilers  are  required  to  be  thoroughly  annealed  before  de- 
livery, those  which  are  flanged  or  worked  in  the  process  of  boiler-construction  are  a  second 
time  annealed  before  riveting. 

A  distinguishing  feature  in  the  method  of  construction  which  characterizes  these 
works,  is  the  extensive  use  of  a  system  of  standard  gaiTges  and  templets,  to  which  all  woi'k 
admitting  of  this  process  is  required  to  conform.  The  importance  of  this  arrangement, 
in  securing  absolute  uniformity  of  essential  parts  in  all  engines  of  the  same  class,  is  mani- 
fest, and  with  the  increased  production  since  1861  it  became  a  necessity  as  a  well  as  a  de- 
cided advantage.  It  has  already  been  noted  that  as  early  as  1839  Mr.  Baldwin  felt  the 
importance  of  making  all  like  parts  of  similar  engines  absolutely  uniform  and  interchange- 
able. It  Avas  not  attempted  to  accomplish  this  object,  however,  by  means  of  a  complete 
system  of  standard  gauges,  until  many  years  later.  In  1861  a  beginning  was  made  of  or- 
ganizing all  the  departments  of  manufacture  upon  this  basis,  and  from  it  has  since  grown 
an  elaborate  and  perfected  system,  embracing  all  the  essential  details  of  construction.  An 
independent  department  of  the  works,  having  a  separate  foreman  and  an  adequate  force  of 
skilled  workmen,  with  special  tools  adapted  to  the  purpose,  is  organized  as  the  Department 


228 


LOCOMOTR^E  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


of  Standard  Gauges.  A  system  of  standard  gauges  and  templets  for  every  description  of 
work  to  be  done,  is  made  and  kept  by  tliis  department.  The  original  templets  are  kept  as 
"  standards,"  and  are  never  used  on  tbe  work  itself,  but  from  them  exact  duplicates  are 
made,  which  are  issued  to  the  foremen  of  the  various  departments,  and  to  which  all  work 
is  required  to  conform.  The  working  gauges  are  compared  with  the  standards  at  regular 
intervals,  and  absolute  uniformity  is  thus  maintained.  The  system  is  carried  into  every 
possible  important  detail.  Frames  are  planed  and  slotted  to  gauges,  and  drilled  to  steel 
bushed  templets.  Cylinders  are  bored  and  planed,  and  steam-ports,  with  valves  and  steam- 
chests,  finished  and  fitted,  to  gauges.  Tires  are  bored,  centres  turned,  axles  finished,,  and 
cross-heads,  guides,  guide-bearers,  pistons,  connecting  and  parallel-rods  planed,  slotted,  or 
finished,  by  the  same  method.  Every  bolt  about  the  engine  is  made  to  a  gauge,  and  every 
hole  drilled  and  reamed  to  a  templet.  The  result  of  the  system  is  an  absolute  uniformity 
and  interchangeableness  of  parts  in  engines  of  the  same  class,  insuring  to  the  pui-chaser  the 
minimum  cost  of  repairs,  and  rendering  possible,  by  the  application  of  this  method,  the 
large  production  which  these  works  have  accomj)lished. 

Thus  had  been  developed  and  perfected  the  various  essential  details  of  existing  loco- 
motive practice,  when  Mr.  Baldwin  died,  September  7,  1866.  He  had  been  permitted,  in 
a  life  of  unusual  activity  and  energy,  to  witness  the  rise  and  wonderful  increase  •  of  a  ma- 
terial interest  which  had  become  the  distinguishing  feature  of  the  century.  He  had  done 
much,  by  his  own  mechanical  skill  and  inventive  genius,  to  contribute  to  the  development 
of  that  interest,  and  his  name  was  as  "  familiar  as  household  words "  wherever  on  the 
American  continent  the  locomotive  had  penetrated. 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  Baldwin,  the  business  was  reorganized  in  1867,  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Baldwin  Locomotive  "Works,"  M.  Baikd  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Messrs.  Geoege 
BuKNHAM  and  Charles  T.  Parky,  who  had  been  connected  with  the  establishment  from 
an  early  period,  the  former  in  charge  of  the  finances,  and  the  latter  as  General  Superintend- 
ent, were  associated  Avith  Mr.  Baikd  in  the  copartnership.  Three  years  later,  Messrs. 
Edwaed  II.  Williams,  William  P.  Henszey,  and  Edward  Longsteeth  became  members 
of  the  firm.  Mr.  Williams  had  been  connected  with  railway  management  on  various  lines 
since  1850.  Mr.  Henszey  had  been  Mechanical  Engineer,  and  Mr.  Longsteeth  the  Gen- 
eral Superintendent  of  the  works  for  several  years  previously. 

In  Jidy,  1866,  the  engine  "  Consolidation  "  was  built  for  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad, 
on  the  plan  and  specification  furnished  by  Mr.  AlexjIndee  Mitchell,  master  mechanic  of  the 
Mahanoy  Division  of  that  railroad.  •  This  engine  was  intended  for  working  the  Mahanoy 
plane,  which  rises  at  the  rate  of  133  feet  per  mile.  The  "  Consolidation  "  had  cylinders 
twenty  by  twenty-f om-,  four  pairs  of  drivers  connected,  forty-eight  inches  in  diameter,  and 
a  Bissell  pony-truck  in  front,  equalized  with  the  front  drivers.  The  weight  of  the  engine, 
in  working  order,  was  90,000  pounds,  of  which  all  but  about  10,000  pounds  was  on  the 
drivers.  This  engine  has  constituted  the  first  of  a  class  to  which  it  has  given  its  name,  and 
over  thirty  "  Consolidation  "  engines  have  since  been  constructed. 

A  class  of  engines  known  as  "  Moguls,"  with  three  pairs  of  drivers  connected  and  a 
swing  pony-truck  in  front  equalized  with  the  front  drivers,  took  its  rise  in  the  practice  of 
this  establishment  from  the  "E.  A.  Douglas,"' built  for  the  Thomas  Iron  Company  in  18G7. 
Several  sizes  of  "  Moguls  "  have  been  built,  but  principally  with  cylinders  sixteen,  seven- 
teen, and  eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  respectively,  and  twenty-two  or  twenty-four  inches 


LOCOMOTIVE  WOEKS  Or  THE  UIOTED  STATES.  \  ^  229 

stroke,  and  with  drivers  from  forty-four  to  fifty-seven  inches  in  diameter.  Tb5^<^laif  of  -^i 
engine  has  rapidly  grown  in  favor  for  freight  service  on  heavy  grades  or  where  TTTR^umli]^  ^ 
loads  are  to  be  moved,  and  has  been  adopted  by  several  leading  lines.  Utilizing,  as  it  does, 
nearly  the  entire  weight  of  the  engine  for  adhesion,  the  main  and  back  pairs  of  drivers 
being  eqiialized  together,  as  also  the  front  drivers  and  the  pony-wheels,  and  the  construc- 
tion of  the  engine  with  swing-truck  and  one  pair  of  drivers  withoiit  flanges  allowing  it  to 
pass  short  cnrves  without  difficulty,  the  "Mogul  "  is  generally  accepted  as  a  type  of  engine 
especially  adapted  to  the  economical  working  of  heavy  freight  traffic. 

Steel  flues  were  put  in  three  ten-wheeled  freight  engines,  numbers  211,  338,  and  368, 
completed  for  the  Pennsylvania  Eailroad  in  August,  1868,  and  up  to  the  present  time  have 
been  in  constant  use  without  requiring  renewal.  Flues  of  the  same  material  have  also  been 
used  in  a  number  of  engines  for  South  American  railroads.  Experience  with  tubes  of  this 
metal,  however,  has  not  yet  been  sufiiciently  extended  to  show  whether  they  give  any  ad- 
vantages commensurate  with  their  increased  cost  over  iron. 

Steel  boilers  have  been  built,  to  a  considerable  extent,  for  the  Pennsylvania,  Lehigh 
Valley,  Central  of  l^ew  Jersey,  and  some  other  railroad  companies,  since  1868,  and  with 
good  results  thus  far.  Where  this  metal  is  used  for  boilers,  the  plates  may  be  somewhat 
thinner  than  if  of  iron,  but  at  the  same  time,  as  shown  by  carefid  tests,  giving  a  greater 
tensile  strength.  The  thoroughly  homogeneous  character  of  the  steel  boiler-plate  made  in 
this  country  recommends  it  strongly  for  the  purpose. 

Early  in  1870,  the  success  of  the  various  narrow-gauge  railway  enterprises  in  Europe 
aroused  a  lively  interest  in  the  subject,  and  numerous  similar  lines  were  prqjected  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  Several  classes  of  engines  for  working  railroads  of  this  character 
were  designed  and  built,  and  are  illustrated  in  full,  as  are  all  styles  of  locomotives  built  at 
this  works. 

In  1832  only  20  hands  were  employed,  and  one  engine  required  a  year  to  build.  At 
this  time  there  are  about  3,000  skilled  mechanics  employed,  and  the  present  firm  are  turning 
out  an  average  of  If  engines  per  day.  From  a  single,  narrow,  contracted  shop  where  a  ham- 
mer could  scarcely  be  slung  aloft  without  striking  the  wall,  the  works  now  cover  8|  acres, 
and  from  a  pay-roll  of  $200  per  week  it  has  grown  to  $40,000  per  week,  or  over 
$2,000,000  per  year.  In  order  to  show  the  enormous  extent  of  the  work  done  in  all  these 
years,  it  may  be  stated  that  there  have  been  built,  of  all  sizes  and  kinds,  3,342  engines,  the 
lowest  selling  for  $3,500  and  the  highest  for  $34,000.  Averaging  these  engines  at  about 
$12,000  each,  it  will  be  seen  that  this  one  concern  has  manufactured  within  forty  years  en- 
gines to  the  value  of  $41,104,000,  or  over  $1,000,000  work  per  year.  During  these  years 
the  firm  have  paid  out  for  labor  alone  about  $15,000,000,  and  some  of  the  employes  have 
seen  the  full  forty  years  of  service  with  the  firm.  One,  Mr.  Lewis  O.  Howell,  who 
forged  the  iron  for  the  first  engine,  is  still  a  foreman,  a  hale,  hearty  man  of  71  years,  who 
looks  as  though  he  were  equal  to  another  quarter  of  a  century.  As  showing  the  imperfec- 
tions of  the  ea.rly  engines  made,  this  gentleman  states  that  a  large  party  of  celebrities  who 
made  a  trial  trip  over  the  old  State  road  on  the  third  engine  built,  had  large  holes  burnt  in 
their  clothing  by  the  sparks  from  the  engine,  there  being  no  "  spark  arrester"  known  then. 
To  further  exhibit  the  increase  of  demand  for  the  latter  perfected  engines,  it  is  stated  that 
in  1866  there  were  118  engines  built,  127  in  1807,  124  in  1868,  235  in  1869,  280  in  1870, 
331  in  1871,  422  in  1872,  and  the  number  for  1873  will  exceed  500. 


230 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UOTTED  STATES. 


The  following  table  will  show  the  number  of  shops,  the  area  of  each,  the  purposes  for 
which  they  are  used,  the  number  of  men  employed  in  each,  and  the  number  of  machines : 


No. 

Buildings. 

Ar6£i  in 

No.  cni- 

Ma- 

square ft. 

ployed. 

chines. 

1 

18,463 

99 

55 

2 

19,313 

124 

63 

3 

19,313 

125 

30 

4 

28,600 

190 

15 

5 

2,166 

19 

6 

1,600 

14 

7 

10,890 

03 

70 

8 

56,167 

486 

45 

9 

Drawing  room                                  .  . , 

2,166 

18 

10 

1,600 

13 

io 

11 

Piston  and  guide  shop  

14,486 

86 

68 

12 

10,216 

115 

43 

13 

23,800 

385 

30 

14 

4,148 

10 

9 

15 

Pipe  shop  

4,148 

28 

5 

16 

0,800 

32 

5 

17 

8,296 

19 

5 

18 

6,800 

40 

21 

19 

6,800 

34 

35 

20 

2,800 

17 

21 

6,800 

12 

'6 

22 

6,800 

7 

23 

18,000 

265 

38 

24 

16,400 

146 

6 

25 

9,600 

119 

10 

26 

10,004 

36 

18 

27 

9,790 

10 

28 

13,706 

80 

27 

29 

9,790 

62 

21 

30 

9,790 

38 

12 

31 

9,790 

35 

44 

33 

4,800 

16 

5 

33 

1,700 

6 

34 

8,140 

18 

'4 

35 

7,000 

37 

390,482 

3,700 

70: 

The  1,000th  engine  was  finished  in  February,  1861,  the  2,000th  on  October  30, 1869,  and 
the  3,000th,  November  13,  1872  ;  and  the  last  one  completed  up  to  this  writing  numbered 
3,342,  on  July  18.  It  is  stated  that  one  other  immense  firm  in  Berlin  has  turned  out  over 
3,000,  having  on  exhibition  their  3,000th  locomotive  at  the  Vienna  Exhibition  ;  but  this  firm 
employs  10,000  men  to  do  less  work  and  at  greater  cost  in  the  same  time  than  the  Bald- 
win works,  thus  proving  conclusively  the  superiority  in  skill,  the  perfection  in  machinery, 
and  even  Europe  itself  acknowledges  the  superiority  in  perfection  of  the  American-built 
engine. 

The  Baldwin  works  cover  an  area  of  8-|  acres,  or  nearly  4  squares,  the  real  estate  possess- 
ions amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  about  $1,400,000,  of  which  about  $425,000  is  in  buildings. 
The  works  front  on  Broad  Street,  from  Pennsylvania  Avenue  to  Spring  Garden  Street,  7G0 
feet,  looking  like  a  busy  city  all  to  itself.  The  several  lots  occupied  by  the  works  have  a  su- 
perficial ground  area,  all  told,  of  about  400,000  square  feet,  and  upon  them  are  erected  sub- 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


231 


stautial  brick  structures,  one,  two,  three,  and  four  stories  high,  filled  with  the  most  perfect 
and  expensive  machinery. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  18  stationary  engines,  26  boilers,  and  115  laboring 
men  not  enumerated,  while  a  force  of  over  200  men  are  given  employment  at  times,  in- 
creasing the  entire  force  to  over  o,000  persons. 

The  consumption  of  material  in  the  works  is  of  course  enormous,  and  to  give  some 
idea  of  this,  figures  are  again  resorted  to.  The  average  annual  consumption  of  the  princi- 
pal articles  used  is  as  follows : 


Coal  used  tons,  18,000 

Bar  iron   "  3,000 

Pig-iron   "  5,800 

Boiler  iron  tons,  1,150 

Boiler-plate  steel  ,   "  420 

Copper  lbs.,  38-1,000 

Spring  steel  ,   "  350,000 

Lead   "  100,000 

Pig-tin   "  55,000 

Spelter   "  42,000 

Coke  bush.,  40,000 

Charcoal  bbls.,  5,600 

Steel  tires   2,100 

Chilled  wheels   5,000 

Flues  ,   58,000 


As  a  matter  of  course,  the  largest  number  of  the  engines  manufactured  are  sold  and 
used  in  the  United  States,  but  there  have  been  a  great  many  sent  to  foreign  countries.  An 
investigation  goes  to  prove  that  since  the  year  1860  the  firm  liave  sent  abroad  154  engines, 
as  follows :  To  Canada,  39  ;  to  Cuba,  25  ;  to  Brazil,  50  ;  to  Peru,  13 ;  to  Russia,  10 ;  to 
Finland,  9 ;  to  Nova  Scotia,  4,  and  to  New  Bnmswick,  4.  There  are  now  being  constructed 
50  for  Canada,  11  for  South  America,  and  several  smaller  orders  for  other  countries.  Mr. 
Baldwin,  the  founder,  died  in  1860,  after  a  long  life  of  usefulness,  and,  after  many 
changes,  Mr.  M.  Baied,  a  former  apprentice  in  the  business,  became  a  prominent  member 
of  the  firm.  A  few  months  since  the  latter  gentleman  also  retired,  disposing  of  his  inter- 
est in  the  business,  amounting  to  one-third,  for  $1,125,000.  The  present  firm  is  composed 
almost  entirely  of  young  men,  who  have  grown  up  with  the  business,  from  ofiice  or  appren- 
tice boys.  Mr.  George  BmKNnAM,  the  senior,  who  has  been  in  the  concern  for  35  years,  is 
the  financier.  Mr.  Chaeles  T.  Parey,  another  member,  is  general  manager.  Dr.  Ed- 
ward H.  "Williams,  an  experienced  railroad  official,  is  now  the  selling  or  contracting 
partner.  Mr.  Wm.  P.  Henszet  is  the  mechanical  engineer.  Mr.  Edward  Longstreth,  a 
fonner  apprentice,  who  was  made  a  foreman  before  he  was  free,  is  now  a  partner  and  gen- 
eral superintendent.    Mr.  John  H.  Converse  is  an  old  journalist. 

Some  of  the  machines  used  in  the  establishment  are  well  worth  notice.  One  steam 
hammer  has  a  weight  of  over  3,000  pounds,  to  pack  and  cram  the  red-hot  iron  into  a  suffi- 
ciently compact  mass  to  sustain  great  weight.    Another,  a  tram  engine,  picks  up  an  entire 


232 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


engine  boiler,  and  carries  it  from  point  to  point.  A  third  holds  the  boiler  suspended,  whilst 
a  massive  upright  steam  riveter  clinches  with  one  great  blow  the  red  hot  rivet  through  the 
boiler,  saving  hours  of  manual  labor.  The  punches,  the  shears,  the  planers,  and  the  great 
wheel  lathes,  all  are  huge,  and  yet  all  apparently  perfect  for  the  purpose  intended,  and  still 
improvements  are  being  constantly  made.  The  work  goes  through  no  less  than  thirty-five 
different  shops  before  completion,  each  department  of  which  is  presided  over  by  an  expe- 
rienced and  competent  head. 

The  history  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  "Works  has  thus  been  traced  from  its  inception 
to  the  present  time.  Over  2,G00  locomotives  have  been  built  in  the  establishment  since  the 
completion  of  the  "  Old  Ironsides,"  in  1833.  Its  capacity  is  now  equal  to  the  production 
of  over  400  locomotives  annually,  and  it  has  attained  the  rank  of  the  largest  locomotive 
works  in  the  world.  It  owes  this  position  not  only  to  the  character  of  the  work  it  has  turned 
out,  but  largely  also  to  the  peculiar  facilities  for  manufacture  which  it  possesses.  Situated 
close  to  the  great  iron  and  coal  region  of  the  country,  the  principal  materials  required  for 
its  work  are  readily  available.  It  numbers  among  its  managers  and  workmen  men  who 
have  had  the  training  of  a  lifetime  in  the  various  specialties  of  locomotive  manufacture, 
and  whose  experience  has  embraced  the  successive  stages  of  American  locomotive  progress. 
Its  location,  in  the  largest  manufacturing  city  of  the  country,  is  an  advantage  of  no  ordinary 
importance.  In  1870,  Philadelphia,  with  a  total  population  of  nearly  700,000  souls,  gave  em- 
ployment in  its  manufactures  to  over  120,000  persons.  In  other  words,  more  than  one-sixth 
of  its  population  is  concerned  in  production.  The  extent  of  territory  covered  by  the  city, 
embracing  127  square  miles,  with  unsurpassed  facilities  for  ready  communication  by  street 
railways,  renders  possible  separate  comfortable  homes  for  the  working  population,  and  thus 
tends  to  elevate  their  condition  and  increase  their  efficiency.  Such  and  so  vast  a  class  of 
skilled  mechanics  is  therefore  available  from  which  to  recruit  the  forces  of  the  establish- 
ment when  necessary.  Under  their  command  are  special  tools,  which  have  been  created  from 
time  to  time  with  reference  to  every  detail  of  locomotive  manufacture  ;  and  an  organized 
system  of  production,  perfected  by  long  years  of  experience,  governs  the  operation  of  all. 

Maine. 

Portland  Locomotive  Works. — Proprietors,  Portland  Locomotive  Works  Com- 
pany.   Location  of  works,  Portland,  Maine.    Average  annual  capacity,  126  locomotives. 

This  works  has  turned  out  forty-two  complete  locomotives  in  four  months,  which  ia 
considered  within  its  capacity. 

New  Hampshire. 

Manchester  Locomotive  Works. — Proprietors,  Manchester  Locomotive  Worlcs 
Co.  President,  John  A.  Burnhaji;  Treasurer,  Wm.  G.  Means,  Boston.  Location  oi 
works,  Manchester,  New  Hampshire.    Average  annual  capacity,  180  locomotives. 

This  works  employs  080  men,  and  turns  out  from  12  to  15  locomotives  per  month 
During  1873  it  has  built  50  standard-gauge  locomotives  for  the  Grand  Trunk  Kailway 
A.  Blood,  agent,  Manchester. 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Massachusetts. 


Taunton  Locomotive  Works. — Proprietors,  Taunton  Locomotive  Manxifacturing 
Co.  Location  of  works,  Taunton,  Massachusetts.  Average  anmial  capacity,  120  locomo- 
tives. 

This  company  has  manufactured  during  1873  four  26  ton  locomotives  for  the  Maronas, 
Panda,  and  Montevideo  Eailway  of  South  America,  and  also  an  engine  of  17  tons,  with 
16  inch  cylinders  and  24  inch  stroke,  for  the  Bridgewater  Iron  Company  of  Massachusetts, 
in  addition  to  their  regular  work.  Treasurer,  Hakkison  Tweed  ;  Superintendent,  P.  J. 
Pebein.    Established  1846. 


Hinkley  Locomotive  Works. — President,  Adams  Atee;  Treasurer,  F.  L.  Bul- 
LAED ;  Superintendent,  H.  S.  Leach.  Location  of  works,  439  Albany  Street,  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts.   Average  annual  capacity,  150  locomotives.    Number  of  hands  employed,  700. 

Mason  Machine  Works. — Proprietor,  Wm.  Mason.  Location  of  works,  Taunton, 
Massachusetts.  This  works  builds  standard  and  narrow-gauge  locomotives,  including  the 
Faielie' double-truck  locomotive,  and  also  cotton  machinery  and  machinists'  tools. 


Rhode  Island  Locomotive  Works. — President,  W.  S.  Slatek  ;  Treasurer,  E.  P. 
Mason  ;  Secretary  and  Assistant  Treasurer,  "W.  H.  Fennee  ;  Superintendent,  B.  W. 
Healet.  Location  of  works,  Providence,  K.  I.  Average  annual  capacity,  144  locomo- 
tives. 

This  works  employs  900  men,  and  has  built  155  locomotives  for  one  single  road — the 
Great  Western. 


Brooks  Locomotive  Works. — President  and  Superintendent,  H.  G.  Beooks  ;  Sec- 
retary and  Treasurer,  M.  L.  Hestman.  Location  of  works,  Dunkirk,  N.  Y.  Average 
annual  capacity,  84  locomotives.    This  works  employs  450  men. 

Schenectady  Locomotive  Works. — President,  John  C.  Ellis  ;  Treasurer,  Chas. 
G.  Ellis  ;  Superintendent,  "W.  McQueen.  Location  of  works,  Schenectady,  K.  Y.  The 
shops  of  this  company  have  been  increased  lately  by  the  addition  of  new  buildings. 


Rhode  Island. 


New  York. 


30 


/ 


234 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


New  Jersey. 

Danforth  Locomotive  and  Machine  Works. — Proprietors,  Danforth  Locomo- 
tive and  Machine  Co.  President,  John  Cookp:  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  A.  J.  Bixby  ;  Su- 
perintendent, James  Cooke,  Patersou ;  Agent,  II.  A.  Allen,  53  "Wall  Street,  JSTew  York. 
Location  of  works,  Paterson,  N.  J.   Average  annual  capacity,  108  locomotives.  500  liands. 

This  works  built  in  1873  the  largest  locomotives  made  in  Paterson,  intended  for  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Raib'oad.  These  engines  weighed  45  tons  each,  had  cylinders  20  by  24 
inches,  with  fire-box  10  feet  long,  and  four  pairs  of  driving-wheels.  Narrow-gauge 
engines  are  also  built  here. 

Grant  Locomotive  Works. — D.  B.  Gkant,  President.  Location  of  works,  Pater- 
son, ]Sr.  J.  Average  annual  capacity,  180  locomotives.  Number  of  men,  775.  This 
works  received  the  first  medal  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1867. 

Rogers  Locomotive  Works. — President,  J.  S.  Eogees  ;  Secretary,  R.  S.  Hughes  ; 
Treasurer,  Tnos.  Rogers,  44  Exchange  Place,  N.  Y.  Location  of  works,  Paterson,  IN".  J. 
Average  annual  capacity,  300  locomotives.  Number  of  men  employed,  1,700,  when  the 
works  is  in  full  operation.    This  works  was  established  in  1837. 

McKay  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works. — Proprietor,  J.  H.  McKay.  Location  of 
works,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Pennsylvania. 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works. — Proprietors,  BuENHAii,  Parky,  Williams  &  Co. 
Office,  218  South  4th  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  works,  Broad  and  Spring  Garden 
Streets,  Philadelphia.  Average  annual  capacity,  675  locomotives.  This  is  the  greatest  locomo- 
tive works  of  the  world,  and  with  the  exception  of  one  in  Berlin,  which  has  equalled  it  in 
product,  but  with  a  force  of  three  times  the  number  of  men,  has  built  more  locomotives  than 
any  other.  This  works  was  established  by  the  late  M.  W.  B^\XDwm,  and  the  firm  was  subse- 
quently M.  W.  Baldwxn  &  Co.,  and  later,  M.  Baied  &  Co.,  the  latter  firm  having  been  suc- 
ceeded by  the  present  owners.    (See  extended  description  preceding.) 

iNational  Locomotive  Works. — Proprietors,  Dawson,  Bailey  &  Co.  Location  of 
works,  Connellsville,  ^a.  Average  annual  capacity,  36  locomotives.  The  specialty  of  this 
firm  is  light  and  narrow  gauge  locomotives,  of  which  they  have  built  some  very  fine 
specimens  for  mine  and  other  piu-poses.  The  works  employs  120  men.  A  locomotive 
built  by  this  firm  for  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  during  1873,  was  of  a  peculiar  character,  and 
calculated  to  run  on  a  road  which,  at  places,  has  a  grade  of  500  feet  to  the  mile.  This 
locomotive  had  six  wheels,  the  hind  drivers  of  which  had  grooved  tires  to  engage  tlie 
rail. 


LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


235 


Light  Locomotive  Works. — Proprietors,  Poetee,  Bell  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Avenue  Eailroad  and  5()tli  Street,  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Average  annual  capacity,  50  locomo- 
tives. This  firm  builds  light  locomotives,  and  has  constructed  several  narrow  gauge  engines 
for  South  American  governments,  especially  for  Ecuador.  Ofiice,  No.  5  Monongahela 
House,  Pittsburg. 

Atlas  Iron  Works. — President,  Thomas  N.  Millee.  Location  of  works,  Pitts- 
burg, Penn.  Build  light  locomotives,  railroad  frogs  witli  patent  hollow  cast-steel  points, 
crossings,  switches,  cylinders,  anvil  blocks  up  to  100  tons  weight,  and  steam  engines  from 
10  to  40  inches  diameter  of  cylinder ;  railway  equipments  in  general. 

Dickson  Manufacturing  Co. — "Wm.  H.  Peekins,  Treasurer,  Wilkesbarre,  Penn. 
This  company  manufacture  locomotive  and  stationary  engines,  boilers,  machinery,  and  cars. 

California. 

Risdon  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works. — John  N.  Eisdon,  President ;  Joseph 
MooEE,  Vice-President  and  Superintendent ;  L.  R.  Mead,  Secretary.  Manufacture  loco- 
motives, car  wheels,  and  boilers.  Incorporated  1868.  Location  of  works,  corner  Beale 
and  Howard  Streets,  San  Francisco. 

The  above  comprises  the  private  locomotive  works  and  companies  of  the  United  States. 
Many  of  the  railroad  companies  construct  locomotives  in  their  own  shops,  but  these  do 
not  come  under  our  jurisdiction.  Among  the  railroad  companies  which  have  constructed 
locomotives  for  the  first  time  in  1873  are  the  JSTew  York,  New  Haven  and  Boston,  at  New 
Haven,  and  the  Central  Pacific,  of  California,  at  Sacramento. 


THE  CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  CAR  WORKS  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Although  all  are  aware  of  the  immense  amount  of  what  is  technically  termed  Rolling 
Stock,  which  is  in  use  on  the  railroads  of  our  country,  few  stop  (?o  consider  the  importance 
and  number  of  the  works  employed  in  the  construction  of  this  product,  the  great  number 
of  men  engaged  in  the  industry,  or  the  wholesale  consumption  of  iron,  both  cast  and 
wrought,  in  the  trade.  The  following  statistics  of  the  car  trade  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  will  give  some  idea  of  the  importance  of  this  branch.  These  statistics  are  official, 
having  been  compiled  by  Mr.  L.  Gakey,  the  Secretary  of  the  Master  Car  Builders'  Associ- 
ation, and  reported  by  him  to  that  body. 

There  are  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  103  car  manufacturing  establishments,  ex- 
clusive of  railroad  car  shops,  97  of  which  establishments  belong  to  the  United  States. 
These  car  works  built  during  the  year  ended  May  31,  1873,  are  as  follows  : 


Cars  for  passenger  trains   863 

Eevenue  cars  (various)   35,531 

Construction  cars   371 

Cars  built  by  railroad  companies,  same  period  ;    36,765 

For  passenger  trains   61:4 

Eevenue  cars  (various)   20,405 

Construction  cars   1,296 

  22,345 

Total  ;   59,110 

The  total  number  of  cars  on  broad  and  standard  gauge  steam  roads  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  in  1871,  was  : 

Eight-wheeled  cars   193,767 

Four-wheeled  cars   58,355 

Total   252,122 

If  we  add  to  the  above  estimates  of  cars  on  hand  in  1871,  and  manufactured  in  1872-3, 
half  the  latter  number  for  the  six  months  intervening  between  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year 
of  1871  and  the  1st  of  June,  1872,  we  shall  have  a  total  of  340,667  cars  of  all. kinds  at  the 
present  time — exclusive  of  cars  built  since  May  31,  1873,  and  also  exclusive  of  narrow 
gauge  cars. 

Could  we  trace  the  exact  amount  of  iron  entering  into  the  construction  of  each  class  of 
cais,  we  could  thus  form  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  this  industry.  That,  however,  is 
at  present  impossible.    The  car  builder  must  combine  in  his  business  a  knowledge  of  the 


240 


mTRODUCTION  TO  THE  CAE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


material  and  management  of  at  least  fifty  trades.  Unlike  the  house  builder,  tlie  structure 
he  produces  does  not  pass  through  numerous  different  trades,  each  responsible  for  its  own 
part.  Tlic  master  ear-builder  must  be  a  thorough  iron  worker,  with  a  knowledge  of  the 
qualities  of  the  various  irons,  in  order  to  combine  the  maximum  of  strength  with  the 
minimum  of  weight.  He  must  be  a  good  architect  and  carpenter,  conversant  with  the 
framing  of  timber,  and  the  diiferent  varieties  of  wood  and  their  qualities  of  durability  and 
shrinkage.  An  engineer  and  draftsman  he  is  perforce,  as  the  designs  of  construction  re- 
quire the  nicest  mathematical  plans  and  working  drawings.  Not  only  a  painter,  gi-ainer, 
and  varnisher  must  he  be,  but  to  these  qualifications  add  that  of  an  artist,  since  his  build- 
ing is  to  be  decorated  with  no  little  artistic  skill.  To  be  an  upholsterer  and  locksmith  is 
also  required  of  him,  since'his  car  is  to  be  trimmed  and  furnished  like  a  drawing-room,  and 
in  the  case  of  sleeping-coaches,  as  a  bedroom  also ;  and,  moreover,  he  must  be  a  plumber 
too,  and  "  lay  on  "  water  for  drinking  and  lavatory  purposes.  He  must  imderstand  well  the 
best  methods  and  most  improved  mechanical  appliances  for  lighting,  wai-ming,  and  venti- 
lating his  building  when  completed.  Add  to  these  few  accomplishments,  all  to  be  under 
the  general  inspection  of  one  man,  that  he  must  know  the  market  for  the  materials  to  be 
used  in  these  multiform  branches  of  industry,  and  we  have  enumerated  a  list  of  capabilities 
which  the  average  American  must  be  an  "  admirable  Ckichton  "  to  possess.  And  more, 
when  his  work  is  done  it  must  be  so  done,  as,  unlike  the  builders,  not  only  to  keep  out  rain 
and  cold,  but  to  be  rushed  over  the  country  at  the  rate  of  fifty  miles  an  hour !  And  when, 
through  the  assistance  of  an  enthusiastic  engineer  or  a  careless  switchman,  his  structure  lies 
splintered  in  the  ditch,  he  must  photograph  the  wreck,  and  study  every  fracture  and  torsion 
as  a  lesson  to  build  new  striictures  stronger ! 

The  works  employed  for  the  construction  of  railroad  and  street  cars  occupy  large  areas, 
and  give  work  to  a  very  large  number  of  mechanics.  They  form  interesting  features  for 
industrial  description,  and  the  trade  has  tended  not  only  to  develop  the  mechanical  skill, 
but  largely  the  inventive  genius,  of  our  people.  The  best  types  of  labor-saving  machinery 
are  introduced,  and  constantly  added  to,  in  new  inventions. 

Steady  and  rapid  progress  is  made  in  perfecting  our  railroad  cars  each  year,  and  the 
master  car-builders  have  a  lively  interest  in  their  profession,  meeting  to  discuss  technologi- 
cal points,  and  examine  new  inventions  designed  for  their  specialty,  every  month.  Com- 
modious rooms  are  provided  for  their  accommodation  in  Liberty  Street,  New  York ;  and 
the  trade  supports  well  a  valuable  and  ably  conducted  newspaper,  devoted  solely  to  the  car 
building  interest,  and  entitled  the  National  Car  Builder^  to  which  journal  we  are  under 
obligations  for  many  facts  of  interest  and  value  in  the  compilation  of  this  work.  The  pri- 
vate car  works  of  the  country  will  be  found  fully  described  in  the  following  pages,  and  the 
data  given  are  verified  by  actual  application  to  each  works. 

The  leading  car  shops,  conducted  by  the  principal  railroad  companies,  are  also  de- 
scribed as  fully  as  space  will  permit. 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Maine. 

Patten  Oar  Works. — Proprietors,  G.  F.  &  J.  Patten's  Sons.  Location  of  works, 
Bath,  Me.    Average  annual  capacity  not  given. 

This  works  comprises  the  following  buildings,  viz. :  wood-machine  shop,  150  by  75 
feet;  erecting  shop,  220  by  75  feet;  blacksmith  shop  and  machine  shop,  180  by  50  feet; 
paint  shop,  162  by  75  feet ;  and  office,  36  by  25  feet.  The  establishment  is  filled  with  new 
machinery,  driven  by  a  steam  engine  of  100  horse-power.  The  erecting  shops  contain 
eight  tracks,  and  room  for  setting  up  eight  passenger  or  sixteen  freight  cars  at  a  time. 
The  machine  shop  contains  an  engine  lathe,  a  hydraulic  wheel-press,  bolting  machine  for 
wheels,  bolt-cutting  machine,  drills,  etc.,  etc.  The  blacksmith  shop  has  six  fires,  one  heat- 
ing furnace,  and  a  bolt  machine.  The  works  employs  200  hands,  and  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Mr.  J.  W.  Tkussel,  formerly  master  car  builder  of  the  Portland  and  Kenne- 
bec Railroad. 

St.  Croix  River  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Ceangle  Bros.  Location  of  works, 
Calais,  Me.  Average  annual  capacity  not  given.  Manufacture  cars,  steam-engines,  and 
machinery.    Number  of  hands,  12. 

Lombard  Car  Works. — Proprietor,  Thomas  Lombard.  Location  of  works,  Au- 
gusta, Me.  Average  annual  capacity  valued  at  $300,000.  Hands  employed,  45.  Iron 
foundry  and  machine  shop. 

The  Lombard  Car  Works  has  been  greatly  enlarged  in  1873  by  the  addition  of  seven 
and  a  half  acres  of  land,  on  which  have  been  built  a  foundry,  machine  and  wood  shop,  etc. 
The  capacity  of  the  car  shop  is  two  cars  daily.  The  blacksmith  shop  lias  three  forges,  and 
a  capacity  of  iron  work  for  three  cars  daily.  The  foundry  is  larger  than  required,  with  a 
view  of  engaging  shortly  in  the  manufacture  of  car  wheels. 

Portland  Company. — Jacob  McLellan,  Treasurer.  Location  of  works,  Portland, 
Me.    This  is  a  very  extensive  works,  employing  400  hands. 

New  Hampshire. 

Ranlet  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — Officers,  John  C.  Moulton,  Joseph  Eanlet, 
Peeley  Putnam.    Location  of  works,  Laconia,  IST.  H.    Average  annual  capacity,  52  pas- 
senger cars  and  1,040  freight  cars. 
31 


242 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


This  works  was  established  by  Charles  Ranlet  twenty-five  years  ago,  the  present 
company  being  formed  in  1862.  The  works  consists  of  six  h^rge  shops  for  wood-work, 
iron-work,  erecting,  and  paint  shops.  The  works  employs  225  men,  and  turns  out  one  pas- 
senger car  and  twenty  freight  cars  each  week.  The  company  has  also  an  extensive  foun- 
dry, and  manufactures  its  own  car  wheels  {See  Car-wheel  WorTcs)  and  axles.  This  com- 
pany also  builds  drawing-room  cars,  and  has  a  steam  saw-mill  for  sawing  lumber,  using  for 
car  bottoms  only  Georgia  pine,  brought  from  Portsmouth,  the  nearest  seaport,  sixty  miles 
distant.  This  works  has  a  fine  water-power,  being  situated  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Winni- 
pisiogee,  the  head  of  the  Merrimac  River,  but  is  also  provided  with  steam  power  for  its 
full  capacity,  in  case  of  drought. 

Vermont. 

Arlington  Car  Mannfactiiring  Co. — Location  of  works,  Arlington,  Vt.  Average 
annual  capacity  not  given.  Oflicers  :  President,  Orlando  Cajstfield  ;  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, H.  S.  Hard  ;  Superintendent,  A.  D.  Canfield.    Company  organized  in  1872. 

This  works  built  during  1873  a  number  of  refrigerator  milk  cars  for  the  Harlem  Ex- 
tension Railroad,  which  have  given  great  satisfaction.  These  cars  have  elliptic  springs,  and 
are  furnished  with  the  compound  axle. 

Massachusetts. 

Atlantic  Car  Works.— Proprietors,  Atlantic  Car  Co.  Location  of  works,  corner 
Broadway  and  Ocean  Avenue,  Salem,  Mass.  Oflicers :  President,  IS".  C.  Robbins  ;  Treas- 
urer and  Agent,  A.  S.  Rogers  ;  Superintendent,  S.  W.  Remer.  Capital,  $150,000.  Estab- 
lished in  1872.  Works  covers  an  area  of  four  acres,  and  was  built  under  the  direction  of 
the  superintendent.  The  buildings  consist  of — paint  shop,  220  by  7G  feet,  with  12  tracks ; 
an  erecting  shop,  116  by  76  feet,  with  six  tracks,  and  devoted  to  passenger-cars,  with  up- 
holstery rooms  on  the  second  floor ;  freight-car  erecting  shop,  120  by  76  feet ;  blacksmith 
shop,  40  by  78  feet,  has  twelve  fires,  steam  hammers,  etc. ;  machine  shop,  125  by  60  feet, 
two  stories,  supplied  with  the  newest  wood-working  machinery,  and  with  cabinet  shop 
above.  All  chips  and  shavings  are  drawn  by  means  of  spouts  from  these  departments  to 
boiler  room.  Power  engine  is  a  50  horse-power  Corliss,  with  two  boilers  of  30  horse- 
power each.  The  engine  room  is  55  by  25  feet,  with  a  dry-room  above  capable  of  holding 
40,000  feet  of  lumber.    The  works  employs  140  hands,  and  is  kept  running  full  on  orders. 

Osgood  Bradley. — Location  of  works,  Worcester,  Mass.  Average  annual  capacity 
not  given, 

H.  T.  &  J.  N.  Keith. — Location  of  works,  West  Sandwich,  Mass. 

Taunton  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Taunton,  Mass.  S.  L. 
Crocker,  President ;  T.  B.  Dean,  Agent. 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


243 


Wason  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Wason  Manufacturing  Co.  George  C.  Fisk, 
President ;  Heney  S.  Hyde,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  Location  of  works,  Briglitwood, 
near  Springfield,  Mass. 

Tlie  new  works  of  this  company  are  in  full  operation,  and  are  considered  as  among  the 
model  car  works  of  the  country.  The  works  is  conspicuous  by  its  large,  roomy,  and  light 
appearance,  and  is  provided  with  a  wide  transfer  track  running  east  and  west  between  the 
two  ranges  of  buildings  which  constitute  the  shops,  and  into  the  extensive  lumber  yard. 
This  track,  and  the  transfer  table  which  runs  on  it,  are  among  the  features  of  the  works. 
The  object  of  the  transfer  table  is  to  receive  cars  from  the  railroad  switch  in  the  shops  and 
remove  them  to  any  part  of  the  works,  and  to  deliver  finished  cars  to  the  railroad  for  trans- 
portation. The  table  is  42  feet  long,  and  was  built  in  the  company's  works,  at  a  cost  of 
$10,000.  It  is  moved  by  a  12  horse-power  rotary  engine,  and  runs  on  three  tracks  set  upon 
eight-foot  piles,  and  operates  by  means  of  a  chain  passing  over  pocket  gears  and  dropping 
beside  the  middle  track.  It  can  be  stopped  instantly  or  gradually  at  any  of  the  90  lateral 
tracks,  and  is  a  valuable  invention  in  all  respects.  The  foundry  is  a  building  170  feet  long 
by  62  wide,  and  contains  three  McKenzie  cupolas  capable  of  melting  12  tons  each  per  day, 
two  of  which  are  used  for  wheels  and  one  for  floor  castings.  The  iron  is  received  into  the 
foundry  over  an  80,000  pound  track  scale,  and  from  it  passes  to  the  moulding  room,  which 
has  fom-  wheel  cranes  with  a  capacity  of  25  wheels  each  per  day,  72  wheels  per  day  being 
the  present  product  with  three  cranes  in  use.  From  the  moulding-room  the  wheels  are 
taken  to  the  pit-house,  a  building  80  by  38.  Connected  with  this  building  is  the  core-room 
for  moulding  and  baking  wheel  cores,  which  are  made  of  a  mixture  of  rye  meal  and  mould- 
ing sand.  Near  the  foundry  are  sheds  for  coal  and  foundry  supplies,  and  also  the  machine 
and  smith  shops.  The  former  is  a  two-story  building  96  feet  by  45  feet,  the  lower  story 
used  for  heavy  and  the  upper  for  light  machine  work,  with  trimming  and  pattern  rooms. 
The  smith  shop  is  150  feet  by  45,  and  35  feet  high,  with  a  wing  48  by  24  feet  for  storing 
stock  iron.  This  shop  has  26  side  fires  with  improved  cast-iron  forges,  three  large  centre 
forges,  a  1,200  pound  hammer,  and  numerous  small  trip-hammers.  The  erecting  shop  is 
117  feet  by  75  feet  and  contains  5  tracks,  being  used  entirely  for  building  passenger  car 
bodies,  trucks  for  same  being  set  up  in  an  adjoining  building,  the  iipper  story  of  which  is 
used  as  a  tin  shop.  West  of  the  car-erecting  shop,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  fire-proof 
partition,  is  a  building  200  by  62  feet,  with  a  wing  42  by  50  feet.  The  lower  floor  is  filled 
with  machinery  for  heavy  work,  while  the  cabinet  shop  occupies  the  upper,  the  wings  being 
used  for  upholstery,  varnish,  and  seat-trimming  rooms.  East  of  this  is  the  engine-house, 
the  engine  built  by  the  Providence  Steam-engine  Company,  of  150  horse-power,  18  inch 
cylinder,  4  foot  stroke,  and  running  a  14  foot  fly-wheel  with  32  inch  face.  The  belt  which 
took  the  premium  at  the  Fair  of  the  American  Institute,  ISTew  York,  in  1872,  is  of  double 
leather,  122|-  feet  long  and  30  inches  wide,  costing  $1,000,  and  made  especially  for  this 
works  by  Underwood  &  Co.,  of  Tolland,  Conn.  The  engine  is  nickel-plated  throughout, 
and  the  engine-room  highly  ornamental.  The  boiler-room  contains  three  locomotive  tubu- 
lar boilers,  75  horse-power  each,  the  third  being  used  for  warming  the  shops  in  winter.  The 
steam  gong  can  be  heard  for  miles,  and  the  boiler  stack  is  85  feet  high.  The  rooms  over 
the  boilers  and  engine  are  used  for  drying  and  veneering.  These  buildings  are  all  of  brick, 
with  slate  and  tinned  roofs,  and  tracks  through  each  connected  with  the  transfer.  Two 
more  large  shops  will  be  built  for  the  erection  and  painting  of  freight  cars. 


2^4 


CAE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  lumber  yard  alone  of  this  works  covers  12  acres,  and  a  lumber-storing  building  is 
to  be  erected  for  fancy  woods  used  in  cabinet  work.  Tracks  run  between  the  piles  of  lum- 
ber, and,  as  in  every  part  of  the  works,  provision  is  made  for  labor  saving.  On  the  south 
side  of  the  grounds  is  the  paint  shop,  500  feet  by  75  feet,  divided  into  four  sections  by  fire- 
proof doors.  Thirty-two  of  the  longest  passenger  coaches  can  be  painted  here  at  once,  en- 
tering and  departing  by  the  transfer  table.  The  paint  stock  is  kept  in  a  fire-proof  cellar 
without  the  building,  but  communicating  with  it  by  a  subterranean  passage.  Near  this 
shop  is  a  double  brick  dry-house,  heated  by  stoves.  The  daily  capacity  of  this  works  when 
complete  is  one  passenger  and  eight  freight  cars. 

The  ofiice  building  is  highly  ornamental  and  elegantly  furnished.  The  upper  floors  are 
used  for  rooms  for  boarding  and  lodging  a  fire  company  composed  of  employes  of  the  works. 
Apartments  are  furnished  for  eating,  sleeping,  cooking,  and  a  reading-room  with  city  and 
country  papers  and  magazines.  The  supply  of  water  for  use  and  precaution  against  fire  is 
ample  throughout  the  works,  and  hydrants  with  hose  attached  are  placed  at  all  points. 
There  are  also  two  hose  carriages.  The  whole  works  will  be  enclosed  with  a  neat  fence, 
and  forms  really  a  model  American  car  works. 

The  foregoing  elaborate  description  is  condensed  from  the  Sjpringfield  Hepublicom,  the 
very  best  authority. 

Average  annual  capacity  of  works,  365  passenger  and  2,920  freight  cars. 

Connecticut. 

New  Haven  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  New  Haven  Car  Co.  President,  J.  M. 
Townsend;  Secretary,  E.  II.  Townsend;  Treasurer,  Elias  Dickerman;  Agent,  J.  H. 
Leighton.  Location  of  works,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Average  annual  capacity,  100  passen- 
ger cars. 

The  New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad  Co.  have  car  shops  at  New  Haven, 
and  are  building  new  works  at  Hartford  which  will  double  capacity.  The  Naugatuck  Rail- 
road Co.  has  also  fine  shops  at  Bridgeport. 

New  York. 

Buffalo  Car  Works. — ^Proprietors,  Buffalo  Car  Co.  Location  of  works,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,190  freight  cars.  This  works  builds  box,  flat,  gondola, 
and  oil-tank  cars,  and  employs  300  men. 

The  Buffalo  Car  Company  was  organized  in  1871,  and  the  officers  are  :  President,  Wil- 
liam Williams  ;  Vice-President,  Jonathan  Scoville  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  C  S.  Wil- 
liams ;  Superintendent,  J.  N.  Mileham,  the  latter  formerly  master  car  builder  of  the 
Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  shops  at  Buffalo. 

The  works  occupies  a  tract  of  45  acres  in  East  Buffalo,  near  the  Buffalo,  New  York 
&  Philadelphia,  and  Erie  Railroads.  The  specialty  of  the  works  is  freight  cars.  The  shops 
are  large,  and  are  supplied  with  all  the  usual  appliances.  The  blacksmith  shop  is  unusually 
well  arranged  to  free  it  from  smoke.  The  power  engine  is  an  80  horse-power,  built  at  the 
CuiiiMiNG's  Works,  Buffalo.    The  wood-working  machinery  is  unusually  full  and  excellent, 


CAR  WOKKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


S45 


from  tlie  Lc;-t  makers,  and  eacli  tool  set  in  a  foundation  of  cut  stone,  to  prevent  jar.  The 
erection  shop  has  three  tracks,  continuing  through  the  paint  shop,  where  they  converge 
into  the  shipping  track,  and  by  means  of  small  turn-tables  reach  every  part  of  the  yard. 
Side  tracks  extend  to  the  connecting  railroads,  and  every  facility  for  receiving  stock  and 
shipping  cars  is  provided.  The  buildings  are  all  of  brick,  with  slate  roof,  and  every  precau- 
tion is  taken  against  fire.  These  buildings  number  16  in  all,  and  the  works  are  pro- 
vided with  a  transfer-table  100  by  30  feet.  All  the  work  and  material  moves  only  one 
way,  and  that  towards  the  finish  ;  thus  economizing  time  and  labor.  Additional  buildings 
will  be  erected  for  the  construction  of  passenger  cars. 

Eliuira  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Pullman  Palace  Car  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Elmira,  Y.  Average  annual  capacity,  18  Pullsian  palace  cars.  Number  of  hands  em- 
ployed, 200. 

Gilbert  Bush  8l  Co. — Troy,  K  Y.  Location  of  works,  Green  Island,  Troy,  IST.  Y. 
Average  annual  capacity,  1,000  passenger  cars,  including  Wagner  sleeping  cars.  Number 
of  men,  400. 

This  firm  builds  passenger  cars,  and  makes  a  specialty  of  foreign  work,  having  built 
largely  for  South  America.  The  nucleus  of  this  works  was  established  some  sixty  years 
since,  and  the  specialty  was  then  "  Troy  stage-coaches,"  for  which  it  was  famed.  Eaton 
&  Gilbert  subsequently  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  street  cars,  and  in  1853  the  Green 
Island  Car  Works  were  commenced.  In  1863  the  works  were  entirely  destroyed  by  fire, 
but  immediately  rebuilt,  and  now  cover  an  area  of  seven  acres.  The  works  has  a  water- 
frontage  of  600  feet  on  the  Mohawk  basin,  giving  communication  with  the  Hudson  River 
and  Erie  Canal.  The  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  Railroad  furnishes  rail  facilities  for  ship- 
ment to  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  As  this  works  manufactures  largely  for  the  export 
trade,  especially  to  South  America  and  Mexico,  the  cars  are  built  in  sections  for  readier 
transportation,  but  first  put  together  at  the  works  to  insure  accuracy,  each  part  being 
marked  and  numbered.  So  closely  can  they  be  packed  when  thus  made,  that  the  different 
parts  of  thirty-four  cars  have  been  shipped  in  an  ordinary  canal-boat.  The  firm  also  man- 
ufactures largely  the  Wagner  sleeping  cars.  The  buildings  are  of  brick,  and  if  in  a  straight 
line  would  reach  a  distance  of  over  two  miles.  All  railroad  tracks  are  supplied  with  turn- 
tables, and  are,  in  the  aggregate,  one  mile  in  length.  Eighty  cars  can  be  in  progress  of 
construction  at  once.  The  wood  and  iron  working  machinery  is  first-class,  and  all  the  iron 
used  either  forged  or  cast  in  the  works.  The  number  of  hands  is  400,  to  whom  $208,000 
are  paid  in  wages  annually.  The  annual  consumption  of  the  works  is :  1,200  tons  coal,  3,600 
tons  iron,  and  2,500,000  feet  of  lumber,  with  a  stock  of  3,000,000  feet  of  lumber  carried. 

James  Goold  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Albany,  IST.  Y.  Average  annual  capacity, 
not  given. 

Herrick  Car  Works. — Proprietor,  W.  II.  Heeeick.  Location  of  works,  Oswego, 
N.  Y.    Average  annual  capacity,  520  box  ears. 

This  works  is  new  in  1873,  and  employs  150  men.    Capacity  to  be  doubled  in  1874. 


246 


CAR  WOEKS  or  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


J.  M.  Jones  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  West  Troy,  Y.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 300  street  cars. 

This  works  was  established  as  a  carriage  factory  in  1839,  and  in  1SG3  began  the  manufac- 
ture of  street  or  horse  cars,  since  which  it  has  manufactured  for  all  the  American  cities,  and 
largely  for  export.  This  is  the  second  horse-car  establishment  in  the  United  States,  and 
covers  an  area  of  four  acres,  one  complete  car  being  turned  out  daily.  The  number  of 
hands  employed  is  100,  of  whom  one,  the  superintendent  of  the  paint  shop,  has  been  in  the 
employ  of  the  firm  for  thirty  years,  and  another  for  over  twenty  years. 

Schoharie  Machine  Co. — Location  of  works,  Schoharie,  N.  Y.  Average  annual 
capacity  not  given. 

John  Stephenson  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  47  East  Twenty-seventh  Street,  near 
Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Average  annual  capacity  not  given. 

This  firm  manufacture  street  cars,  and  not  only  supply  many  of  the  city  railways,  but 
export  largely  to  foreign  countries. 

New  Jersey. 

Cummings  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Cummings  Car  Co.  D.  E.  Culver,  President ; 
"W".  H.  Chaddock,  Secretary  ;  L.  H.  Cummings,  Superintendent.  Location  of  works,  corner 
Steuben  and  Washington  Streets,  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey.  Average  annual  capacity 
valued  at  $500,000.    Number  of  hands,  200  on  cars. 


Pennsylvania. 

Junction  Car  Works. — W.  C.  Allison  &  Sons.    Location  of  works,  Philadelphia. 
This  works  builds  freight  and  passenger  cars,  and  manufactures  boiler  flues  and  other 
machinery,  and  employs  when  full  nearly  1,000  men. 

Altoona  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Altooua,  Penn.  Average  annual 
capacity  not  given.    Number  of  men,  40. 

Pennsylvania  Car  Works. — S.  H.  &  E.  Baker.  Location  of  works,  Latrobe, 
Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  600  freight  cars  (eight- wheeled).  Number  of  hands  em- 
ployed, 100. 

Bellefonte  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Bellefonte  Car  Manufacturing  Co.  Location 
of  works,  Bellefonte,  Penn.    Average  annual  capacity,  400  freight  cars. 

Billmyer  Sl  Smalls. — Location  of  works,  York,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity, 
freight  cars,  not  given. 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UmTED  STATES. 


This  works  has  been  enlarged  and  improved  in  1873,  and  has  now  machinery  for  the 
constniction  of  every  kind  of  ears.    Employs  118  men. 

Bridgeport  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Daniels  &  Steinmetz.  Location,  Bridge- 
port, Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  200  eight-wheeled  freight  cars.  JTumber  of  hands 
employed,  20. 

J.  G-.  Brill  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  Philadelphia,  Penn.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, cars,  not  given. 

The  specialty  of  this  works  is  street  and  narrow-gauge  cars. 

Geo.  W.  Bitner. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Connellsville  Oar  Works. — Proprietors,  Connellsville  Machine  and  Car  Works 
Co.  James  McGeath  and  others.  Location  of  works,  Connellsville,  Penn.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  $150,000  worth  of  cars  and  machinery.    Hands,  50. 

Dickson  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Scranton,  Penn.  Average  an- 
nual capacity  not  given.  Make  engines,  boilers,  machinery,  and  cars.  W.  II.  Peekins, 
Treasurer. 

Erie  Car  Works. — Location  of  works,  Erie,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,000 
freight  cars.    Hands  employed,  400.    Manufacture  stock,  house,  and  coal  cars. 

This  works  was  established  some  eight  years  since,  and  has  grown  from  a  capacity  of 
only  two  cars  per  day  to  3,000  per  annum.  Mr.  W.  E.  Davenport  is  President,  and  also  of 
the  firm  of  Davenport,  Fairbaien  &  Co.  {ASee  Car-wheel  Fotcndries  of  Pennsylvania)^ 
and  gives  personal  superintendence  to  every  department.  Special  attention  is  paid  to  honest 
work  and  choice  material.  The  shops  cover  an  area  of  seven  acres  in  the  southwestern 
portion  of  Erie,  and  are  connected  with  the  principal  railroads.  The  iron  and  wood  work- 
ing machine  shop  is  300  by  50  feet,  and  contains  some  fine  tools,  among  which  is  a  6  spin- 
dle drill  for  arch  bars  and  bunter  jaws,  200  of  which  can  be  drilled  in  ten  hours  by  one 
man  with  this  machine.  There  are  also  two  double-head  bolt-cutting  and  nut-tapping  ma- 
chines, with  a  capacity  of  6,000  bolts  or  nuts  per  day.  In  the  wood  department  are  two 
upright  wood-boring  machines  for  ear  works,  having  four  heads,  obviating  a  change  of  bits. 
The  two  erecting  shops  are  each  40  by  112  feet,  with  room  for  8  freight  cars  each.  The 
other  shops  are  of  like  magnitude,  and  the  company  has  a  three-story  building  40  by  150 
feet,  designed  for  a  boarding-house  for  the  men.  A  reading-room  supplied  with  serials  and 
newspapers  is  provided,  and  the  whole  is  conducted  on  the  principle  that  it  pays  to  treat 
employes  well.  The  works  does  all  the  repairing  for  the  Empire  Freight  Line,  and  adjoins 
tlie  extensive  car-wheel  and  foundry  works  of  Davenport,  Fairbaien  &  Co.,  for  which  see 
Car-wheel  Works  of  Pennsylvania. 

Frederick  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Catasauqua,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity, 
value  $300,000.    Hands  employed,  200. 


248 


CAR  "WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Freas  Brothers  &.  Thornton. — Location  of  works,  Berwick,  Penn.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

F.  Gardner  Sl  Co. — Location  of  works,  Carlisle,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity 
not  given.    Number  of  hands,  30  on  cars. 

Harrisburg  Car  Works.— Proprietors,  Harrisburg  Car  Manufacturing  Co.  Presi- 
dent, Wm.  Caldek.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,600  freiglat,  box,  stock,  gondola,  and  plat- 
form cars. 

Glen  Rock  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Charles  Fry,  Wm.  IIerbst,  and  others.  Lo- 
cation of  works.  Glen  Kock,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  500  freight  cars.  Hands  em- 
ployed, 75. 

Huntingdon  Car  Works. — Location  of  works,  Huntingdon,  Penn.  Average  annual 
capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

Jackson  &  Woodin  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Berwick,  Penn. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,100  eight-wheel,  4,200  four-wheel  freight  cars. 

The  Jackson  &  Woodin  Manufacturing  Company's  "Works  consist  of  a  foundry,  ma- 
chine shops,  smith  shops,  erecting  shop  and  saw-mills,  and  their  business  includes  the  manu- 
facture of  cars  and  car  wheels.  The  foundry  is  85  by  28  feet,  containing  six  cupolas.  The 
saw-mills  are  located  in  Columbia  and  Liizerne  Counties,  and  have  a  product  of  1,050,000 
feet  of  lumber  per  annum.  The  company  has  a  capital  of  $200,000,  employs  450  hands, 
and  does  a  business  of  $1,000,000  annually.  The  wheel  capacity  of  the  foundry  is  200 
wheels  per  day,  or  60,000  annually. 

Lebanon  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Lebanon,  Penn.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,000  cars.    Number  of  hands  employed,  350. 

Iichigh  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Steinton,  Lehigh  County, 
Penn.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,000  cars.    Employ  350  men. 

Murray,  Dougal  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Milton,  Penn.    Average  annual  ca 
pacity,  1,200  freight  cars.    This  works  employs  400  hands. 

McVay,  Walker  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Braddock's  Field,  Penn.  Average 
annual  capacity,  $350,000.    Hands  employed,  100. 

Middletown  Oar  and  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Middletown 
Penn.    President,  R.  S.  Young  ;  Treasurer,  E.  R.  Colbaugh. 

James  M.  Niblo. — Location  of  works,  Conshocken,  Penn.    Average  annual  capacity 
cars,  not  given. 


CAE  WOKKS  OF  THE  TJOTTED  STATES. 


249 


Northumberland  Car  and  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Northum- 
berland, Penu.    Average  annual  capacity,  600  freight  cars. 

Pittsburg  &,  McKeesport  Car  Co. — Location,  McKeesport,  Penn.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

Pittsburg  Car  &.  Locomotive  Co. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg,  Penn.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

Pottstown  Car  Works. — Wm.  L.  Sands.  Location  of  works,  Pottstown,  Penn. 
Average  annual  capacity,  800  eight-wheeled  box  cars.    Employ  100  men. 

Empire  Car  Works. — Michael  Schall.  Location  of  works,  York,  Penn.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  1,000  to  1,200  freight  ears.    Employs  110  men. 

Shaaber  8l  Johnston. — Location  of  works,  Reading,  Penn.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity not  given.    Employ  50  hands  on  cars. 

Watsontown  Car  Co. — Jno.  H.  Goodman,  Treasurer.  Location  of  works,  Watson- 
town,  Penn.    Building.    A.  Pardee,  A.  T.  Goodman,  among  stockholders. 

P.  L.  Weimer  &  Bros. — Lebanon,  Penn.    Firm  dissolved.    New  firm  not  named. 

Wyoming  Valley  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Wilkesbarre,  Penn. 
Average  annual  capacity,  value,  $150,000.  Number  of  hands,  80.  "Wm.  L.  Stewakt,  Man- 
ager. 

Allegheny  Car  Works. — Allegheny  Car  and  Manufacturing  Co.,  Pittsburg.  Gen- 
eral A.  C.  Russell,  President.  Location  of  works,  Braddock's  Field,  Penn.  Average 
annual  capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

This  is  also  a  rolling-stock  company,  with  power  to  rent  cars  and  rolling  stock  to  rail- 
road companies. 

Oxford  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Oxford  Co-operative  Car  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Oxford,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity  not  given.  President,  J.  L.  Kilgoke  ;  Secretary, 
W.  L.  G.  Thomas  ;  Superintendent,  L.  T.  Gkubb. 

This  company  is  composed  exclusively  of  mechanics  experienced  in  car  building,  and 
was  organized  in  1873. 

H.  S.  Myers  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  York,  Penn.  Average  annual  capacity 
not  given. 

This  firm  manufactures  narrow-guage,  mining,  hand,  and  push  cars.    Employ  30  men, 
and  build  also  agricultural  machinery. 
32 


250 


CAE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


Delaware. 

Harlan  &,  HoUiugsworth  Co. — Location  of  works,  Wilmington,  Delaware.  Cliar- 

acter  of  product,  passenger  cars,  including  Pullman  coaches. 

This  firm  employ  300  men  in  the  construction  of  railroad  cars,  although  more  largely- 
engaged  in  iron  ship-building. 

Wilmington  is  peculiarly  favorably  situated  for  manufacturing,  having  excellent  rail 
and  water  facilities,  and  being  easily  accessible  to  the  iron  and  coal  regions  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. More  railway  cars  are  built  here  than  in  any  other  city.  The  Harlan  &  Ilollins- 
worth  Company  is  the  oldest  car-building  works  in  the  country,  having  been  founded  forty 
years  since,  or  thereabout.  The  company  also  includes  iron  ship-building,  and  marine  and 
stationary  engines,  boilers,  sugar  and  other  machinery,  and  employs  altogether  some  3,000 
men  in  the  various  branches.  The  car  specialty  of  the  works  is  fine  passenger  coaches,  in- 
cluding Pullman  drawing-room  and  palace  cars,  for  which  company  the  works  has  built 
some  thirty  cars  of  this  character.  During  the  year  this  works  also  built  an  observation 
car,  to  be  used  near  Vienna  during  the  Exposition,  on  an  inclined  plane.  This  was  a  double- 
deck  car,  seating  100  persons,  and  elegantly  finished.  A  pecidiarity  of  this  works  is  the 
construction  within  itself  of  every  detail  of  car  production.  The  works  has  been  extended 
from  time  to  time  as  occasion  required,  and  is  conveniently  located  between  the  Philadel- 
phia, Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  and  the  water  front,  having  large  docks  on  the 
latter  for  launching  vessels  and  receiving  material. 

Delaware  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Jackson  &  Sharp  Car  Company.  Presi- 
dent, Job  II.  Jackson  ;  Vice-President,  Wm.  S.  Auchincloss  ;  Secretary,  D.  W.  Taylor  ; 
General  Superintendent,  J.  F.  Sharp.  Location  of  works,  Wilmington,  Delaware.  This 
works  employs  between  800  and  900  men,  when  running  full. 

The  Delaware  Car  Works,  of  which  the  Jackson  &  Sharp  Company  are  proprietors, 
comprises  an  area  of  eight  acres,  between  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore  Railroad 
and  the  Christiana  and  Brandywine  Creeks.    Ship-building  is  also  included,  as  is  the  manu- 
facture of  doors,  sashes,  and  blinds.    The  force  is  from  900  to  1200  men  when  full  in  all  de- 
partments.   The  shops  are  large,  and  well  fitted  with  machinery,  and  warmed  by  steam,  hy 
which  an  even  temperature  is  kept,  adding  to  comfort,  and  facilitating  work,  especially  in 
the  paint  shop  ;  and  attention  is  also  paid  to  ventilation  in  the  varnish  department.    The  cai 
specialty  includes  all  kinds  for  freight,  and  passenger,  and  Pullman,  with  a  capacity  of  sixt} 
cars  in  construction  at  once.    This  company  was  the  first  builders  of  narrow-gauge  cars,  auc 
supplied  the  elegant  passenger  coaches  for  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad,  and  the  whuli 
rolling  stock.    These  cars  are  35  feet  long,  7  wide,  and  10^  high ;  seat  36  persons,  auc 
weigh  only  15,000  lbs.    The  cars  for  the  Elevated  Railroad  in  New  York  were  also  built  here 
and  especially  designed  for  the  purpose.    Everything  used  is  of  the  best ;  and  constant  im 
provements  are  made  in  facilities  for  work.    The  precautions  against  fire  are  especial ;  n( 
less  than  2G  Babcock  fire  extinguishers  being  kept,  beside  city  water-mains,  through  th( 
works.  The  general  superintendent,  Mr.  William  S.  Auchincloss,  also  Vice-President  of  th( 
company,  has  thoroughly  studied  the  narrow-gauge  question,  and  is  authority  on  that  sub 
ject  as  well  as  being  an  engineer  and  technical  author  of  some  note,  having  published  tli( 
valuable  work  on  "  The  Mechanics  of  the  Link  and  Valve  Motion." 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


251 


Wilmington  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Bowees,  Dure  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Wilmington,  Delaware.    Average  annual  capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

Messrs.  Bowers,  Duke  &  Co.  establislied  the  Wilmington  Car  Works  in  1872,  bring- 
ing to  it  an  experience  of  years  in  car  building,  Mr.  Bowees  having  been  superintendent  of 
the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  shops,  and  later  of  the  car  depart- 
ment of  the  Harlan  &  Hollingsworth  Company.  The  buildings  are  of  wood,  and  include 
a  paint  shop,  with  floor  room  for  twenty  cars,  an  erecting  shop,  70  by  200  feet,  a  two-story 
wood-working  and  machine  shop,  blacksmith  shop,  transfer-table,  etc.  Specialty  principally 
passenger  cars,  Pullman  palace,  and  sleepers.  This  works  has  also  furnished  cars  for  the 
ISTorthern  Pacific,  and  narrow-gauge  for  the  Pittsburg  and  Castle  Shannon  Railroad.  Some 
of  the  wood-working  machinery  is  especially  fine,  and  also  an  iron-shaping  machine  in  tlie 
blacksmith  shop.  Although  only  two  years  old  or  less,  tliis  works  will  rank  in  product 
with  any,  and  seems  likely  to  meet  with  great  success.  The  works  is  located  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Brandywine,  with  a  frontage  on  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Baltimore 
Railroad. 

The  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  car  shops  are  also  located  here, 
the  master  car  builder  being  Mr.  G.  W.  Peket,  and  master  mechanic,  S.  A.  Hodgman. 
These  shops  do  all  the  repairs  of  the  road,  and  build  new  cars  also,  both  four  and  six  wheel. 
Some  elegant  work  has  been  turned  out  at  these  shops,  and  this  company  has  always  made 
a  specialty  of  comfortable  passenger  cars. 

Virginia. 

Tredegar  Company. — Location  of  works,  Richmond,  Ya.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 2,000  freight  cars.  President,  Jos.  R.  Anderson  ;  Superintendent,  R.  S.  Archee. 
New  York  ofiice,  32  Pine  Street.  (See  also  Rolling  Mills,  Gar-wheel  Works,  and  Steam- 
engine  Works  of  Virginia^    Works  employs  1,500  men.    Founded  in  183.5. 

Petersburg  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Petersburg  Car  Co.  President,  T.  L.  H. 
Young  ;  Superintendent,  John  W.  Fleming.  Location  of  works,  Petersburg,  Ya.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

This  company  purchased  the  Fleet  Foundry  property  and  the  Washington  Cotton  Fac- 
tory, in  Petersburg,  and  have  added  railroad  tracks,  traverse-tables,  etc. 


Ohio. 

Barney  &.  Smith  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Dayton,  0. 

The  specialty  of  this  works  includes  elegant  passenger  and  Pullman  coaches,  and 
freight  cars,  and  manufacturing  car  wheels.  The  force  employed  is  fully  800  men  when 
full,  and  the  buildings  are  of  brick,  lately  substituted  for  wood,  and  detached  from  each 
other,  being  reached  from  iron  bridges  connecting.  To  guard  against  fire,  eacli  floor  is 
supplied  with  a  hydrant,  with  hose  attached,  giving  a  supply  of  water  equal  to  any  ordi- 
nary emergency.    The  consumption  of  iron  by  a  first-class  car  works  may  be  appreciated 


252. 


CAB  WORKS  OF  THE  TTNTTED  STATES. 


when  it  is  known  that  this  works  uses  up  forty  tons  of  pig  and  ten  tons  of  bar  iron  daily, 
in  the  car  departments  alone.  This  represents  12,000  tons  of  pig  and  3,000  tons  of  bar 
iron  annually ;  or,  in  other  words,  the  gross  product  of  a  large-sized  blast  furnace  and  an 
average  rolling  mill  to  supply  one  works  alone.  No  less  than  six  million  feet  of  lumber 
is  constantly  carried  in  stock,  and  the  capital  thus  invested  in  material  of  ii'on  and  lumber 
alone  would  represent  for  the  former  at  least  $500,000  in  pig  metal,  and  $300,000  in  bar 
iron,  with,  say,  $250,000  in  lumber,  necessitating,  one  would  think,  a  bank  as  one  of  the 
adjuncts  of  the  works. 

The  firm  have  built  in  1873  some  twenty  odd  Pullmans,  a  number  of  elegant  day  cars, 
and  several  special  cars  of  great  magnificence. 

Tremont  Car  Co. — Location  of  works,  Tremont,  O.  "Works  completed,  but  not  yet 
in  operation. 

John  L.  Gill. — Location  of  works,  Columbus,  O.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,400 
freight  cars.    Employs  300  hands  on  cars  and  wheels.    {See  Car-wheel  Works  of  Ohio.) 

Mansfield  Machine  Works.— Location  of  works,  Mansfield,  O.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,200  freight  cars. 

This  works  employs  220  hands.  The  foundry  contains  three  cupolas,  with  a  melting 
capacity  of  80  tons  per  day.  Officers  :  H.  Colby,  President ;  E.  Sturges,  Sen.,  Treasurer; 
A.  L.  Geimes,  Secretary  ;  E.  II.  Pees,  Superintendent.  This  works  manufactures  box, 
stock,  gondola,  hopper,  express,  baggage,  and  caboose  cars. 

The  Mansfield  Machine  Works  is  situated  at  the  crossing  of  the  Atlantic  and  Great 
Western,  and  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago  Railroads,  and  was  originally  built  for 
an  agricultural  machine  works,  but  changed  to  car  building,  under  present  owners.  The 
location  is  especially  good  for  obtaining  coal,  iron,  and  lumber,  and  railway  connections  are 
first  class.  The  main  building  is  of  brick,  three  stories  high,  the  wings  being  80  by  150 
feet,  and  80  by  100  feet,  the  former  devoted  to  wood-working,  and  the  latter  to  iron 
machinery.  Among  the  features  of  the  wood-working  machinery  are  a  planer  with  bed  to 
take  a  60  foot  stick,  a  universal  wood-worker,  and  a  universal  shaping  and  tenoning 
machine,  the  last  the  invention  of  E.  H.  Pees.  In  the  iron-machine  department  are  three 
axle  lathes,  with  a  capacity  of  forty  axles  per  day,  a  Bement  wheel  borer,  which  will  bore 
sixty  wheels  per  day,  a  wheel  press  of  150  tons  power,  and  choice  bolt  cutting  and  making 
machines.  The  erecting  shop  has  a  space  for  ten  cars  at  once,  and  in  connection  with  the 
works  is  a  steam  engine  and  machine  shop,  a  specialty  of  which  is  a  compound  engine  with 
one  cylinder,  also  the  invention  of  Mr.  Pees. 

The  universal  shaping  and  tenoning  machine  is  also  built  here,  and  is  meeting  with 
favor  in  car  shops,  saving  the  labor  of  six  men. 

Cleveland  Bridge  and  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  The  McNairy  &  Claflen  Manu- 
facturing Co.  President,  Albert  C.  McKatry  ;  Yice-president  and  Treasurer,  H.  M. 
Claflen  ;  Secretary,  John  Coon  ;  Superintendent,  Habvey  J.  Clatlen  ;  Engineer, 
Simeon  Sheldon.    Office,  Waring  Block,  corner  Bank  and  St.  Clair  Streets.    Location  of 


CAR  WORKS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  ^'^^^^ 

work?,  oil  Watson,  llauiilton,  and  Lake  Streets,  Cleveland,  O.  Average  annual  capacity, 
2,000  passenger,  freight,  and  street  cars. 

This  company,  in  addition  to  the  manufacture  of  railroad  and  street  cars,  builds  iron 
bridges,  iron  roofs,  turn-tables,  transfer-tables,  etc.,  and  employs  550  men,  consumes  8,000 
tons  pig-iron,  5,000  tons  wrought  iron,  and  3,000  tons  coal.    Works  covers  five  acres. 

Mowry  Car  and  Wheel  Works. — Proprietors,  Cincinnati  Stationary  and  Hy- 
draulic Engine  Co.  Location  of  works,  Cincinnati,  O.  Average  annual  capacity  not 
given. 

Piqua  Car  and  Agricultural  Works. — ^Proprietors,  John  O'Farrell  &  Co.  Lo- 
cation of  works,  Piqua,  O.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,800  cars.  Foundry  40  by  120  feet; 
machine  shop,  40  by  120  feet.  This  works  also  manufactures  agricultural  machineiy  on  a 
large  scale. 

Tiiiin  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Tiffin  Car  Works  Co.  Location  of  works,  Tiffin, 
O.    Capital,  $1,000,000.    Organization  not  completed. 

Toledo  Car  Works. — Proprietor,  Wm.  Wilmington.  Location  of  works,  Toledo, 
Ohio.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,000  cars. 


Indiana. 

Haskell  &,  Barker  Car  Co. — Location  of  works,  Michigan  City,  Ind.  President, 
F.  Haskell  ;  Treasurer,  John  Barker  ;  Secretary,  IN".  P.  Eogers.  Office,  68  Washington 
Street,  Chicago,  111.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,800  freight  cars  and  48  passenger  coaches. 
Number  of  hands  employed,  400.    (See  also  Car-wheel  Worhs  of  Indiana.) 

Indiana  Car  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cambridge  City,  Ind.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, cars,  not  given.    Not  in  operation  in  fall  of  1873. 

.  Indianapolis  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Indianapolis  Car  Co.  President,  A.  Yan 
SicLEN ;  Vice-President,  F.  Kuschaupt  ;  Superintendent,  Gustavtjs  Zschech  ;  Secretary, 
Wm.  Dunham.  Location  of  works,  Indianapolis,  Ind.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,400  cars, 
beside  machinery. 

This  company  has  completed  a  new  works  in  1873,  which  comprise  erecting  shop  50  by 
175  feet ;  carpenter  shop,  20  by  315  feet ;  foundry  and  boiler  shop,  20  by  315  feet ;  ma- 
chine and  blacksmith  shop,  60  by  315  ;  paint  shop,  50  by  1000 ;  pattern  shop,  60  by  85 
feet ;  and  an  oflice. 

The  power  is  supplied  by  a  200  horse-power  engine,  and  there  is  also  a  large  kiln  for 
drying  lumber.    The  force  employed  when  running  full  is  700  hands. 


Ohio  Falls  Car  Works.— Proprietors,  Ohio  Falls  Car  Co.  Location  of  works,  Jef- 
fersonville,  Ind.    President  and  Superintendent,  Jos.  W.  Spkague  ;  Secretary  and  Treas- 


254  CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  TTNITED  STATES. 

urer,  "W".  Crichton.  Average  annual  capacity,  $3,500,000  worth  of  passenger  and  Pull- 
man and  freight  cars,  including  15  to  20  freight  cars  per  day,  and  125  passenger  cars  an- 
nually. 

This  is  the  largest  works  of  the  country,  and  merits  detailed  description.  The  works 
includes  an  area  of  26  acres,  5  acres  of  which  are  under  roof,  and  the  company  has  a  capital 
of  $600,000.  The  product  includes  passenger  and  freight  ears,  car  wheels,  castings,  and 
forgings.    The  force  employed  is  700  men. 

The  new  buildings  of  this  works  are  all  of  brick,  with  slate  roofs,  brick  cornices,  and 
galvanized  iron  gutters.  They  are  lighted  by  heavy  plate-glass  skylights,  with  glass  half 
an  inch  thick,  and  no  wood  work  exposed.  Artificial  light  is  supplied  by  city  gas.  The 
buildings  are  all  one  story,  and  where  wooden  floors  are  used  they  rest  on  gravel,  so  that 
fire  cannot  spread  below.  Steam  is  used  for  heating.  The  passenger  department  is  com- 
pletely detached  from  all  other  shops,  and  the  whole  is  as  nearly  fire-proof  as  human  skill 
can  attain  to. 

The  new  machinery  is  of  the  best  character,  and  every  possible  facility  for  handling 
and  working  material  is  provided,  with  also  room  to  spare  for  additional  machinery. 

In  the  freight  department  the  wood-working  shops  are  as  follows :  machine  shop, 
231  X  82  feet ;  planing  mill,  121  x  37  feet ;  pattern  shop,  43  x  37  feet.  Three  erecting  shops, 
47  feet  wide  and  126,  96,  and  111  feet  long.  In  each  of  these  buildings,  except  the  pattern 
shop,  is  one  or  more  hydrants  with  hose  constantly  attached.  The  engine  and  boilers  driv- 
ing these  shops  are  separated  from  each  other,  and  from  the  machine  shop,  by  fii'e  walls  ex- 
tending above  the  roofs.  All  the  buildings  in  the  wood  department  are  separated  from 
each  other  at  least  25  feet,  and  at  the  points  of  greatest  exposure  the  walls  have  no  openings 
for  windows. 

Tlie  iron  department  consists  of  foundry,  322  x  88  feet,  with  cupola  loft,  45  x  34  feet ; 
blacksmith  shop,  202  x  90  feet ;  iron  machine  shop,  113  x  82  feet ;  wheel  and  axle  shop, 
62  X  57  feet ;  brass  foundry,  32  x  27  feet ;  truck  house,  72  x  37  feet ;  store  house,  42  x  27 
feet;  store  house,  62x37  feet;  engine  house,  52x37  feet;  boiler  house,  47x25  feet ;  pat- 
tern store  house,  42  x  37  feet,  and  a  pumping  house,  25  x  20  feet,  at  the  river.  In  all  these 
buildings  the  slates  are  laid  on  iron  purlins,  thus  avoiding  all  wooden  sheeting  in  the  roof. 
Should  one  truss  in  any  roof  take  fire,  it  is  hardly  possible  for  the  fire  to  extend  to  an  ad- 
joining truss,  and  there  is  not  sufficient  inflammable  material  in  any  shop  in  the  iron  de- 
partment to  communicate  fire  to  any  building  adjoining  it.  In  all  the  principal  shops  of 
the  iron  department  hose  are  kept  constantly  attached  to  the  hydrants. 

The  passenger  department  consists  of  engine  and  boiler  house,  42x36  feet;  machine 
shop,  136x62  feet;  cabinet  shop,  136x82  feet;  2  erecting  shops,  126x77  feet;  painting 
shop,  126  X  77  feet ;  varnish  shop,  105  x  50  feet.  The  construction  here  is  the  same  as  in  the 
wood-working  shops  of  the  freight  department.  The  passenger  department  is  completely 
detached  from  all  other  shops. 

The  buildings  here  described  are  all  entirely  new. 

The  few  buildings  remaining  from  the  old  construction  are  so  isolated  from  the  others 
as  to  avoid  danger  of  fire  from  them. 

There  are  on  the  premises  four  steam  fire-engines  connected  by  a  system  of  under- 
ground pipes  with  the  various  hydrants.  In  addition,  three  steam  pumps,  used  to  supply 
the  boilers,  can  be  used  as  fire  pumps  also.    Steam  will  always  be  kept  up  on  at  least  two 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UOTTED  STATES. 


255 


of  these  engines,  and  except  on  Sundays  on  all  but  one  of  tlicm.  There  arc  on  the  prem- 
ises three  immense  reservoirs  filled  by  a  steam  pump  at  the  river. 

South-western  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  South-western  Car  Co.  Location  of 
works,  Jeffersonville,  Ind.    Average  annual  capacity,  cars,  not  given. 

Vigo  Foundry  and  Terre  Haute  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Seath  &  IIager. 
Location  of  works,  Terre  Haute,  Ind.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,000  cars  (freight). 

This  works  consumes  5,500  tons  of  cast  iron  and  1,100  tons  wrought  iron,  paying 
$89,000  per  annum  in  wages.    Employs  175  hands. 


Illinois. 

F.  E.  Cauda  &,  Co, — Office,  70  South  Clark  Street,  Chicago,  111.  Location  of  works. 
Blue  Island,  Chicago,  111.  Average  annual  capacity,  72  passenger  cars  and  4,200  freight 
cars. 

This  firm  also  includes  with  passenger,  freight,  and  street  cars,  iron  bridge  building, 
turn-tables,  water  stations,  roofs,  and  general  railway  construction,  being  engaged  in  build- 
ing the  Cairo  and  St.  Louis  narrow-gauge  road.  The  works  employs  400  men  when  run- 
ning full,  and  has  a  capacity  of  6  passenger  cars  per  month  and  14  freight  cars  per  day. 
The  works  occupy  15  acres  of  ground,  with  half  a  mile  of  river  fi'ont,  and  have  ample  rail 
connections.  The  passenger  coaches,  narrow-gauge,  for  the  Cairo  and  St.  Louis  Railroad 
are  built  here,  and  are  40  feet  by  7,  first-class  seating  30  and  second-class  40  persons. 
The  freight  cars  are  22  feet  by  6  feet  3  inches,  with  a  capacity  of  8  tons.  This  firm  has 
furnished  the  following  estimate  of  the  cost  of  a  narrow-gauge. 


COST  PER  Mile  Three-Foot  Gauge. 


Grading   $2,200 

Iron  (30  lbs.  to  the  yard)   4,080 

Fish  plates,  Fastening,  etc   435 

Cross-ties  (2,640)   800 

Bridg^ing  and  Culverts   400 

Track-laying  and  Surfacing   400 

Engineering   250 

Right  of  way   300 

Station-houses,  water  stations,  etc, . .  375 

Sundries   $9,240 


Rolling  Stock  for  100  Miles,  doinq  a  Freight,  Passenger,  aud 
Coal  Traffic. 


8  Freight  locomotives   $8,000 

4  Passenger        "      6,500 

300  Coal  cars   450 

70  Flat     "    420 

100  Box    "    520 

10  Passengers  cars   3,000 

3         "          "  second  class   l,.50O 

3  Baggage  cars   1,400 


Or  $3,451  per  mile. 


$04,000 
26,000 
135,000 
29,400 
52,000 
30,000 
4,500 
4,200 

$345,100 


Litchfield  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Litchfield  Car  Manufacturing  Co.  Location 
of  works,  Litchfield,  111.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  cars.  E.  E.  Stiles,  President ; 
W.  E.  Bacon,  Secretary  ;  H.  II.  Beach,  Yice-President ;  J.  W.  Davenpokt,  Treasurer ;  M. 
M.  Maktln,  Superintendent.    Hands  employed,  350. 

Quincy  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Quincy,  111.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,800  cars.    New  works.    AV.  B.  Lakkwokthy,  President;  C.  Smtih,  Secretary. 


256 


CAR  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Wells,  French  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Chicago,  111.  Average  annual  capacity, 
cars,  not  given, 

Pullman  Car  Co. — Chicago,  111.  Geo.  W.  Pullman,  President ;  Hokace  Poetee, 
Vice-President  and  Manager. 

The  Pullman  Car  Company  own  iron-works  at  Detroit,  Michigan,  and  Elmira,  N.  Y., 
and  besides  tax  the  powers  of  all  ear  works  capable  of  supplying  palace  cars.  The  Pull- 
man coaches  are  now  running  on  152  different  lines  of  railroad.  There  are  700  in  all,  120 
of  which  have  lately  been  completed.  An  additional  capital  of  $12,000,000  has  been  in- 
vested in  the  business  in  1873.  The  cost  of  every  car  is  from  $17,000  to  $20,000,  and  one 
rimning  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  broad-gauge  cost  more  than  $50,000.  Shipments  have 
been  made  to  England  of  these  cars  in  1873,  and  they  are  introduced  with  the  American 
system  of  baggage  checking  there  this  year.  A  system  is  in  progress  by  which  tickets  will 
be  sold  in  Loudon,  Paris,  Berlin,  and  St.  Petersburg ;  and  the  company  contracts  to  carry 
passengers  to  San  Francisco,  or  any  other  point  in  the  United  States,  including  not  only 
ocean  travel  and  care  of  baggage,  but  also  the  commissariat  of  the  traveller,  so  that  he  can 
either  find  his  effects  at  his  destination,  or  can  stop  off  for  several  days,  and  resume  his  jour- 
ney at  pleasure. 

Jacksonville  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Jacksonville  Car  Manufacturing  Co.  Presi- 
dent, E.  C.  Kredder  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  W.  E.  Veftch.  Location  of  works  (building, 
or  soon  to  be),  near  junction  of  Chicago,  Alton  and  St.  Louis,  and  Toledo  Wabash  and 
Western  Railroads,  Jacksonville,  111.  Works  to  be  completed  in  summer  of  1874,  and 
to  be  first-class. 

American  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  American  Car  Co.  Location  of  works,  Paris, 
111.    New ;  building. 

Michig^an. 

Adrian  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Adrian  Car  Co.  Location  of  works,  Adrian, 
Mich.    Average  annual  capacity  not  given.    This  works  was  burned  in  1873,  and  rebuilt. 

Central  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Central  Car  and  Manufacturing  Co.  Location 
of  works,  Jackson,  Mich.  Average  annual  capacity  valued  at  $700,000.  Hands  employed, 
150.  President,  E.  A.  Webster  ;  Treasurer,  B.  S.  Chapln  ;  Secretary  and  Manager,  A. 
Van  Norman. 

Comnua  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Corunna  Car  Co.  Location  of  works,  Corunna, 
Mich.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,000  freight  cars. 

Detroit  Car  Works. — E.  C.  Walker,  President ;  D.  Sutherland,  Manager ;  Geo. 
H.  EussELL,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  Location  of  works,  Adair  Street,  Detroit,  Mich 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  cars.    Hands  employed,  300. 

This  company  was  originally  established  in  1853,  but  reorganized  in  1872,  when  th( 


CAE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

present  works,  wliich  are  located  between  the  Detroit  Kiver  and  the  raih-oad,  and 
an  area  of  over  eleven  acres,  were  built.  In  addition  to  the  number  of  cars  above  state 
the  company  have  shop  room  and  machinery  for  doubling  this  product,  besides  doing  a 
large  passenger-car  business.  There  is  also  a  wheel  foundry  {see  Gar-wheel  Works  of  Indi- 
(ma\  with  a  product  of  $750,000  annually,  making  the  total  capacity  of  both  works  $2,500- 
000,  with  500  men  employed. 


Detroit  Car  and  Manufacturing  Co. — Proprietors,  Pullman  Palace  Car  Co. 
Location  of  works,  Detroit,  Mich.     Average  annual  capacity,        Pullman  cars. 

From  these  works  were  shipped,  during  1873,  the  first  consignment  of  Pullman  parlor 
and  sleeping  cars  for  England.  These  cars  are  built  in  sections,  and  were  to  be  erected  at 
the  Midland  Railway  Co.'s  shops  in  Derby,  England,  under  the  supervision  of  the  mechan- 
ical superintendent  of  the  Pulhnan  Company,  by  a  force  of  men  from  the  Detroit  shops. 


Michigan  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Michigan  Car  Co.  Location  of  works,  De- 
troit, Mich.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,500  box  and  freight  cars.  725  men  employed. 
President,  John  S.  I^imbukg  ;  Secretary,  Hugh  McMillan  ;  Superintendent,  James  Mc- 
Gkegok.    {See  Detroit  Car-wheel  Co.) 


Cassopolis  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Cassopolis  Car  Manufacturing  Co.  Location 
of  works,  Cassopolis,  Mich.    Capital,  $75,000.    New  ;  building. 


Missouri. 


Hannibal  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Hannibal  Car  Works  Co.  Location  of 
works,  Hannibal,  Mo.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  freight  cars,  24  passenger  cars. 
300  hands. 

This  is  anew  works  in  1873,  with  a  capital  of  $200,000.  President,  Josiah  Hunt; 
General  Manager,  H.  C.  Whiting. 


Missouri  Car  and  Foundry  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,600  freight  cars.    Number  of  men  employed  on  cars,  500. 

Leeper  Iron  Car  Company. — H.  C.  Whiting,  President ;  A.  Cuestaktew,  Secre- 
tary.   Location  of  works,  Hannibal,  Mo.    Works  building. 

This  is  a  new  company,  organized  to  make  iron  freight  cars.  These  cars  have  been 
tested  and  pronounced  a  success.  The  weight  is  3,000  lbs.  less  than  the  ordinary  wooden 
car,  and  the  cost  is  said  also  to  be  less.  These  cars  are  now  running  on  Quincy,  Alton  and 
St.  Louis  Eailroad, 


St.  Charles  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Charles,  Mo.  Average 
annual  capacity,  1,000  freight  cars.    Established  1873.    Capital,  $150,000. 
33 


258 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Wisconsin. 

De  Pere  Iron  Works. — Location  of  works,  De  Pere,  Wis.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 800  freight  cars. 

Iowa. 

Iowa  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Iowa  Car  Company.    Location  of  works,  Burling- 
ton, Iowa.    Average  annual  capacity,  500  freight  cars. 
This  is  a  new  company,  organized  in  1873. 

Minnesota. 

Duluth  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Shoenbekgek  &  Beyaj^t.  Location  of  works, 
Duluth,  Minn.    Average  annual  capacity,  500  freight  cars. 

Tennessee. 

Wason  Car  Works. — Location  of  works,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,000  freight  cars. 

This  is  a  new  works ;  the  buildings  are  large  and  spacious;  the  blacksmith's  shop  has  IS 
fires,  and  the  force  employed  is  500  hands.    Not  yet  at  work. 

Georgia. 

Cartersville  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Cartersville  Car  Co.  Location  of  works 
Cartersville,  Ga.  Average  annual  capacity,  500  cars.  Managers,  H.  Padgett  and  Chas.  B 
Wallace. 

Dawson  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Dawson  Manufacturing  Co.  Location  of  works 
Dawson,  Ga.    Average  annual  capacity,  300  cars. 

Goodrich  Car  Co. — Location  of  works,  Augusta,  Ga.  Average  annual  capaeitj 
500  cars. 

Brunswick  Car  Works. — Proprietor,  Thos.  J.  Whakton.  Location  of  works 
Brunswick,  Ga.    Average  annual  capacity,  500  freight  cars. 

Louisiana. 

Southern  Car  Works. — Location  of  works.  Independence,  La.    Average  anuuf 
capacity,  300  cars. 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


259 


Texas. 

Eagle  Car  Works. — J.  II.  Peregoy.  Location  of  works,  Houston,  Texas.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  600  freight  cars.    60  hands  employed. 

California. 

Kimball  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Average 
annual  capacity,  300  street  cars. 

North  Carolina. 

Cape  Tear  Building  Co. — Location  of  works  at  Ahbottshurg,  on  line  of  Wilming- 
ton, Charlotte  and  Rutherford  Eailroad.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  freight  cars. 

This  company  also  has  extensive  saw-mills,  and  door  factory,  etc.  A  local  paper  says 
the  logs  go  in  at  one  end  of  the  works,  and  come  out  at  the  other,  lioiises  to  live  in.  The 
works  built  50  freight  cars  for  the  above  railroad  in  two  weeks,  and  also  make  flooring, 
laths,  blinds,  mouldings,  house  frames,  etc.  Abbottsburg  is  fifty  miles  from  Wilmington, 
and  eight  years  ago  was  an  unbroken  wilderness.    So  much  for  industrial  development. 

Car  Manufacturing  Works  of  Canada. 

Canada  Car  Company. — Location  of  works,  Toronto,  Canada.  Average  annual 
capacity,  500  cars. 

Canada  Steam  Engine  Co. — Location  of  works,  Kingston,  Ca.  Average  annual 
capacity,  500  cars. 

W.  W.  Clendenning. — Location  of  works,  Montreal.  Average  annual  capacity, 
cars,  not  given. 

Dickey,  Neill  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Toronto.  Average  annual  capacity,  cars, 
not  given. 

Wm.  Hamilton  &  Son. — Location  of  works,  Toronto,  Ca.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 800  cars. 

Ontario  Car  Co. — Location  of  works,  London,  Ontario.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,000  cars.  President,  Jas.  McMillan;  Secretary,  Geo.  Hendeie,  Detroit,  Michigan; 
Manager,  T.  Meier,  London,  Ontario. 


Simon  Peters. — Location  of  works,  Quebec.    Average  annual  capacity,  500  cars. 


260 


CAE  WORKS  OF  THE  TJOTTED  STATES. 


The  Railroad  Car  Shops  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  following  pages  will  be  found  groiiped  descriptive  information  of  the  principal 
ear  shops  of  the  leading  railroads  of  the  United  States.  These  accounts  have  been  com- 
piled from  various  sources,  and  to  a  great  extent  from  the  National  Gar  Builder,  which  is 
the  best  authority  possible  on  the  subject. 

The  following  description  of  the  car  shops  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  Altoona,  is, 
however,  from  the  St.  Louis  Monthly  Railway  Register : 

Car  Shops  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

The  car  works  of  this  company  were  originally  located  at  Harrisburg,  but  were  re- 
moved to  Altoona,  Penn.,  in  1851.  The  town  at  that  time  boasted  of  but  six  or  eight 
houses,  and  the  number  of  men  employed  was  about  35  or  40  all  told.  Now  there  are 
3,000  men  engaged,  although  the  force  of  workmen  in  all  departments  has  been  materially 
reduced  since  the  panic. 

The  various  shops  which  constitute  the  car  works  proper,  are  situated  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  city,  along  the  line  of  the  road,  a  half  mile  from  the  depot,  and  cover  what  was 
previously  a  large  farm.  The  average  capacity  of  the  works  is  from  75  to  80  cars  a  week. 
In  1872,  11,246  cars  passed  through  the  shops.  August,  1872,  there  were  made  and  re- 
paired 846  cars;  in  August,  1873,  1,559.  The  total  number  of  cars  made  and  repaired  for 
the  first  nine  months  of  1873  were,  freight,  10,538  ;  passenger  and  emigrant  cars,  488 ; 
total,  11,026.  The  passenger  shop  is  70  feet  wide  by  350  feet  long.  The  freight  shop  is  a 
round-house,  450  feet  in  diameter,  with  turn-table  in  centre,  from  which  radiate  forty 
tracks,  each  being  under  the  charge  of  a  track  foreman.  In  the  sheds  for  storing  lumber 
are  about  14,000,000  feet,  with  13,000,000  more  ordered  and  now  arriving.  The  kiln  for 
drying  has  a  capacity  for  turning  out  35,000  feet  of  boards  every  48  hours,  ready  for  use. 
Each  jiiece  of  lumber  is  prepared  in  planing-mill,  ready  for  fitting,  and  is  given  out  only 
on  order  from  a  foreman,  who  is  subject  to  the  general  foreman  of  the  works,  J.  P.  Levai^, 
Esq.  The  supply  department  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  from  Jersey  City  to 
Pittsburg,  is  located  here. 

The  store-room,  in  which  are  kept  the  trimmings,  and  car  supplies  for  passenger  and 
freight  cars,  is  a  two-story  building.    The  first  floor  is  only  occupied  partly  by  the  store. 

The  general  foreman's  office  and  time-keeper's  office  both  occupy  part  of  this  story,  but 
the  second  story  is  used  entirely  for  supplies. 

The  building  is  80  by  40  feet,  giving  a  store-room  of  about  130  by  40  feet,  with  shelv- 
ing and  tables,  cupboards,  etc.,  to  contain  goods.  Here  they  have  a  store-keeper,  three 
clerks,  and  a  laboring  man,  who  are  more  or  less  constantly  employed.  This  building  is 
entirely  too  small,  and  at  no  distant  day  will  be  enlarged. 

In  the  passenger  shop  the  cars  are  made  ready  for  the  inside  work,  with  exception  of 
painting.  The  passenger  cars  then  are  run  into  the  paint  shop,  a  building  400  feet  long  by 
about  75  feet  wide.  In  this  shop  the  cars  are  painted  and  varnished,  and  still  further  pre- 
pared for  the  inside  wood-work,  etc. 


CAR  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


201 


On  tlie  second  floor  of  tliis  building  the  varnish  room  and  upholstery  shop  appears.  In 
the  former,  all  the  seats,  doors,  etc.,  are  varnished  ready  for  upholsterers  and  cabinet- 
makers to  place  in  position.  In  the  upholsterer's  shop  all  the  cushions  and  head  linings  are 
prepared. 

The  cabinet  shop  next  claims  our  attention.  It  is  a  building  300  by  75  feet.  Here 
all  the  inside  wood-work  for  the  ears  is  got  out,  by  cabinet-makers  and  carvers.  These 
men  put  all  the  inside  work  in  the  cars,  such  as  seats,  baggage  racks,  locks,  windows,  etc. 
Many  pieces  of  elegant  workmanship  are  made  in  this  shop,  and  thousands  of  feet  of  ve- 
neering are  used  annually. 

In  the  tinsmith  shop  all  of  the  tinning  necessary  is  done.  These  men  also  place  the 
stoves  in  their  position,  and  put  up  the  ventilators,  water-coolers,  etc.  Size  of  tin  shop,  40 
by  60  feet. 

Kext  is  the  machine  shop.  Here  are  fitted  up  all  the  wheels  and  axles  for  both  passen- 
ger and  freight  cars.  Also,  the  drilling,  and  screw-cutting  on  bolts  and  nuts.  This  build- 
ing is  75  by  125  feet. 

The  blacksmith  shop  comes  next.  Here  the  blacksmithing  is  done ;  large  steam  ham- 
mers and  steam  blowers  are  used.  Here  all  the  iron  work  is  got  ready  for  the  cars,  both 
passenger  and  freight,  with  exception  of  being  drilled,  etc.,  and  that  is  done  in  the  machine 
shop.    This  building  is  in  size  75  by  300  feet. 

The  planing-mill  is  a  building  aboi;t  75  by  200  feet,  where  all  the  material  is  worked 
ready  to  be  put  together. 

This  machinery  is  all  driven  by  a  powerful  engine  of  175  horse-power.  The  shops 
are  all  heated  by  steam,  the  pipes  extending  hundreds  of  feet  through  the  different  shops. 

There  is  also  a  fire-proof  building,  in  which  are  stored  all  the  paints,  oils,  etc.,  of  the 
company.    It  is  made  entirely  of  brick  and  iron. 

The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  have  also  for  their  own  protection,  as  well  as  for 
the  Mountain  City,  a  second-class  Amoskeag  fire-engine.  This  is  managed  by  a  set  of  men 
working  for  the  company,  who  are  regularly  organized,  and  have  control  of  the  engine,  but 
are  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  company.    They  parade  about  125  men. 

There  are  four  different  entrances  to  the  shop  yard ;  at  each  entrance  is  found  a  watch- 
man, who,  upon  your  entrance,  will  tell  you  to  proceed  to  the  general  foreman's  office  and 
get  a  pass,  providing  you  are  visiting,  which  will  take  you  through  the  shops  and  out  at 
the  gate  without  trouble.  The  watchman  at  the  gate  lets  you  pass,  thus  avoiding  all  diffi- 
culty, the  rule  having  been  adopted  on  account  of  frequent  infringing  on  the  rights  of  the 
company. 

The  Philadelphia  and  Heading  Railroad  Oar  Shops. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Eailroad  Gazette  for  the  following  description  of  the  car 
shops  of  this  road  at  Reading,  Perm.  : 

These  shops  are  all  under  one  roof,  and  included  in  one  building,  which  is  700  feet 
long  by  165  feet  wide.  The  roof  is  in  three  spans,  of  55  feet  each,  supported  by  two  rows 
of  iron  pillars,  which  divide  the  shops  into  three  divisions.  In  the  centre  one,  and  extend- 
ing the  whole  length  of  the  shop,  is  a  transfer-table,  with  tracks  running  transversely  from 


262 


CA"R  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


it  to  tlie  length  of  the  shop.  The  cars  are  can-ied  to  and  from  the  tracks  by  the  transfer- 
table,  which  runs  on  a  track  level  with  the  floor,  and  not  simk  in  a  pit,  as  is  usually  the 
ease.  The  side  tracks  are  on  timbers  about  ten  inches  square,  which  gives  sufficient  eleva- 
tion to  allow  room  for  working  below,  and  leave  the  floor  flush  with  the  bottom  of  Avhat 
usually  is  the  pit  for  the  transfer-table,  but  which  in  this  case  is  the  floor  of  the  shop,  and 
which  is  covered  with  asphalt. 

With  the  iiumense  coal  trafiic  of  this  road,  the  repair  and  construction  of  coal  cars  of 
course  fonus  a  large,  or  perhaps  the  largest,  part  of  the  work  of  these  shops.  The  cars 
used  consist  of  three  classes :  four-wheeled  iron  cars,  four-wheeled  wooden  cars,  and  eight- 
wheeled  wooden  cars.  The  first  weigh  about  5, GOO  pounds,  and  carry  five  tons  of  coal. 
The  second  weigh  5,376  pounds,  and  carry  the  same  quantity  of  coal.  The  eight- wheeled 
cars  weigh  six  tons,  and  carry  ten  tons  of  coal. 

The  experience  with  axles  on  this  road  is  worthy  of  note.  The  first  journals  were 
made  2^  inches  in  diameter  by  5|-  long,  of  which  there  are  still  a  number  running.  They 
were  next  enlarged  to  2^  by  6^,  then  to  3;^  by  8,  and  finally  to  3^  by  8.  The  latter  are 
used,  however,  on  the  passenger  cars  and  tenders  only.  Mr.  Steinbaoh  informed  us  that 
he  had  never  seen  an  8  inch  journal  cut,  although  they  had  been  in  use  since  18G8  or  '69. 
The  large  passenger-car  journal  is  somewhat  peculiar.  Instead  of  having  a  collar  at  the 
outer  end,  as  is  customary,  there  is  a  groove  turned  in  the  centre  1^  inches  wide  and  f  deep. 
A  corresponding  projection  on  the  brass  fits  into  this  groove,  which  thus  answers  the  same 
purpose  as  the  ordinary  collar.  The  experience  of  this  company  is  strong  testimony  in 
confirmation  of  the  wisdom  of  the  Car  Builders'  Association  in  adopting  a  large  size  for  the 
standard  car  axle. 

On  a  road  doing  the  business  which  the  Reading  Company  does,  there  is,  notwithstand- 
ing the  fact  that  the  bulk  of  its  traffic  is  coal,  a  very  considerable  passenger  and  other  equip- 
ment required.  Mr.  Steikeach  has,  therefore,  orders  which  he  is  now  executing,  for  500 
"  gondola  "  cars,  225  box  cars,  25  stock  cars,  58  lime  cars,  12  passenger  cars,  and  25  new 
tenders. 

It  is  quite  curious  to  note  the  influence  wliich  some  apparently  very  simple  causes  will 
have,  and  how  very  far-reaching  they  are  in  their  ultimate  results.  When  the  Reading 
road  was  built,  the  tunnels,  cuts,  and  bridges  were  made  so  narrow  that  it  became  danger- 
ous for  passengers  to  put  their  heads  or  their  arms  out  of  the  windows.  To  protect  them 
from  accident,  it  therefore  became  necessary  to  inclose  the  windows  with  iron  gratings. 
It  was,  therefore,  impossible  for  passengers  to  escape  from  the  cars  through  the  windows  in 
case  of  accident,  and  consequently  fire  would  be  very  disastrous  in  such  cases.  To  guard 
against  this  danger,  Mr.  Wooten — formerly  engineer  of  machinery  and  now  the  general 
superintendent — devised  a  hot-air  furnace,  which  is  suspended  below  the  car.  Cold  air  is 
admitted  into  this  by  suitable  dampers,  and  after  being  warmed  is  distributed  through  tlie 
car  by  a  fine  extending  its  whole  length  immediately  under  the  windows  and  next  the  floor. 
There  are  also  branches  from  this  under  each  scat.  The  smoke  from  the  fire  is  carried 
from  the  furnace  to  the  end  of  the  car,  and  escapes  through  a  vertical  pipe  located  in  the 
corner.  This  plan  has  been  in  use  for  several  years,  and  we  were  told  works  very  satisfac- 
torily, although  it  doubtless  requires  more  intelligent  attention  than  an  ordinary  stove. 
Besides  being  a  protection  from  the  danger  of  fire,  it  leaves  room  for  at  least  four  seats, 
which  must  be  removed  if  the  common  stoves  are  used.    It  also  has  the  merit  of  being  a 


CAE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UIHTED  STATES. 

ventilator  as  well  as  a  heater — in  fact,  it  is  impossible  to  warm  a  car  with  it  wit 
same  time  ventilating  it,  which  is  the  only  way  to  insure  thorough  ventilation 
winter. 

As  the  grated  windows  also  made  it  dangerous  to  use  lamps  or  candles  in  these  cars,  as 
well  as  stoves,  it  was  necessary  to  provide  means  for  lighting  them  without  incurring  the 
risk  of  tire  from  this  source.  Gas  has  therefore  been  introduced  into  most  of  the  cars  of 
this  road.  The  supply  is  stored  in  a  cylindrical  iron  reservoir,  12  inches  diameter  by  6  feet 
long,  suspended  imder  the  cars  near  the  furnace.  These  are  so  arranged  that  they  can 
easily  be  removed  and  charged  with  gas,  which  is  forced  into  them  by  stationary  pumps. 
A  supply  of  these  reservoirs  is  kept  oh  hand  ready  charged,  so  that  when  a  train  comes  in, 
those  which  are  exhausted  are  removed  from  the  cars,  and  full  ones  substituted.  There  is, 
of  course,  a  varying  pressure  in  the  reservoirs,  diminishing  as  the  gas  is  burned.  The 
supply  of  the  burners  is,  however,  regidated  by  a  cock,  which  is  opened  wider  as  the  pres- 
sure is  reduced. 

The  passenger  cars  have  four-wheeled  trucks.  The  most  noticeable  feature  about  their 
design  is  the  springs,  which  are  of  the  half-elliptic  pattern,  51  inches  long,  with  10  plates 
f  inch  thick  by  4  inches  wide.  The  brakes  are  hung  between  the  wheels.  The  car  seat 
used  on  this  road  is  also  noticeable,  as  the  frame  is  made  of  angle  iron,  bent  to  the  required 
shape.  It  is  doubtless  much  lighter,  and  to  our  taste  much  neater  than  many  of  the  cast- 
iron  seat-frames  now  in  use. 

Mr.  STEiNBAcn,  in  some  of  his  new  cars,  has  used  the  end  ventilators  which  Mr.  Gakey, 
we  believe,  was  the  first  to  apply  to  the  raided  roof. 

The  general  finish  of  the  passenger  cars  of  this  road  is  very  plain,  ljut  we  think,  for 
that  reason,  in  much  better  taste  than  much  of  the  gaudy  ornament  now  so  commonly  used. 
This  is  especially  noticeable  in  the  head-linings,  which  are  painted  in  subdued  gray,  pui'- 
ple,  blue,  buff,  and  other  comparatively  neutral  tints.  The  effect  is  very  pleasing,  and  has 
none  of  that  riotous  appearance  which  some  of  the  intemperately  brilliant  crimson  and 
gold-colored  cars  have. 

The  store-room  of  the  car  shops  is  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  large  building. 
Here  nearly  all  the  castings  and  forgings  used  in  the  construction  and  repair  of  cars  are 
stored,  and  are  distributed  to  the  proper  parties  for  use.  An  accurate  account  is  kept  of  all 
that  is  used.  This  is  done  by  the  person  in  charge  of  the  room,  who  is  supplied  with  a 
large  blackboard  ruled  off  in  a  sort  of  tabular  form.  In  the  right  hand  column  are  painted 
the  names  of  the  cars  to  which  the  material  is  to  be  charged,  and  at  the  top  are  the  names 
of  the  parts  which  are  kept  in  store.  This  makes  it  very  easy  to  charge  the  material  to  the 
proper  account,  which  is  done  with  a  piece  of  chalk,  and  the  amounts  are  each  day  copied 
into  the  permanent  books. 

The  paint  shop  is  located  about  half  a  mile  from  the  main  shops,  in  an  old  building 
which  was  formerly  used  for  a  freight-house.  About  600  men  are  employed  in  the  car  de- 
partment. 


264 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  "UNITED  STATES. 


Maryland. 

THE  MOTIN'T  CLAEE  SHOPS  OF  THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  KAILEOAD. 

These  shops  are  located  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  and  are  the  oldest  and  most  extensive 
ones  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  covering  an  area  of  about  40  acres,  and  at  present  employ- 
ing a  force  of  nearly  2,000  men.  Besides  the  construction  and  repair  of  cars  and  locomo- 
tives of  every  class  for  the  entire  line  of  road,  all  tKe  miscellaneous  work  for  more  than  a 
thousand  miles  of  track  is  done  here,  involving  a  multitude  of  details,  numerous  shops  and 
departments,  and  a  complete  and  thorough  organization.  The  works  are  identified  in  their 
origin  with  the  beginning  of  American  railroads,  and  their  operations  have  increased  in  a 
ratio  corresponding  with  the  progress  and  development  of  the  system  within  the  past  40 
years.  There  may  still  be  seen  about  the  premises  many  antiquated  and  interesting  relics 
of  the  past,  illustrating  the  primitive  notions  which  once  prevailed  in  regard  to  the  con- 
struction and  operation  of  railroads.  It  seems  to  us  that  if  some  of  these  original  devices, 
including  machinery  and  the  various  appliances  long  since  superseded  and  forgotten,  but 
which  still  exist  in  scrap-heaps  or  in  the  general  form  of  rubbish,  could  be  collected  and  pre- 
served, they  would  constitute  a  museum  of  mechanical  curiosities  very  interesting  to  the 
present  generation,  and  likely  to  be  inuch  more  so  to  those  of  our  posterity  who  will  man- 
age our  railroads  and  travel  on  them  a  hundi;ed  years  hence.  Some  of  the  original  turn- 
tables, eight  feet  in  diameter^  used  at  these  works,  are  still  to  be  seen,  and  some  of  the  loco- 
motives which  were  turned  on  them,  are  still  doing  duty  about  the  premises.  They  run  on 
four  wheels,  all  drivers,  have  upright  boilers  and  cylinders,  the  pistons  being  connected  by 
a  walking-beam.  They  are  called  "  grasshopper  "  engines,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in 
their  form  to  that  insect,  and  in  their  general  appearance  bear  xinmistakable  indications  of 
belonging  to  a  remote  mechanical  antiquity. 

Mr.  John  C.  Davis  is  the  master  of  machinery  of  the  entire  road,  and  Mr.  Samuel 
Houston  is  the  master-mechanic  of  the  Mount  Clare  shops.  The  passenger  work  is  in 
charge  of  Mr.  Jacob  S.  Schkyack.  There  are  two  erecting  shops  ;  in  one,  the  floor-framing 
of  a  number  of  passenger  and  postal  cars  are  in  progress,  and  consist  exclusively  of  South- 
ern pine.  The  length  of  these  cars  is  51  feet  7  inches  by  10  feet  wide  outside  of  body. 
The  side  sills  are  6|-  by  7|-,  the  four  intermediates  Sf  by  7|-,  the  end  sills  6  by  7-|-,  and  the 
truss  planks  2f  by  12.  Wrought-iron  plates  in  the  form  of  an  L  f^i'e  placed  in  the  corners 
and  strongly  bolted  to  the  end  and  side  sills.  Everything  about  the  framing  is  designed 
to  secure  the  greatest  strength  compatible  with  the  bulk  and  weight  of  material. 

In  the  adjoining  shop  were  a  number  of  cars  unfinished,  and  showing  the  character  of 
the  side  and  roof  framing,  the  sills  and  plates  being  connected  by  44  -|  iron  rods,  and  the 
sides  further  strengthened  by  18  ash  spur-braces  held  by  iron  bolts. 

In  the  paint  shop,  which  is  a  model  structure  of  its  kind,  with  room  for  thirty  cars  at  a 
time,  were  a  number  completely  finished  and  ready  for  the  track.  They  have  six-wheel 
trucks  with  strong  check-chains  attached.  Each  car  has  two  plain  wood-burning  stoves  in- 
closed in  iron  screens.  The  doors  are  locked,  so  the  fire  cannot  escape  in  case  of  overturn. 
This  method  of  heating  has  proved  very  satisfactory.    Cobb's  elliptic  spring  seats  are  used, 


CAR  WOEKB  OF  THE  UMITED  STATES. 


265 


upholstered  with  crimson  plush  and  provided  with  back-iron  locks.  The  roofs  have 
Creamek's  exhaust  ventilators,  the  air  being  admitted  by  supply  ventilators  underneath,  on 
a  line  with  the  racks.  The  windows,  doors,  and  panels  have  semicircular  tops,  and  there 
are  sliding  sashes  in  the  doors  for  ventilation.  The  ornamental  finishing  is  very  rich  and 
tasteful,  and  consists  of  the  usual  variety  of  choice  woods.  The  raised  panels  are  French 
walnut,  and  the  doors  are  mahogany.  The  head  linings  are  made  by  Howard,  of  Hartford, 
and  exhibit  in  variety,  tone,  and  adaptation  a  progressive  improvement  in  this  important 
feature  of  car  decoration.  In  one  of  the  cars  we  specially  noticed  the  admirable  effect  of  a 
head  lining,  so  perfectly  harmonizing  in  its  subdued  tints,  graceful  lines,  and  artistic  blend- 
ing and  juxtaposition  of  color,  with  the  upholstery  and  cabinet  work  of  the  rest  of  the  in- 
tei'ior  as  to  form  in  the  combination  a  genuine  work  of  art,  not  merely  accidental,  we  are 
inclined  to  think,  but  the  result  of  a  right  perception  of  what  is  required.  Each  car  is  sup- 
plied with  water-coolers,  enamelled  inside,  and  manufactured  by  John  A.  Goewey,  of  Al- 
bany.   About  thi'ee  passenger  cars  per  month  are  built  in  this  department  of  the  works. 

The  freight-car  shop  is  circular,  like  a  round-house,  with  a  turn-table  in  the  centre. 
From  60  to  70  new  cars  are  built  here  every  month,  besides  keeping  up  the  repairs  for  the 
freight  traffic  of  the  road.  The  standard  freight-car  truck  used  on  the  road  is  quite  peculiar 
in  its  construction  as  compared  with  those  used  elsewhere.  The  framing  is  simple  and  in- 
expensive. Two  sets  of  elliptics  are  used  under  the  bolster,  and  the  brakes  are  applied  be- 
tween the  wheels.  It  is  no  novelty  on  the  road,  having  been  in  use  several  years  with  the 
most  satisfactory  results.  The  box  cars  built  here  weigh  about  20,000  lbs.  They  are  30 
feet  long,  8  feet  4  inches  wide  outside,  and  6  feet  3  inches  high  inside. 

The  PREsroENx's  Oak. — Some  months  ago,  a  car  was  built  at  these  shops,  designed  for  the 
special  use  of  the  president  of  the  road,  John  "W.  Gakkett,  Esq.  The  best  skill  and  re- 
sources of  the  car  department  were  brought  into  requisition  to  produce  a  vehicle  creditable 
to  the  builders  and  suited  to  the  service  for  which  it  was  designed.  It  has  already  made 
several  trips  to  New  York,  and  has  elicited  the  admiration  of  all  who  have  examined  its 
structure  and  finish.  "When  not  in  use  it  is  kept  in  a  special  house  at  the  Camden  station, 
in  Baltimore,  where  we  had  an  opportunity  to  inspect  it,  and  for  which  we  are  indebted  to 
the  politeness  of  Mr.  Scheyack,  of  the  Mount  Clare  works. 

The  car  is  named  the  "Maryland,"  and  is  51  feet  long  by  10  wide  outside  the  body, 
runs  on  six-wheeled  trucks  with  strong  check-chains  attached,  and  with  Dinsmoke  springs 
on  the  equalizers.  Iron  body-transoms  are  used,  and  the  outside  of  the  car  is  painted  a  light 
yellow,  with  nothing  in  the  way  of  external  ornamentation  to  attract  special  attention  or 
indicate  the  quality  of  the  interior  fitting-up,  which  is  in  the  best  Pullman  coach  style. 
The  car  is  designed  to  run  always  in  the  rear  of  a  train,  so  as  to  afford  a  view  of  the  track 
from  the  end  windows.  A  glance  at  the  arrangement  of  the  interior  indicates  at  once 
that  the  vehicle  is  designed  for  but  one  principal  occupant  with  his  travelling  suite.  There 
are  four  distinct  compartments,  a  porter's  room,  state-room,  a  sleeping  and  toilet-room  with 
side  passage  and  closets,  and  the  parlor  or  drawing-room.  The  porter's  room  occupies 
about  ten  feet  of  the  forward  end  of  the  car,  with  a  closet  for  table  ware  on  one  side  of 
the  door,  and  Baker  &  SmxH  heater  on  the  other.  Next  to  this  is  the  state-room,  with  an 
upper  sleeping-berth  on  each  side,  and  seats  for  eight  persons  underneath,  and  which  can  be 
transformed  into  two  lower  berths.  Next  is  the  central  compartment,  occupying  a  space  of 
about  17  feet  in  length,  and  containing  the  principal  sleeping  and  toilet-room,  and  corridor, 
34 


266 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  TINITED  STATES. 


witli  a  door  and  two  windows  in  tlie  partition  between.  There  are  also  included  in  this 
division  a  water-closet  and  linen-locker,  communicating  with  the  sleeping-room.  This 
room  is  siunptuoiisly  furnished.  Across  one  end  is  a  curtained  lounge.  The  bed- 
stead is  an  elaborate  piece  of  cabinet  work  in  French  walnut,  surrounded  with  heavy 
double  damask  crimson  and  green  curtains.  The  window  curtains  are  of  the  same 
description,  and  hung,  like  the  others,  on  silver-jilated  rods.  Two  large  mirrors  occupy 
the  spaces  between  the  windows.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  car,  comprising  a 
space  of  about  15  feet,  and  extending  to  the  rear  end,  constitutes  the  di-awing-room, 
which  is  entered  by  a  door  from  the  side  passage  above  mentioned.  Its  furniture  consists 
of  a  large  and  elegant  sofa-lounge,  an  oblong  black-walnut  centre-table  with  marble  top, 
two  easy-chairs  of  the  Pompadour  style  and  two  others  of  a  different  pattern.  This  apart- 
ment has  five  windows  on  each  side  and  three  in  the  end,  these  last  affording  a  fine  view  of 
the  track.  The  spaces  between  the  side  windows  are  occupied  with  mirrors,  and  the  cur- 
tains are  of  the  same  kind  as  those  in  the  sleeping-room.  The  floors  have  Brussels  carpets. 
The  interior  finishing  throughout  is  in  solid  black-walnut,  with  elaborate  raised  panelling  of 
French  walnut  "  burl,"  with  semicircular  tops.  The  general  effect  is  somewhat  sombre, 
but  is  relieved  by  light  gilt  mouldings  above  the  windows.  The  artificial  lighting  is  done 
by  four  of  Williams,  Page  &  Co.'s  improved  plated  lamps.  Careoll  ventilators  are 
used,  and  all  the  windows  have  double  sashes.  In  the  central  passage-way  is  a  wash-stand 
with  a  reservoir  underneath  holding  a  barrel  of  water,  which  is  raised  by  a  small  force- 
pump.    The  inside  door  windows  are  beautiful  specimens  of  embossed  glass. 

The  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  Shops  at 

Buffalo. 

The  car  shops  of  this  road  were  destroyed  by  fire  some  five  years  ago,  but  immediately 
rebuilt  upon  the  same  foundations,  with  the  addition  of  a  new  wood-working  machine  shop. 
All  the  buildings  are  of  brick  or  stone.  The  erection  shop  has  a  raised  roof  for  light  and 
ventilation,  and  is  large  enough  for  the  construction  of  24  freight  cars  at  once,  with  addi- 
tional space  for  office  store-room,  cabinet  and  pattern  shop.  The  iron,  machine,  and  black- 
smith shops  are  in  an  end  wing ;  and  the  wood-working  shop  is  parallel  with  the  wing  and 
connects  with  the  main  building  in  the  centre.  The  machinery  is  all  of  the  most  approved 
modern  style,  the  fire  having  destroyed  all  the  accumulated  antediluvian  rubbish  or  "  scrap 
piles,"  as  the  old  machines  are  sometimes  called.  There  are  doubtless  many  car  builders 
who  would  be  glad  if  a  fire,  earthquake,  tidal  wave,  or  some  other  agent  of  destruction  would 
make  an  end  of  the  obsolete  machinery  they  are  compelled  to  use  on  account  of  the  stingi- 
ness of  road  managers. 

The  car  work  done  here  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  the  first  including  all  passen- 
ger, baggage,  mail,  and  express  cars,  and  the  second  all  work  jjertaining  to  freight  cars. 
The  fii'st-named  class  is  under  the  supervision  of  a  special  foreman,  Mr.  Geokge  Galloway, 
an  old  stand-by  at  these  shops.  Since  the  consolidation  of  the  roads  no  new  coaches  have 
been  built  here,  but  large  numbers  are  overhauled  and  rebuilt,  and  many  improvements 
added  to  bring  them  up  to  modern  requirements.  During  the  past  season  four  new  caboose 
cars  have  been  turned  out  per  month.    These  differ  somewhat  from  those  built  at  the 


CAR  WOEKS  OF  THE  TJlsriTED  STATES. 


Cleveland  shops,  hut  not  to  a  material  extent.  This  difference  is  in  the  outside  slieath- 
ing,  the  boards  being  put  on  up  and  down  instead  of  lengthwise.  This  mode,  it  is 
claimed,  will  shed  water  better.  Many  car  builders  think,  however,  that  sheathing  put 
on  horizontally  renders  a  ear  stiffer  ;  but  the  fact  cannot  be  denied  that  caboose  cars  do  less 
carrying  work  than  any  other,  and  the  plan  that  will  best  preserve  them  from  the  weather, 
and  at  the  same  time  give  sufficient  strength,  is  the  one  that  should  be  adopted  in  their  con- 
struction. 

Mr.  R.  J.  Clancy  is  the  foreman  of  the  freight-car  department,  the  capacity  of  which 
is  about  30  new  cars  per  month,  and  40  old  ones  repaired  per  day. 

In  the  blacksmith  shop  there  are  16  fires  ;  also  one  of  Kkehbell's  torsion  spring  power- 
hammers,  which  is  equal  if  not  siiperior  to  any  power-hammer  we  have  any  knowledge  of. 
It  is  worked  with  a  cam  on  the  pulley  shaft.  The  cam  strikes  an  elastic  pin,  raising  the 
hammer,  compressing  the  spring  above,  and  by  the  action  of  the  spring  a  very  heavy  blow 
is  the  result.  It  is  run  by  a  loose  belt,  with  a  tightener  to  regulate  the  speed  and  force  of 
the  blow.  The  hammer  can  be  used  on  light  or  heavy  work.  In  this  shop  we  also  noticed 
an  ingenious  device  for  recovering  the  set  in  volute  springs.  After  long  and  severe  ser- 
vice, some  of  these  springs  become  closed  up,  and  are  usually  thrown  into  the  scrap  heap  ; 
but  here  they  are  heated,  put  into  a  machine,  and  by  the  aid  of  a  screw  in  the  centre  and 
wedges  on  the  sides,  they  are  restored  to  their  original  shape,  thus  effecting  a  great  saving 
in  this  one  item.    Mr.  Samuel  Inskip  is  the  foreman  of  this  shop. 

The  paint  shop  is  about  600  yards  from  the  car  shop,  the  old  Kasson  Car  Works  being 
used  for  that  purpose.  Mr.  George  O.  "Widnee  is  the  master  car-painter.  He  was  for- 
merly in  a  similar  position  on  the  old  Belief  ontaine  Railroad  at  Gallon,  Ohio,  and  is  not  only 
a  good  executive  officer,  but  an  artist  of  decided  merit.  A  great  many  of  the  elaborately 
designed  and  finished  glass  bulletin  boards  of  this  road,  to  be  foimd  in  hotels  and  depots, 
are  products  of  his  skill.  In  the  paint  shop  were  four  coaches  being  painted  and  finished. 
Mr.  A.  C.  RoBSON  is  the  master  car  builder  in  charge  of  these  shops.  We  must  not  omit  to 
mention  that  the  plan  of  promoting  men  from  the  ranks  to  foremen  prevails  in  these  shops, 
and  is  a  successful  one. 

NEW  TOEK  CENTEAL  SHOPS,  BUFFALO  DIVISION. 

The  principal  shops  of  this  road  are  at  West  Albany.  Those  at  Buffalo,  however,  are 
quite  extensive,  so  much  so  as  to  put  some  first-class  shops  quite  in  the  shade  in  point  of 
comparison.  The  work  done  here  is  similar  to  that  done  at  the  other  shops  above  re- 
ferred to.  The  erection  shop  is  brick,  but  without  the  advantages  of  a  raised  roof.  It  con- 
tains 12  tracks  running  crosswise,  each  long  enough  for  two  freight  cars.  The  machinery 
is  of  a  class  and  quality  usually  f oimd  in  well-conducted  car  shops.  We  cannot  refrain  from 
mentioning  the  order  and  system  noticeable  in  the  blacksmith  shop,  there  being  a  place  for 
everything,  and  everything  is  found  in  its  place  unless  it  has  a  legitimate  reason  for  being 
somewhere  else.  It  is  gratifying  to  be  able  to  walk  through  a  shop  of  this  kind  without 
stumbling  over  iron  and  tools  lying  about  loose.  The  engine  is  80  horse-power,  and  is  a 
splendid  specimen  of  its  kind,  doing  its  work  with  a  movement  so  noiseless  as  to  be  scarcely 
audible.  It  was  made  at  the  works  of  W.  Kidd  &  Co.,  Rochester.  Two  boilers  of  the  locomo- 
tive pattern  supply  the  steam  for  the  engine  and  for  heating  the  shops.    A  two-story  brick 


268 


CAR  WOEKS  OF  THE  TOHTED  STATES. 


building  contains  the  office,  supply  room,  upholsterers',  tinners',  and  painters'  departments. 
No  transfei'-tables  are  used  by  any  of  the  car  shops  in  Buffalo,  the  tracks  all  converging  into 
one  at  a  proper  distance  from  the  shop.  We  cannot  see  any  particular  advantage  in  this, 
but  on  the  contrary  more  or  less  disadvantage.  A  great  deal  of  space  is  occupied  by  the 
numerous  tracks  which  might  be  otherwise  used,  to  say  nothing  of  rails,  ties,  switches,  tar- 
gets, etc.,  which  might  be  dispensed  with  by  the  adoption  of  the  transfer-table  system.  The 
capacity  of  these  shops  is  10  new  freight  cars,  and  ISO  of  the  same  class  repaired,  per  week, 
the  latter  number  including  all  cars  that  is  necessary  to  detain.  The  regular  force  employed 
is  220  men  of  all  grades.  Mr.  William  Johnson,  the  master  car  builder,  is  a  gentleman  of 
large  experience  in  his  vocation,  and  well  qualified  for  the  position  he  fills. 

BUFFALO,  NKW  YORK,  AND  PHILADELPHIA  SHOPS. 

This  road  was  formerly  known  as  the  Buffalo  and  Washington  Railroad.  When  com- 
pleted, it  will  be  120  miles  long,  reaching  from  Buffalo  to  Emporium,  Penn.,  on  the  line  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Central.  Ninety-eight  miles  are  already  finished  and  in  operation,  and  a 
large  force  is  employed  in  pushing  through  the  residue  of  the  line.  The  equipment  of  rolling 
stock  is  first-class  in  every  respect.  They  have  at  present  9  locomotives,  11  passenger 
coaches,  3  baggage  and  mail  cars,  and  250  freight  cars  of  all  kinds.  Nine  of  the  coaches 
and  2  baggage  cars  were  built  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  by  Mr.  Osgood  Bradley,  and  are  of 
modern  style  and  finish.  The  coaches  bear  the  names  of  different  stations  on  the  road. 
The  shops  are  as  yet  limited,  but  will  be  increased  correspondingly  with  the  increase  of  the 
business  of  the  road.  The  Buffalo  Car  Company  are  now  engaged  in  filling  a  contract  for 
freight  cars  for  this  road. 

Mr.  Allen  Vail  is  the  master  mechanic,  and  Mr.  Charles  Btjrchard  is  master  car 
builder.  The  latter  gentleman  was  formerly  connected  with  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan 
Southern  road,  and  we  are  indebted  to  him  for  the  information  above  given. 

The  Car  Shops  of  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railway. 

The  history  of  this  road,  on  account  of  its  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  is  familiar  to  all,  and 
therefore  need  not  be  dwelt  upon.  It  was  opened  to  the  public  about  ten  years  ago,  its 
main  line  extending  from  Salamanca,  New  York,  to  Dayton,  Ohio.  About  five  years  since, 
Mr.  N.  H.  Marsh,  formerly  of  the  Lake  Shore  Road,  was  appointed  master  car-builder  of 
the  entire  line.  Previous  to  his  appointment,  the  car  and  locomotive  departments  were 
under  one  management.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Marsh,  which  occurred  about  two  years 
ago,  Mr.  J.  H.  F.  Wiers,  general  foreman  of  the  Kent  shop,  was  appointed  as  his  successor, 
and  has  been  very  successful  in  performing  the  duties  of  his  position.  As  regards  general 
efficiency,  good  condition  of  rolling  stock,  order,  neatness,  and  economy,  we  doubt  if  any 
road  is  more  judiciously  managed.  The  passenger  equipment,  consisting  of  day-coaches, 
is  not  surpassed  in  its  completeness  by  any  other  cars  of  this  class. 

The  repair  shop  at  Salamanca  is  in  charge  of  Mr.  J.  T.  Fosdick,  who  has  long  been 
connected  with  the  road,  and  is  a  very  efficient  and  faithful  servant  of  the  company.  This 
shop  employs  27  men,  and  has  facilities  for  making  all  necessary  repairs  at  this  point.  At 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


269 


Meadville,  Penn.,  quite'  extensive  shops  were  erected  a  year  or  two  since,  but  are  not  yet  in 
full  operation.  Machinery  is  being  put  in,  however,  and  they  will  soon  be  running  to  their 
full  capacity.  The  buildings  are  of  brick,  and  well-constructed.  The  present  force  con- 
sists of  85  men,  who  are  kept  busy  with  general  repairing.  These  shops  are  in  charge  of 
Mr.  D.  S.  DocKSTADEK,  who  is  a  veteran  in  the  service  of  the  road.  The  shops  at  Cleve- 
land are  wooden  structures,  where  the  repairing  is  done  for  the  Mahoning  division.  They 
are  in  charge  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Haggard,  and  employ  58  men.  Mr.  Haggard  has  occupied 
his  present  position  for  six  or  seven  years,  and  is  an  efficient  servant  of  the  company.  A 
few  men  are  also  employed  at  Youngstown  in  making  repairs  for  the  lower  end  of  the  di- 
vision. 

The  shops  at  Kent,  Ohio,  are  of  cut  sandstone,  and  are  first-class  structures  of  the  kind. 
The  "head-house"  is  165 x  TO,  and  two  stories  high.  The  lower  floor  has  six  tracks,  four 
of  which  are  devoted  to  the  construction  and  repair  of  passenger  and  baggage  cars.  Some 
of  the  heavy  machinery  is  also  on  this  floor.  The  upper  story  is  devoted  to  offices,  uphols- 
tery and  cabinet  shops,  and  light  machinery.  There  are  also  attached  to  the  head-house 
two  wings,  one  320  x  50,  and  the  other  175  x  55  ;  a  portion  of  the  former  being  used  as  a 
wood  machine  shop,  and  the  latter  as  a  machine  shop  for  the  locomotive  department.  The 
blacksmith  shop  is  175  x  50,  and  contains  24:  foi'ges.  The  shops  are  furnished  with  first- 
class  machinery  throughout,  a  considerable  portion  being  of  home  manufacture.  Their  full 
capacity  is  equal  to  the  turning  out  of  40  or  50  freight  cars  per  month,  and  15  or  20  pas- 
senger cars  a  year.  The  buildings  are  all  intended  for  the  car  department,  those  designed 
for  locomotives  never  having  been  constmxcted. 

During  the  past  eighteen  months,  a  number  of  first-class  passenger  coaches  have  been 
built,  equal  to  any  in  the  country  in  point  of  design  and  workmanship,  and  especially  as 
regards  easy  riding,  which  is  attributable  to  an  excellent  quality  of  springs  used,  and  manu- 
factured by  Messrs.  A.  Feench  &  Co.,  of  Pittsburg.  The  wheel-base  of  the  trucks  has 
been  extended  to  seven  feet,  and  gives  entire  satisfaction.  'No  difficulty  has  been  experi- 
enced from  broken  equalizers,  or  going  down  of  the  truck  at  centre ;  and  experience  thus 
far  teaches  that  by  doing  this  a  steadier  motion  is  secured  to  the  car-body  upon  a  four- 
wheel  truck.  There  are  at  present  in  the  shop  two  coaches  ready  for  the  painter,  which  are 
no  discredit  to  designer  or  builder.  The  interior  is  finished  with  mahogany,  relieved  with 
light  walnut  mouldings  and  panel-work,  and  altogether  they  will  be  models  of  beauty. 
There  ai'e  employed  at  these  shops  159  men.  Mr.  S.  Y.  Smith  has  charge  of  the  shops, 
having  succeeded  Mr.  Wiees,  and  is  well  qualified  for  the  position. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Holmes  has  charge  of  the  shops  at  Galion,  which  employ  about  25  men, 
and  are  wooden  structures.  A  few  men  are  also  employed  on  temporary  repairs  at  Dayton, 
and  as  inspectors  at  Cincinnati. 

In  respect  to  economy,  which  is  an  important  consideration  in  this  as  well  as  all  other 
departments  of  railway  operation,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  aggregate  number  of  hands  in 
the  shops  as  aforesaid,  including  foremen,  clerks,  storekeepers,  and  other  necessary  help,  is 
379,  and  the  last  monthly  pay-roll  was  $21,008.11.  There  are  at  present  on  the  road  over 
6,000  cars  of  all  classes,  including  66  coaches  and  accommodation  cars,  41  baggage  and  mail 
cars,  1,884  box  cars,  983  coal  and  flat  cars,  561  stock  cars,  80  oil-tank  cars — all  broad  gauge ; 
also  1,699  coal  cars,  and  a  few  miscellaneous,  all  narrow  gauge. 

About  one-half  of  the  box  cars,  and  a  large  number  of  the  coal  and  flat  cars,  are  sup- 


270  CAR  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

plied  with  VosE,  DiNSMOEE  &  Co.'s  rubber  central  spiral  springs,  wlilcli  glvo  entire  satis- 
faction and  for  cheapness  and  durability  are  not  surpassed  by  any  other.  With  the  above- 
named' force  in  the  car  department,  this  large  equipment  is  kept  in  good  runmng  order; 
and  I  would  ask,  in  conclusion,  if  there  are  any  other  roads  in  the  country,  with  600  miles 
of  main  line  and  divisions,  that  can  make  a  better  exhibit? 


Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  Car-shop  at  Steu- 

benville,  Ohio. 

Eailroad  men  and  the  travelling  public  generally  arc  doubtless  quite  familiar  with  what 
is  called  the  "  Pan  Handle  "  route  or  short  line  from  New  York  and  Plnladelphia  to  Cin- 
cinnati so  much  so,  at  least,  that  some  account  of  the  mechanical  department  of  the  road, 
and  especially  the  portion  of  it  devoted  to  car  work,  will  be  of  interest. 

The  car  shops  are  located  at  Steubenville,  on  the  Ohio  Piver,  about  forty-three  miles 
west  of  Pittsburg.  The  road  crosses  the  river  at  this  point  by  a  magnihcent  iron  bridge, 
the  first  railway-bridge  erected  over  that  stream.  The  general  arrangement  of  the  shops, 
as  is  the  case  with  many  others,  is  the  result  of  a  steadily  growing  business  and  not  of  any 
original  preconceived  design.  When  the  road  was  in  its  infancy,  the  building  now  used  as 
a  paint  shop  constituted  the  car  shops  entire,  and  those  now  used  for  car  shops  were  then 
the  locomotive  machine  shops  and  round-house.  With  all  the  additions  that  have  been  made 
to  the  car  department  within  the  last  five  years,  the  works  are  at  present  qmte  inadequate 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  road.  We  are  informed  that  the  company  intend  to  begin 
in  a  few  months,  the  construction  of  extensive  car  works  at  Dennison,  which  is  the  present 
location  of  the  machine  shops,  and  is  half-way  between  Pittsburg  and  Columbus.  The  new 
works  will  be  equal  to  the  present  wants  of  the  road,  with  a  liberal  margm  for  the  future 

increase  of  its  business.  ,      .  ^  ■,  ^^      a  ^ 

The  present  car  equipment  consists  of  34  first-class  coaches,  19  baggage,  mail  and  ex- 
press cars,  1,600  freight  cars  of  all  classes,  M  caboose  and  4  tool  cars,  besides  one  directors 
coach,  and  three  sleeping-coaches,  which  were  built  at  the  Steubenville  shops  About  ten 
Pullman  palace-cars  pass  over  the  road  each  way  daily.  The  present^  capacity  of  the  car 
department  is  three  freight  cars  per  day,  and  six  coaches  per  year,  besides  keeping  up  nec- 
essary repairs.    All  the  bridge  work  is  also  done  in  this  department.    The  average  force 

employed  is  200  men.  -u^^ 

At  the  time  of  our  visit  to  these  works,  a  few  weeks  smce,  there  were  two  coaches  in 
the  paint  shop  nearly  finished,  and  two  others  nearly  ready  for  the  painters.  These  vehicles 
have  many  points  calculated  to  attract  the  attention  of  a  connoisseur  m  car-construction, 
and  without  assuming  for  ourselves  any  such  skill  in  criticism  as  the  name  implies  we  can- 
not refrain  from  noticing  some  of  the  features  to  which  we  allude.  They  are  49  feet  8  in- 
ches long,  exclusive  of  platforms,  9  feet  7i  inches  wide,  and  9  ^  ^"^l;^^.^^^^-^^ 
to  centre  of  dome-ceiling.  The  bottom  framing  contains  six  longitudinal  sills  The  plate, 
are  put  on  with  the  edge  up  and  down,  which  gives  room  for  the  sash  to.  shde  clear  up  to 
the  roof-boards.  There  are  eight  principal  carlines  of  iron,  |  by  2-^  with  wood  rive  ed  on 
each  side,  and  each  carline  dovetailed  to  the  plates.  A  continuous  window-sill  is  used  tl^e 
panels  are  put  on  np  and  down;  at  the  bottom  edge  is  a  band  of  i  by  1  inch  iron,  let 


CAK  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


271 


flush  witli  the  wood  and  fastened  with  screws.  This  is  very  useful,  as  it  saves  the  body 
from  many  hard  and  damaging  knocks  which  it  would  otherwise  receive.  The  dome-roof 
is  17  inches  above  the  body-roof,  and  the  short  carlines  from  the  plate  to  the  dome  are  per- 
fectly straight  instead  of  being  curved.  The  ends  of  the  roof  are  straight  across,  thereby 
excluding  smoke  and  cinders  to  a  great  extent.  The  outside  finish  of  the  car-body  is  not 
gaudy  or  flashy,  nor  yet  excessively  plain,  but  may  be  described  as  a  haj^py  medium  between 
the  two,  and  displaying  good  taste. 

In  regard  to  the  interior,  there  are  many  things  worthy  of  remark.  The  way  the  roof 
is  formed  first  demands  attention.  The  space  or  distance  between  the  inside  of  the  dome 
and  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  car  is  the  same  all  round ;  therefore  the  inside  cornice  mould- 
ings and  head-linings  are  carried  across  the  ends  of  the  roof  on  a  straight  line,  the  same  as 
along  the  sides,  which  would  be  iinderstood  by  car-builders  as  "  returning  the  head-work." 
This  makes  a  very  pretty  finish,  and  when  once  seen  never  fails  to  please.  The  car  con- 
tains but  one  saloon.  The  window-openings  are  22^  by  28|-,  with  oval  tops  and  only  one 
sash.  In  the  cars  built  last,  the  sash  will  have  a  stop  when  only  7  inches  high,  the  object 
of  which  may  require  a  little  explanation.  The  sash  may  be  raised  to  its  full  height,  but 
the  motion  of  the  car  will  naturally  cause  it  to  slide  down  to  the  stop,  at  which  height  the 
air  admitted  will  not  incommode  the  occupant  of  the  seat  behind ;  but  if  the  sash  remained 
at  its  fidl  height,  the  back  seats  would  receive  the  air  and  cinders  to  a  greater  extent  than 
the  one  by  the  window.  The  panel-work  is  veneered  with  French  walnut,  which  gives  it 
a  rich  but  rather  dark  appearance.  This,  however,  is  relieved  by  bay-wood  mouldings, 
which  afford  an  effective  and  beautiful  contrast.  A  very  neat,  leaf-shaped,  turnless  mould- 
ing finishes  the  point  of  the  oval  between  the  windows. 

Dkipps'  patent  heater  is  used,  but  an  improvement  is  introduced  in  the  manner  of  dis- 
tributing the  heat  which  is  worthy  of  mention.  Under  each  seat  is  an  inverted  trough, 
one  end  of  which  is  attached  to  the  heat-conductor  just  on  the  aperture,  by  which  arrange- 
ment the  radiation  does  not  at  once  come  in  contact  with  the  sitter  so  as  to  be  oppressive, 
but  is  more  evenly  distributed.  The  great  objection  to  this  heater  is,  that  the  register  is 
too  much  under  the  control  of  the  passengers.  We  have  been  in  cars  on  very  cold  days 
when  nearly  every  register  would  be  closed  because  the  passengers  sitting  near  them  felt 
the  heat  too  strong  on  their  feet,  while  the  rest  of  the  passengers  woidd  be  complaining  of 
cold.  This  trouble  is  avoided  by  the  method  referred  to,  and  which  we  beheve  originated 
with  the  master  car-builder  of  these  shops. 

Much  has  been  said  about  the  uncomfortable  seats  which  are  found  on  many  roads,  but 
we  do  not  think  the  most  fastidious  can  find  any  fault  with  those  made  here.  They  are 
17^  inches  wide,  with  serpentine  back,  considerably  higher  than  the  ordinary  back,  and  up- 
holstered in  the  style  of  an  easy  chair.  The  traveller  sits  in  them  as  comfortably  as  in  his 
own  parlor  arm-chair,  if  not  a  little  more  so.  The  trucks  of  the  two  coaches  last  built  will 
have  six  wheels  of  the  Pennsylvania  Central  pattern.  This  is  what  all  roads  will  doubtless 
sooner  or  later  come  to.  In  the  matter  of  cost,  the  four-wheel  truck  has  the  advantage  ; 
but  when  looked  at  from  the  stand-point  of  comfort  and  safety,  the  result  is  highly  favor- 
able to  the  six-wheeled  truck.    The  entire  cost  of  these  coaches  does  not  exceed  $5,000. 

The  management  of  these  shops  is  worthy  of  unqualified  praise.  Mr.  James  McGee 
is  the  master  car-builder,  who  came  here  ten  years  ago  and  commenced  work  as  a  journey- 
man ;  but  by  his  industry,  perseverance,  and  capacity,  has  been  promoted  to  his  present 


272 


CAR  WOEKS  OF  THE  UKITED  STATES. 


position,  and  ranks  among  the  best  car-builders  in  tbe  country.  He  lias  competent  assist- 
ants in  every  department.  Mr.  James  Copeland  is  foreman  of  passenger-work ;  Thomas 
FuKGEKSON,  of  freight-work ;  Edward  Elliott  (the  oldest  employe  on  the  road),  of  the 
blacksmith  shop ;  C.  L.  May,  of  the  paint  shop,  and  last,  but  not  least,  Stewart  McBeth, 
the  boss  of  the  ink-sHngers,  as  he  is  humorously  termed  by  the  shopmen. 

Illinois. 

THE  INDIANAPOLIS  AND  ST.  LOUIS  KAILKOAD  SHOPS  AT  MATTOON,  ILLINOIS. 

The  prosperous  and  growing  city  of  Mattoon  is  situated  on  this  line  of  road,  about  128 
miles  from  St.  Louis  and  132  miles  from  Indianapolis.  "Within  the  last  three  years,  there 
has  been  much  active  competition  among  the  several  towns  along  the  line  for  the  location 
of  these  shops ;  but  the  liberality  and  enterprise  of  the  citizens  of  Mattoon  in  donating  the 
handsome  sum  of  $60,000  toward  their  erection  decided  the  point  in  their  favor,  and  the 
work  of  erecting  the  various  buildings  was  begun  and  rapidly  prosecuted. 

The  round-house  was  first  completed,  and  contains  30  stalls  for  locomotives,  with  a  very 
fine  Seller's  turn-table.  The  distance  from  wall  to  wall,  or  length  of  the  stalls,  is  62  feet, 
and  the  circumference  of  the  entire  structure  905  feet.  The  roof  is  slate,  and  contains  iron 
ventilators  over  each  stall.  Four  steam  heating-pipes  are  placed  around  each  of  the  pits 
and  along  the  walls,  by  which  a  comfortable  temperature  is  secured.  All  the  nmning  and 
incidental  repaii-s  of  locomotives  are  here  made,  every  one  being  carefully  inspected  after  ai 
trip,  and  kept  in  perfect  oi'der,  this  being  as  indispensable  to  an  engine  as  rubbing  and 
feeding  are  to  a  horse.  The  stalls  are  seldom  empty,  owing  to  the  increasing  business  ol 
the  road  and  the  active  service  required  of  the  locomotive  rolling-stock.  This  department 
is  under  the  eificient  management  of  Mr.  W.  Goss.  The  force  employed,  including  engi 
neers,  firemen,  and  the  various  subordinate  grades,  is  132  men. 

Adjacent  to  the  round-house  is  the  coal-house,  a  building  capable  of  holding  30,000  bush 
els  of  coal,  and  supplied  with  a  hoisting  apparatus  for  lifting  the  coal  to  the  level  of  th( 
engine-tender,  into  which  it  is  dropped  from  a  tub,  the  tubs  holding  a  ton  each,  so  that  i 
correct  account  can  be  kept  of  the  quantity  used  by  each  engine.  Near  by  is  the  tank 
house,  a  two-story  b)ick  building,  36  x  36,  the  upper  story  containing  four  tanks  holding 
60,000  gallons,  and  supplied  with  water  from  the  company's  reservoir,  about  two  miles  dis 
tant.  Steain  power  is  used  for  the  purpose.  The  lower  story  is  occupied  with  oil,  waste 
and  other  combustible  stores. 

The  boiler-shop  for  repairing  locomotive  boilers  is  a  brick  building  50  x  80.  It  is  suj 
plied  with  its  own  steam-power,  and  contains  three  tracks  and  two  erecting-pits.  A  fore 
of  13  men  is  here  employed,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  John  H.  Filcok,  an  experience 
boiler-smith.  The  blacksmith  shop  is  also  of  brick,  50  x  150,  and  contains  15  fires  and 
large  steam-hammer.  In  the  roof  are  three  ventilators  of  the  ordinary  Venetian  styl 
The  shop  is  in  charge  of  Mr.  Donald  McDonald,  and  employs  35  men,  who  differ  soiii' 
what  from  the  average  politician,  from  the  fact  that  they  are  men  of  more  blows  tha 
words.    Contiguous  to  this  shop  is  the  iron  and  steel  house,  a  frame  building  40  x  50. 

The  transfer-table  runs  in  a  pit  with  a  double  track.    Parallel  with  this  is  the  locom 


CAE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


273 


tive  machine-shop,  a  brick  building  110  x  204,  containing  seven  pits,  all  of  which  were  oc- 
cupied at  the  time  of  our  visit  to  the  shops  by  locomotives  and  tenders  undergoing  repairs 
or  being  rebuilt.  This  building  also  contains  a  well-selected  variety  of  iron  and  wood- 
working machinery,  embracing  axle-lathes,  bolt-cutters,  drill-presses,  planing,  boring,  match- 
ing, cutting,  and  other  machines  and  appliances  usually  found  in  similar  establishments. 
IS^inety  men  are  employed  in  this  department.  The  general  store-house  is  a  building  40  x 
60,  and  is  in  charge  of  Mr.  H.  C.  Watson,  who  is  peculiarly  fitted,  by  long  experience  and 
attractive  personal  qualities,  for  the  responsible  position  he  fills. 

The  car-shop  proper  is  44  x  228,  and  is  the  last  of  the  brick  buildings  erected.  In  it 
are  the  tool  and  iipholsterer's  rooms  and  master  car-builder's  office.  It  contains  six  erect- 
ing-tracks  capable  of  holding  two  cars  each ;  also  a  number  of  wood-cutting  machines  of  the 
latest  and  most  improved  patterns,  and  well  adapted  to  turn  out  work  with  economy  and 
dispatch.  Both  freight  and  passenger-cars  are  here  built  and  repaired,  an  average  of  15  of 
the  former  class  being  received,  repaired,  and  dispatched  daily.  This  department  employs 
a  force  of  100  men. 

A  frame  building  is  used  as  a  receptacle  for  castings  and  patterns,  which  are  classified 
and  arranged  so  as  to  be  readily  accessible.  The  paint-shop  is  a  frame  building  44  x  228. 
At  the  time  we  were  in  it  a  Pullman  palace-car  was  receiving  its  finishing  coat  of  varnish, 
having  been  completely  rebuilt  by  the  railway  company,  and  we  hazard  nothing  in  saying 
that  a  finer  looking  or  more  elegantly  finished  coach  of  its  class  is  not  to  be  foimd  on  any 
of  the  Western  roads.    About  17  hands  are  employed  in  this  shop. 

The  average  annual  cost  of  labor  per  man  in  the  several  departments  is  estimated  as 
follows:  Locomotive  machine-shop,  $789.90;  car-shop,  $592.44;  paint-shop,  $675.84;  em- 
ployes in  roimd-house,  $337.24. 

The  locomotive  department  is  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  William  Bakkla,  the 
master-mechanic,  and  the  car-building  department  is  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Eobekt  B. 
More,  the  master  car-builder,  both  being  gentlemen  of  practical  experience  in  the  business 
of  their  respective  departments,  and  well  qualified  to  fill  their  positions  in  a  manner  calcu- 
lated to  advance  the  interests  of  the  company  and  reputation  of  the  road.  The  permanent 
location  of  these  shops  at  this  point  is  a  great  stimulus  to  the  growth  and  business  enter- 
prise of  Mattoon,  and  the  donation  by  its  citizens  of  the  sum  we  have  mentioned,  will 
prove  to  be  an  investment  creditable  to  their  forecast  and  sagacity. 

The  machine  and  car-shops  of  the  Indianapolis,  Pern,  and  Chicago  Railroad,  at  Peru,  In- 
diana, have  recently  been  constructed  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  John  McKenna,  the  mas- 
ter-mechanic of  the  road.  The  round-house  will  contain  30  stalls.  The  machine-shop  is 
150  X  110,  the  car-shop  70  x  52,  the  blacksmith-shop  100  x  52,  the  boiler-shop  42  x  30,  and 
the  engine  and  boiler-house  32  x  22.  The  latter  is  fire-proof.  The  present  car-shop  is  lo- 
cated so  as  to  be  changed  into  a  machine-shop  when  the  increase  of  business  requires  it,  and_ 
a  new  one  erected  in  the  place  reserved  in  the  plans.  The  buildings  are  of  brick,  and  are 
one  story  high,  except  the  car-shop,  which  is  two  stories.  The  general  plan  of  the  works  is 
considered  a  very  complete  one,  and  is  the  result  of  a  careful  examination  of  similar  shops 
in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The  future  and  permanent  car-erecting  shop  will' be  in  the 
form  of  a  semicircle,  with  tracks  converging  to  a  central  tm'ii-table. 
35 


2T4 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  inSTITED  STATES. 


The  shops  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island,  and  Pacific  Railroad,  at  Englewood,  have  been 
increased  by  the  addition  of  several  new  bnildings,  including  a  paint-shop  220  x  80,  a  foun- 
dry 194  X  65,  a  pattern-shop  40  x  75,  and  a  fire-proof  structure  60  x  25,  for  storing  paints 
and  other  combustible  material.  The  buildings  are  all  of  brick,  and  rest  upon  stone  foun- 
dations. The  car  department  is  in  charge  of  Mr.  B.  K.  Verbryck,  formerly  of  the  Erie 
Railway.  During  two  years  previous  to  the  first  of  April  last,  the  following  cars  have  been 
built  at  these  shops :  15  passenger -cars,  4  sleeping-coaches,  6  postal,  and  7  baggage  and  ex- 
press-cars ;  also,  276  stock,  250  box,  and  7  caboose-ears.  About  200  freight-cars  have  also 
been  rebuilt.  Also,  7  first-class  passenger  cars,  seating  55  each,  which  are  48  feet  long, 
have  4-wheel  trucks,  Miller  platforms,  and  Westinghouse  brakes.  The  passenger-cars  of 
this  road  are  all  of  one  style  of  finish  outside,  but  the  inside  presents  considerable  variety. 
They  all  have  the  Westinghouse  air-brakes,  and  Miller  platforms. 


California. 

the  CAE  SHOPS  OF  THE  CENTRAL  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

The  Sacramento  Record  contains  a  description  of  these  shops,  which  are  under  the 
general  supervision  of  Mr.  Benjamin  Welsh,  the  master  car-builder,  who  is  a  veteran  in  the 
service  of  the  road,  having  been  connected  with  it  from  its  commencement.  Ilis  long  ex- 
perience and  intimate  knowledge  of  the  mechanical  details  pertaining  to  this  department, 
eminently  fit  him  for  the  responsible  position  he  holds. 

The  main  shop  is  90  x  230  feet,  and  two  stories  in  height.  The  first  floor  is  devoted 
to  machinery  and  framing  pui-poses.  Here  may  be  found  all  the  machinery  for  the  work- 
ing of  wood  that  can  be  found  in  any  car-shop  in  the  United  States,  and  one  machine  whic-h 
no  other  shop  in  the  world  has.  It  is  called  a  tenoning  and  gaining  machine.  All  centre- 
sills  for  construction  or  repairs  of  cars  are  framed  by  this  machine,  and  it  will  turn  out  400 
centre-sills  every  ten  hours,  and  this,  too,  with  the  labor  of  two  men.  It  was  designed  and 
built  at  these  shops,  and  is  acknowledged  by  all  car-builders  to  be  a  wonderful  piece  of 
mechanism. 

The  second  floor  is  divided  into  three  compartments  :  the  cabinet-shop,  where  may  be 
found  machinery  for  doing  the  finer  wood-work,  such  as  band-saws,  boring-machines,  and 
among  the  rest  a  machine  called  the  variety  machine,  upon  which  can  be  made  mouldings 
and  carvings.  vV^here  solid  panel-work  is  required,  this  machine  is  brought  into  use  to 
great  advantage.  The  finer  work  for  sleeping  and  passenger-cars  is  done  in  this  shop,  such 
as  the  doors,  windows,  blinds,  and  all  the  inside  finish,  veneering,  etc.  The  furniture  for 
all  the  stations  and  oflices  along  the  road  is  also  made  here. 

Twelve  rnen  are  employed  in  the  upholstery  department,  in  constructing  new  and  re- 
pairing old  seats,  trimmings,  etc.  The  bed-linen  for  the  sleeping-cars  and  steamers  is  made 
up  in  this  room,  and  two  of  Singer's  machines,  run  by  power,  are  kept  constantly  at  work. 
A  machine  for  picking  the  hair  that  is  used  in  such  large  quantities  for  the  filling  of  cusli- 
ions  and  backs  may  be  seen  here. 

The  capacity  of  the  shops  is  6  box  freight-cars  and  6  flat-cars  per  day,  2  passenger  and 
1  sleeping-car  per  month,  besides  the  general  repairs  of  the  passenger-car  stock.    The  build- 


CAK  WORKS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  , 

ing  is  of  brick,  witli  a  pile  and  granite  foundation,  and  lias  a  truss  roof  covered  witn^e^-^y- 
gated  iron.    To  the  right  of  the  main  shops  stands  the  old  car-shop,  a  temporary  buildm* 
of  wood,  which  is  used  as  a  paint-shop  for  freight-cars  ;  and  adjoining  this  is  the  tin-shop. 

The  paint-shop  is  of  brick,  with  a  corrugated  iron  roof.  The  main  building  is  70  x 
242,  with  5  L's,  each  with  a  track  running  through  from  the  main  shop,  wdiere  are  painted 
and  varnished  all  the  passenger-car  stock.  These  rooms  are  each  separated  from  the  main 
shop  by  close-fitting  doors,  giving  always  clean  rooms  with  good  light  and  perfectly  free 
from  dust,  which  causes  so  much  trouble  in  finishing  cars  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 

The  transfer-table  has  a  double  track  with  a  pit  60  x  262.  The  house  for  drying  lum- 
ber is  heated  by  4-inch  steam-pipes,  and  green  lumber  is  run  into  it  on  small  cars.  The 
freight-car  repair-shop  is  a  wooden  building,  36  x  430.  The  foundry  is  also  of  the  same 
material.  Preparations  are  being  made  for  manufacturing  car-wheels  in  sufficient  quantity 
to  supply  the  demands  of  the  road.  The  blacksmith-shop  has  50  forges  and  2  furnaces. 
There  is  being  constructed  for  this  shop  machinery  for  mending  railroad  bars  that  become 
so  worn  and  battered  at  the  ends  as  to  be  imsafe. 

A  large  shaft  for  one  of  the  bay  steamers,  28  feet  long  by  12  inches  in  diameter,  weigh- 
ing 6  tons,  was  recently  finished  at  this  shop.  It  was  entirely  of  scrap-iron,  which  had  first 
been  worked  up  into  slabs,  and  then  put  together  and  worked  into  a  shaft.  It  is  the  first 
job  of  the  kind  ever  done  here,  and  is  considered  ])y  steamboat  men  to  be  as  good  a  job  as 
was  ever  done  on  the  coast.  The  furnace  is  now  at  work  in  the  construction  of  the  frames 
of  new  locomotives,  which  are  to  be  made  of  scrap.  ■  All  the  shafts  for  the  locomotives  will 
be  made  at  the  same  place  and  of  the  same  material. 

()ue  large  steam  hanmier  and  two  large  fires  have  done  nothing  for  the  past  year  but 
relay  old  car-axles.  These  axles  becoming  worn  at  the  journals  are  too  small  for  safety, 
and  are  here  cut  ofl^,  and  new  ends,  manufactured  from  scrap,  are  welded  on,  which  gives  a 
much  better  axle  than  when  new. 

There  is  also  a  department  for  cleaning  waste  nsed  on  locomotives.  It  is  sent  here 
from  all  points  on  the  road,  and  is  made  as  good  as  new  at  a  cost  of  less  than  five  cents  per 
pound,  while  the  new  costs  as  high  as  twenty  cents.  In  the  centre  of  the  building  is  a  ma- 
chine which  has  ten  stamps,  worked  and  operated  the  same  as  the  stamps  of  a  quartz-mill. 
At  the  end  of  these  are  fixed  large  balls  of  rubber.  The  waste  is  first  steamed  and  heated, 
then  passed  into  a  large  tub  or  vat  partially  filled  with  hot  water,  into  which  the  stamps 
work,  which  is  closed  np,  and  the  mill  set  to  work.  After  the  waste  has  been  sufiiciently 
pounded,  it  is  put  into  other  large  vats,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  fixed  a  set  of  rollers  made 
of  rubber.  The  waste  is  run  back  and  forth  through  these  rollers  until  it  is  entirely  freed 
from  dirt  and  grease,  when  it  is  put  into  another  vat  of  clean  hot  water  and  passed  through 
another  siege  of  wringing,  and  is  finally  put  to  dry  upon  racks  made  for  that  purpose. 
When  properly  dried,  it  is  made  into  bales  ready  to  be  shipped  to  any  place  where  wanted. 
One  thousand  pounds  of  the  dirtiest,  greasiest  waste  can  be  cleaned  per  day,  making  a  sav- 
ing to  the  company  of  $150  per  day  in  this  item  alone.  The  same  waste  is  often  washed 
the  second  time. 

The  locomotive  department  is  also  extensive,  and  equipped  with  the  best  of  machinery. 
The  round-house  contains  29  stalls. 


The  shops  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  at  Sacramento  employ  upward  of  1,200  men, 


276 


CAE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


with  a  pay-roll  of  $1,000,000  or  more  jjer  auiium.  The  amount  of  stock  consumed  exceeds 
in  value  $2,500,000  a  year.  There  are  used  7,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  3,000,000  pounds  of 
cast,  and  3,500,000  pounds  of  wrought  iron.  Of  this  large  expenditure  58  per  cent,  is  for 
repairs.  In  1872,  there  were  manufactured  630  box  freight-cars,  200  fiats,  32  caboose-cars, 
15  fruit-cars,  25  dump-cars^  4  water-cars,  3  oil-cars,  2  U.  S.  postal-cars,  45  hand-cars,  25  sec- 
tion-cars, 1  director's-car. 

Miscellaneous  Car  and  Railroad  Information. 

THE  CONSUMPTION  OF  TIMBER. 

The  rapidity  with  which  the  valuable  timber  forests  of  the  country  are  being  swept 
away  to  supply  the  constantly  increasing  demand  for  lumber,  points  to  a  time,  not  very  re- 
mote, when  there  will  hardly  be  wood  enough  left  for  the  ordinary  necessities  of  life.  The 
prospect  of  a  timber  famine  in  a  land  covered  with  such  magnificent  forests  as  ours  was 
half  a  century  ago,  may  well  awaken  attention.  The  millions  of  dwellings  and  other  struct- 
ures, farm  fences,  shipping,  railroad  ties,  telegraph  poles,  wheel  vehicles,  furniture,  imple- 
ments, machinery,  railway  rolling  stock,  and  numerous  other  things  for  which  wood  is  used, 
are  all  perishable,  and  need  to  be  replaced  at  longer  or  shorter  intervals  of  time.  To  this 
enormous  consumption  must  be  added  the  item  of  fuel  for  railroad,  domestic,  and  manufact- 
uring purposes,  and  also  the  export  demand,  which  cannot  fail  to  increase  every  year,  as 
the  value  and  variety  of  our  native  woods  become  known  abroad.  We  already  supply  the 
European  and  Australian  markets  with  timber  for  many  purposes,  especially  for  carriage 
building  and  cabinet  work  ;  and  heavy  contracts  have  been  made  during  the  past  year  for 
future  delivery.  The  ties  for  Peruvian  railroads  are  all  shipped  from  Oregon,  and  the  roll- 
ing stock  is  supplied  by  the  car  manufactories  of  the  Eastern  States.  The  walnut  timber 
of  the  West,  once  so  abundant  as  to  be  used  for  farm  fencing  and  fuel,  is  being  swept  away 
at  a  rate  which  but  few  of  us  adequately  realize. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  number  of  railroad  ties  in  present  use  in  the  United  States  is 
150,000,000.  A  cut  of  200  ties  to  the  acre  is  above  rather  than  under  the  average,  and  it 
therefore  has  required  the  product  of  750,000  acres  of  well-timbered  land  to  furnish  the 
supply.  Eailroad  ties  last  about  five  years  ;  consequently,  30,000,000  ties  are  used  annually 
for  repairs,  taking  the  timber  from  150.000  acres.  The  manufacture  of  rolling  stock  dis- 
poses of  the  entire  yield  of  350,000  acres,  and  a  full  supply  of  500,000  acres  more  every 
year.  It  appears,  then,  that  om-  railroads  are  stripping  the  country  at  the  rate  of  1,000,000 
acres  per  annum,  and  their  demands  are  rapidly  increasing. 

TO  FIND  THE  TONNAGE  OF  BAILS  PEB  ItHLE. 

Railroad  men  and  iron  dealers  can  ascertain  the  number  of  tons  of  rails  to  a  mile  by  a 
simple  calculation.  By  multiplying  the  weight  of  the  rail  per  yard  by  11,  and  dividing  by 
7,  the  correct  number  of  tons  required  to  lay  one  mile  of  track  is  correctly  and  quickly  se- 
cured. As  an  example,  take  a  rail  weighing  30  pounds  per  yard  :  30  x  11  =  330  ;  divided  by 
7=47-^  tons.  The  rule  holds  good  for  iron  of  any  weight,  and  is  one  of  those  singular 
mathematical  workings  which  puzzle  us  to  know  how  they  were  ever  discovered. 


CAR  WORKS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


2T7 


We  add  from  The  National  Car  Builder  a  very  complete  and  reliable  Directory  of 
Master  Mechanics  and  Master  Car  Builders  throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada : 

Reterences. — *  Mechnnical  En.Qrineer.  +  Mechanical  Superintendent.  J  General  Master  Mechanic.  ++Gen.  Master  Car  Builder. 
§  Master  of  Machinery.  ||  General  Foreman.  **  Superintendent  of  Machinery.  §§  Superintendent  of  Motive  Power  and  Machinery. 
II II  Superintendent  of  Rolling  Stock. 


A 

Railroad.  Master  Mechanic.         Master  Car  Builder.  Residence. 

Arkansas  Central  G.  H.  Bristol  G.  H.  Bristol  Helena,  Ark. 

Alabama  Central  E.  M.  Smith  E.  M.  Smith  Selma,  Ala. 

Albany  &  Susquehanna  R.  C.  Blackall  R.  C.  Blackall  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Alexandria  &  Fredericksburg  Alexandria,  Va. 

Alexandria,  Nebraska  &  Iowa  George  Q.  Adams  Alexandria,  Mo. 

Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  H.  V.  Farris  Topcka,  Kan. 

Atchison  &  Nebraska  Selah  WOhams   Atchison,  Kan. 

Alabama  &  Chattanooga  S.  W.  Tozer  S.  W.  Tozer  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Atlanta  &  West  Point  William  Rushton  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Atlanta  &  West  Fomt  R.  D.  Cole  R.  D.  Cole  Newnan,  Ga. 

Atlantic  &  Gulf  C.  E.  Van  Vorst  P.  N.  Raynal  Savannah,  Ga. 

Atlantic  &  North  Carolina  E.  J.  Clayton  E.  J.  Clayton  New  Berne,  N.  C. 

Atlantic  &  Great  Western    ff  J.  H.  F.  Wiers. . .  .Meadville,  Penn. 

Atlantic  &  Great  Western  William  Fuller  D.  S.  Dockstader. . .  .MeadviUe,  Penn. 

Atlantic  &  Great  Western  N.  Wright  W.  G.  Haggard  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Atlantic  &  Great  Western  ||J.  B.  Miller  S.  V.  Smith  Kent,  Ohio. 

Atlantic  &  Great  Western  Allen  Cook  J.  W.  Holmes  Gallon,  Ohio. 

Atlantic  &  Pacific  gjohn  Hewitt  E.  Martin  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Atlantic,  Mississippi  c&  Ohio  

Norfolk  &  Petersburg  Division  J.  S.  Whitworth  J.  S.  Whitworth  Norfolk,  Va» 

South  Side  of  Virginia  Division  J.  T.  Robinett  J.  T.  Robinett  Petersburg,  Va. 

Virginia  &  Tennessee  Division  F.  Sterk  W.  A.  Morgan  Lynchburg,  Va. 

Virginia  &  Kentucky  Division  

Allegheny  VaUey  G.  W.  Glass  R.  Gunning  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Adirondack  Jacob  Myers  James  J.  Traver  Saratoga,  N.  Y. 


Baltimore  &  Ohio  §John  C.  Davis  J.  S.  Shryack  Baltimore,  Md. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  James  H.  Miller  Baltimore,  Md. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  William  Edwards  Martiusburg,  Va. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  A.  J.  Cromwell  Piedmont,  Va. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  E.  W.  Lippencott  Grafton,  W.  Va. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  Wheeling,  W.  Va. 

Central  Ohio  Division  Alexander  Piatt  ZanesvUle,  Ohio. 

Sandusky,  Mans.  &  Newark  Div  WUliam  Y.  Johnson  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Bangor,  Old  Town  &  MUf ord  J.  B.  Pecldiam  John  H.  Brown  Bangor,  Maine. 

Bangor  &  Piscataquis  Horace  Penny  T.  W.  Comins  Old  Town,  Maine. 

Bellefonte  &  Snow  Shoe   H.  D.  Landis  H.  D.  Landis  Bellefonte,  Penn. 

Belviderc  Delaware  R.  McDowell  John  Silvers  LambertviUe,  N.  J. 

Boston  &  Albany  Wilson  Eddy  F.  D.  Adams  Springfield,  Mass. 

Boston  &  Albany  A.  B.  Underbill  AV.  E.  Chamberlain.  .Allston,  Mass. 

Boston  &  Providence  George  Richards. . .  .John  Lightner  Roxbury,  Mass. 

Boston,  Clinton  &  Fitchburg  John  Webster  Samuel  Stevens  Fitchburg,  Mass. 

Boston,  Concord  &  Montreal  Ralph  Adams  M.  R.  Elkins  Lake  Village,  N.  H. 

Boston  &  Maine  F.  A.  Waitt  Boston,  Mass. 

Boston  &  Maine  D.  C.  Richardson. .  .  .Lawrence,  Mass. 

Boston,  Lowell  &  Nashua  J.  F.  Crockett  T.  G.  Davis  Boston,  Mass. 

Boston,  Lowell  &  Nashua  S.  A.  Davis  Nashua,  N.  H. 

Blossbvirg  &  Coming  O.  C.  Patchell  O.  C.  Patchell  Comuig,  N.  Y. 

Brockville  &  Ottawa  H.  J.  Marshall  H.  J.  Marshall  Brockville,  Can. 

Blue  Ridge  Anderson,  S.  C. 

Burlington  &  Missouri  River  J.  Christiansen  Plattsmouth,  Neb. 

Burlington,  Cedar  Rapids  &  Minnesota. . .  .R.  W.  Bushnell  R.  W.  BushneU  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 

Buffalo,  New  York  &  PhUadelphia  Allen  Vail  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Buffalo,  Corry  &  Pittsburg  H.  J.  Bookhammer.  .Jacob  Williams  Oil  City,  Penn. 


278 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UKITED  STATES. 
> 


o 

Hailroad.  Master  Mechanic.  Master  Car  Builder.  Residence. 

Cairo  &  Fulton  L.  Fmlay  L.  Finlay  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

California  Pacific  A.  J.  Stevens  D.  Rutherford  Vallejo,  Cal. 

(  F.  B.  Stevens  Hoboken. 

Camden  &  Amboy  ^  T.  T.  Kerr  E.  Lockwood  Bordentown,  N.  J. 

(  Thomas  Single  South  Amboy. 

Camden  &  Atlantic  Rufus  Hill  S.  Willis  Camden,  N.  J. 

Canada  Southern  C.  E.  Benton  C.  E.  Benton  St.  Thomas,  Canada. 

Carolina  Central  W.  A.  Gill  Thomas  Myers  Laurinburg-,  N.  C. 

Catawissa  A.  J.  Prescott  C.  D.  Ellis  Catawissa,  Penu. 

Catasauqua  &  FogelsvUle  Thomas  Evans  Charles  J.  Holbach.  .Catasauqua,  Penn. 

Carrolton  &  Oneida  M.  T.  Wiggins  Carrolton,  Ohio. 

Charleston  &  Savannah  H.  T.  Calder  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  W.  G.  Freeman  J.  N.  King  Richmond,  Va. 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  §T.  J.  Hamer  IL  C.  Bossinger  Huntingdon,  W.  Va. 

Cheraw  &  Darlington  D.  W.  Haines  A.  M.  Corrie  Florence,  S.  C. 

Champlaiu  Transportation  Company  H.  T.  Calder  Burlington,  Vt. 

Cheshire  &  Ashuelot  F.  A.  Pen-y  F.  A.  Perry  Keene,  N.  H. 

Charlotte,  Columbia  &  August  Robert  King  J.  Q.  Seats  Columbia,  S.  C. 

Chicago  &  Lake  Huron  

Eastern  Division  E.  HoUis  Port  Huron,  Mich. 

Western  Division  W.  C.  Faulkner   Battle  Creek,  Mich. 

Chicago  &  North-western  §George  W.  Tilton  .  .Thomas  Hull  Chicago,  111. 

Wisconsin,  Mad.  &  Mill.  Division  Henry  Hull  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis. 

Galena  Division  D.  Manning  Hugh  Gray  Chicago,  111. 

Wisconsin,  Mad.  &  Mill.  Division  . .  .T.  B.  TUton  Chicago,  111. 

Iowa  Division  C.  C.  ElUott  William  Campbell. .  .Clinton,  Iowa. 

Peninsula  Division  E.scanaba,  Mich. 

Chicago  &  Alton  John  A.  Jackman. .  .R.  RenifE  Bloomington,  111. 

Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  :j:George  Chalender  Burlington,  Iowa. 

Eastern  &,  Middle  Division  E.  T.  Prindle  W.  W.  Wilcox  Aurora,  111. 

Galcsburg  Division  William  Wilson  J.  D.  Besler  Galesburg,  111. 

Quincy  Division  Joel  West  Cresson,  Iowa. 

Burlington  Division  S.  E.  Burtch  Burlington,  Iowa. 

Buda  Division  P.  R.  Sutton  Buda,  lU. 

Chicago,  Clinton  &  Dubuque  P.  R.  Sutton  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Chicago,  Dubuque  &  Minnesota  P.  R.  Sutton  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  T.  B.  Twombly  B.  K.  Verbryck  Chicago,  HI. 

Chicago  &  Michigan  Lake  Shore  William  L.  Fitch.  . .  .Oliver  Udell  St.  Joseph,  Mich. 

Chicago,  Danville  &  Vincennes  A.  B.  Bedell  W.  H.  Dunham  Danville,  lU. 

Chicago,  Danville  &  Vincennes  J.  M.  Sanborn  Chicago,  111. 

Chicago  &  Canada  Southern  tjgj.  Johann  Trenton,  Mich. 

Cincinnati,  Wabash  &  Blichigan  .- . .  .E.  M.  Porter  Wabash,  Ind. 

Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cin.  &  Indianapolis . ifL.  S.  Young  ffWiUiam  F.  Smith. .Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Indianapolis  Division  L.  W.  Durgin  Gallon,  Ohio. 

Indianapolis  Division  R.  Attridge   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Cincinnati  Division  D.  Carmichael  D.  Carmichael  Delaware,  Ohio. 

Columbus  Division  F.  G.  Kaufholz  William  Cleve  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  N.  E.  Chapman  A.  Steinbrunner  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Ceveland,  Mount  Vernon  &  Delaware  J.  W.  Holloway  J.  W  Holloway  Akron,  Ohio 

Clincinnati,  Hamilton  &  Dayton  William  CuUen  W.  H.  H.  Allison.  . .  .Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Cincinnati  &  Indianapolis  Junction  W.  McKinzie  Edwin  Beeny  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Cincinnati,  Layfayette  &  Chicago  Charles  E.  Gore  Lafayette,  Ind. 

Cincinnati  &  Muskingum  Valley  Leroy  Kells  Daniel  Jewell  Lancaster,  Ohio. 

Cincinnati,  Sandusky  &  Cleveland  John  Y.  Beattie  John  Y.  Beattie  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Cobourg,  Peterboro  &  Marmora  WOliam  Poison  Cobourg,  Canada. 

Columbus,  Chicago  &  Indiana  Central  (See  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  &  St.  Louis.) 

Concord  Charles  L.  Eastman. M.  W.  Dickcrman. .  .Concord,  N.  H. 

Concord  &  Portsmouth  Charles  L.  Eastman. M.  W.  Dickcrman. .  .Concord,  N.  H. 

Concord  &  Claremont  J.  N.  Lander  A.  Langmaid  Concord,  N.  H. 

Connecticut  River  gWUliam  II.  Steams  Springfield,  Mass. 

Connecticut  Valley  C.  W.  Holister  N.  A.  Smith  Hartford,  Conn. 

Connecticut  Western  N.  Slingland   ,   Hartford,  Conn. 

Contoocook  River  Concord,  N.  H. 

Connecticut  &  Passumpsic  Rivers  Horace  Aldan  Horace  Alden  Lyndon,  Vt. 

Cumberland  Valley   A.  S.  Hull  C.  W.  Nitterhouse. . .  Chambersburg,  Penn. 

Cumberland  &  Pennsylvania  ,   W.  L.  Jordan  J.W.  Saurerbach  Mt.  Savage,  Md. 


CAE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Master  Mechanic. 


Master  Car  Baildcr. 


Residence. 


Central  of  Georgia  D.  D.  Arden  C.  C.  Millar  Savannah,  Ga. 

Central  of  New  Jersey  *T.  W.  Peoples  George  Hackett  . . . .  ELizabcthport,  N.  J. 

Lehigh  &  Susquehanna  Division. . .  .L.  C.  Brastow  L.  C.  Brastow  Wilkesbarre,  Perm. 

Central  Branch  Union  Pacific  William  D.  Rowley  Atchison,  Kansas. 

Central  R.  R.  of  Iowa  F.  B.  Woodruff  T.  L.  Scevers  Marshall,  Iowa. 

Central  Pacific  A.  J.  Stevens  Benjamin  Welch. . .  .Sacramento,  Cal. 


Dakota  &  Southern  James  Whitney  A.  A.  Mechling  Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

Davenport  &  St.  Paul's  James  Russell  Peoria,  111. 

Dayton  &  Union  A.  J.  Keenan  J.  F.  Feicht  Dayton,  Ohio. 

Danbury  &  Norwalk  Charles  A.  Craig.  .  .  .C.  A.  Craig  Danbury,  Conn. 

Dayton  &  Michigan  William  Cullen  W.  H.  H.  AUison. . .  .Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Denver  &  Rio  Grande  John  Greenwood  Denver,  Col. 

Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  Walter  Dawson  Robert  McKenna. . .  .Scranton,  Penn. 

Morris  &  Essex  Division  W.  H.  Lewis  L.  S.  Barber  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Des  Moines  Valley  James  Lamb  R.  E.  Smith  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

Detroit,  Ft.  Wayne  &  Logansport  W.  A.  Cai-pentor  Bankers,  Mich. 

Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Andrew  Wilson  Detroit,  Mich. 

Detroit,  Lansing  &  Lake  Michigan  Thomas  G.  Roberts   .  .Detroit,  Mich. 

Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Co  James  Dickson  Thomas  Orchard. . .  .Carbondale,  Penn. 

Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Division  John  DLkeman  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Dorchester  &  Delaware  "  Cambridge,  Md. 

Dubuque  &  South-western  J.  M.  Smith  J.  M.  Smith  Farley,  Iowa. 

Dutchess  &  Columbia  W.  G.  Vanbuskirk. .  .H.  A.  Webster  Fishkill,  N.  Y. 

Dunkirk,  Allegheny  Valley  &  Pittsburg  J.  C.  Haggett  J.  C.  Haggett  .Dunkirk,  N.  Y. 


Eastern  J.  P.  Somerby  Salem,  Mass. 

Eastern  John  Thompson  East  Boston,  Mass. 

Eastern  Kentucky  D.  L.  Weaver  D.  L.  Weaver  Riverton,  Ky. 

East  Tennessee  &  Virginia  Eli  Hixon  Joseph  Armbruster .  .Knoxville,  Term. 

East  Tennessee  &  Georgia  Eli  Hixon  Knoxville,  Term. 

East  Pennsylvania  Samuel  Reeves  Reading,  Penn. 

Elizabethtown  &  Paducah  W.  D.  Robb  T.  A.  Cordrey  Elizabethto\vn,  Ky. 

Erie  Railway  §§Howard  Fry  Susquehanna,  Perm. 

Erie  Railway  |  Robert  Wallace  Susquehanna,  Penn. 

Erie  Railway  |V.  Blackburn  Jer.sey  City,  N.  J. 

Erie  Railway  |J.  G.  Hubbard  M.  Wilder  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Erie  Railway  W.  E.  Cooper  W.  E.  Cooper  Hornellsville,  N.  Y, 

Erie  Railway  William  Moffet  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

Erie  Railway  |||David  Holtz  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

EvansviUe  &  Crawfordsville  John  L.  White  Joseph  Stiker  EvansviUe,  Ind. 

EvansviUe,  Henderson  &  Nashville   H.  M.  Smith  W.  H.  H.  Price  Henderson,  Ky. 

European  &  North  American  (of  Maine). . .  .A.  O.  Bailey  J.  H.  Brown  Oldtown,  Maine. 

Erie  &  Pittsburg  G.  J.  Parkin  G.  J.  Parkin  Erie,  Penn. 

EvansviUe,  Terre  Haute  &  Chicago  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 


Flushing  &  North  Side  Wm.  La  Suer  College  Point,  L.  I. 

Florida  Ezra  Gray  G.  Hernandez  Femandina,  Fla. 

Flint  &  Pere  Marquette  Sanford  Keeler  Sanford  Keeler  East  Saginaw,  Mich. 

Fitchburg  Geo.  A  Cooledge. . .  .Enos  Vamey  Charlestown,  Mass. 

Fitchburg  &  Worcester  John  Webster  Samuel  Stevens  Fitchburg,  Mass. 


G 

Galveston,  Harrisburg  &  San  Antonio  John  G.  Coulou  ,  Galveston,  Texas. 

GUman,  Clinton  &  Springfield  W.  B.  McKenna  Springfield,  111. 

Grand  Tower  &  Carbondale  Hugh  Smith  Hugh  Smith  Grand  Tower,  111. 

Grand  Trunk  .Warren  Noyes  Gorham,  Me. 

Grand  Trunk  f  Richard  Eaton  J.  W.  W.  McWood. .  .Montreal,  Canada. 

Grand  Trunk  Shcrbrooke,  Can. 


280 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Bailroad.  Master  Mechanic.  Master  Car  Builder.  IleBidoiicc. 

Grand  Trunk  B.  J.  Mitchell  Portland,  Me. 

Galveston,  Houston  &  Henderson  Sol.  Bills  Wm.  Macbeth  Galveston,  Texas. 

Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana  J.  M.  Boon  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

Great  Western  of  Canada  -j-Wm.  A.  Rolnnpon.  .F.  Childs  Hamilton,  Canada. 

Georgia  William  Hardman...T.  M.  Preval  Augusta,  Ga. 

Green  Bay  &  Lake  Pepin  J.  H.  Erwin  Green  Bay,  Wis. 

Greenville  &  Columbia  J.  T.  Price  J.  T.  Price  Helena,  S.  C. 

H 

Harlem  Extension  Geo.  W.  Blanchard  Rutland,  Vt. 

Harlem  Extension  C.  S.  Clapp  Bennington,  Vt. 

Hanover  Branch  John  J.  Bingley  Henry  Britcher  Hanover,  Penn. 

Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  L.  W.  Tovrne  Hannibal,  Mo. 

Hartford,  Pro\'idence  &  Fishkill  Edwin  Garfield  V.  D.  Perry  Hartford,  Ct. 

Hackensack  &  New  York  Abraham  Angausen  Hackensack,  N.  J. 

Housatonic  C.  R.  Morris  J.  J.  Ferris  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Houston  &  Texas  Central  gW.  H.  Purdy  W.  H.  Purdy  Houston,  Texas. 

Houghton  &  Ontonagon  L'Anse,  Mich. 

Houston  Tap  &  Brazoria  T.  J.  Shellhorn  T.  J.  Shellhom  Houston,  Texas. 

Huntingdon  &  Broad-Top  Mountain  J.  Salisbury  M.  Tellerhoof  Saxton,  Penn. 

Hempfield  T.  Marsh    Wheeling,  Va. 


Indianapolis,  Cincinnati  «&  Lafayette  J.  S.  Patterson  S.  Griffith  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Indianapolis,  Peru  &  Chicago  John  McKenna  John  McKenna  Peru,  Ind. 

Illinois  Central  **S.  J.  Hayes  H.  O.  Wadlic  Chicago,  lU. 

Chicago  Division  Henry  Schlacks  Chicago,  Bl. 

South  Division  David  Oxley  Centralia,  111. 

North  Division  J.  B.  Edams  Amboy,  111. 

Iowa  Division  Thomas  W.  Place  Waterloo,  Iowa. 

Iowa  &  Missouri  State  Line  Farmington,  Iowa. 

Iron  Perry  Scott  Clem.  Roetling  Ironton,  Ohio. 

Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  A.  T.  Sanford  R.  B.  More  Mattoon,  111. 

Indianapolis,  Bloomiagton  &  Western  Tho.  V.  Losee  A.  J.  Allen  Urbana,  111. 

Ionia  &  Lansing  H.  Loughlin  Lansing,  Mich. 

Indianapolis  &  Vincennes  A.  E.  AUcott  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

International  &  Great  Northern  A.  H.  DeClercq  F.  M.  Looney  Houston,  Texas. 

Intercolonial  Wm.  Whitney  Edw.  Shaffer  Moncton,  N.  B. 

Ithaca  &  Athens  F.  A.  Brown  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


JefFersonville,  Madison  &  Indiana  Reuben  Wells  JefFersonvUle,  Ind. 

Junction  &  Breakwater  J.  A.  Maguire  Lewes,  Del. 

K 

Kansas  Central  John  Davis  Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Knox&Lincohi  §§E.  R.  Hamlin  Benj.  Soule  Bath,  Maine. 

Kentucky  Central  J.  R.  Ledyard  J.  L.  Hackathom. .  .Covington,  Ky. 

Knoxville  &  Charleston  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Kansas  Pacific  **L.  H.  Waugh  Wyandotte,  Kansas. 

Denver  Pacific  Division  **L.  H.  Waugh  Wyandotte,  Kansas. 

Denver  &  Boulder  Valley  Division. .  .**L.  II.  Waugh  Wyandotte,  Kansas. 

Junction  City  &  Fort  Kearney  Div. .  .**L.  H.  Waugh  Wyandotte,  Kan.sas. 

Arkansas  Valley  Divi.sion  **L.  H.  Waugh  Wyandotte,  Kansas. 

Kalamazoo,  Allegan  &  Grand  Rapids  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 

Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  CouncU  Bluffs.  .g§H.  L.  Cooper  H.  L.  Cooper  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

King's  Mountain  E.  Thomas  E.  Thomas  Chester,  S.  C. 


Lake  Erie  &  Louisville  John  Pero  Fremont,  Ohio. 

Lackawanna  &  Bloomsburg  Charles  Graham  Chas.  Graham  Kingston,  Penn. 


OAK  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STAITES. 


Railroad, 


Master  Mechanic. 


Master  Car  Buiklcr 


Residence 


LeWgh  Valley  John  I.  Kinsey. .  1  South  Easton 

Lehigh  Valley  P.  Hofecker. ...  I  .  .E.  R.  Brown  Weatherly,  Penn. 

Lehigh  Valley  A.  Mitchell  |  .  .Mauch  Chunk,  Pa. .  .Delano,  Penn. 

Lehigh  Valley  D.  Clark  J  Hazleton,  Penn. 

Leavenworth,  Lawrence  &  Galveston  S.  M.  Philbrick  Lawrence,  Kansas. 

Lexington  &  Big  Sandy  Fred.  Weber  R.  Brainard  Ashland,  Ky. 

Little  Rock  &  Fort  Smith  D.  R.  Wing  D.  R.  Wing  Argenta,  Ark. 

Little  Miami  J.  H.  Satchel  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

London  &  Port  Stanley  London,  C.  W. 

Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Geo.  Ruhlandt  Geo.  Helfrich  New  Albany,  Ind. 

Long  Island  Chas.  A.  Thompson .  Ellis  Dodge  Hunter's  Point,  L.  I. 

Louisville,  Cincinnati  &  Lexington  E.  B.  Gibbs  S.  S.  Pilson  Louisville,  Ky. 

South  &  North  Alabama  Division.  .  .C.  H.  Beale    Montgomery,  Ala. 

Memphis  &  Ohio  Division  Thomas  Walsh  R.  M.  C.  Parker  . . .  .Memphis,  Tenn. 

Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  :|:James  Sedgley  ffJohn  Kirby  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Michigan  Southern  Division  Geo.  W.  Stevens  Elkhart,  Ind. 

"  "  ."   S.  S.  Knapp  Adrian,  Mich. 

Toledo  Division  Geo.  H.  Tier  Frank  O.  Bray  Norwalk,  Ohio. 

Erie  Division  L.  O.  Gassett  J.  Withyecombe  . . .  .Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Buffalo  Division  W.  L.  Wallace  A.  C.  Robson  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Lake  Shore  &  Tuscarawas  Valley  Charles  Fellows  J.  D.  Mcllwain  Black  River,  Ohio, 

Lake  Ontario  Shore  J.  C.  Schermerhom  .J.  C.  Schermerhom  .Oswego,  N.  Y. 


M 

Marquette,  Houghton  &  Ontonagon  A.  P.  Burroughs. . .  .H.  D.  Lyons  Marquette,  Mich. 

Macon  &  Augusta  Macon,  Ga. 

Maine  Central  J.  W.  Philbrick  J.  W.  Philbrick  WaterviUe,  Me. 

Androscoggin  Division  Ira  K.  Russell  Farmington,  Me. 

Portland  &  Kennebec  Division  John  Ellis  C.  H.  Kenison  Augusta,  Me. 

Maine  Central  Division  John  F.  MerriU  Waterville,  Me. 

Macon  &  Western  D.  M.  Gogul  James  A.  Knight. .  .Macon,  Ga. 

Manchester  &  Lawrence  Chas.  L.  Eastman...  M.  W.  Dickerman. .  .Concord,  N.  H. 

Marietta  &  Pittsburg  W.  J.  Adams  Marietta,  Ohio. 

Maryland  &  Delaware  J.  L.  Caldwell  Easton,  Md. 

Macon  &  Brunswick  M.  Thornton  M.  Thornton  Macon,  Ga. 

Marietta  &  Cincinnati  E.  Bosley  E  Bosley  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

Memphis  &  Little  Rock  Tho.  Rennells  P.  Twitchell  Argenta,  Ark. 

Memphis  &  Charleston  A.  Ross   A.  W.  Drew  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Memphis  &  Charleston  H.  N.  Burford  Fabien  Varin  Huntsville,  Ala. 

Mineral  Point  Robert  Hay  Robert  Hay  Mmeral  Point,  Wis. 

Mississippi  &  Tennessee  Geo.  Haszinger  J.  Riny  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Mississippi  Central  Henry  Gibbon  John  E.  Becton  Water  Valley,  Miss. 

Maryland  &  Delaware  Samuel  Peters  Greensboro,  Md. 

Mississippi,  Gains.  &  Tus  Gainsville,  Ala. 

Midland  Pacific  Nebraska  City,  Neb, 

Milwaukee  &  Northern  W.  J.  F.  Liddell  De  Pere,  Wis. 

Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  T.  S.  Davis  WUliam  E.  Kittredge. Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Milwavikee  &  St.  Paul  John  Baillie  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  J.  Pattee  D.  F.  Wilson  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Hastings  &  Dakota  Division   C.  C.  Clements  Hastings,  iMiun. 

Michigan  Central  |A.  P.  Farrar  Jackson,  Mich. 

Michigan  Central    J.  B.  Sutherland  Detroit,  Mich. 

Grand  River  Valley  Division  James  Potts  Jackson,  Mich. 

Jackson,  Lans'g  &  Saginaw  Div. . .  .Andrew  WDson  Andrew  Wilson  Jackson,  Mich. 

Montgomery  &  West  Point  J.  MoVey  J.  T.  Daniels  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Montgomery  &  Euf aula  I.  W.  Hewlet  T.  J.  Burton  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Mobile  &  Montgomery  James  McFarland. .  .L.  Barham  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Mobile  &  Girard  CD.  WaU  Girard,  Ala. 

Mobile  &  Ohio  ll^'^^S  . . .  .John  McHugh   Mobile,  Ala 

I  B.  S.  Skates  Jacob  Huy  Whistler,  Ala. 

Morgan's  Louisiana  &  Texas  N.  Tilton  WilUam  O'Brien  Algiers,  La. 

Missouri  River,  Fort  Scott  &  Gulf  John  S.  McCrum  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Missouri  River,  Fort  Scott  &  Gulf  Josiah  Stahl  Wyandotte,  Kan. 

Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  J.  Townsend  Sedalia,  Mo. 

Missouri,  Iowa  &  Nebraska  William  Adams  Alexandria,  Mo. 

Missouri  Pacific  E.  Martin  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

36 


282 


CA.U  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


N 

Hailroad.  Master  Mechanic.  Master  Car  BuUtler.  Resklence. 

Nasliville  &  Chattiinooga  John  U.  Eastman. . .  J.  6.  Sawyer  Nashvilte,  Tenn. 

New  Bedford  &  Taimton  Robert  Chase  Robert  Chase  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

New  Canaan  New  Canaan,  Conn. 

New  Brunswick  &  Canada  Thomas  Armstrong. .  G.  HonJton  Fredericton,  N.  B. 

New  Haven  &  Northampton  Henry  Fox  Henry  Fox  New  Haven,  Conn. 

New  York,  Kingston  &  Syracuse  A.  Q.  Mackenbush  . .  G-.  Dikeman  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

New  York  &  Harlem   William  M.  Strong. .  C.  E,  Garey  New  York. 

New  York  Central  &  Hudson  River  ffLeander  Garey.  . . .  Now  York. 

New  York  Central  Division   JG.  B.  Van  Vorst  . . .  ff  Joseph  Jones  West  Albany,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Central  Division  Henry  Watkeys  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Central  Division  Amos  Gould  James  Leary  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Central  Division  James  Butman  WUliam  Johnson.  .  .  .  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Central  Division  S.  L.  White  George  Rowe  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Hudson  River  Division  ^WUliam  Buchanan. .  John  McKenna  New  Y'ork  City. 

Hudson  River  Division  R.  Greenalch  J.  J.  Conaghty  East  Albany,  N.  Y. 

New  York,  Boston  &  Montreal  H.  A.  Webster  Duchess  Junction,  N.  Y. 

New  York  &  O.swego  Jlidland  ||| William  H.  Griggs.  Wm.  H.  Griggs  Oswego,  N.  Y. 

Eastern  Division   J.  F.  Sechler  J.  A.  Read  Middletown,  N.  Y. 

Middle  Division  C.  E  Scruton  Norwich,  N.  Y. 

Northern  Division  Edward  Van  Vleck. .  T.  D.  Day   ...  Osv/ego,  N.  Y. 

New  York  &  New  England  George  E.  Boydeu. . .  Elias  E.  Pratt  Boston,  Mass. 

New  York,  Providence  &  Boston  James  H.  Anderson  .  Jas.  H.  Anderson  .  .  .  Providence,  R.  I. 

New  York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford  §§H.  Kittendorf  ....  James  Denver  New  Haven,  Conn. 

New  York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford  J.  O.  Chapman  F.  Leppens  Hartford,  Conn. 

New  Jersey  Southern  Rufus  Blodgett  Manchester,  N.  J. 

New  Haven  &  Derby  New  Haven,  Conn. 

New  Lisbon  Lcetonia,  Ohio. 

New  Orleans  &  Ohio  ,  John  R.  Jordan  John  R.  Jordan  Paducah,  Ky. 

New  Orleans,  Jackson  &  Gt.  Northern  . . .  .  N.  Greener  N.  Greener  New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Haven,  Hartford  &  Springfield    Hartford,  Conn. 

Naugatuck  Henry  Hanford  George  W.  Gray  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

North  Caroliua  Rufus  D.  Wade  B.  G.  Sergeant  Co.  Shops,  N.  C. 

North  Louisiana  &  Texas  C.  H.  Tull  Monroe,  La. 

New  Orleans,  MobUe  &  Texas  J.  R.  White  D.  C.  Roland  Mobile,  Ala. 

Northern  Central  C.  M.  Lewis  Baltimore,  Md. 

Northern  Central  G.  W.  Demarest  ....  York,  Penn. 

North  Lebanon  Henry  B.  Ovcs  Lebanon,  Penn. 

North  Pennsylvania  Franklin  Roop  Franklin  Roop   Philadelphia,  Penn. 

North  Eastern  D.  W.  Haines  A.  M.  Corrie  Florence,  S.  C. 

Northern  James  W.  Lander. . .  Albert  Langmaid.  . . .  Concord,  N.  H. 

Northern  of  New  Jersey  T.  W.  Demorest  New  York. 

Norwich  &  Worcester  Richard  Colburn. . . .  G.  R.  Bentley  Norwich,  Conn. 

Northern  of  Canada  P.  Clark  P.  Clark  Toronto,  Can. 

Northern  Pacific  ,  H.  A.  Towne  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

■    Minnesota  Division  W.  S.  Heathcote ....  Brainerd,  Minn. 

Lake  Superior  &  Miss.  Division  W.  McFarland  John  HUl  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Dakota  Division  C.  W.  Rossiter  Fargo,  D.  T. 

Pacific  Division  J.  F.  Curtis  Kalama,  W.  T. 


o 

Old  Colony  &  Newjiort  J.  K.  Taylor  A.  Glcason  Boston,  Mass. 

Oil  City  &  Pitholc  George  Thompson  Pithole,  Penn. 

OU  Creek  &  Alleghany  River  H.  J.  Bookhammer. .  Jacob  WUliams  Oil  City,  Penn. 

Oil  Creek  &  Alleghany  H.  J.  Bookhammer..  John  Monks  Oil  City,  Penn. 

Ohio  &  Mississippi  G.  Hibbard  Cochran,  Ind. 

East  Division  A.  Thompson  Cochran,  Ind. 

West  Division  H.  Elliott  Charles  Hyatt  East  St.  Louis,  111. 

Oregon  &  California  ^Jt^J.  Brandt  Portland,  Oregon. 

Owensburg  &  Russell ville  J.  R.  Osborne  Owensborg,  Ky. 


Paducah  &  Memphis  J.  D.  Linning   . .  Paducah,  Ky. 

Painesvilie  &  Youngstown  G.  R.  Crane  Painesville,  Ohio. 

Paris  &  Decatur  John  G.  Clifford  G.  Clifford  Paris,  111, 


CA1R  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


283 


Railroad.  Master  Mechanic.  Master  Car  BiiiWcr.  Residence. 

Panama  Charles  E.  Stewart. .  J.  G.  Wilson  Aspinwall,  N.  G. 

Pacific  of  Missouri  §§Jolin  Hewitt  John  Hewitt  St.  Louis,  Bio. 

Pennsylvania  ii§F-  Thomson   Altoona,  Pcnn. 

Pennsylvania  H.  D.  Garrett  I.  W.  Van  Houten. . .  W.  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Pennsylvania  E.  L.  Caum  Samuel  W.  Myers. . .  Harrisburg,  Penn. 

Pennsylvania  G.  W.  Strattan  John  P.  Levan  Altoona,  Pcnn. 

Pennsylvania  D.  O.  Shaver  R.  S.  Ramsey  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

New  Jersey  Division  John  Headdeu  David  H.  Baker  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

West  Pennsylvania  Division  C.  B.  Street  James  F.  Elder  Blairsville,  Perm. 

Philadelphia,  WUmingtou  &  Baltimore. . . .  S.  A.  Hodgman  William  T.  Worth. . .  Wilmington,  Del. 

Philadelphia  &  Baltimore  Central  S.  D.  Danfield  Samuel  D.  Danficid  .  Chester,  Penn. 

f  Martin  Walls  Sunbury,  Penn. 

i  W.  L.  Forster  Renovo,  Penn. 

Philadelphia  &  Erie   ^  W.  L.  Holman  Kane,  Penn. 

I  W.  T.  Smith  Erie,  Penn. 

[§§T.  N.  Ely  Erie,  Penn. 

Philadelphia  &  Reading  L.  B.  Passon  Aaron  Steinbach.  . . .  Reading,  Penn. 

Germantown  &  Norris'n  Div  Jackson  Richards  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  &  St.  Louis  

Pittsburg  &  Columbus  Division  E.  Pierce  Dennison,  Ohio. 

Pittsburg  &  Columbus  Division  James  McGee  Steubenville,  Ohio. 

Little  Miami  Division   M.  P.  Ford  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Little  Miami  Division  J.  H.  Setchcl  Pendleton,  Ohio. 

Col.,  Cin.  &  Ind.  Division  Robert  Curtis  Tho.  Chamberlain. . .  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Col.,  Cin.  &  Ind.  Division  Geo.  IT.  Prescott. . . .  Geo.  H.  Prescott.  . . .  Loganisport,  Ind. 

Peoria  &  Rock  Island  Geo  Gregg  Peoria,  111. 

Pittsburg  &  ConncUsviUe  J.  E.  Sampsel  J.  M.  Leech  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  S.  M.  Cummings. . . .  John  Marquis  Allegheny,  Penn. 

Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  J.  M.  Boon  Israel  Lee  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  J.  J.  Kirkland  Crestline,  Ohio. 

Pittsburg,  Washington  &  Baltimore  A.  S.  Kinsey  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Peoria,  Pekin  &  Jacksonville  R.  F.  Hurd  Jas.  J.  Doyl  Pekin,  lU. 

Portland  &  Rochester  John  G.  Brady  John  G.  Brady  Portland,  Me. 

Portland  &  Oxford  Central  Geo.  W.  Battles  Geo.  W.  Battles  Buclifield,  Me. 

Portland,  Saeo  &  Portsmouth  John  DonncU  Portland,  Me. 

Port  Royal  C.  W.  Furber  E.  Hiibard  Port  Royal,  S.  C. 

Port  Hope,  Lindsay  &  Beaverton  H.  G.  Taylor  H.  G.  Taylor  Port  Hope,  Can. 

Providence,  Warren  &  Bristol  Rufus  Smith  J.  Brightman  Bristol,  R.  I. 

Portsmouth,  Gt.  Falls  &  Monmouth  James  Tucker  E.  Fall  Union  Village,  N.  H. 

Petersburg  &  Wcldon  R.  B.-  Andrews  Alex.  Wright  Petersburg,  Va. 

Providence  &  Worcester  ,  Joseph  Kelly  Oluey  L.  Smith  Providence,  R.  I. 

Poughkeepsie  &  Eastern  John  L.  Driscoll. ....  Jerry  Wigg  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 


Quincy,  Missouri  &  Pacific  Geo.  Adams. 


,  Quincy,  lU. 


R 

Raleigh  &  Gaston  J.  B.  Gayle  

Richmond,  Fredericksburg  &  Potomac. . .  .  H.  Kuhn  

Richmond,  DanvUlo  ik,  Piedmont  John  McFarland, 

Richmond  &  Petersburg  \  .  John  O'Brien. . .  . 

Richmond  &  York  River  C.  H.  Harris  

River  Du  Loup  P.  A.  Logan  

Rome,  Watertown  &  Ogdensburg  Abram  Klohs. . . . 

Reading  &  Columbia  B.  Van  Lew  

Rome,  Georgia  O.  W.  Harbin  

Rochester  &  Genesee  Valley  M.  E.  Brown  

Rockford,  Rock  Island  &  St.  Louis  Joseph  Elder  


.  J.  B.  Gayle  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

,  W.  H.  Trainham. . .  .  Richmond,  Va. 

.11.  Longest  Richmond,  Va. 

,  H.  L.  Carter  Richmond,  Va. 

.  J.  L.  Thompson  ....  Richmond,  Va. 

.  C.  R.  McKinnin  Frederictou,  N.  B. 

.  H.  H.  Sessions  ,  Rome,  N.  Y. 

 Columbia,  Penn. 

.  O.  W.  Harbin  Rome,  Ga. 

,  M.  Wilder  BuflEalo,  N.  Y. 

,  T.  F.  Nolte  Beardstown,  HI. 


s 

Saginaw  VaUey  &  St.  Louis  W.  S.  Thompson  Saginaw,  Mich. 

Selma,  Marion  &  Memphis  R.  H.  Anderson  Marion,  Ala. 

Southern  Pacific  of  California  J.  P.  Wilson  F.  N.  BeUislo  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

St.  Croix  &  Lake  Superior  New  York  City. 


284 


CAR  WORKS  OP  THE  ITOTTED  STATES. 


Railroad.  Master  Mechanic  Master  Car  Builder.  Residence. 

St.  Croix  &  Penobscot  Edward  Bolton  A.  G.  Page  Milltown,  Me. 

St.  Lawrence  &  Ottawa  Calvin  Dame  Calvin  Dame  Prescott,  Canada. 

St.  Louis  &  Iron  Mountain  O.  A.  Haynes  Oscar  DooUttle  Carondclet,  Mo. 

St.  Joseph  &  Denver  City  E.  Sleppy  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

San  Antonio  &  Mexican  Gulf  W.  T.  Bingham  Victoria,  Texas. 

South  Side  of  Long  Island  Geo.  H.  Griggs  M.  Heitzman  Williamsburg,  L.  I. 

St.  Paul  &  Pacific  J.  C.  Monroe  T.  W.  Heathcote. . .  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

St.  Paul  &  Sioux  City  F.  C,  Butterfield  J.  W.  Lydic  Shakopee,  Minn. 

St.  Louis,  Vandalia,  T.  Haute  &  Ind  C.  R.  Peddle  11.  Kirmse  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Indianapolis  Division  Wm.  Riley  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Vandalia  Division  A.  J.  Sanborn  Effingham,  Ind. 

South  Carolina  W.  B.  Smith  John  Reed   Charleston,  S.  C. 

Southern  Central  Chas.  G.  Brown  H.  Mooney  Auburn,  N.  Y. 

Southern  Minnesota  James  Waters  Wells,  Minn. 

South-Westem  of  Georgia  C.  D.  Wall  Columbus,  Ga. 

South- Western  of  Georgia  D.  M.  Gogul  James  A.  Knight. . .  .Macon,  Ga. 

South  Shore  Warren  E.  Ray  Cohasset,  Mass. 

Stanstead,  Shefford  &  Chambly  W.  H.  Smith  Waterloo,  C.  E. 

Seaboard  &  Roanoke  §E.  G.  Ghio  J.  B.  Pendleton  Portsmouth,  Va. 

StonmgtoD  &  Providence  J.  H.  Anderson  J.  H.  Anderson  Providence,  R.  I. 

Selma  &  Gulf  Wm.  T.  Daughtrey  Selma,  Ala. 

Selma,  Rome  &  Dalton  A.  G.  Mdynes  W.  W.  Peirce  Selma,  Ala. 

Sioux  City  &  Pacific  C.  H.  Foster  Missouri  Valley,  Iowa. 

Spartanburg  &  Union  J,  N.  Benner  Jacob  Rice. .  Union  Court  House,  S.  C. 

Sheboygan  &  Fond  du  Lac  A.  F.  Wallace  A.  F.  Wallace  Sheboygan,  Wis. 

Sullivan  &  Erie  .,  Tonawanda,  Peun. 

Syracuse,  Binghamton  &  New  York  H.  H.  Dawson  David  Burling  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Syracuse  Northern  W.  Garrison  L.  W.  Smith  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Sycamore  &  Cortland  Sycamore,  111. 

St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  **Beriah  Warren  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

St.  Louis  &  South  Eastern  ||||L.  B.  Salisbury  Mount  Vernon,  111. 

Nashville  Division  H.  M.  Smith  J.  J.  Casey  Earlington,  Ky. 

St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  &  Northern  H.  S.  Smith  C.  S.  Buck  Moberly,  Mo. 


Taunton  Branch  W.  M.  Parks  J.  G.  Codding  Taunton,  Mass. 

Tioga  Peres  Bonny  D-  H.  Stratton  Blossburg,  Penn. 

Texas  &  New  Orleans  R.  B.  Baer  Houston,  Texas. 

Tennessee  &  Pacific  William  McKeand.  . .  William  McKeand.  . .  Na.shviile,  Tenn. 

Toledo,  Wabash  &  Western  R.  B.  Small  **G.  W.  Gushing  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

Toledo,  Waba.sh  &  Western   •  David  Hoit  Toledo,  Ohio. 

Toledo,  Wabash  &  Western  T.  G.  Gorman  Springfield,  111. 

Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw  W.  O.  Hewitt  R.  M.  Hemphill  Peoria,  111. 

Troy  &  Boston  Foster  Church  R.  V.  Coon  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Toronto,  Grey  &  Bruce  Wm.  Bowstead  Toronto,  Canada. 

Toronto  &  Nipissing  J.  Haggus  Toronto,  Canada. 


u 

Union  Pacific  §1.  H  Congdon  Geo.  E.  Stevens.  . . .  Omaha,  Nebraska. 

Utah  Central  Thos.  Pierpont  Edward  Cox  Salt  Lake  City. 

Utica  &  Black  River  Wm.  E.  Granger.  . .  .  Da\'id  James  Utica,  N.  Y. 

Utica,  Chenango  &  Susquehanna  C.  H.  Brown  Utica,  N.  Y. 


Vicksburg  &  Brunswick   James  Boon  J.  A.  Knight  Eufaula,  Ala. 

Vicksburg  &  Meridian  Jas.  B.  Browne  Vicksburg,  Miss. 

Vineland  Vineland,  N.  J. 

Vermont  Central  J.  M.  Foss  J.  M.  Foss  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Rutland  Division  N.  L.  Davis  Rutland,  Vt. 

New  London  Northern  Division  J.  W.  Dow  S.  W.  Caulkins  New  London,  Conn. 

Ogdensburg  &  L.  Champlain  Div  . . .  WiUiam  A.  Short. ...  J.  R.  Ames  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Vermont  &  Massachusetts  D.  T.  Davis  Jacob  Marsh  Fitchburg,  Mass. 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


285 


w 

Hailroad.  Master  Mechanic.  Master  Car  Builder.  Residence. 

Wash.  City,  Va.  Midland  &  Gr.  Southern  Alexandria,  Va. 

Western  Union  John  Taylor  E.  A.  Eddy  Racine,  Wis. 

AVicomico  &  Pocomoke  ^  Berlin,  Md. 

AVUmington,  Columbia  &  Augusta  George  Hall  W.  J-.  Calais  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Westchester  &  Philadelphia  John  Moyer  N.  Pawling  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

WUmington  &  Weldon  John  Bissit  John  Bissit  WUmington,  N.  C. 

Wilmington  &  Western  Wilmington,  Del. 

Wilmington  &  Reading  Jas.  F.  Van  Horn  Coatesville,  Penn. 

West  Jersey  W.  McAllister  C.  C.  Williams  Camden,  N.  J. 

We.stem  Maryland  Wm.  Lannan  J.  H.  Nussear  Union  Bridge,  Md. 

Winona  &  St.  Peter  F.  C.  Ford  H.  L.  Preston  Winona,  Minn. 

AVestern  North  Carolina  J.  D.  Hollister  Salisbury,  N.  C. 

AVestern  B.  R.  N.  C  M.  AV.  Atkinson  M.  AV.  Atkmsou  Fayetteville,  N.  C. 

AVest  Feliciana  R.  C.  Brower  AA'm.  Crawling  AA''oodville,  Miss. 

AVestern  &  Atlantic  John  H.  Flynn  AVm.  Grarabling  Atlanta,  Ga. 

A'\'est  AVisconsiu  L.  T.  Mead  J.  C.  Fischer  Hudson,  Wis. 

AVorcester  &  Nashua  Albert  Griggs  Albert  Griggs  Worcester,  Mass. 

AVelland    James  Taylor  James  Chase  St  Catharines,  C.  W. 

AVashington  &  Ohio  Edward  Dunn  Joshua  Harrison. . . .  Alexandria,  Va. 

White  AVater  Valley  A.  W.  Britton  Harrison,  Ohio. 


Directory  of  RailAvay  Superintendents  and  Purchasing  Agents  tlirougliout  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

References. — *  General  Manager,   t  Managing  Director. 


Railroad.  Superintendent.  Purchasing  Agent.  Residence. 

jUkansas  Central  James  E.  Gregg  Helena,  Ark. 

Alabama  Central  John  M.  Bridges  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Albany  &  Susquehanna  *C.  P.  Young  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Alexandria  &  Fredericksburg  E.  L.  Dubarry  AVashington,  D.  C. 

Atchison,  Tdpeka  &  Santa  Fe  G.  H.  Nettleton  G.  H.  Nettleton. .  . .  Topeka,  Kansas. 

Atchison  &  Nebraska  C.  C.  Smith  C.  C.  Smith  Atchison,  Kansas. 

Alabama  &  Chattanooga  Chas.  L.  Fitch  J.  C.  Stanton,  Jr. ..  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Ashtabula,  Youngstown  &  Pittsburg  D.  B.  McCoy  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Atlanta  &  Richmond  Air  Line  R.  Y.  Sage  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Atlanta  &  West  Point  L.  P.  Grant  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Atlantic  &  Gulf   H.  S.  Haines  Savannah,  Ga. 

Atlantic  &  North  Carolina  E.  G.  Stanley  Newbeme,  N.  C. 

Atlantic  &  Great  AVestern  P.  D.  Cooper  R.  B.  Browne  Meadville,  Penn. 

First  and  Second  Divisions  A.  L.  Dunbar  MeadviUe,  Penn. 

Third  and  Fourth  Divisions  T.  A.  Phillips  Gallon,  Ohio. 

Mahoning  Division  J.  M.  Ferris  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Atlantic  &  Pacific  A.  A.  Talmage  W.  H.  Patriarche  ...  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Atlantic,  Mississippi  &  Ohio  Henry  Fink  Lynchburg,  Va. 

Atlantic,  Tennessee  &  Ohio  J.  J.  Gormly  Charlotte,  N.  C. 

Allegheny  Valley  .L  J.  Lawrence  J.  J.  Lawrence  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Adirondack  C.  H.  Ballard  Saratoga.  N.  T. 


B 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  Thos.  L.  Sharp  Benj.  Williams  Baltimore,  Md. 

Central  Ohio  &  Lake  Erie  Div  W.  C.  Quincy  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Baltimore  &  Potomac  J.  N.  Dubarry  Baltimore,  Md. 


286 


CAR  WORKS  OP  THE  XJNITiEB  STATES. 


Railroad. 

Baugor  &  Piscataquis  

Boston  &  Albany  

Boston  &  Providence  

Boston,  Clinton  &  Fitchbnrg- 
Boston,  Clinton  &  Fitcliburg 
Boston,  Concord  &  Montreal 

Boston  &  Maine  

Boston,  Lowell  &  Nashua .  . . 
Blossburg,  Coming'  &  Tioga. 

Brockville  &  Ottawa  

Burlington  &  Missouri  Piiver  (in  Neb, 
Burlington,  Cedar  Rapids  &  Minnesota 

Burlington  &  South-western  

Buffalo  &  Jamestown  

Buffalo,  New  York  &  Philadelphia 
Buffalo,  Corry  &  Pittsburg  


Superintendent. 


Purchasing  Agent. 


Residence. 


. .  M.  H.  Angel  L.  H.  Eaton  Bangor,  Maine. 

.  .  C.  O.  Russell  Springfield,  Mass. 

.  .  A.  A.  Folsom  A.  A.  Folsom  Boston,  Mass. 

. .  *H.  A.  Blood  Fitchburg,  Mass. 

. .  S.  A.  Webber  Fitchbiirg,  Mass. 

. .  J.  A.  Dodge  Lyon  &  Vose  Boston,  Mass. 

. .  WOliam  Merritt  HI.  E.  Wood  Boston,  Mass. 

.  .  J.  B.  Winslow  Boston,  Mass. 

. .  A.  H.  Gorton  R.  J.  Bumham  Watkms,  N.  Y. 

. .  H.  Abbott  Brock\-ille,  Canada. 

.  .C.  F.  Morse  C.  P.  Morse  Plattsmouth,  Neb. 

.  .William  Greene  S.  L.  Dows  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 

. .  R.  T.  Hosford  Burlington,  Iowa. 

. .  P.  C.  Doyle  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

.  .  J.  D.  Yeoraans   Buffalo.  N.  Y. 

. .  H.  H.  Potter  N.  M.  Whitside  Corry,  Penu. 


c 

Cairo  &  Fulton  Thos.  Allen  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Cairo  &  Vinccnncs  L.  W.  Palmer  Cairo,  III. 

Camden  &  Atlantic  E.  Collings  Camden,  N.  J. 

Canada  Southern  *J.  S.  Casement  St.  Thomas,  Out. 

Carolina  Central  S.  L.  Fremont  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Catasauqua  &  Fogelsville  C.  W.  Chapman  C.  W.  Chapman  Catasauqua,  Penn. 

Central  Pacific  A.  N.  Towne  J.  R.  Watson  Sacramento,  Cal. 

Central  of  Georgia  Wm.  Rogers  II.  Yonge  Savannah,  Ga. 

Central  of  Iowa  D.N.  Pickering  r  Marshalltown,  Iowa. 

Central  RaUroad  of  New  Jersey  R.  E.  Ricker  W.  S.  Holden   Elizabeth,  N.  J. 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  A.  H.  Perry  J.  A.  Netherland. . . .  Richmond,  Va. 

Middle  Division  II.  D.  Chapiu  Staunton,  Va. 

Charlotte,  Columbia  &  Augusta  James  Anderson   Columbia,  S.  C. 

Chicago  &  North-western  JIarvin  Hughitt  R.  W.  Hamer  Chicago,  111. 

Wisconsin  &  MUl  Division  Arthur  A.  Hobert  Chicago,  111. 

Peninsula  Division  S.  C.  Baldwin  Escanaba,  Mich. 

Madison  Division  J.  H.  Stewart  Madison,  Wis, 

Kencsha  Division  A.  A.  Ilobart.    ..   Madison,  Wis. 

Galena  Division  Edward  J.  Cuyler  Chicago,  111. 

Eastern  Iowa  Division  John  B.  Watkius  Clinton,  Iowa. 

Western  Iowa  Division  John  A.  Head  Boone,  Iowa. 

Chicago  &  Alton  J.  C.  McMullen  A.  V.  HartweU  Chicago,  111. 

Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quiney   . .  R.  Harris  H.  J.  Higgins  Chicago,  111. 

Eastern  &  Middle  Division  C.  H.  Chappel  Aurora,  111. 

Galesburg  Division  H.  Hitchcock  Galesburg,  lU. 

Quiney  Division  N.  D.  Munson  Quincy,  111. 

Chicago,  Dubuque  &  Minnesota  C.  H.  Hudson  F.  T.  Massey  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Chicago  &  Iowa  C.  B.  Hinklev  Chicago,  111. 

Chicago  &  Pacific  R.  C.  Tate   Chicago,  111.' 

Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Hugh  Riddle  A.  Manvcl  Chicago,  111. 

Illinois  Division  Allen  Mauvel  Chicago,  111. 

Iowa  Division  A.  Kimball  Davenport,  Iowa. 

Chicago  &  Slichigan  Lake  Shore  A.  H.  Morrison  Wm.  R.  Morrison  ...  St.  Joseph,  Mich. 

Chicago,  Danville  &  Vincennes  L.  Pearson  C.  B.  Mansfield  Chicago,  111. 

Chicago,  Pekin  &  South-western  N.  J.  T.  Dana  Streator,  111. 

Cincmnati,  Wabash  &  Michigan  A.  G.  WcUs  Wabash,  Ind. 

Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cincinnati  &  Ind  . . .  E.  S.  Flint  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Indianapolis  Division  C.  C.  Gale  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Columbus  Division  Robert  Blee  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Cincinnati  Division  R.  H.  Shoemaker  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Cleveland  &  Pittsburg  *J.  N.  McCullough  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Cleveland,  Mt.  Vernon  &  Delaware  G.  A.  Jones  Akron,  Ohio. 

Cincinnati  &  Martinsville  T.  C.  Bumside  Franklm,  Ind. 

Cincinnati  &  Terre  Haute  Matt.  P.  Wood  Matt.  P.  Wood  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Cincinnati,  Cumberland  Gap  &  Charle.ston.  W.  J.  Taylor  Knoxville,  Term. 

Cincinnati,  Hamilton  &  Dayton  Lewis  Williams  P.  Hickey  Cincuinati,  Ohio. 

Cincumati  &  Indianapolis  Junction  M.  M.  Martin  Indianai)olis,  Ind. 

Cincinnati,  Lafayette  &  Chicago  E.  H.  Waldron  J.  W.  Haight  Lafaj^ette,  Ind. 

Cincinnati,  Sandusky  &  Cleveland  G.  T.  Benedict  J.  C.  Buxton  Sandusky,  Ohio. 


CAR  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Railroad.  Superintendent.  Purchasing  Agent. 

Colorado  Central  T.  E.  SicHes  Golden,  Col. 

Columbus  «fe  Hocking  Valley  J.  W.  Doherty  J.  W.  Doherty  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Concord  &  Claremont  George  E.  Todd. . . .  •  Concord,  N.  H. 

Concord  II.  E.  Chamberliu. . .  H.  E  Chamberlin. . .  Concord,  N.  H. 

Connecticut  River  John  Mulligan  John  MuUigan  Springfield,  Mass. 

Connecticut  &  Passumpsic  Rivers  \Vm.  M.  Parker  Lyndonville,  Vt. 

Connecticut  VaUey  Hiram  Fowler  Hartford,  Conn. 

Connecticut  Western  W.  H.  Yeomans  Hartford,  Conn. 

Corning  &  Tioga  Ij.  H.  Shattuck  Blossburg,  Perm. 

Cumberland  VaUey  I.  F.  Boyd  I.  F.  Boyd  Chambersburg,  Penn. 


Danbury  &  Norwalk  John  W.  Bacon  Danbury,  Conn. 

Dakota  Southern  J.  S.  Meckling  J.  S.  Meckling  Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

Davenport  &  St.  Paul  N.  II.  Wood  Urbana,  111. 

Dayton  &  Michigan  J.  H.  Weller   Dayton,  Ohio. 

Dayton  &  Union  C.  C.  Gale  Indianapolis,  lud. 

Delaware  H.  F.  Kenney  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Delaware  &  Hudson  R.  Manville  Carbondale,  Penn. 

Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  W.  F.  Halstead  W.  B.  Gushing.  . .  Scrantou,  Perm. 

Morris  &  E.sisex  Division  Andrew  Reasmer. . . .  G.  W.  Bleashing. .  . .  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Oswego  &  Syracuse  Division  W.  B.  Phelps  Oswego,  N.  Y. 

Utica,  Chenango  &  Sus.  Divi.siou. . .  Geo.  F.  Thompson  Utica,  N.  Y. 

Denver  &  Rio  Grande  W.  W.  Borst  W.  S.  Jackson  Denver,  Col. 

Des  Moines  Valley  John  Giviu  G.  E.  Kilbuurne  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

Detroit  &  Bay  City  T.  B,  Sargent  Detroit,  Mich. 

Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Andrew  Watson.  . .  .  John  S.  Lorimer.  . . .  Detroit,  Mich. 

Detroit,  Hillsdale  &  Indiana  W.  P.  Parker  Ypsilanti,  Mich. 

Detroit,  Eel  River  &  lUinois  A.  B.  Southard  Denver,  Ind. 

Detroit,  Lansing  &  Lake  Michigan  A.  H.  Reese  Detroit,  Mich. 

Dorchester  &  Delaware  D.  Stewart  He.ssey  Cambridge,  Md. 

Dunkirk,  Allegheny  Valley  &  Pittsburg  .  . .  D.  Thayer  C.  V.  DeForst  New  York  City. 

Dubuiiue  &  South-western  J.  P.  Farley  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

E 

East  Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Georgia  Joseph  Jaques  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Eastern  (Mass.)  J.  Prescolt  C.  W.  Pratt  Boston,  Mass. 

EUzabethtown  &  Paducah  D.  Brock  D.  Brock  Elizabethtown,  Ky. 

Erie  P.  P.  Wright  W.  W.  TaUman  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Eastern  Division  E.  D.  Hill  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y. 

Delaware  Division  Beuj.  Thomas  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y. 

Susquehanna  &  Rochester  Div  C^  W.  Gardner  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

Western  &  Buffalo  Division  R  G.  Taylor  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Em-opean  &  North  American  '.  . . .  SI.  H.  Angell  51.  H.  Angell  Bangor,  Maine. 

Erie  &  Pittsburg  John  M.  Kimball  Wm.  Mullins  Erie,  Penn. 

Evansville  &  Cravrfordsville   Evansville,  Ind. 

Evansville,  Terre  Haute  &  Chicago  Jos.  Collett.  Jr  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 


Fitchburg  Chas.  L.  Haywood  . .  John  Adams  Boston,  Mass. 

Flint  &  Pere  Marquette  G.  C.  Kimball  G.  C.  Kimball  East  Saginaw,  Mich. 

Flushing  &  North  Side  Hunter's  Point,  L.  I. 

Fort  Wayne,  Jackson  &  Saginaw  W.  A.  Ernst  H.  A.  Ernst  Jackson,  Mich. 

Fort  Wayne,  Muncie  &  Cincinnati  W.  W.  Worthington  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

G 

Galveston,  Harrisburg  &  San  Antonio  G.  B.  Nichols  J.  W.  Pierce  Galveston,  Texas. 

Galveston,  Houston  &  Henderson  G.  B.  Nichols  Galveston,  Texas. 

Georgia. . . .  S.  K.  Johnson  Augnsta,  Ga. 

GUman,  Clinton  &  Springfield  S.  H.  Melvin  Springfield,  111. 

Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana  *C.  E.  Gorham  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

S.  Division  J.  M.  Matheany  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

N.  Division  H.  D.  Wallen,  Jr  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 


288 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Riiilrond.  Super: nteudent.  Purchasing  Agent.  Residence. 

Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana  William  Mullins  Pittsburg-,  Peiin. 

Grand  Trunk  C.  J.  Brydges  John  Taylor  Montreal,  Canada. 

East  Division  Henry  Bailey  

West  Division  W.  J.  Spicer  

Grand  Tower  &  Carbondale  H.  V.  Olyphant  Wm.  W.  Harris  Grand  Tower,  111. 

Great  Western  (Canada)  Wm.  K.  Muir  Robert  Beatty  Hamilton.  Canada. 

Green  Bay  &  Lake  Pepin  D.  N.  Kelley  New  York  City. 

Greenville  &  Columbia  Thomas  Dodamead  Columbia,  S.  C. 

H 

Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  O.  S.  Lyford  Hannibal,  Mo. 

Hartford,  Providence  &  Fisbkill  Samuel  Nott  Hartford,  Coun. 

Housatonic  H.  W.  Frank!  ia  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Houston  &  Texas  Central  J.  Durand  W.  M.  Rice,  N.  Y. . .  Houston,  Texas. 

Southern  Division  ."  W.  H.  Vaughan  Houston,  Texas. 

Northern  Division  M.  G.  Carey  Corsicana,  Texas. 

Huntingdon  &  Broad  Top  J.  McKiUips  B.  A.  Knight  Huntingdon,  Penn. 


Illinois  Central  A.  Mitchell  O.  Ott  Chicago,  111. 

Chicago  Division  C.  A.  Beck  CentraUa,  lU. 

Northern  Division  J.  C.  Jacobs  Amboy,  111. 

Iowa  Division  D.  W.  Parker  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Illinois  &  St.  Louis  W.  K.  McComas  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Indianapolis,  Bloomington  &  Western  J.  E.  Gimperiing  Urbana,  HI. 

Indianapolis,  Cincinnati  &  Lafayette  George  L.  Barringer  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Indianapolis  &  Vincennes  E.  W.  McKenna  Indianapolis,  lad. 

Indianapolis  &  Vincennes  William  Mullins  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  S.  Woodward  J.  W.  Morse  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Indianapolis,  Peru  &  Chicago  C.  B.  Robinson  D.  Macy  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Michigan  City  Division  E.  C.  Murphy  La  Porte,  Ind. 

Intercolonial  Railway  Lewis  Carvell  Moncton,  N.  B. 

International  &  Houston  &  Gt.  Northern. .  H.  M.  Hoxie  Houston,  Texas. 

Iowa  Midland  J.  B.  Watkins  Clinton,  Iowa. 


Jacksonville,  North-western  &  S.  E  E.  S.  Greenleaf  Jacksonville,  HI. 

Jacksonville,  Pensacola  &  Mobile  S.  Conant  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

Jefferson,  Madison  &  Indianapolis  Horace  Scott  Wm.  Mullins  LouisvUle,  Ky. 

Junction  &  Breakwater  John  A.  Sheaff  Lewes,  Del. 

K 

Kansas  Central  A.  E.  Buchanan  Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  Council  Bluffs. .  J.  F.  Barnard  Detroit,  Mich. 

Kansas  Pacific  Edward  S.  Bo  wen  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Kansas  Pacific  J.  L.  Woods  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Kaw  Valley  Division  George  Noble  Lawrence,  Kansas. 

Smoky  Hill  Division  O.  H.  Dorrance  Ellis,  Kansas. 

Denver  Division  C.  W.  Fisher  Denver,  Col. 

Kentucky  Central  G.  A.  Pendleton  ....  Geo.  P.  Bowler  Covington,  Ky. 

Knox  &  Lincoln  C.  A.  Combs  Oliver  Morse  Bath,  Maine. 


Lackawanna  &  Bloomsburg  D.  T.  Bound  G.  W.  B.  Gushing. .  Kingston,  Penn. 

Lake  Erie  &  Louisville  I.  H.  Burgoon  Fremont,  Ohio. 

Lake  Ontario  Shore  E.  A.  Van  Home  ;  Oswego,  N.  Y. 

Lake  Shore  &  Tuscarawas  Valley  W.  W.  Card  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Charles  Paine  A.  C.  Armstrong. . . .  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Kalamazoo  Division  William  Wheaton  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 

Detroit  Division  

Lansing  Division  

Leavenworth,  Lawrence  &  Galveston  Chas.  B.  Peck  E.  0.  Foote,  Jr  Lawrence,  Kan. 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Railroad.  Superintendent.  Purchasing  Agent.  Residence. 

Lawrence  &  South-western  R.  B.  Gemmell  R.  B.  Gemmell  Lawrence,  Kan. 

Lehigh  Valley  Robert  H.  Sayre  Bethlehem,  Penn. 

L.  Chamberlin  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Beaver  Meadow  Division  A.  G.  Brodhead,  Jr  Mauch  Chunk,  Penn. 

Mahanoy  Division  James  I.  Blakslee  Mauch  Chiink,  Penn. 

Wyoming  Division  A  Mitchell  Wilkesbarre,  Penn. 

Little  Rock  &  Fort  Smith  S.  B.  Beaumont  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

Logansport,  CrawfordsvUle  &  S.  W  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 

Long  Island  Jno.  B.  Morford. . . .  OUver  Charlick  Hunter's  Point,  L.  I. 

Louisville  &  Nashville  &  G.  Southern  Albert  Fink  G.  C.  Breed  Louisville,  Ky. 

ClarksvUle  Division  Robert  Meek  ClarksviUe,  Tenn. 

Memphis  Division  J.  T.  Flynn  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Nashville  &  Decatur  Division  D.  F.  Whitcomb  Nashville,  Tenn. 

So.  &  North  Ala.  Division  M.  Stanton  Birmingham,  Ala. 

Louisville,  Cin.  &  Lexington  George  Skinner  Geo.  Skinner  Louisville,  Ky. 

Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  M.  Sloat  J.  R.  Parker  New  Albany,  Ind. 


M 

Macon  &  Brunswick  William  McRae  Solomon  Hass  Macon,  Ga. 

Maine  Central  L.  L.  Lincoln  G.  A.  Phillips  Augusta,  Me. 

Androscoggin  Division  A  Brown  Lewiston,  Me. 

Manchester  &  La\Frence  H.  E.  Chamberlin  Concord,  N.  H. 

Marietta  &  Cincinnati  W.  W.  Peabody  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Marietta  &  Pittsburg  A.  J.  Warner  R.  B.  Hoover.  Marietta,  Ohio. 

Marquette,  Houghton  &  Ontonagon  *Samuel  Schoch  C.  E.  Van  Cleve  Marquette,  Mich. 

Maryland  &  Delaware  J.  L.  Caldwell  J.  L.  Caldwell  Easton,  Md. 

Memphis,  Carthage  &  North-western  George  A.  Buit  Carthage,  Mo. 

Memphis  &  Little  Rock  A.  S.  Livermore  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Memphis  &  Charleston  W.J.  Ross  J.  B.  Galloway  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Michigan  Central  H.  E.  Sargent  Chicago,  111. 

Michigan  Central  John  Newell  Detroit,  Mich. 

Grand  River  Valley  Division  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Jackson,  Lansing  &  Saginaw  Div.  .Geo.  C.  Hopper  Saginaw  City,  Mich. 

South  Haven  Division  Geo.  E.  Curtiss  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 

Joliet  Division  Carlton  Wheeler  JoUet,  Mich. 

South  Bend  Division  

Michigan  Lake  Shore  Chas.  E.  Gorham  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

Michigan  Lake  Shore  P.  S.  O'Rourke  Monteith,  Mich. 

Midland  Railway  of  Canada  H.  G.  Taylor  Port  Hope,  Ont. 

Midland  Pacific  J.  N.  Converse  Lincoln,  Neb. 

Milwaukee  &  Northern  J.  W.  Crippin  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

MUwakee,  Lake  Shore  &  Western  W.  Elwell  Sheboygan,  Wis. 

Western  Division  J.  S.  Buck  Appleton,  Wis. 

Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  *S.  S.  MerriU  Robt.  Wason  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Mmeral  Point  G.  W.  Cobb  Mineral  Point,  Wis. 

Mississippi  Central  R.  N.  Colquhoun  Water  Valley,  Miss. 

Mississippi  Central  A.  S.  Roberts  New  Orleans,  La. 

Mississippi  &  Tennessee  M.  Burke  M.  Burke  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Mississippi  Valley  &  Western  E.  P.  Buell  Quincy,  lU. 

Missouri,  Iowa  &  Nebraska  Col.  Henry  Hill  Warsaw,  111. 

Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  W.  R.  Woodward  . . .  G.  M.  Babcock  Sedalia,  Mo. 

Cherokee  Division  W.  H.  Adams  Chetopa,  Kan. 

Choctaw  Division  S.  G.  Eddy  Holden,  Mo. 

Eastern  Division  Mark  M.  Towne  Hannibal,  Mo, 

Sedalia  Division  J.  J.  Frey  Sedalia,  Mo. 

Neosho  Division  L.  S.  Hajnilton  Neosho  Falls,  Kan. 

Missouri  Pacific  A.  A.  Talmage  W.  H.  Patriarche  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Missouri  River,  Fort  Scott  &  Gulf  B.  S.  Henning  Allen  Bowen  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

MobUe  &  Ohio  L.  J.  Fleming  C.  E.  Rushing  Mobile,  Ala. 

 Cecil  Fleming  MobOe,  Ala. 

 E  S.  Hosford  Macon,  Miss. 

 M.  M.  Miller  Jackson,  Tenn. 

Mobile  &  Girard   W.  L.  Clark  Columbus,  Ga. 

Mobile  &  Montgomery   G.  Jordon  G.  Jordon  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Montgomery  &  Eufaula  B.  Dunham  B.  Dunham  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Morgan'e  Louisiana  &  Texas  C.  A.  Whitney  &  Co.  New  Orleans,  La. 

37 


290 


CAE  WOEKS  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES. 


N 

Railroad.  Superintendent.  Purchasing  Agent.  Residence. 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  &  St.  Louis  J.  W.  Thomas  NashviUe,  Term. 

Naugatuck  G.  W.  Beach  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

New  Brunswick  &  Canada  J.  P.  Crangle  Thomas  Williams. ...  St.  Stephen,  N.  B. 

New  Bedford  &  Taunton  Warreu  Ladd  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

New  Haven  &  Northampton  C.  N.  Yeamans  C.  N.  Yeamans  New  Haven,  Conn. 

New  Haven,  Middletown  &  Willimantic. . .  W.  A.  Waterbury  . . .  VV.  A.  Waterbiiry. . ..  Middletown,  Conn. 

New  Jersey  Southern  Long  Branch,  N.  J. 

New  Orleans  &  Selma  T.  H.  Du  Buy  Sclma,  Ala. 

New  Orleans,  Jackson  &  Great  Northern. .  L.  H.  Sellar.s  A.  S.  Roberts  New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Orleans,  Mobile  &  Texas.  S.  N.  Scranton  New  Orleans,  La. 

New  York  &  Harlem  Chas.  M.  Bissell  R.  C.  Moore  New  York,  N.  Y. 

New  York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford  E.  M.  Reed  R.  N.  Dowd  New  Haven,  Conn. 

New  York  &  New  Haven  Division.  .John  T.  Moody  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Hartford  Division  C.  S.  Davidson  Hartford,  Conn. 

Shore  Line  Division  W.  M.  Wilcox  New  Haven,  Conn. 

New  York,  Boston  &  Montreal  C.  O.  Wilson    Dutchess  Junction,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Central  &  Hudson  River  J.  TilUnghast  C.  V.  DeForest  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Eastern  Division  Zenas  C.  Priest  Utica,  N.  Y. 

Syracuse  &  Rochester  Division  W.  G.  Lapham  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Buffalo  &  Rochester  Division  M.  W.  Torience  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

New  York  &  New  England  H.  A.  G.  Pomeroy  Boston,  Mass. 

Worcester  Division  P.  St.  M.  Andrews  Worcester,  Mas.s. 

New  York  &  Oswego  Midland  C.  W.  Douglas  P.  Bundy  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

New  Jersey  Division  G.  W.  N.  Custis  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Middle  Division  H.  M.  Fluit  Middletown,  N.  Y. 

Western  Division  W.  P.  McKinley  Oswego,  N.  Y. 

New  York,  Kingston  &  Syracuse  H.  P  Breed  : .  Rondout,  N.  Y. 

Northern  Pacific  *C.  W.  Mead  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Minnesota  Division  J.  H.  Sullivan  Brainerd,  Minn. 

Northern  Pacific  Division  *J.  W.  Sprague  Kalama,  W.  T. 

Lake  Superior  &  Mississippi  Div. . .  W.  W.  Hungerford  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

North  Louisiana  ct  Texas  J.  W.  Green  Monroe,  La. 

North  Penn.sylvania  S.  W.  Roberts  F.  A.  Comby  Philadelphia,  Peun. 

Northern  Canada  fF.  W.  Cumberland  Toronto,  Can. 

Northern  Central  J.  S.  Redfield  Harrisburg,  Penn. 

Northern  (New  Hamp-shire)  George  E.  Todd  Concord,  N.  H. 

North-ea.stern  (South  CaroUnaJ  S.  S.  Solomon  Charleston,  S.  C. 

o 

Ohio  &  Mississippi  E.  L.  Ryder  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Oil  Creek  &  Allegheny  River  J.  J.  Lawrence  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Old  Colony  J.  R.  Kendrick    Boston,  Mass. 

Omaha  &  North-western  R.  R.  Cable  Rock  Island,  111. 

Oregon  &  California  J.  Brandt,  Jr  G.  AV.  Weidler  Portland,  Oregon. 

P 

Paduca  &  Memphis  ,  J.  W.  Wilber  Paducah,  Ky. 

Paris  &  Danville  B.  F.  Matthius  Danville,  111. 

Paris  &  Decatur  F.  C.  Stratton  P.  Campbell  Paris,  111. 

Peninsula  0.  F.  Miller  Battle  Creek,  Mich. 

Pennsylvania  *A.  J.  Cassatt  Enoch  Lewis  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

New  York  Divison  F.  W.  Jackson  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Amboy  Division  Isaac  S.  Buckalew  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Belvidere  Division  J.  A.  Anderson  Lambertville,  N.  J. 

Western  Pennsylvania  Division  Robert  Neilson  Blairsvihe,  Penn. 

Levriaton  Division  Pcrsifcr  F.  Smith  Lewiston.  Penn. 

Bedford  Division  Wm.  H.  Brewer  Bedford,  Penn. 

Pensacola  &  Louisville  Daniel  H.  Cram  Pensacola,  Fla. 

Peoria  &  Rock  Island  John  R.  Hilliard  Peoria,  111. 

Peoria,  Pckin  &  Jacksonville  James  F.  Kelscy  Pekta,  111. 

Petei-sburg  *  James  C.  Sprigg.  . .  D.  R.  Dunn  Petersburg,  Va. 

Philadelphia  &  Reading  J.  E.  Wootten  W.  S.  Wilson  Reading,  Perm. 

Cata  wissa  &  Whliamsport  Br'ch  ....  George  Webb  WUliaui sport,  Penn. 

Reading  &  Columbia  B.  Van  Lew  Columbia,  Penn. 

Leljanon  &  Tremont  H.  W.  Tracy  Pine  Grove,  Penn. 

Philadelphia  &  Baltimore  Central  Henry  Wood  Henry  Wood  Philadelphia,  Penn, 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Railroad.  Superintendent.  Purchasing  Agent.  Residence, 

PHladelphia  &  Erie  W.  A.  Baldwin  E.  Lewis  Erie,  Penn. 

Western  Division  J.  W.  Reynolds.  Erie,  Penn. 

Middle  Division  Edmund  L.  Tyler  Renovo,  Perm. 

Eastern  Division  Thomas  Gucker  M^illiamsport,  Perm. 

Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore. . .  .  H.  F.  Kenney  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Pitholo  Vallpy  J.  T,  Blair  Pithole  City,  Penn. 

Pittsburg-,  Cbiciimati  &  St.  Lonis  'J.  N.  JlcCullough ..  William  Mullins  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Pittsburg  &  Cincinnati  Division  ....  Hugh  Piteaim  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Little  Miami  Divisi(m  J.  D.  Ellisou  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Lidianapolis  &  Cincinnati  Division. .  D.  W.  Caldwell  Columlnts,  Ohio. 

Pittsburg,  Wa.shington  &  Baltimore  E.  K.  Hindman  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  &  Chicago  *J.  N.  McCuUough.  .William  Mullins  Pittsburg,  Penn, 

Eastern  Division  Richard  Wiggin  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

Western  Division  C.  D.  Gorham  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

Port  Royal  S.  C.  Millett  Port  Royal,  S.  0. 

Port  Huron  &  Lake  Michigan  W.  L.  Bancroft  Port  Huron,  Mich. 

Portland  &  Ogdcnsburg  J.  Hamilton  John  E.  Donnell  ....  Portland,  Maine. 

Poi-tland  &  Rochester  W.  H.  Turner  W.  H.  Turner  Portland,  Maine. 

Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth  Francis  Chase  Portland.  Maine. 

Portsmouth,  Great  Falls  &  Conway  J.  W.  Sanbom  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

Portsmouth  H.  E.  Chamberlin  Concord,  N.  H. 

Poughkeepsie  &  Eastern  J.  A.  Perkins  A.  W.  Cable  Pouglikeepsie,  N.  Y. 

Providence  &  Worcester  W.  D.  Hilton  W.  D.  Hilton  Providence,  R.  I. 

Providence,  Warren  &  B  Waterman  Stone  Providence,  R.  I. 

Q 

Quihcy,  Alton  &  Illinois  N.  D.  Munson  Quiucy,  111. 

Quincy,  Missouri  &  Pacific   J.  R.  Buchanan  Quincy,  JU. 

R 

Raleigh  &  Gaston  A.  B.  Andrews  A.  B.  Andrews  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  H.  A.  Fonda  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Richmond,  York  River  &  Chesapeake  Reuben  Foster  Hugh  Graham  Richmond,  Va. 

Richmond  &  Dam-ille  T.  M.  R.  Talcott  Richmond,  Va. 

Richmond,  Fred.  &  Potomac  E.  T.  D.  Myers  T.  L.  Courtney  Richmond,  Va. 

Richmond  &  Petersburg  R.  L.  Stainback  Richmond,  Va. 

\  Rockford,  Rock  Island  &  St.  Louis  R.  R.  Cable  Rock  Island,  lU. 

Rome,  Watertown  &  Ogdensburg  J.  W.  Moak  Watertown,  N.  Y. 

s 

St.  Lawrence  &  Ottawa  R.  LuttreU  Prescott,  Canada. 

St.  Joseph  &  Denver  City  L.  D.  TuthUl  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

St.  Paul  &  Pacific  E.  Q.  Sewell  E.  C.  Becker  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

St.  Paul  &  Sioux  City  J.  F.  Lincoln  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  W.  G.  Broughton  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

St.  Louie  &  Iron  Mountain  Arthur  W.  Soaper. . .  W.  S.  Cuddy  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

St.  Louis  &  South-eastern  *E.  F.  Winslow  C.  W.  Gardiner  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

St.  Louis  Division  George  S.  Winslow  Mt.  Vernon,  111. 

Nashville  Division  A.  E.  Shradcr  Henderson,  Ky. 

St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  &  Northern  W.  C.  Van  Home  R.  W.  Green  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

St.  Louis  Division  J.  L.  Hinldey  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

St.  Louis,  Vandalia,  Terre  Haute  &  Ind..  John  E.  Simpson  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

St.  Louis,  Vandalia,  Terre  Haute  &  Ind . .  Chas.  R.  Peddle  TeiTO  Haute,  Ind. 

Sacramento  Valley  &  P.  «&  S.  V  F.  A.  Bishop  Sacramento,  Cal. 

Saginaw  Valley  &  St.  Louis  J.  B.  GiUett  J.  B.  GiUett          . .  .  Saginaw,  Mich. 

San  Francisco  &  Northern  Pacific  

Savannah  &  Charleston  C.  S.  Gadsden  Charleston  S.  C. 

Seaboard  &  Roanoke  J.  B.  Pendleton,.  . . .  J.  A.  Walton  Baltimore,  Md. 

Selma,  Marion  &  Memphis  E.  W.  Rucker  E.  W.  Ruckcr  Marion,  Ala. 

Selma,  Rome  &  Dalton  E.  G.  Barney  Patona,  Ala. 

Sheboygan  &  Fond  dn  Lac  Brandon  Mozley  Brandon  Mozley  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis. 

Shenango  &  Allegheny  G.  H.  McKibbin  Greenville,  Penn. 

Sioux  City  &  Pacific  L.  Burnett  L.  Burnett  Missouri  Valley,  la. 

Sodus  Point  &  Southern  Sodus  Point,  N.  Y. 

South  Shore  J.  R.  Kendrick  Boston,  Mass. 

South  Side,  Long  Island  

South  Carolina  A.  Mitchell  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Southern  Central  ,  James  G.  Knapp  Auburn,  N.  Y. 


292 


CAR  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Eailroart.  Superintemlent.  Purchasing  Agent.  Residence. 

Southern  Minnesota  *H.  W.  Holley  Wells,  Minn. 

Southern  Pacific  of  California  A.  N.  Towne  Sacramento,  Cal. 

Spartanburg  &  Union  Thomas  P.  Jeter  UnionviUe,  S.  C. 

Springfield,  Athol  &  North-eastern  *G.  W.  Phelps  

Springfield  &  North-western  *A.  J.  Ware  Pekin,  lU. 

Springfield  &  lU.  South-eastern  G.  W.  Norris  Springfield,  IlL 

Statcn  Island  J.  W.  Wilbur  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Stonington  &  Providence  A.  S.  Mathews  A.  S.  Mathews  Stonington,  Conn. 

Sullivan  &  Erie  R.  A.  Packer  Towanda,  Penn. 

Syracuse  Northern   C.  B.  Morse   C.  B.  Morse  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Syracuse,  Binghamton  &  New  York  T.  Voorhees  G.  W.  B.  Gushing  ..Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

T 

Tennessee  &  Pacific  George  Maney  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Texas  &  New  Orleans  R.  B.  Baer  Houston,  Texas. 

Texas  &  Pacific  John  F.  Dixon  J.  F.  Dixon  Marshall,  Texas. 

Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw  W.  H.  Cruger  J.  A .  Winner  Peoria,  111. 

Western  Division  David  K.  Smith  Peoria,  111. 

Western  Division  WiUiam  E.  Dorwin  Warsaw,  111. 

Toledo,  Wabash  &  Western   George  H.  Burrows.  J.  J.  Nessle  Toledo,  Ohio. 

Eastern  Division  C.  W.  Bradley  Lafayette,  Ind. 

Western  Division  D.  A.  CoUins  Lafayette,  Ind. 

Ohio  Division  H.  F.  Clark  Toledo,  Ohio. 

Troy  &  Boston  C.  W.  Moseley  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Toronto,  Grey  &  Bruce  N.  Weatherston  W.  Watson  Toronto,  Canada. 

Toronto  &  Nipissing  J.  C.  Bailey  Toronto. 

Tuckerton  J.  Naramore  Tuckerton,  N.  J. 

u 

Union  Pacific  T.  E.  Sickles  T.  E.  Sickles  Omaha,  Neb. 

Mountain  Division  S.  J.  Nichols  Cheyenne,  Wyoming. 

Laramie  Division  S.  T.  Shankland  Laramie,  Wyoming. 

Western  Division  O.  H.  Earll  Evanston,  111. 

Utah  Central  &  Southern  John  Sharp  S.  H.  Hill  Salt  Lake  City. 

Utica  &  Black  River  T.  W.  Spencer  Utica,  N.  Y, 

Utica,  Ithaca  &  Elmira  H.  P.  Goodrich  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

V 

Vermont  &  Mass.  &  Troy  &  G  O.  T.  Ruggles  O.  T.  Ruggles  Fitchburg,  Mass. 

Vermont  Central  J.  W.  Hobart  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Western  Division  John  Schrier  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Central  &  Southern  Division  Ambrose  Arnold  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Northern  &  Eastern  Division  G.  L.  Stone  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Rutland  Division  J.  Burdett   Rutland,  Vt. 

New  London  Northern  G.  T.  Benedict    New  London,  Conn. 

Vicksburg  &  Brunswick  Virgil  Powers  H.  Young  Eufaula,  Ala. 

Vicksburg  &  Meridian  E.  F.  Raworth  Vicksburg,  Miss. 

w 

Washington  &  Ohio  R.  H.  Havener  Lewis  McKenzie  Alexandria,  Va. 

Welland  William  Pay  St.  Catherines,  Out. 

Wellsboro  &  Lawrcnceville  A.  H.  Gorton  Coming,  N.  Y. 

Westchester  &  Philadelphia  Henry  K.  Smith  J.  J.  Bryant  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

West  Wisconsui  W.  G.  Swan  J.  H.  Hull  Hudson,  Wis. 

West  Jersey  W.  J.  SeweU  Camden,  N.  J. 

Western  of  North  Carolina  John  M.  Rose  Fayetteville,  N.  C. 

Western  &  Atlantic  William  McRae  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Western  Maryland  John  T.  Rigney  John  T.  Rigney  Baltimore,  Md. 

Western  Union  D.  A.  OUn  Racine,  Wis. 

White  Water  Valley  H.  M.  Britton  H.  M.  Britton  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Wilmington  &  Western  M.  C.  ConweU  Wilmington,  Del. 

Wilmington,  Columbia  &  Augusta  James  Anderson  James  Anderson  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Wilmington  &  Weldon  J.  F.  Devine  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Wilmington  &  Reading  C.  Stoltz  C.  Stoltz  CoatesvUle,  Penn. 

Wmona  &  St.  Peter  J.  H.  Stewart  J.  H.  Stewart  Winona,  Minn. 

Wisconsin  Central  C.  Harris  Menasha,  Wis. 

Worcester  &  Nashua  C.  S.  Turner  C.  S.  Turner  Worcester,  Mass. 


THE  CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


INTBODUCTION  TO  CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


TiiEKE  are  over  fifty  Car  Wheel  Foundries  in  the  United  States,  and  the  number  of 
wheels  cast  per  annum  is  stated  at  between  600,000  and  700,000,  with  a  consumption 
of  175,000  tons  of  iron,  of  which  at  least  one-third  is  of  old  wheels  remelted.  The 
iron  required  for  car  wheel  purposes  is  a  charcoal  pig  metal  generally — cold  blast 
preferred,  and  which  shall  possess  the  property  of  chilling  on  the  surface,  without 
shrinking.  Various  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  production  of  car  wheels, 
among  which  are  the  introduction  of  a  portion  of  steel  scrap  into  the  iron  when 
melted,  with  a  view  of  giving  greater  tenacity  and  hardness  of  surface  to  the  wheel. 
Steel  clad  or  rimmed  wheels  are  also  manufactured,  as  also  wheels  of  paper,  the  disk  of  the 
wheel  being  of  compressed  paper  or  paper-stock  boards,  and  tyre  of  steel  or  iron.  Innum- 
erable sul)stances  have  been  suggested  and  tested  for  car  wheels,  even  to  glass,  but  it  is 
probable  that  no  better  wheel  can  be  made  for  the  purpose  than  those  now  produced  by 
the  experienced  American  wheel  founder,  who,  by  a  judicious  admixture  of  different  irons, 
secures  the  maximum  of  strength  and  tenacity  with  the  greatest  rigidity  of  wearing  surface. 
This  at  least  is  the  exjDerience  of  our  oldest  manufacturers.  The  trade  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  this  country,  and  an  export  demand  is  arising,  especially  for  street-car  wheels,  which 
latter  are  almost  entirely  sxipplied  from  the  United  States.  Indeed,  American  car 
wheels  have  now  become  a  permanent  and  reliable  item  in  our  domestic  export  trade. 
In  the  year  1871  the  number  exported  was  2,318;  in  1872  it  was  4,700,  and  in  1873  it 
rose  to  7,515,  despite  the  stagnation  of  the  last  four  months.  The  capacity  of  the  largest 
works  in  the  country  is  about  300  wheels  per  day,  and  an  average  for  the  others  will  be  not 
far  from  50  wheels  daily,  although  many  make  from  80  to  100  wheels  daily.  When  the 
care  and  labor  to  be  expended  upon  the  production  of  a  car  wheel  is  taken  into  considera- 
tion, the  importance  of  the  industry  will  be  understood.  As  this  industry  consumes  only 
the  highest  priced  and  best  quality  of  pig  metal  made,  an  iron  which  for  several  years  has 
ruled  at  not  less  than  §58  to  $60  per  ton,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  occupies  an  important  place 
in  the  iron-consuming  industries  of  the  country.  The  companies  and  firms  representing 
the  car  wheel  production  of  the  United  States  will  be  found  each  under  the  head  of  Car 
Wheel  Foundries  in  its  respective  State.  For  the  following  very  interesting  history  of  the 
progress  of  the  manufacture  of  car  wheels  in  the  United  States  we  are  indebted  to  Geo.  Gr. 
LoBDELL,  Esq.,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware,  than  whom  there  is  no  better  authority  on  the 
subject  in  the  country.  It  presents  many  historical  facts  of  importance,  and  gives  the 
credit  of  the  various  steps  of  progress  in  the  industry  where  they  rightly  belong. 


298         LNTEODUCTION  TO  CAE  WHEEL  FOUKDEIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


mSTOEY  OF  CAE  WHEELS. 

The  first  chilled  wheels  used  on  railroads  were  made  with  spokes.  In  order  to  prevent 
the  arms  or  spokes  from  cracking  in  cooling,  it  was  necessary  to  separate  the  hub  into  three 
or  more  parts  by  longitudinal  slots  cast  in  the  hub.  These  slots  were  filled  with  pieces  of 
wrought  iron  driven  in  tightly,  or  by  a  composition  of  lead  and  antimony  run  into  them, 
which  expanded  slightly  upon  cooling.  Wrought  iron  bands,  one  on  each  end,  were  then 
shrunk  on  the  hub.  This  form  of  wheel  was  liable  to  break,  and  was  the  cause  of  many  ac- 
cidents. The  necessity  for  something  more  reliable  soon  became  evident,  and  was  the  occa- 
sion of  the  invention  of  the  plate  wheel,  the  first  of  which  was  patented  by  John  Edgar, 
of  Baltimore,  in  November,  1833.  This  consisted  of  a  cast  or  wrought  iron  rim  or  tread, 
which  was  connected  with  the  hub  by  means  of  wrought  iron  plates  or  disks  made  convex 
on  the  outside,  and  secured  to  the  rim  and  hub  by  means  of  rivets.  This  form  of  wheel  was 
expensive  to  make,  was  not  durable,  and  never  came  into  general  use. 

Early  in  1838,  Mr.  Geokge  G.  Lobdell  invented  the  double  convex  plate  wheel,  which 
was  patented  in  March  of  that  year.  Large  numbers  of  these  were  cast  by  Bush  &  Lob- 
dell, and  the  wheel  was  known  as  the  "  Bush  &  Lobdell  "Wheel."  This  wheel  was  cast 
in  one  piece.  The  plates  were  convex  on  the  outside,  and  to  allow  for  the  unequal  con- 
traction in  cooling,  the  hub  was  parted  transversely.  A  wheel  of  this  form  admitted  of  a 
good  chill,  and,  when  properly  secured  to  the  axle,  possessed  great  strength.  It 'superseded 
the  spoke  wheel  almost  entirely,  and  for  many  years  scarcely  any  other  kind  was  used  on 
the  leading  roads  of  the  country  under  engines,  tenders,  and  passenger  cars,  and  many  used 
them  altogether  under  freight  cars.  Not  a  few  of  them  are  still  in  use,  although  none  have 
been  cast  for  many  years,  and  some  instances  have  been  known  of  their  running  twenty 
years  and  more. 

About  the  same  time,  a  wheel,  having  the  inside  plate  convex  and  the  outside  concave 
and  parallel  to  it,  was  patented  by  Douguekty,  Wolf  &  Pennell.  This  wheel  did  not 
give  satisfaction,  and  never  came  into  general  use.  At  a  subsequent  period,  owing  to  the 
great  popidarity  of  the  Bush  &  Lobdell  wheel,  Geo.  W.  Eddy  and  others  made  and  pat- 
ented wheels,  both  single  and  double  plate,  in  some  of  which  the  plates  were  waved,  in 
others  corrugated.  None  of  these  were,  however,  as  successful  as  the  Bush  &  Lobdell 
wheel.  In  1847,  Asa  Whitney,  of  Philadelphia,  commenced  making  a  single-plate  wheel 
with  a  corrugated  plate,  using  his  patent  annealing  furnace  in  cooling.  He  subsequently 
made  the  plate  or  disk  straight,  or  nearly  so,  and  strengthened  it  by  brackets  or  arms  ex- 
tending from  the  hub  to  the  rim.  This  form  of  wheel — with  the  straight  disk — has  been 
very  extensively  used,  and  is  now  made  by  A.  Whitney  &  Sons,  with  the  patent  annealing 
process,  and  by  others,  who  cover  the  wheel  in  hot  or  dry  sand,  to  allow  a  slow  cooling  to 
ensue.  Between  the  years  1849  and  18G1,  Geo.  W.  Eddy,  Bush  &  Lobdell,  and  Geo.  G. 
Lobdell,  made  single  plate  and  wrought  spoke  wheels — Eddy's  patent — which  were  exten- 
sively used,  and  gave  very  good  satisfaction  under  freight  and  coal  cars. 

About  the  last  of  1847  or  the  first  of  1848,  there  being  some  objections  to  a  wheel 
with  a  divided  hub,  Busii  &  Lobdell  commenced  casting  wheels  with  a  solid  hub,  and  cov- 
ering them  as  they  were  removed  from  the  chill  or  mould,  with  dry,  hot  ashes,  to  prolong 
the  time  of  cooling,  and  prevent  the  cracking  of  the  plate  from  the  unequal  contraction  of 


INTRODUCTIOIf  TO  CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


299 


the  different  parts  of  the  wheel.  The  wheels  were  placed  one  above  another  in  suitable 
rings,  beneath  which  was  a  pipe  which  communicated  with  the  hole  in  the  centre  or  hub  of 
the  wheel — the  cores  through  the  hub  being  first  removed — thus  forming  a  current  of  air 
through  tlie  hub  of  the  wheel,  the  rim  and  plates  being  covered  with  hot  dry  ashes.  This 
enabled  Busn  &  Lobdell  to  make  their  wheels  without  dividing  the  hub,  thus  doing  away 
with  the  objection  arising  from  that  peculiarity.  They  soon  found  that  it  was  not  necessary 
to  use  the  current  of  air  through  the  hub,  but  simply  to  cover  the  wheel  perfectly  with  hot 
dry  ashes  or  sand.  Others  used  the  dry  sand  about  the  same  time,  among  whom  was  1^. 
AVasubukn,  of  AVorcester,  Mass.,  the  inventor  of  what  is  known  as  the  WAsnnuRisr  wheel, 
patented  October,  1S50.  This  wheel  possesses  great  strength,  and  large  numbers  were  made 
by  Mr.  Wasubugn  and  others  under  his  patent,  and  more  since  its  expiration. 

In  March,  1861,  Mr.  Lobdell  patented  his  improved  single-plate  wheel,  which  in  form 
is  like  the  wheel  now  made  by  A.  Whitxey  &  Sons,  with  the  addition  of  a  rib  or  flange  on 
the  inside  part  of  the  rim  or  tread.  The  addition  of  this  rib  greatly  increases  the  strength 
of  the  rim  and  flange  of  the  wheel.  Large  numbers  of  this  kind  of  wheel  are  in  use  under 
all  kinds  of  cars  and  engines.  In  January,  1869,  Mr.  Lobdell  patented  his  double-plate 
combination  wheel,  which  is  an  improvement  on  the  Washburn  wheel,  by  the  addition  of 
a  rib  to  the  inside  part  of  the  flange,  making  it  the  strongest  wheel  that  has  ever  been  made, 
and  one  that  admits  of  a  better  chill  than  a  wheel  without  this  rib. 

Wheels  with  hollow  rims  and  spokes  have  been  made,  and  a  considerable  number  used, 
principally  under  locomotives  and  tenders  ;  but  inasmuch  as  they  were  diflicult  to  cast,  and 
liable  to  be  imperfect  on  the  tread,  they  have  not  come  into  general  use.  The  Lobdell  Car- 
wheL'l  Company  is  now  making  them  with  success,  having  overcome  the  difficulties  which 
have  heretofore  existed  in  securing  a  perfect  tread.  Tliis  is  probably  as  strong  a  v/heel  as 
is  made,  and  since  it  adds  greatly  to  the  appearance  of  an  engine,  it  is  quite  a  favorite  pat- 
tern with  master  machinists  and  engineers.  A  wheel  made  by  Krupp  and  others  of  steel 
has  been  used,  but  to  a  very  limited  extent.  The  first  cost  is  much  greater  than  the  cost  of 
a  chilled  wheel,  and  they  have  not  been  found  to  wear  longer,  if  as  long,  as  that  kind  of 
wheel.  There  has  also  been  used  on  a  few  roads  a  wheel  made  under  Sax  &  Kear's  patent. 
It  consists  of  a  cast  iron  centre  with  a  steel  tire.  Like  Krupp's  wheel,  its  first  cost  is  very 
great,  and  the  wearing  capacity  no  greater  than  a  good  chilled  wheel. 

Recently  a  large  number  of  wheels  of  different  forms  and  kinds  have  been  tried,  and 
some  of  them  found  not  to  be  safe,  durable,  or  economical.  Among  these  is  the  Mansel 
wheel,  v/hich  consists  of  an  iron  hub  and  steel  tire,  confined  by  bolts  and  rivets  to  a  solid 
wooden  disk.  The  elastic  paper  wheel,  and  the  steeled  wheel,  made  l)y  mixing  steel  scrap 
with  the  cast  iron,  arc  also  used  to  some  extent,  but  their  introduction  has  been  too  recent 
to  enable  us  to  form  a  correct  opinion  of  their  worth.  They  will  not,  however,  ever  super- 
sede the  regular  "  old-fashioned  "  chilled  wheels. 


38 


THE  CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Vermont. 

American  Paper  Car  Wheel  Woi'ks. — Proprietors,  American  Paper  Car  Wheel 
Manufacturing  Co.    Location  of  works,  Pittsford,  Vt. 

Tliis  company  is  also  building  a  new  works  at  Hudson,  N^.  Y. 

Rutland  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — Proprietors,  Eutland  Foundry  and 
Machine  Co.  Location  of  works,  Rutland,  Yt.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons 
wheels,  and  eastings.    Agent,  Joel  B.  IIakeis,  Rutland,  Yt. 

The  machine-shop  department  of  this  works  has  been  closed  for  some  years.  Number 
of  hands  employed,  20. 

Vermont  Central  Railroad  Co.'s  Works. — Proprietors,  Yermont  Central  Euil- 
road  Co.  Location,  St.  Albans.  J.  M.  Foss,  Master  Machinist.  Wheel  foundry  and  ma- 
chine shop. 

St.  Albans  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Smith  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  St.  Albans. 
Product,  car  wheels,  agricultural  implements,  etc.    This  works  was  burned  in  1871. 

Oar  Wheel  Foundries  of  Massachusetts. 

Washburn  Car  Wheel  Manufacturing  Works. — Proprietors,  Washburn  Car 
Wheel  Manufacturing  Co.  T.  Davis,  Treasurer ;  G.  W.  Gill,  Agent.  Location  of  works, 
Worcester,  Mass.    Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  wheels.    Employ  300  men. 

Wason  Car  Manufacturing  Co.'s  Works.— Proprietors,  Wason  Car  Manufactur- 
ing Co.    Location  of  works,  Springlield,  Mass.    Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  wheels. 

This  company  has  lately  moved  into  a  new  works  in  the  village  of  Briglitv.-ood,  a  mile 
from  their  old  works  in  the  heart  of  Springfield. 

Previous  to  186S  the  wheel  casting  for  this  company  was  done  outside,  but  since  has 
been  carried  on  in  the  works.  The  foundry  is  170  by  02  feet,  and  35  feet  high,  with  three 
McKeiXzie  cupolas  melting  12  tons  each  per  day,  and  the  full  capacity  is  100  wheels  and  10 
tons  of  castings  daily.  In  the  machine  shop  is  a  Bi:ment  hydraulic  press  for  gauging  the 
pressure  with  which  the  v.-hecls  are  set  upon  their  axles. 


CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  301 

Woodbury  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  East  Cambridge,  Mass.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 5,000  -wheels. 

Nathan  Washburne  Steel  Tire  Works. — Proprietor,  JSTathan  "Washbtjene.  Lo- 
cation of  ^Yorks,  Worcester.    Manufacture  car  v»'lieels.    Employs  50  hands. 

Boston  Car  Wheel  Co.— Walter  Gates,  Treasurer ;  A.  Hubbaed,  Superintendent. 
Location  of  v/orks,  Cambridgeport.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  wheels. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Connecticut. 

Bamum-Richardson  Co.'s  Works. — Proprietors,  Barnum-Eiehardson  Co.  Location 
of  works,  Lime  Rock,  Litchfield  County,  Conn.    Average  annual  capacity,  2i,000  wheels. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  New  York. 

Albany  Car  Wheel  Works. — Proprietors,  Albany  Car  Wheel  Co.  (George  H. 
Thatcher  &  Co.)  Location  of  works,  Albany,  Isew  York.  Average  annual  capacity, 
10,000  wheels. 

George  W.  Eddy. — Troy,      Y.    Stoves,  machinery,  and  car  wheels.    40  hands. 

Jonas  S.  Heartt  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Troy,  1^.  Y.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 10,000  wheels. 

Kingsford  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — Tnomsox  KmosFORD.  Location  of 
works,  Oswego,  N.  Y.  Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  wheels.  Hands  employed,  150. 
Succeeds  Middlebeook  &  Mack. 

Ramapo  Works. — Proprietors,  Ramapo  Wheel  and  Foundry  Co..  Location  of  Avorkr., 
Ramapo,  Rockland  County,  N.  Y.  President  and  Treasurer,  George  Chuegh  ;  Superintend- 
ent and  General  Manarxer,  W.  Yf .  Snow.  These  v/orks  were  established  in  18G3  for  manufact- 
uring  car  wheels  exclusively  from  the  noted  Rich;nond  and  Salisbury  pig  irons.  Average 
annual  capacity,  90,000  wheels.  This  company  were  awarded  the  highest  premium  for  car 
wheels  at  Vienna  in  1873. 

J.  &  N.  O.  Scoville. — Location  of  works,  Buffalo,  IST.  Y.  Average  annual  capacity, 
50,000  wheels.    Office  and  works,  corner  of  Hamburg  and  Louisiana  Streets. 

Mohawk  and  Hudson  Iron  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — Geo.  W.  Eddy, 
Proprietor.  Location  of  works,  Waterford,  Y. ;  also  at  Taoy.  Car  v;heels  and  iron 
foundry. 

Portable  Steam  Engine  Manufacturing  Co. — C.  A.  Sueemax,  President;  J.  K. 
Power,  Secretary.  Established  18G5.  Location  of  worl:s,  AVatcrtowu,  Y.  Manufact- 
urers of  car  wheels. 


302 


CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Pennsylvania. 

Whitney  Car  Wheel  Works. — Proprietors,  A.  Whitney  &  Sons.  Location  of 
worts,  Sixteenth  and  Callowliill  Streets,  Pliiladclpliia,  Pcnn.  Average  annual  capacity, 
00,000  wheels. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  works  in  tlie  country,  and  the  proprietor  has  had  the 
experience  of  a  lifetime  in  the  business.  The  quality  of  the  wheels  made  here  has  ahvays 
been  superior,  and  the  product  is  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  Union,  and  to  a  considerable 
extent  abroad.    Numljcr  of  hands  employed,  200.    Daily  consumption,  GO  tons  pig  metal. 

Wyoming  Valley  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Wilkesbarre,  Penn. 
Average  annual  capacity,  20,000  wheels. 

Lehigh  Car  Wheel  and  Axle  Works. — Location  of  works,  Catasauqua,  Lehigh 
County,  Penn.    Average  annual  capacity,  15,000  wheels. 

The  Jackson  &.  Woodin  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Berwick, 
Penn.  Average  annual  capacity,  60,000  wheels.  The  foundry  here  is  85  by  28  feet  and 
contains  G  cupolas  vv-ith  a  capacity  of  200  wheels  daily,  and  employs  450  hands.  {See  also 
Car  Worhs  of  Pennsylvania^ 

Harrisburg  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — Wm.  Calder,  President ;  W.  D.  Hil- 
DEUP,  Superintendent.  Location  of  works,  Harrisburg,  Dauphin  County,  Penn.  IJanu- 
facturc  car  wheels,  and  bridge  and  rolling-mill  castings.  {See  also  Car  Worlds  of  Penn- 
sylvania.) Average  annual  capacity,  45,000  wheels.  Melting  capacity,  50  tons  per  day. 
Employ  100  hands.    Established  in  1853. 

John  L.  Gill,  Jr. — Location  of  works,  Allegheny  City,  Allegheny  County,  Penn. 
Average  annual  capacity,  60,000  wheels. 

Davenport,  Pairbairn  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  Erie,  Penn.  Average  annual 
capacity,  103,000  wheels  ;  3,000  tons  ear  castings.    Hands  employed,  lOD. 

Gill  Si,  Bidwell.— Pittsburg,  Penn.  Manufacturers  of  car  v/heels  and  general  cast- 
ings. 

George  W.  Morris,  late  Morris  &  Eutan.— Pittsburg.  Manufacturers  of  car  wheels 
and  springs. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Maryland. 

Baltimore  Car  Wheel  Company.— Location  of  works,  Baltimore,  Md.  Average 
annual  capacity,  27,000  v/hcels.  President,  ^W .  S.  G.  Baker  ;  Superintendent,  Williaji  J. 
CocriRAN.  Olncc,  15  South  Street,  Bakimorc.  Works,  Essex  and  Concord  Streets,  Canton, 
Baltimore.    The  foundry  here  is  11-3  by  45  feet,  and  has  three  cupolas,  vrith  a  capacity 


CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


803 


for  making  100  wheels  per  day.  There  are  five  double  cranes,  with  two  jibs  each.  Twenty 
wheels  can  be  moulded  to  ^ach  of  these  cranes.  A  track  is  laid  the  whole  length  of  the 
foundry,  with  a  large  reservoir  mounted  on  a  truck.  Tlie  annealing  pits,  2i  in  number,  and 
invented  by  William  Cochkan,  the  superintendent,  are  located  at  one  end  oc  the  foundry. 
That  establishment  is  also  provided  with  machinery  for  fitting  up  wheels  and  axles,  and 
doing  a  general  machine  business.  A  ear  shop  in  addition  is  projected.  Maryland  and 
Virginia  iron  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  these  wheels,  and  has  also  been  successfully  em- 
ployed for  many  years  in  the  foundry  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Kailroad. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Virginia. 

Atlantic  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Atlantic  Iron  Works  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Portsmouth,  Va.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  wheels. 

Tredegar  Works. — Proprietors,  Tredegar  Co.  President,  Jos.  R.  Archee;  Super- 
intendent, 11.  S.  Akcher.  New  York  office,  32  Pine  Street.  Location  of  works,  Rich- 
mond, Henrico  County,  Ya.  Average  annual  capacity,  6,000  tons  car  wdicels  and  other 
castings.    {See  also  Car  Worlcs^  Rollmcj  If  ills,  and  Steam  Engine  WorJcs  of  Virginia.) 

Oar  Wheel  Foundries  of  Ohio. 

Barney  &  Smith  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Dayton,  Ohio.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  30,000  wheels. 

Cleveland  Foundry. — Bowler,  Mayer  &  Bratton.  Location  of  worlcs,  9,  11,  and 
13  Winter  Street,  Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  County.  Average  annual  capacity,  S0,CC0  Vvdicels 
and  3,000  tons  castings.  Manufacture  also  chill-faced  frogs,  street  wheels,  etc.  Employ  80 
men. 

Columbus  Car  and  Car  Wheel  Works.— Proprietor,  John  Gill.  Location  of 
works,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Average  annual  capacity,  21,000  chilled  wheels.  Employ  300 
hands. 

Mowry  Car  and  Wheel  Works. — Proprietors,  Cincinnati  Stationary  and  Hydrau- 
lic Engine  Co.     Location  of  Works,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.    Average  annual  capacity, 
wheels. 

Pettengill,  Glass  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  County.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  1,200  tons  wheels.    Number  of  men  employed,  120. 

Sterling  Car  Wheel  Foundry. — Location  of  works,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Average 
annual  capacity,  20,000  wheels. 


304 


CAP.  ^VIIEEL  FOUNDRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Hamilton  Foundry. — Proprietor,  Silas  Mickciiant.  Office,  78  Eiver  Street,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  Location  of  works,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  Ions 
wheels. 

John  Nash  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  2S9  East  Pearl  Street,  Cincinnati.  Car- 
wheel  manufacturer  and  iron  founder. 

Fulton  Foundry. — S.  M.  Cakpenter,  Superintendent.  Location  of  works,  Cleve- 
land.   Manufacturers  of  car  vrheels  and  general  railroad  castings. 

Cleveland  City  Iron  Works. — Silas  MEucnAXT,  78  River  Street,  Cleveland. 
Manufactures  car  \vheel:5,  bridge  castings,  and  pipe.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons 
castings.    Employs  150  hands. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Indiana. 

Bass  Car  Wheel  Works. — Proprietor,  John  LL  Bass.  Location  of  works.  Fort 
"Wayne,  Ind.    Average  annual  capacity,  GO, 000  wheels. 

This  is  a  large  v\-orks.  supplying  over  forty  railways  and  employing  350  hands,  v/ith 
sales  to  the  amount  of  $1,800,000.    The  melting  capacity  of  the  works  is  100  tons  per  day. 

Haskell  &,  Barker  Car  Co. — P.  Haskell,  President,  office,  08  AVashington  Street, 
Chicago  ;  jST.  P.  Rogers,  Secretary,  Michigan  City.  Location  of  works,  Michigan  City,  Ind. 
Average  annual  capacity,  16,000  wheels.    Number  of  hands,  400. 

Ohio  Falls  Car  Co.— Jos.  W.  Sprague,  President ;  N.  Crichton,  Sr.,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer.  Location  of  works,  Jeflersonville,  Ind.  Average  annual  capacity,  60,000 
wheels.    {See  also  Car  Worries  of  Indiana.) 

American  Foundry.— Proprietors,  D.  C.  IIill  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  New  Al- 
bany.   P)oiler  makcr.s,  machinists,  and  car-wheel  manufacturers.    Burned  in  1871. 

Mercer,  Nash  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Indianapolis.  Established,  1870.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  10,000  wheels. 

South-western  Car  Co. — Jeffersonville.    {See  Car  Works  of  Indiana.) 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Illinois. 

Barnum  8l  Richardson  Manufacturing  Co. — President,  Hon.  W.  H.  Barxum, 
Connecticut ;  Treasurer  and  General  Manager,  A.  Alling  ;  Secretary,  R.  W.  Masox, 
Chicago.  Location  of  works,  Chicago,  111.  Average  annual  capacity,  value,  $500,000. 
Hands  employed,  150. 


CAB  WHEEL  FOUNDiilES  OF  THE  UNriED  STATES.  305 

J.  M.  Simmons  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Chicago,  111.  Average  annual  capacity, 
15,000  wheels. 

Chicago  Car  Wheel  Co. — Location  of  works,  Chicago,  111.  Annual  product  valued 
at  $225,000.    50  hands  employed. 

B.  F.  Russell  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Chicago.  111.  Average  annual  capacity, 
36,000  wheels. 

This  firm  is  increasing  its  capacity  to  200  wheels  per  day,  or  00,000  per  annum. 

Fouts  &,  Monroe. — Location  of  works,  Bloomington,  111.  Average  anmial  capacity, 
10,000  wheels.    This  finu  are  manufacturers  of  the  Patent  Safety  Car  "Wheel. 

Litchfield  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  Litchfield  Car  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Litchfield,  111.  President,  E.  R.  Stiles  ;  Secretary,  TV.  E.  Bacon  ;  Vice-President,  H.  H. 
Beach  ;  Treasurer,  J.  W.  Davenport  ;  Superintendent,  M.  M.  Martin.  Average  annual 
capacity,  19,500  wheels.    Works  employs  in  car  shops  and  wheel  foundry,  350  men. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Michigan. 

Detroit  Car  Wheel  Works.— Joun  S.  JSTimbukg,  President;  Jas.  McMillan, 
Treasurer  and  Manag-er;  Z.  R.  Brockway,  Vice-President;  H.  McMillan,  Secretary. 
Location  of  works,  Detroit,  Mich.  Average  annual  capacity,  35,000  wheels,  5,000  tons 
castings.    Ilands  employed,  725. 

This  works  was  burned  during  1873.    {See  Car  Works  of  MicJiigan.) 

Hamtramck  Car  Wheel  Works. — Location  of  works,  Detroit,  Mich.  Average 
annual  capacity,  6,000  wheels. 

Detroit  Car  Works  Proprietors,  Detroit  Car  Works  Co.    President,  E.  C.  Wal- 

KKii ;  Vice-President,  Geo.  B.  Russell  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurei",  Geo.  II.  Russell  ; 
Manager,  D.  Sutherland.  Location  of  works,  Adair  Street,  near  Jefferson  Avenue,  De- 
troit, Mich.  Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  wheels,  and  other  castings  valued  at  $750,000. 
500  men  employed.    {See  also  Gar  Worhs  of  Michigan) 

Burt  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Detroit  Car  Wheel  and  Iron  Foun- 
dry.   Employ  300  men. 

Oar  Wheel  Foundries  of  Wisconsin. 

Blanchard  8b  Arnold. — Location  of  works,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 5,0;jO  wheels. 

Gccdiich  8l  Hill. — Location  of  vrorks,  Milwaukee. 


306 


CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Delaware.* 

Lobdell  Car  Wheel  Works — Location,  Wilmington,  Del.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 90,000  wheels.  This  is  now  the  largest  producing  car  wheel  works  in  the  United 
States,  and  exports  its  product  to  a  considerable  extent. 

President,  Geokge  G.  Lobdell  ;  Secretary,  William  W.  Locdell  ;  Treasurer,  P. 
Bkennan. 

The  Lobdell  Car  Wheel  Company's  works  are  situated  on  the  Christiana  Eiv^er  and  the 
Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad.  This  is  the  oldest  and  most  extensive 
manufactory  of  chilled  railroad  wheels  in  the  country,  having  two  foundries,  in  one  of 
which  castings  for  cars,  bridges,  rolling  mills,  and  steam  engines,  together  with  chilled  rolls 
for  rolling  iron  and  brass,  and  for  paper  machinery,  and  also  brass  castings,  are  made.  This 
foundry  has  two  cupolas  capable  of  melting  25  tons  of  pig-iron  daily.  Adjoining  it  arc  a 
machine  shop  and  blacksmith  shop  for  general  machine  and  repair  work,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  tools  and  fixtures. 

The  other  foundry,  for  the  manufacture  of  car  wheels  and  tires,  is  located  on  the  Chris- 
tiana Eiver,  and  between  it  and  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  from 
which  there  are  three  tracks  extending  into  the  works.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  largest 
car  wheel  foundry  in  this  country,  having  a  capacity  of  325  wheels  per  day.  Adjoining 
this  foundry,  and  situated  also  between  the  river  and  railroad,  is  a  large  machine  shop,  333 
feet  in  length,  admirably  lighted,  heated  throughout  by  steam,  and  supplied  with  sufficient 
machinery  to  bore  200  wheels  and  fit  100  axles  per  day.  It  also  contains  the  machinery 
for  turning  and  grinding  chilled  rolls,  together  with  other  machinery  for  general  v/ork. 
The  pattern  shop  and  drafting  rooms  are  located  in  the  upper  story  of  this  building.  All 
the  machinery  in  these  shops  is  driven  by  an  oscillating  condensing  engine,  the  in-\'entiou  of 
Mr.  Geokge  G.  Lobdell,  which  works  with  great  economy,  probably  more  so  than  any 
other  steam  engine  heretofore  constructed. 

The  steam,  for  the  engine  and  heating  the  shop,  is  supplied  from  three  upright  tubular 
boilers,  also  the  invention  of  Mr.  Lobdell.  The  peculiarities  of  this  boiler  consist  in  the 
form  of  the  furnace,  which  makes  as  perfect  a  combustion  chamber  as  is  desirable  :  so  nearly 
perfect  that  smoke  is  seldom  seen  to  issue  from  the  smoke  stack  even  when  bituminous  coal 
is  used.  Also  in  the  shape  of  the  water  legs,  which  are  so  constructed  as  to  make  a  perfect 
circulation,  and  form  a  receptacle  below  the  grate  for  any  sediment  or  brine  that  may  col- 
lect, which  sediment  can  be  removed  from  the  boiler  at  any  time  by  means  of  pipes  at- 
tached to  the  legs.  The  tubes  of  this  boiler  act  as  a  super-heater,  and  the  boiler  is  very 
economical  in  the  consumption  of  fuel.  All  of  the  smoke,  which  by  actual  experiment  has 
been  found  desirable,  is  consumed.  The  grate  is  so  constructed  that  dust  from  anthracite 
coal  mixed  with  one-third  its  weight  of  bituminous  coal  can  be  used  with  advantage.  The 
form  of  the  boiler  is  such  as  insures  the  greatest  strength,  and  as  there  is  a  perfect  circula- 
tion through  the  boiler  no  sediment  can  collect  on  any  part  that  is  exposed  to  a  great  heat. 
It  is  therefore  well  adapted  for  water  containing  salt  or  other  impurities. 

The  manufacture  of  chilled  railroad  wheels  in  this  country  commenced  about  the  year 
1833.  The  first  were  probably  cast  in  Baltimore  by  Ross  Winans,  who  continued  to  make 
them  for  many  years.    Yery  soon  afterwards  Jonathan  Bonney,  an  experienced  foixndcr 


CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDEIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


307 


and  iron  worker,  an  uncle  of  Geokge  G.  Lobdell — and  witli  wliom  the  latter  served  his 
apprenticeship — commenced  the  manufacture  of  wheels  in  Wilmington,  and  continued  to 
manufacture  them  at  the  foundry  of  Jonathan  Bonney  &  Co.  until  1836,  when  the  firm  of 
BoNNEY  &  Bush  started.  This  firm  was  succeeded  in  January,  1839,  by  that  of  Bush  & 
Lobdell,  Geokge  G.  Lobdell  taking  the  place  of  his  uncle,  deceased.  In  1855,  Chakles 
Bush  (the  senior  member  of  the  firm)  died,  and  the  business  was  continued  by  Mr.  Lobdell, 
Dath)  p.  Bush,  and  Henry  S.  McCojib,  imtil  1859,  when  Mr.  Lobdell  purchased  the  in- 
terest of  the  other  partners,  and  continued  the  business  in  his  own  name  imtil  1867,  when 
the  Lobdell  Car  "Wheel  Company  was  organized  with  George  G.  Lobdell  as  President ; 
Wm.  W.  Lobdell  as  Secretary,  and  P.      Brennan  as  Treasurer. 

The  wheels  made  by  this  company  are  used  very  largely  in  this  country  as  well  as  in 
South  America,  England,  and  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  are  of  high  repute.  Within 
the  last  few  years  the  company  has  been  engaged  largely  in  the  manufacture  of  chilled  rolls, 
and  have  put  in  expensive  machinery  for  turning  and  grinding  the  same,  proposing  to  make 
it  a  specialty.  The  vast  quantity  of  iron  used  daily  in  the  business  of  this  establishment 
permits  the  very  best  selections  for  the  composition  of  chilled  rolls.  The  long  experience 
of  Mr.  Geokge  G.  Lobdell — who  personally  directs  the  selection— in  making  chilled  cast- 
ings, enables  them  to  make  chilled  rolls  unequalled  in  qiiality. 

The  Lobdell  Car  Wheel  Company  own  one-half  of  the  stock  in  the  Deep  River  Manu- 
facturing Company  and  tlie  Cape  Fear  Iron  and  Steel  Company  of  ISTorth  Carolina,  which 
gives  them  the  control  of  all  the  iron  made  from  the  celebrated  Buckhorn  ore,  which  is 
probably  the  finest  and  best  adapted  for  making  iron  for  car  wheels  or  chilled  rolls  of  any 
ore  in  the  country.  This  ore  bed  is  located  in  Harnett  County,  and  is  mentioned  in  Wilkes' 
report  to  Congress  on  the  Cape  Fear  and  Deep  Rivers.  These  companies  own  all  the  slack 
water  navigation  on  the  Cape  Fear  and  Deep  Rivers,  from  Fayetteville,  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Cape  Fear,  to  Carbonton  on  the  Deep  River,  a  distance  of  about 
ninety  miles.  They  also  own  2,000  acres  of  coal  land  in  the  Egypt  coal  basin,  15,000  acres 
of  timber  land  on  the  Cape  Fear  and  Deep  Rivers ;  several  ore  beds  other  than  that  at 
Buckhorn ;  very  extensive  manufacturing  sites ;  several  thousand  acres  of  farming  land, 
and  water-powers  on  the  Cape  Fear,  Deep,  and  Haw  rivers,  in  the  aggregate  amounting  to 
more  than  6,000  horse-power. 

They  have  one  charcoal  furnace  in  operation  at  Endor,  one  mile  from  Egypt  coal  shaft, 
and  another,  a  larger  one,  nearly  completed  at  Buckhorn ;  also  a  rolling  mill,  which  they 
expect  to  move  to  Lockville  and  put  in  operation  at  that  place,  where  they  have  a 
flouring  mill  and  saw-mill,  and  1,500  acres  of  land  (admirably  situated  on  the  Deep  River 
and  Raleigh  and  Augusta  Railroad),  which  is  well  adapted  for  a  manufacturing  centre. 
Lockville  is  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  has  a  hotel,  four  or  five  stores,  a  school- 
house,  foundry,  machine  shop,  and  grist  mill,  in  addition  to  the  manufactories  mentioned 
above. 

At  Gorgas,  four  miles  above  Lockville,  they  have  a  valuable  water-power  improved  by 
a  very  costly  and  substantial  dam  across  the  Deep  River.  At  this  place  there  is  a  flouring 
mill.  This,  as  well  as  many  other  water-powers  belonging  to  the  company,  is  well  adapted 
for  cotton  or  other  factories.  Trouble  from  ice  is  unknown  on  these  streams.  The  climate 
is  mild  in  winter  and  not  oppressive  in  summer,  the  thermometer  seldom  rising  above  90°, 
and  the  nights  are  almost  always  comfortable. 
39 


308 


CAR  WHEEL  FOUNDEIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Missouri. 

D.  P.  Green  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Average  annual  capacity, 
5,000  wheels. 

Missouri  Car  and  Foundry  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Lonis,  Mo.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  37,500  wheels.    Number  of  men,  500.    [See  Car  Works  of  Missouri.) 

St.  Louis  Car  Wheel  Co. — Location  of  works.  Pacific  Eailroad,  near  Fourteenth 
Street,  St.  Louis,  Mo.    Average  annual  capacity,  30,000  wheels. 

This  company  manufactures,  besides  car  wheels,  chilled  tires  for  locomotives,  wheels 
for  ore  and  mining  cars,  and  all  kinds  of  railroad,  locomotive,  and  bridge  castings.  Presi- 
dent, JouN  II.  Bass,  Fort  "Wayne,  Ind. ;  T.  C.  Duteo,  Secretary  and  Manager. 

W.  J.  Quealey. — Location  of  works,  Hannibal,  Mo.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000 
wheels. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  New  Jersey. 

Duglas  Thompson. — Location  of  works,  Bordentown,  J.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 10,000  wheels. 

Taylor  Iron  Works. — President,  Lewis  II.  Taylor;  Secretary,  Jas.  II.  Walkee  ; 
Treasurer  and  General  Manager,  W.  J.  Taylor  ;  Superintendent,  S.  P.  Raber  ;  General 
Agent,  Edw.  L.  Brown.  New  York  office,  93  Liberty  Street.  Location  of  works.  High 
Bridge,  IST.  J.    Average  annual  capacity,  60,000  wheels. 

Moore  Car  Wheel  Co. — ^Works,  Greene  and  "Wayne  Streets,  Jersey  City,  N".  J. 
Manufacturers  of  Moore's  Elastic  Car  "Wheel.  H.  W.  Moore,  President ;  F.  Perry,  Sec- 
retary and  Treasurer,    Manufacture  also  wheels  of  all  kinds. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Minnesota. 

Parker,  Bailey,  Howson  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Average 
annual  capacity,  0,000  tons  wheels.    Number  of  hands  employed,  30. 

Duluth  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Shoenberger  &  Bryant.  Location  of  works, 
Duluth.    Manufacture  car  wheels,  steam-engines,  and  general  machinery. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Georgia. 

Dawson  Manufacturing  Co.— Location  of  works,  Dawson,  Ga.  Average  annual 
capacity,  5,000  wheels. 


CAE  WHEEL  FOUNDRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


309 


Nobles  Brothers  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Rome.  Car  wheels,  axles,  engines, 
and  general  railroad  work.    Employ  200Tiands.    Established  1855. 

Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Kentucky. 

Iiouisville  Car  Wheel  and  Railway  Supply  Co. — Location  of  works,  Louis- 
ville, Ky.    Average  annual  capacity,  10,000  wheels. 

Samuel  Worthley. — Location  of  works.  Cottage  Furnace,  EstiU  County.  Also  blast 
furnace. 

California. 

Risdon  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works. — John  R.  Risdon,  President;  Joseph 
MooEE,  Yice-President  and  Superintendent;  L.  R.  Mead,  Secretary.  Manufacture  car 
wheels,  boilers,  and  locomotives.  Incorporated  1868.  Corner  Beale  and  Howard  Streets, 
San  Francisco. 


THE  CAST  AND  WROUGHT  IRON  PIPE  AND 
TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


THE  CAST  AND  WROUGHT  IRON  PIPE  AND 
TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  pipe  works  of  the  United  States  are  not  so  numerous  as  some  other  branches  of 
the  iron  industry,  for  various  reasons.  The  principal  cause  of  this  is  probably  that  several 
of  the  largest  works  of  the  United  States  are  devoted  to  this  specialty  ;  and  further,  that  it 
is,  especially  in  the  case  of  wrought-iron  tubes,  a  business  requiring  expensive  and  compli- 
cated machinery.  The  rapid  increase  in  the  adoj^tiou  of  illuminating  gas,  and  the  intro- 
duction of  water  into  towns  and  villages  of  ordinary  size,  has  greatly  stimulated  the  pipe 
trade,  and  it  is  a  highly  profitable  and  very  important  branch  of  the  iron  industry.  In- 
cluded in  the  notation  of  these  works  in  the  various  portions  of  the  United  "States  as  ar- 
ranged by  States,  will  be  found  descriptions  of  several  of  the  leading  works,  from  which 
some  idea  may  be  formed  of  their  extent ;  and,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Pascal  Iron  Works  of 
Philadelphia,  a  thorough  explanation  of  the  process  of  the  manufacture  of  wrought-iron 
pipes  from  the  "  skelp  "  iron  to  the  finished  tube,  a  process  which  is  always  one  of  great  in- 
terest to  the  novice  in  iron  manufacturing. 

In  this  department  will  be  found  included  only  manufacturers  of  cast  and  wrought  iron 
pipe,  those  of  gas  and  steam  fittings,  and  the  tools  of  these  trades  will  be  found  in  the 
directory  of  steam-engine  and  machine  works,  iron  foundries,  and  general  iron  works  of  the 
United  States,  in  another  portion  of  this  work. 

Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  New  England. 
Massachusetts. 

The  most  important  iron  pipe  works  of  JSTew  England  is  that  of  the — 

National  Tube  Works  Co. — Boston,  Mass.  President,  J.  C.  Converse  ;  Treasurer, 
"VV.  S.  Eaton.  Oifice,  11  Pemberton  Square.  Location  of  works.  East  Boston.  Character 
of  product,  lap-welded  boiler  flues,  steam  and  gas  pipe,  oil  and  salt  well  pipes,  etc.  Capi- 
tal, $500,000. 

This  establishment  covers  four  acres,  and  has  a  manufacturing  capacity  of  20,0u0  tons 
of  pipe  annually,  in  which  400  men  are  employed.  The  principal  specialty  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  tubes  for  locomotive  boilers ;  and  the  closing  of  the  locomotive  works  caused  by 
the  depression  in  the  fall  of  1873  compelled  this  company  to  stop  work  ;  without,  however, 
any  financial  embarrassment  on  its  part.  The  same  company  has  another  works  at  Mc- 
Keesport,  Penn.,  double  the  size  of  the  East  Boston  Works,  and  which  will  be  found  de- 
scribed with  the  pipe  works  of  Pennsylvania. 


314 


PIPE  AND  TUBE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Shawmut  Iron  Works. — Cambridgeport,  Mass.  W.  J.  Beide,  Treasurer ;  S.  Wil- 
liams, Agent,  Boston.    Office,  2-i  and  26  Oliver  Street. 

This  works  manufactures  cast-iron  pipe  in  large  quantities ;  was  established  in  1866, 
and  does  a  large  business. 

Bridgewater  Iron  Manufacturing  Co. — Bridgewater,  Mass.  N.  Stetson,  Treas- 
urer and  Agent.    J.  Fekguson,  Superintendent.    Boston  office,  13i  Milk  Street. 

This  company,  in  addition  to  their  other  varied  products,  manufacture  wrought-iron 
tubes  to  a  considerable  extent.  The  works  employs  500  hands,  and  is  old  and  well-known, 
having  been  established  by  Lazell  &  Perkins  in  1810. 

P.  Young  Sl  Co. — North  Adams,  Mass.  Manufacturers  of  wi'ought-iron  pipes.  Spec- 
ialty, gas  pipe. 

J.  C.  Paige  Sl  Co. — Stoneham,  Mass.  Wrought-iron  pipe. 

Taunton  Iron  Works  Co. — Taimton,  Mass.  C.  M.  Woodward,  Agent.  Estab- 
lished 185-1.    Wrought-iron  pipes  and  tubes, 

Washington  Pipe  Works. — Tnos.  CuNNiNGnAM.  Office,  8  Central  Street,  Boston. 
Works,  East  Boston.    Wrought-iron,  steam,  and  gas  pipe,  and  fittings. 

J.  Colbath  &  Co. — ^Worcester,  Mass.    Specialty,  gas  pipe. 

New  Hampshire. 
C.  P.  Emerson. — Nashua.    Wrought-iron  pipe. 

Swampscott  Machine  Co. — New  Market.  Wm.  Paul,  Treasurer;  Amos  Paul, 
Agent.    Gas  pipe  and  fittings.    Established  1816. 

Rhode  Island. 

Central  Falls  Steam  and  Gas  Pipe  Co. — Pawtucket.    Steam  and  gas  pipe. 

Providence  Steam  and  Gas  Pipe  Co. — Providence.  F.  Grinnell,  President ; 
J.  C.  Hartshorn,  Treasurer ;  H.  A.  Branch,  Secretary  and  Kesident  Agent.  Specialty, 
wrought-iron  pipe  for  steam  and  gas.    Established  1850. 


Connecticut. 

A  W.  Converse  &.  Co. — Windsor  Locks.    Water  and  steam  pipes,  cast  and  wrought. 


PIPE  AND  TUBE  WOKKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  315 

New  York. 

O.  W.  Wyckoff  &  Co. — Elmira.    Cast-iron  water  pipe. 

Brooklyn  Tube  Works. — B.  S.  Benson,  Brooklyn,  corner  John  and  Adams  Street. 
Iron  pipe  and  tubes.    100  hands  employed. 

New  York  City. 

IKON  PIPE  MANUFACTUKEKS. 

R.  A.  Brick  &  Co. — 112  Leonard  Street.    Cast  iron  flange  pipe. 

F.  Campbell. — 79  John  Street.  "Wrought,  cast,  and  galvanized  iron  pipe  for  steam, 
gas,  and  water. 

Joseph  D.  Corlies. — 153  Broadway. 

Eaton  St.  Cole. — 58  John  Street.    Wrouglit-iron  pipe  and  fittings. 
F.  G.  Green.— 35  Dey  Street. 

Chas.  Gregg  Manufacturing  Co. — 62  and  64  Gold  Street.  Plain  and  galvanized 
wrought-iron  pipe  for  steam,  gas,  and  water. 

Hunter,  Keller  &.  Co.— 144  Centre  Street. 

E.  Lumb.— 523  West  45th  Street.    Cast-iron  pipe. 

Jamer,  Jacobs  &  Co. — 84  John  Street. 

McNab  &  Harlan  Manufacturing  Co. — 56  John  Street.  Works,  Paterson,  N.  J. 
Wrought-iron  pipe  and  fittings. 

McMann  &  Russell.— 56  Gold  Street. 

J.  McNeal  &  Sons  117  Broadway. 

James  O.  Morse. — 76  John  Street. 

J.  L.  Mott  Iron  Works.— 90  Beekman  Street.  Works,  154  East  13th  Street.  Cast- 
iron  pipe  for  sewers,  flange  pipe  and  extra  heavy  water  and  gas  pipe. 

Jos.  Mason  &.  Co. — 71  Beekman  Street. 

40 


316 


PIPE  AXD  TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Patent  Water  and  Gas  Pipe  Co.— 91  Liberty  Street.    Works,  Jersey  City. 
J.  J.  Spowers.— Corner  of  William  and  Liberty  Streets. 
A.  B.  Wood. — 57  Maiden  Lane. 

R.  D.  Wood  &  Co.— 173  Broadway.    Works,  Millville  and  Florence,  K  J. 

New  Jersey. 

Camden  Iron  Works.— Jesse  W.  Staer  &  Co.,  Camden,  N.  J.  Philadelphia 
office,  403  Walnut  Street.  Character  of  product,  cast-iron  street  mains  for  gas  and  water, 
from  one  and  a  half  inches  to  forty-eight  inches  in  diameter.  Fire  hydrants,  heating  pipes, 
branches,  bends  and  tees,  also  gas  holders  and  gas  works  plants  in  full.  This  is  an  old  and 
extensive  works,  established  in  1824. 

Camden  Tool  and  Tube  Works. — Seyfert  &  McMantjs,  Camden,  IST.  J.  Phil- 
adelphia office,  631  Chestnut  Street.  Character  of  product,  wrought-iron  pipe,  gas  pipe, 
fittings,  pipe,  and  fitters'  tools,  etc. 

This  is  a  branch  of  the  Reading  Iron  Works,  Reading,  Penn.,  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive in  the  United  States,  and  combining  blast  furnaces,  rolling  mills,  forges,  foundries,  ma- 
chine shops,  pipe  works,  etc.,  etc. 

Florence  and  Millville  Foundries. — R.  D.  Wood  &  Co.  Florence  and  Millville, 
N.  J.  Philadelphia  office,  400  Chestnut  Street.  Character  of  product,  cast-iron,  gas,  and 
"water  pipe,  fire  hydrants,  lamp  posts,  etc. 

The  works  owned  by  this  firm  are  very  extensive,  and  situated  each  20  miles  from 
Philadelphia  ;  one  to  the  north  at  Florence,  and  the  other  south  at  Millville.  The  produc- 
tion of  pipe,  etc.,  at  both,  is  some  20,000  tons  annually,  in  which  500  hands  are  employed. 
A  private  telegraph  connects  the  Philadelphia  office  with  each  works. 

Gloucester  Iron  and  Machine  Co. — Gloucester.  David  S.  Brown,  President; 
J.  P.  MicuELLON,  Secretary;  Wm.  Sexton,  Superintendent.  Cast-iron  gas  and  water  pipe 
and  fittings. 

Patent  Water  and  Gas  Pipe  Co.— Jersey  City.  Office :  91  Liberty  Street,  IST.  Y. 

Pennsylvania. 

Benson  &,  Son. — Allegheny  City.  Wrought-iron  pipe  and  tubes. 
Allbright  Bros. — Allentown.    Tubes  a  specialty.    Large  works. 


Taylor  &  Deeths. — Allentown.    Iron  pipes  for  steam  engines. 


PIPE  AND  TDBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


817 


S.  Fulton  &  Co.— Consholiocken.  Philadelphia  office,  242  South  Third  Street. 
Cast  iron,  gas,  and  water  pipe.  Works  extensive,  and  include  blast  furnaces  and  rolling 
mill,  the  last  located  at  Norristown. 

Erie  City  Foundry.— Cleveland  &  Co.,  Erie.  Water  and  gas  pipe.  50  hands 
employed. 

National  Tube  Works  Co.— McKeesport.  {See  also  Boston,  Mass.)  James  C.  Cox- 
VEKSE,  President,  McKeesport ;  Wm.  S.  Eaton,  Treasurer,  Boston.  Character  of  product, 
locomotive  boiler  tubes. 

This  works  covers  five  acres,  and  has  a  capacity  of  50,000  tons  of  iron  annually,  and 
employs  some  800  hands. 


IRON  PIPE  MANUFACTTJEEBS  OP  PHILADELPHIA. 

Pascal  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Moeeis,  Taskee  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  South 
Fifth  and  Tasker  Streets,  Philadelphia.  As  this  is  the  most  extensive  pipe  and  tube 
works  in  the  world,  we  give  it  prominence  here,  and  tho  reader  will  find  in  the  following 
description  an  evidence  of  what  amount  of  capital  and  labor  can  be  employed  in  one  works 
for  this  specialty.  Character  of  product,  lap-welded  boiler  tubes,  wrought-iron  steam,  gas, 
and  water  pipe  and  fittings,  artesian  well  pipe,  oil  well  tul)ing  and  casing,  coil  pipe,  tuyere 
coils,  gas  works,  including  holders,  retorts  and  bench  castings,  street  mains,  lamp  posts, 
and  all  appurtenances  for  city  gas  plant,  green-house  pipe  and  boilers,  cast-iron  drain  pipe 
and  plumbers'  castings,  cast-iron  steam  pipe,  railway  water  columns,  galvanized  and  plain 
boilers  for  ranges,  screwing  machines,  and  generally  gas,  steam,  and  pipe  fitters'  tools  in 
every  variety. 

This  works  employs  nearly  2,000  hands,  consumes  25,000  tons  of  iron  annually,  and  is 
the  most  extensive  works  of  the  kind  in  the  world. 

The  following  description,  gives  an  idea  of  the  great  extent  and  importance  of  this 
works : 

The  Pascal  Iron  works  owes  its  origin  to  Stephen  P.  Moeeis,  who,  in  1821,  com- 
menced, in  Philadelphia,  the  manufacture  of  stoves  and  grates.  In  1835,  Stephen  P.  Moeeis, 
IIexey  Moeeis,  and  Thomas  T.  Taskee,  Sr.,  were  associated  in  the  same  business  at  Third 
and  Walnut  Streets,  Philadelphia,  where  for  many  years  the  business  of  the  firm  was  con- 
ducted. In  this  year  illuminating  gas  was  introduced  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  firm  began 
the  manufacture  of  gas  pipe  under  the  superintendence  of  Wm.  Geiffiths,  an  English  pipe 
maker  then  just  arrived.  Gas  pipe  was  then  made,  almost  entirely  by  hand,  the  threads  for 
coupling  the  pipes  being  cut  by  a  hand  die  turned  by  manual  labor.  To  supply  the  demand 
for  the  newly  introduced  gas  pipe  vvdiich  should  be  made  by  machinery,  the  firm,  in  1830, 
began  the  nucleus  of  the  present  Pascal  Iron  Works  which  now  include  an  area  of  twelve 
acres,  covering  two  entire  squares.  The  manufacture  of  gas  pipe  soon  demanded  the  addi- 
tion of  that  of  gas  fittings  and  gas-fitters'  tools,  and  to  this  followed,  in  natural  sequence,  the 
construction  of  gas-generating  machinery,  and  the  whole  plant  for  city  gas  works.    To  this 


318 


PIPE  AND  TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


was  added  by  degrees  tlie  prudiictiou  of  pipes  and  tube  for  analogous  purposes,  water  and 
and  steam  tubes,  steam  boilers,  steam  and  water  heating  apparatus,  and  the  tools  necessary 
in  erecting  the  same.  Hence,  from  the  small  beginning  noted,  this  works  now  manufactures 
every  variety  of  apparatus  for  lighting,  heating,  ventilating,  or  supplying  with  water  any 
building.  The  plant  of  the  Pascal  Iron  Works  includes  seven  steam-engines  and  twelve 
boilers,  with  an  aggregate  of  1,000  horse-power.  Also  pipe  and  heating  furnaces,  lathes, 
planers,  screw-cutting  machines,  drill  presses,  boring,  tap-cutting,  grinding,  shaping,  and 
polishing  machines.  I^o  shafting  is  to  be  seen  in  the  tube  v/orks,  the  entire  line  being 
placed  beneath  the  floor,  thus  saving  space  and  adding  to  the  convenience  of  the  workmen. 
All  the  machinery  of  the  works  is  in  duplicate,  to  prevent  possibility  of  delay  by  breakage 
of  any  portion.  The  newer  buildings  are  of  strictly  fire-proof  construction,  while  the  main 
building  can,  by  an  arrangement  of  pipes,  be  flooded  with  steam  in  case  of  fire.  1,<I00 
workmen  are  employed,  the  pipe  mills  being  run  day  and  night. 

For  the  following  intelligent  description  of  the  method  of  mannfacturing  gas  pipe  and 
wrought-iron  tubes  of  every  description  we  are  indebted  to  the  American  Exchange  and 
Review  of  Philadelphia. 

The  best  starting-place  for  a  description  of  the  varied  details  of  the  establishment  is  the 
gas-pipe  mill.  Here  the  operation  of  heating  the  strips  of  iron  plate,  and  of  bending  and 
welding  them  into  tubes,  is  conducted.  For  this  purpose,  there  are  arrayed  on  one  side  of 
the  large  stone  building,  a  row  of  a  dozen  or  more  reverberatory  furnaces,  called  in  shop 
phraseology  the  "  skelp"  and  welding  furnaces;  "  skeljp''''  *  being  the  term  applied  to  the 
bent  tube  preparatory  to  welding  it.  Directly  in  front  of  each  of  the  furnaces  are  placed 
the  bending  or  welding  tables.  Each  of  these  is  provided  with  a  peculiarly  constructed 
tool  having  movable  jaws,  which  can  be  set  to  any  suitable  width,  to  accommodate  itself  to 
the  size  of  pipe  required.  These  are  set  to  the  proper  size  by  one  of  the  workmen  in  charge, 
at  every  change  of  order ;  though,  from  the  nicety  of  the  operation,  it  is  found  desirable  to 
run  the  largest  lot  of  orders  upon  one  setting,  which  obviates  what  would  otherwise  neces- 
sitate the  loss  of  mnch  valuable  time.  Before  the  jaws  just  mentioned  is  seen  a  species  of 
carriage  which  can  be  made  to  traverse  the  whole  length  of  the  bending  or  welding  table 
by  being  thrown  into  gear  with  an  endless  chain  placed  immediately  beneath  its  surface, 
and  which  is  operated  directly  from  the  main  line  of  shafting  which  passes  beneath  the 
flooring.  To  this  carriage  can  be  attached  a  pair  of  self-acting  tongs,  by  which  the  end  of 
the  bent  pipe  emerging  thoough  the  jaws  can  be  firmly  grasped,  and  the  carriage  with  if 
travels  the  length  of  the  table.  The  construction  of  the  jaws  and  their  operation  is  a  most 
satisfactory  subject  for  the  inspection  of  one  who  is  interested  in  mechanical  devices,  and 
affords  perhaps  as  perfect  an  illustration  of  the  successful  application  of  a  machine  for  a 
special  purpose  that  could  be  furnished.  It  would  be  clearly  impossible  to  force  a  flat  sheet 
of  heated  metal  immediately  through  a  circular  opening;  and  recognizing  this  difficulty,  tlie 
jaws  are  so  constructed  as  to  gradually  j^dapt  the  flat  sheet  to  its  circular  form.  This  is  ac- 
complished by  making  the  curvature  of  the  jaws  not  sharp,  but  very  gradually  increase  from 
flatness  to  the  final  curvature  required.  Tlie  operation  of  bending  and  welding  the  tubes 
is  now  about  as  follows :  The  strips  of  metal,  cut  of  proper  length  and  width,  are  placed  in 
the  heating  furnaces  until  heated  to  the  proper  heat  for  bending,  which  is  a  matter  of  some 
importance,  and  one  requiring  the  eye  of  an  experienced  workman  ;  since,  if  not  hot  enougli, 
,  *  A  corruption  of  scallop^  from  the  shape  of  the  iron. 


PIPE  ANB  TUBE  WORKS?  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


319 


tlie  oporatiou  will  be  frequently  interrupted  by  tlie  sticking  of  the  "  .skelp  "  in  tlie  jaws. 
When  the  heating  is  sufficient,  a  workman  raises  the  door  of  the  furnace,  seizes  the  end  of 
one  of  the  heated  strips,  and  forces  it  as  far  as  he  is  able  through  the  converging  jaws ;  a 
die  of  the  proper  size  is  held  in  its  groove,  and  the  jaws,  previously  set  to  the  proper  cali- 
bre, are  closed  upon  it.  The  projecting  end  is  now  grasped  by  the  waiting  tongs  of  the 
traversing-carriage.  This  is  in  an  instant  thrown  into  gear  by  another  attendant,  and  off  it 
travels,  dragging  after  it  the  bent  sheet,  nntil  it  is  freed  from  the  jaws.  In  its  present 
condition  it  has  the  form  of  a  tube,  but  its  edges  are  still  at  some  distance  apart,  having 
been  kept  so  by  a  bit  in  the  die,  which  fixed  it  in  the  jaws.  The  object  of  this  slight  part- 
ing of  the  edges  is  to  avoid  the  nndercurling,  which  wonld  be  sure  to  take  place  in  the  weld- 
ing operation  which  the  tube  must  next  midergo,  if  the  edges  were  bronght  near  enongh 
together  to  touch.  The  apparatus  for  welding  the  bent  sheet  is  almost  identical  with  that 
employed  in  the  bending  process  just  described,  except  that  tlie  form  of  the  jaws  is  of 
somewhat  different  shape,  to  adapt  them  to  their  somewhat  modified  function.  The  "  skelp," 
or  half-formed  tube,  is  next  placed  in  the  welding-furnace  until  properly  heated,  and  is  then 
similarly  forced  throngh  the  aperture  in  the  jaws,  which  are  so  designed  as  to  exert  a  great 
pressure  upon  all  sides  of  the  tube.  Thus  the  open  edges  of  the  "  skelp  "  are  brought  to- 
gether with  great  force,  and  firmly  united.  The  form  of  the  joint  or  seam  thus  made  is 
called  the  "  butt-weld,"  the  edges  being  simply  united  by  contact  under  great  pressure,  and 
no  lapping  involved.  This  is  the  nature  of  the  weld  universally  employed  for  pipes  which 
are  designed  for  service  where  but  little  strain  will  be  exercised  upon  them,  such  as  pipes 
for  conveying  gas,  water,  etc.  In  other  forms  of  pipe,  designed  for  boiler-tubes,  well-tubes, 
steam  conveyers,  etc.,  which  will  be  called  upon  to  withstand  unusual  strains,  a  joint  of  ex- 
traordinary strength,  known  as  the  "  lap-weld  "  is  given  them,  rendering  them  as  homo- 
geneous in  structure  as  though  no  joint  had  been  effected,  and  no  more  liable  to  break  at 
the  joint  than  at  some  other  part  of  their  structure.  After  the  welding  above  described, 
the  pipes  are  sixbjected  to  a  simple  rolling  process,  to  render  them  perfectly  straight  and 
round,  and  after  cooling,  are  taken  to  the  finishing  rooms  to  be  cut  to  proper  lengths,  sup- 
plied with  screw  threads-at  the  ends,  and  sockets  for  connection,  tested  by  hydraulic  pressure 
as  to  their  freedom  from  flaws,  and  then,  if  approved,  assorted  into  bundles  convenient  for 
transportation.  The  screw-cutting  machines,  of  Avhich  there  are  twenty  or  more  in  this  de- 
partment, are  models  of  machines  for  special  work,  and  are  designed  to  combine,  under  the 
management  of  one  skilled  workman,  a  number  of  separate  functions.  The  same  machine 
cuts  off  the  end  of  the  pipe  squarely,  cuts  the  screw  thread  upon  it ;  and  the  inotion  being 
reversed  to  remove  the  freshly-cut  thread  from  the  dies,  the  other  end  of  the  pipe,  previ- 
ously furnished  with  a  thread,  is,  by  the  reversed  motion,  screwed  into  the  socket.  To 
effect  these  manifold  operations,  the  pipe  is  placed  in  a  rotating  cylinder,  in  one  end  of 
which  is  a  chuck  to  liold  the  pipe  ;  and  the  whole  is  revolved  by  a  cross-belt  from  the  main 
shaft.  The  cluick  is  provided  with  dies,  which  are  bi'ought  together  by  turning  a  head- 
screw,  while  a  cutter  head  with  cutter  operated  by  hand,  is  just  in  front  of  the  chuck.  With 
the  screw-cutting  machines  in  this  department,  it  is  possible  to  turn  out  over  6,000  finished 
pipes  per  day ;  each  of  them  requiring  but  the  attendance  of  one  workman.  The  socket- 
tapping  machines,  also  in  this  department,  have  perpendicular  spindles,  driven  by  a  vertical 
shaft  connected  with  the  main  shaft  by  a  bevel  wheel  and  pinion.  The  socket  is  held  in  a 
square  chuck,  which  opens  and  shuts  by  the  turning  of  a  hand-screw.    But  one  workman 


320 


PIPE  AND  TUBE  WOERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


is  required  to  operate  four  of  the  tools,  and  will  be  able  to  cut  from  six  to  eigbt  thousand 
sockets  per  day.  Other  machines  are  employed  upon  the  work  of  finishing  the  gas  and 
steam  fittings  required  to  join  the  ends  of  pipes.  These  are  of  a  variety  of  forms,  necessi- 
tating the  tapping  of  holes  in  different  directions  for  T's,  L's,  crosses,  etc.,  and  the  machine 
is  modified  to  meet  the  necessities  of  the  case.  A  plain  disk  of  steel,  without  teeth,  in 
another  part  of  this  apartment,  to  which  great  speed  is  given,  is  busily  employed  in  cutting 
oS.  pipes.  The  pipe  is  made  to  revolve  upon  rollers,  and  is  fed  up  to  the  rotating  disk, 
which  does  its  work  in  an  instant.  In  the  process  of  finishing  pipes  for  transportation  the 
workman  in  chai'ge  of  the  screw-cutting  tool  tests  the  quality  of  the  metal  of  each  sample 
by  hammering  down  to  a  sharp  bend,  the  scrap  cut  ofE  from  the  ends.  Should  it  splinter 
under  the  hammer,  the  pipe  is  rejected  without  further  ado.  But  after  passing  through 
this  general  test  of  its  excellence,  it  goes  to  the  hands  of  another  workman,  whose  duty  it 
is  to  subject  it  to  hydraulic  pressure,  to  make  assurance  doubly  sui-e.  According  as  the 
pipe  is  destined  to  be  employed,  it  is  subjected  to  a  greater  or  less  strain,  which  it  must 
successfully  withstand  before  being  considered  in  fit  condition  to  be  sent  out  from  the  estab- 
lishment. For  the  purj)ose  of  this  test,  the  pipe  is  placed  in  a  species  of  trough,  and  firmly 
screwed  into  a  pipe  connected  with  a  powerful  force  pump,  while  the  other  end  is  as  firmly 
closed  by  screwing  up  against  a  solid  head  furnished  with  a  leather  washer.  Thus  posi- 
tioned, the  pump  is  set  into  operation,  forcing  water  into  tbe  pi]ie,  and  exerting,  of  course, 
an  immense  strain  upon  it  eqtially  in  all  directions,  and  throughout  its  entire  length.  A 
valve,  set  to  open  at  any  desired  pressure,  terminates  the  test,  when  the  pipe  has  reached 
that  pressure,  and  successfully  passed  this  final  and  thorough  ordeal,  by  opening  and  allow- 
ing the  confined  water  to  discharge  itself.  Should  the  slightest  flaw,  invisible  to  the  naked 
eye,  exist  in  any  of  the  pipes,  or  should  the  metal  composing  them  not  be  homogeneous  in 
texture,  but  from  any  cause  weak  in  certain  spots,  though  this  may  escape  exposure  beneath 
the  hammer  of  the  finisher,  the  hydraulic  test  will  infallibly  seek  out  the  weak  spots  and 
expose  the  existence  of  the  flaws.  J^othing  like  an  imperfection  can  possibly  escape  the 
searching  examination  to  which  the  pipe  is  here  subjected.  And  if  this  test  is  successfully 
withstood,  the  pipe  will,  with  absolute  certainty,  resist  a  strain  up  to  the  limit  to  which  it 
has  thus  been  proved.  The  pipes  which  have  stood  the  proof  are  then  passed  to  other 
workmen,  who  stamp  them  with  the  name  of  the  establishment,  and  they  are  then  packed 
into  bundles  preparatory  to  being  shipped.  It  might  be  added,  also,  that  there  are  some 
half-dozen  of  these  testing  machines  in  the  finishing  department,  all  of  them  in  constant 
operation.  The  strain  applied  to  various  pipes  is  greater  or  less,  as  has  already  been  re- 
marked, according  to  the  character  of  the  work  they  are  destined  to  perform.  For  gas, 
water,  and  steam  pipes,  they  are  all  proved  to  a  pressure  of  three  himdred  (300)  pounds  per 
square  inch  ;  for  pipes  destined  for  oil  or  artesian  wells,  or  similar  use,  under  circumstances 
where  they  will  be  subjected  to  unusual  pressures,  the  strain  which  they  are  reqiiired  to 
withstand  in  the  testing  machine  is  raised  to  one  thousand  (1,000)  pounds. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  have  been  made  evident  that  the  manufactTire  of  a  pipe  is 
not  a  simple  operation  requiring  but  little  care  or  good  management,  but  really  a  highly 
complex  one,  involving  a  number  of  distinct  stages,  each  of  them  demanding,  in  its  turn, 
a  new  process  and  special  machinery  ;  and  that  the  utmost  care  and  the  most  refined  philo- 
sophical appliances  are  called  into  requisition  to  insure  its  quality  before  it  is  ready  to  per- 
fonn  its  allotted  service. 


PirE  AND  TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


321 


From  the  manufacture  of  the  simple  "  butt-welded"  pipes,  the  next  operation  of  the 
establishment  which  would  naturally  follow  in  order  is  the  maniifacture  of  boiler-tubes. 
The  operations  here  carried  on  are  of  the  most  interesting  character,  the  processes  being 
likewise  more  complicated  in  character  than  those  previously  described.  The  engine  driv- 
ing the  machinery  of  this  bending  mill  is  supplied  with  steam  from  a  distance  of  GOO  feet 
from  the  boilers.  It  is  of  40  horse-power,  with  IG-inch  cylinder  and  20-inch  stroke,  mak- 
ing 79  revolutions  per  minute,  and  was  built  by  Hoff,  Fontaine  &  Abbot,  of  the  Eagle 
Works,  of  Philadelphia.  It  will  readily  be  understood  that  for  tubes  which  are  to  be  em- 
ployed as  steam  pipes,  or  within  boilers  or  wells  and  the  like,  a  joint  of  greater  strength 
than  the  simple  "  butt-weld  "  is  absolutely  necessary  ;  and  to  meet  this  necessity,  these  pipes 
are  made  with  a  lapped  joint,  and  are  known  in  shop  pliraseology  as  lap-welded  tubes.  In 
order  that  their  edges  shall  lap,  and  still  be  free  from  undercurling  or  greater  thickness  at 
the  line  of  joining,  it  is  found  necessary  to  "  scarf  "  the  edges  of  the  sheets,  preparatory  to 
their  introduction  into  the  furnaces.  This  scarfing  process  consists  simply  in  traversing  the 
sheets,  cut  down  to  the  exact  width  required  of  them,  successively  through  a  tool  furnished 
with  cutters  placed  at  the  proper  angle,  by  which  a  shaving  is  sheared  off  from  both  sides, 
leaving  a  sharp  bevelled  edge  along  the  whole  length  of  the  sheet.  These  may  then  be 
subsequently  lapped,  without  causing  the  piling  of  a  double  thickness  of  metal  at  the  line 
of  union.  After  the  "scarfing"  operation  has  been  completed,  the  sheets  so  treated  are,  as 
before  described,  bi'ouglit  into  the  bending  furnaces,  and  pass  through  exactly  the  same 
treatment  as  in  the  case  of  gas-pipe.  After  traversing  the  jaws,  the  "  skelp  "  or  imperfect 
tube  is,  upon  cooling,  transferred  to  the  welding-furnace,  to  be  perfected.  The  operations 
of  "  scarfing  "  and  bending  the  lap-welded  tubes  are  carried  on  in  a  large  apartment  adjoin- 
ing the  vast  welding-mill,  to  which  we  will  next  proceed. 

Directly  adjacent  to  this  "  boiler-tube  mill "  are  located — though  considerably  depressed 
below  the  floor-level  of  the  former — the  twelve  compound  tubular  boilers  of  the  establish- 
ment, which  supply  with  power  all  its  departments.  The  steam  from  these  is  conveyed 
through  arched  tunnels,  in  well-jacketed  pipes,  to  the  various  points  where  it  is  needed  for 
distribution.  The  tube-mill  itself  is  a  vast  apartment  over  400  feet  in  length  ;  and  dis- 
tributed at  regular  distances  throughout  its  extent  are  18  large  reverberatory  furnaces, 
from  which  the  "  skelp  "  from  the  department  above  described  is  fed  into  the  rolls  in  the 
welding  process.  The  blast  for  the  furnaces  is  furnished  from  two  great  blowers,  built  in 
the  works  and  located  near  the  centre  of  the  apartment.  The  engine  driving  the  rolls  and 
other  machinery  of  this  department  is  the  largest  in  the  establishment,  is  of  125  horse- 
power, was  built  by  the  well-known  firm  of  I.  P.  Moeeis  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  and  has  a 
22^-inch  cylinder,  4-foot  stroke,  making  47  tin-ns  per  minute.  The  engine  is  of  double  con- 
struction, both  vertical  and  hoi'izontal,  the  design  of  duplication  being,  as  remarked  in  the 
outset  of  this  sketch,  to  render  the  establishment  independent  of  any  accidental  breaks 
which  might  otherwise  occasion  embarrassing  delays.  One  of  the  engines  is  operated  for 
six  months  of  the  year,  and  is  then  relieved  of  duty  for  the  remainder  of  the  year,  being 
subjected,  before  going  on  duty  again,  to  a  thorough  overhauling  for  any  repairs  which  may 
be  found  necessary.  The  line  shafting  of  the  tube-mill  is  located,  as  in  the  previously 
named  instances,  entirely  under  ground,  and  is  about  1,200  feet  long.  The  products  of 
combustion  from  all  the  furnaces  are  led  by  underground  flues  into  one  huge  smoke-stack, 
150  feet  high,  situated  at  one  side  of  the  great  apartment,  through  which  they  escape.  As 


322 


PIPE  AIS-D  TUBE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNFrED  STATES. 


to  the  capacity  of  the  furnaces  in  tlie  mill,  it  may  be  remarked,  aside  from  the  incidental 
fact  that  they  are  kept  in  constant  operation  day  and  night,  until  it  is  found  necessary  to 
stop  one  or  more  of  them  for  repairs,  that  each  is  capable  of  finishing  from  20  to  225  pipes 
per  day,  according  to  the  size  of  the  product  turned  out.  Extending  along  the  front  of  the 
range  of  furnaces  is  a  long  series  of  roll-trains,  through  which  the  "  skelp  "  from  the  weld- 
ing-furnaces, heated  to  the  welding  heat,  is  forced.  The  operation  of  lap-welding  requires, 
however,  another  process  of  manufacture  than  in  the  case  of  butt-welding  at  first  described. 
The  vastly  increased  strength  demanded  of  the  products  of  this  process,  demands  that  the 
weld  shall  be  a  far  more  perfect  one  than  was  the  case  with  the  butt-welded  tubes.  To  se- 
cure this,  however,  it  is  necessary  to  subject  the  tube  to  a  much  higher  pressure  in  the  weld- 
ing process.  This  again  requires,  in  order  to  avoid  the  undercurling  of  the  bevelled  edges 
of  the  "  skelp,"  that  the  pressure  shall  be  applied  both  to  the  inside  and  outside  of  the 
tubes.  To  accomplish  this,  a  mandrel  is  employed  of  the  proper  dimensions  and  of  a 
slightly  conical  form,  which  is  carried  upon  the  end  of  an  iron  rod  somewhat  smaller  than 
the  interior  diameter  of  the  tube  to  be  welded.  This  is  forced  into  the  interior  of  the  pipe, 
as  the  end  of  the  pipe  first  enters  the  rolls,  and  the  pipe  is  forced  out  of  it,  throughout  its 
entire  length.  Thus  the  combined  results  of  a  powerful  pressure,  both  from  without  and 
wdthin  is  effected,  and  the  structure  of  the  joint  made  perfectly  homogeneous  with  the  re- 
mainder of  the  pipe.  The  mandrel,  after  performing  its  function,  drops  from  the  further 
end  of  the  pipe,  destroyed  by  the  tremendous  operation  through  which  it  has  passed  —and  a 
fresh  one  is  needed  for  every  tube  which  passes  through  the  rolls.  It  is  hardly  necessary 
to  say  that  the  mandrels  must  be  manufactured  with  the  utmost  precision.  They  are  taken 
from  the  foundry  where  they  have  been  cast,  and  finished  with  accuracy  in  a  special  depart- 
ment. The  operation  of  lap-welding,  as  it  is  constantly  carried  on  in  this  department,  is  of 
the  most  striking  character,  and  at  once  rivets  the  attention,  and  affords  great  interest  to 
the  stranger  who  witnesses  it.  The  imperfectly  formed  tubes  from  the  bending-mill  are 
placed  in  the  welding-furnaces,  and  when  heated  to  their  proper  temperature,  are  seized  by 
the  waiting  workman,  and  the  end  thrust  between  the  revolving  rolls.  Here  it  is  caught 
by  both  rolls  and  mandrel,  and  by  the  former  it  is  rapidly  carried  through  them  ;  the  whole 
operation,  after  the  tube  emerges  from  the  furnace,  does  not  occupy  more  than  a  few 
seconds ;  and  the  appearance  of  the  swiftly-projected,  glowing  mass,  emitting  a  scries  of 
sharp  reports  as  loud  as  the  discharge  of  a  volley  of  musketry,  repeated  every  minute  from 
one  or  the  other  of  the  eighteen  furnaces,  is  so  curious  and  unlike  anything  else  that  one 
has  ever  before  observed,  that  in  spite  of  the  intolerable  heat  from  the  furnaces  and  from 
the  heaps  of  finished  tubes  scattered  in  profusion  about  the  furnaces,  one  is  never  tired  of 
witnessing  the  repetition  of  the  novel  spectacle.  After  proper  cooling,  the  now  perfectly 
welded  tube  is  taken  into  the  finishing  department,  and  there  goes  through  the  same  opera- 
tions of  squaring  up,  receiving  screw-threads  on  its  ends,  and  passing  the  hydraulic  test,  and 
bundling  for  transportation,  which  have  also  been  described  in  a  former  portion  of  this 
article.  The  extent  of  the  production  of  lap-welded  tubes  by  this  establishment  is  simply 
enormous,  amounting  to  10  miles  per  diem.  They  are  employed  in  every  portion  of  the 
continent,  for  the  greatest  variety  of  uses ;  and  so  great  is  the  demand  for  them  that,  de- 
spite the  vast  facilities  of  the  establishment,  they  are  seldom  up  with  their  orders  in  supply- 
ing them. 

With  tlic  machinery  at  present  in  operation,  the  factory  is  enabled  to  manufacture 


FK4  Aj 
*  f 

PIPE  AND  TUBE  WOBKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  I  '  323 

tubes  of  this  description  of  all  sizes  up  to  8|-  inches,  and  which,  it  is  needless  w  say,  is  a 
feat  which  cannot  be  accomplished  by  any  other  establishment  of  a  similar  kind  in  .the 
counti'y  ;  and  machinery  is  now  being  erected  by  which  tubes  of  12  inches  in  diameter  can 
be  manufactured.  All  of  the  tubes  pass  through  the  same  processes,  receive  the  same  at- 
tention, and  are  equally  perfect  in  construction,  as  none  but  the  best  American  charcoal 
iron  is  employed  in  their  manufacture. 

"We  have  devoted  so  much  space  to  the  description  of  the  processes  involved  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  tubes,  because  it  is  the  most  abundant  and  by  far  the  most  interesting  product 
of  this  great  factory.  To  these  products  belong  the  machinery  necessary  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  illuminating  gas.  And  the  establishment  possesses  the  most  ample  facilities  for 
erecting  a  gas  works  complete  from  the  very  beginning,  the  retorts  and  buildings  involved, 
to  the  gas-holder  for  storing  the  gas  ;  and — not  to  stop  here — for  the  pipes  for  supplying 
and  distributing  it  from  the  works  to  the  house  of  the  consumer,  with  all  the  variety  of  fit- 
tings of  cast  or  wrought  iron  which  can  be  imagined,  and  even  the  tools  for  the  gas-fitter's 
trade,  are  here  produced.  In  the  construction  of  hot-water  and  steam-heating  apparatus, 
the  establishment  has  long  been  famous.  One  of  the  forms  of  hot- water  furnaces  designed 
by  Mr.  Thomas  T.  Taskek,  formerly  of  the  firm,  has  received  most  flattering  commendation 
from  the  Committee  of  Science  and  Arts  of  the  Franklin  Institute. 

Of  the  many  special  devices  originated  or  manufactured  by  this  establishment,  those 
connected  with  heating  and  ventilating  appliances,  but  especially  those  pertaining  to  the 
manufacture  and  proper  distribution  of  coal-gas,  possess  great  interest.  In  the  latter  branch 
of  industry,  the  works  supply  everything  which  is  in  the  smallest  degree  connected  with 
it,  as  a  glance  at  the  catalogue  of  innumerable  items  will  sufiice  to  show.  To  illustrate  the 
facilities  possessed  by  them  in  erecting  gas-works,  and  the  advantages  which  they  can  alford 
to  those  desiring  to  introduce  gas  into  towns  or  cities,  a  brief  condensation,  in  which  is  enu- 
merated a  few  of  the  most  important  adjuncts  culled  from  the  catalogue,  will  be  given. 
Here  are  named,  among  numerous  less  important  items,  retorts,  and  all  casting  and  wrought- 
iron  work  required  for  setting  them,  on  the  latest  plan ;  tar-gates,  wrought-iron  stand- 
pipes,  retort  lids,  coke  wagons,  and  stokers'  tools ;  exhausters  and  compensators ;  by- 
passes capable  of  passing  from  4,000  to  150,000  cubic  feet  of  gas  per  hour;  with  engines, 
governors,  pressure  and  vacuum  gauges ;  scrubbers,  single  or  multitubular,  with  self-acting 
pumps  for  ammonia  water  ;  cataract,  and  single  and  multitubular  spray  washers  ;  purifiers 
capable  of  purifying  from  1,000  to  2,000,000  cubic  feet  of  gas  daily,  with  either  wet  or  dry 
lime,  or  oxide  of  iron  ;  carriages  designed  for  lifting  and  removing  the  covers  of  purifiers, 
and  arranged  either  for  floor  or  overhead  use  ;  meters,  square  and  round,  of  any  capacity  ; 
gas-holders,  single-lift  or  telescope,  with  cast  or  wrought  iron  suspension  frame ;  station 
governors,  with  regulating  and  indicating  columns  for  inlet  and  outlet  pipes  ;  and  dry  gov- 
ernors, with  flexible  diaphragms  for  underground  pipes ;  stop-valves,  centre-seals,  etc.  In 
the  last  item,  the  establishment  possesses  the  exclusive  control  of  the  manufacture  of  the 
improved  forms  of  valves  designed  by  Mr.  P.  Munzinger  (who  has  for  years  been  connected 
with  the  works),  which  designs  have  had  almost  universal  introduction  into  gas-works,  on 
account  of  various  advantages. 

In  addition  to  the  varied  product  already  noted,  this  flrm  introduced  in  June,  1873,  an 
addition  to  the  iron-tube  product,  which  demands  close  attention,  from  its  intrinsic  merit, 
and  the  opportunity  it  affords  for  the  adoption  of  low-priced  iron  tubing  in  uses  from  which 
41 


324 


PIPE  AND  TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


it  was  hitherto  entirely  excluded,  by  reason  of  the  material  composing  it.  This  is.  the  Vvl- 
CANizED  RuBBKK-coATED  Ikon  Tube.  Tliis  new  specialty  in  iron  tiihing  is  manufactured 
under  Finley's  patent  at  the  Pascal  Iron  "Works,  and  has  been  thoroughly  tested  for  two 
years  previous  to  its  introduction.  The  firm  place  it  upon  the  market  with  the  guarantee, 
which  in  their  case  is  explicitly  what  it  states,  that  wherever  it  may  be  introduced  for  the 
passage  of  natural  waters,  either  hot  or  cold,  its  merits  will  be  acknowledged  over  either 
galvanized  iron  or  lead  tubes,  which  are  now  extensively  used  for  such  purpose,  and  to 
which,  in  many  localities,  decided  prejudice  exists. 

The  indestructibility  and  purity  of  vulcanized  rubber  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  is 
here  adopted  are  well  known.  The  cost  of  this  rubber-coated  tubing  is  the  same  as  for 
galvanized  tubing  and  fittings.  A  thorough  test  of  it,  made  in  1873  by  Messrs.  Booth  & 
Gaerett,  analytical  chemists,  of  Philadelphia,  has  proved  that  it  will  bear  a  degree  of  heat 
above  300°,  water  having  been  boiled  in  it  for  several  hours.  Illuminating  gas  passed 
through  it  does  not  affect  it,  and  the  coating  resists  carbonic  acid  water,  sulphuric  and  muri- 
atic acid  solutions,  and  caustic  potash  solution,  while  the  neutral  salts  have  no  effect  on  it. 
The  manufacture  of  this  rubber-coated  tubing  may  therefore  be  considered  a  decided  step 
of  progress  in  this  industry. 

The  following  table  shows  the  principal  material  used  by  Morkis,  Tasker  &  Co.,  at 
the  Pascal  Iron  Works,  Philadelphia,  in  the  manufacture  of  wrought-iron  tubes,  also  num- 
ber of  persons  actually  dependent  upon  them  for  support  and  means  of  living  : 

'Basis. 

1  ton  charcoal  iron,  representing      tons  blooms,  140  hours'  labor,  1^  tons  coal. 
1  ton  blooms,  representing  3  tons  ore,  50  hours'  labor,  5  tons  coal. 
1  ton  puddled  iron,  representing  ly^^  tons  pig-iron,  77  hours'  labor,  2  tons  coal. 
1  ton  pig-iron,  representing  2|-  tons  ore,  25  hours'  labor,  2  tons  coal. 
1  ton  coal,  representing  20  hours'  labor. 
1  ton  ore,  representing  15  hours'  labor. 
1  day's  labor,  representing  10  hours. 
1  year,  300  working  days. 

1  man,  representing  four  (women  and  children)  dependent  upon  him  for  support. 

Actual  consumption  finished  and  pig-iron  at  Pascal  Iron  Works  during  1872 : 

7,500  tons  charcoal  iron. 
10,051;|-  tons  puddled  iron. 
5,625   tons  pig  iron. 
Items  entering  into  production  of  finished  iron  and  pig-iron : 

Coal. 

37,500  tons  consumed  at  Pascal  Iron  Works  in  making  tubes. 
46,875     "  "       in  making  9,375   tons  blooms. 

9,375     "  "  "         7,500   tons  charcoal  iron. 

37,142^   "  "  "       18,571^  tons  pig  iron. 

20,102|-  "  "  "       10,051^  tons  puddled  iron. 


Men,  one  year. 


150,995  tons,  giving  employment  to   1,006 


MPE  AND  TUBE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNTTED  STATES.  325 

LahoT. 

Men  one  year. 

150,995  tons  of  coal  consumed,  giving  employment  to   1,006 

Employed  in  production  of  tubes  at  Pascal  Iron  "Works   1,563 

Employed  in  production  of  iron  : 

7,500   tons  finished  charcoal  iron,  at  140  hours  per  ton,  employs...  366 

9,375   tons  blooms,  at  50  hours  per  ton,  employs   156 

10,051^  tons  puddled  iron,  at  77  hours  per  ton,  employs   257 

18,571:|-  tons  pig  iron,  at  25  hours  per  ton  employs   155 

74,552^  tons  iron  ore,  at  15  hours  per  ton,  employs   373 


Total  employed  per  year   3,876 


3,876  men,  each  representing  four  (women  and  children),  dependent  on  him  for  sup- 
port, equals  15,504  (fifteen  thousand  five  hundred  and  four). 

Labor  employed  in  handling,  transportation  (both  by  land  and  water),  and  in  distribu- 
ting this  product  of  wrought-iron  tubes,  after  it  leaves  place  of  manufacture,  and  dependent 
upon  such  distribution,  not  included  in  this  table,  would,  upon  a  fair  estimate,  swell  the 
total  number  of  souls  dependent  upon  this  product  of  one  manufacturer,  iip  to  at  least 
30,000  souls. 

To  facilitate  the  distribution  of  goods,  the  firm  has  established  the  following  agencies : 
MoEEis,  Tasker  &  Co.,  New  York  ;  Fullee,  Dana  &  Frrz,  Boston  ;  Haut,  Ball  &  Haet, 
Buffalo,  N.  y.  ;  Joseph  T.  Ryeeson,  Chicago ;  Thomas  Day,  San  Francisco  ;  Magens  & 
Co.,  Louisville,  Ky. ;  Cameeon,  Barclay  &  Co.,  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  Allen  Hill,  I^ew 
Orleans ;  Cleveland,  Brown  &  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  and  Huntington,  Hopkins  &  Co., 
Sacramento,  Cal. 

The  Tasker  Iron  Works. — Owing  to  the  growth  of  their  business,  and  difiiculty  in 
obtaining  proper  railway  connections  in  Philadelphia,  Messrs.  Morris,  Tasker  &  Co.  pur- 
chased in  January,  1873,  a  tract  of  land  of  1,000  acres,  adjoining  New  Castle,  Delaware, 
and  with  a  river  frontage  of  over  one  mile,  for  the  erection  of  an  additional  works  to  be 
called  the  Tasker  Iron  Works.  Work  has  been  prosecuted  in  these  mills  since  May,  1873, 
being  only  temporarily  suspended  at  the  time  of  the  panic,  and  they  will  be  in  operation 
as  speedily  as  finished.  The  new  works  will  include  three  separate  mills,  each  381  feet  in 
length,  but  connected  so  as  to  make  one  building  1,143  feet  by  150  feet.  There  is  also 
a  works  for  the  heating  of  the  blooms  used  in  pipe  manufacture  by  an  improved  process. 
At  the  tube  works  a  wharf  800  feet  long  will  be  built,  and  the  works  when  finished  will 
employ  3,000  hands.  For  the  accommodation  of  this  population,  the  firm  is  building  a 
city  of  200  dwelling  houses,  each  with  five  rooms,  and  supplied  with  bath  and  gas,  and 
opening  on  streets  00  feet  in  width,  lighted  with  gas  and  supplied  with  water.  Here  in  the 
future  will  be  a  model  town,  which  will  show  better  than  any  description,  the  comfort, 
prosperity,  and  well-being  of  the  American  working-man.  The  locality  chosen  for  these 
works  is  that  of  a  very  early  settlement  in  1637,  by  the  Swedes,  under  the  name  of  Sand- 


326 


PIPE  AXD  TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


huken.  Later  it  was  taken  by  the  Dutcli  trnder  Peter  Stuyvesant,  of  Knickerbocker 
fame.  In  IGG-i,  Sir  Robeet  Cakr  captured  the  place  and  changed  the  name  to  INTew  Cas- 
tle. It  is  located  just  at  the  head  of  Delaware  Bay,  only  sixty  miles  of  deep  and  always 
open  water  navigation  to  the  ocean.  Railway  communication  is  furnished  by  the  Delaware 
Railroad  branch  of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  to  the  north  and 
east,  as  well  as  south,  while,  via  the  New  Castle  and  Frenchtown  Railroad,  the  head  waters 
of  Chesapeake  Bay  are  reached  in  seventeen  miles.  The  locality  ought  to  be  a  fine  one 
for  making  iron,  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  firm  projects  the  erection  of  blast  furnaces 
here.  It  is  within  easy  water  carriage  of  ores  from  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  ;  indeed, 
Virginia  ores  of  excellent  quality  could  be  put  here  for  less  than  $3  per  ton,  while 
for  fuel,  it  commands  both  the  anthracite  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  bituminous 
and  splint  coals  of  "West  Virginia,  the  latter  the  purest  iron-making  coal  of  the  world,  and  one 
of  the  few  which  can  be  used  for  making  iron  raw.  From  this  point,  or  some  similar  lo- 
cality, will  be  shipped  the  American  pig-metal  which  in  the  not  very  distant  future  will 
control  the  markets  of  the  world.  We  have  noted  these  works  at  length,  as  the  represen- 
tative pipe  and  tube  works  of  the  world,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  commending  them  to 
the  examination  of  foreign  engineers  or  manufacturers  desirous  of  investigating  the  best 
types  of  the  American  iron  industry. 


Junction  Car  and  Flue  Works. 

W.  0.  Allison  5l  Sons.— Thirty-second  and  Walnut  Street.  Character  of  product, 
wrought-iron  tubes  (fl,ues)  for  boilers.   {See  also  Car  Worhs  of  Pen7i.) 

Ciunberland  Tube  Works. — Wji.  R.  IIakt.  7  and  9  North  Fifth  Street.  Wrought 
iron  tubes  and  pipes. 

Girard  Tube  Works  and  Iron  Co. — J.  II.  Mcrphy,  President ;  C.  T.  Muephy, 
Treasurer;  A.  L.  Murphy,  Secretary.  Office,  42  North  Fifth  Street.  Wovks,  corner 
Twenty-third  and  Filbert  Streets. 

Gloucester  Iron  Works. — Daved  S.  Brown,  President.  Office,  G  North  Seventh 
Street.    Works,  Gloucester,  N.  J.    Cast-iron  gas  and  water  pipe. 

Isaac  J.  Griffiths  &,  Bro.— 1537  South  Seventh  Street.  Tubes. 

Jas.  A.  Griffiths.~134:6  Whitehall  Street.  Wrought  and  cast-iron  pipe,  tubes,  fit- 
tings, tools,  etc. 

Thos.  Hart. — Tubes.    Twenty-third  and  Filbert  Street. 

Pancoast  &,  Maule.— 227  Pear  Street.  Wrought-iron  pipe  and  fittings.  Succeed  to 
Morris,  Tasker  &  Co.'s  steam  heating  department. 


PIPE  AISTD  TUBE  WOIIKS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


327 


Peace,  Cox  &.  Co.— 35  South  Fourth  Street.  Works,  Bridgeton,  N".  J.  Pipe  and 
gas-fitters'  tools. 

Seyfert  McManns  &  Co.— 631  Chestnut  Street.  "Works,  Camden,  J.,  and 
Reading,  Penn. 

Kensington  Iron  Foundry  and  Pipe  "Works. — Smith  &  Ellis.  Cast-iron  pipe. 
75  hands  employed. 

R.  D.  Wood  &  Co.— 400  Chestnut  Street.  Works,  Florence  and  Millville,  IST.  J. 
Cast-iron  pipe,  etc.    Product,  50,000  tons  annually.    500  hands  employed. 

Pittsburgh. 

Evans,  Dalzell  &  Co. — Wrought-iron  pipe  and  tubes.    "Works  extensive. 

Graflf  Tube  Works.— Wm.  Graff  &  Co.  140  First  Avenue.  Wrought-iron  pipe 
for  water,  gas,  steam,  and  oil,  and  boiler  tubes. 

This  firm  supplied  the  vs^rought-iron  pipe  used  in  the  government  boiler  tests,  made  at 
Pittsburgh,  and  which  was  said  to  be  of  superior  quality.  The  works  is  very  extensive, 
with  a  large  product,  and  always  busy. 

Phillips  &,  Cluley. — Wrought-iron  pipe. 

National  Foundry  and  Pipe  Works. — Wm.  Smith  &  Sons.  Ofiice,  Twenty-third 
Street,  near  Penn.  Works  on  Penn,  Smallman,  Railroad,  Twenty-third,  and  Twenty-Fourth 
Streets.  Character  of  product,  cast-iron  gas  and  water  pipe.  Gas  and  water  works,  con- 
struction, etc.    Annual  capacity,  00,000  tons,  or  200  tons  of  gas  and  water  mains  daily. 

This  is  claimed  to  be  the  largest  pipe  foundry  in  the  world,  and  has  great  celebrity.  It 
was  established  in  1854,  and  all  pipe  made  here  are  cast  vertically  in  dry  sand,  and  in 
twelve-feet  lengths.  The  consumption  of  iron  by  these  works  gives  an  idea  of  where  the 
pig-metal  goes  to,  as  the  amount  used  is  equal  to  the  annual  product  of  Jive  or  six  average 
hlast  f  urnaces,  running  on  mineral  coal  or  colce  \mth  hot  hlast. 

Reading  Tube  Works. — Seyfert,  McManns  &  Co.,  Reading,  Penn.  Philadelphia 
office,  631  Chestnut  Street.  Character  of  product,  lap-welded  boiler  tubes  made  of  refined 
charcoal  iron,  also  wrought-iron  pipe,  plain  and  galvanized,  and  gas  and  steam  fitters'  tools. 

This  is  a  very  extensive  works,  and  was  established  in  1839.  It  includes  two  blast 
furnaces,  the  Reading  Furnaces,  Reading  Steam  Forge,  Gibraltar  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill, 
Scott  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop,  Reading  Sheet  Mill,  Nail  Works,  and  Tube  Works. 
The  works  employs  in  all  2,500  hands,  and  makes  pig-iron,  bar,  plate,  hoop,  band,  scroll, 
rivet,  spike,  and  horse-shoe  iron,  heavy  armor  plates,  boiler  plates,  nails,  spikes,  rivets,  lap- 
welded  boiler-tubes,  wrought-iron  pipe,  artesian  and  oil  well  tubings,  all  sizes  and  gauges, 
sheet  iron,  steam  engines,  machinery,  ordnance,  projectiles,  rolls,  car-wheels,  marine  shaft- 
ings, etc.,  etc.,  etc.  In  the  Scott  Foundry  are  air  furnaces  of  a  melting  capacity  of  00 
tons  each,  and  cupolas  of  10  tons.  Flere  rolls  of  any  size,  and  chilled  car  and  driving  wheels 
are  made.    The  machine  shops  and  boiler  shops  are  among  the  largest  in  the  country,  and 


328 


PIPE  AND  TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


make  blowing,  pumping,  and  driving  engines,  including  tlie  Coeliss  engine.  The  entire 
])Iant  for  rolling-mills  is  contracted  for  here.  The  large  condensers  for  the  compound  en- 
gines on  the  iron  steamships  of  the  American  line  were  made  at  this  works,  and  arc  the 
largest  castings  of  the  kind  ever  made  in  this  country.  In  the  Reading  steam  forge,  marine 
shafting  to  a  weight  of  33  tons  has  been  made,  and  all  the  heavy  forgings  for  the  American 
line  of  steamships  was  done  here.  At  the  Gibraltar  forge,  charcoal  blooms  are  made,  and 
a  new  mill  is  being  built  for  rolling  boiler  and  ship  plates.  The  Reading  Sheet  mill  has 
the  exclusive  right  for  the  use  of  the  Lauth  patent,  three  high  rolls  for  sheets.  The  same 
firm  also  owns  the  Camden  Tool  and  Tube  Works  previously  noted. 

West  Reading  Boiler  and  Machine  Works. — Milleets  &  Kinsey.  Cast-iron 
water  pipe.    50  hands  employed. 

Ohio. 

Evans,  Clifton  &.  Evans.— Cincinnati.    Wrought-iron  pipes,  tubes,  etc. 

Greenwood  Pipe  Co. — Canal  and  Walnut  Streets,  Cinn.    Pipe  and  fittings. 

Gaylord  Iron  and  Pipe  Co. — T.  G.  Gaylokd  &  Co.,  92  Broadway,  Cincinnati. 
Works,  Newport,  Ky.    Cast-iron  pipe.    One  of  the  largest  works  in  the  country. 

Cleveland  Brass  and  Pipe  Works. — J.  R.  Woswick  &  Co.  Wrought-iron  pipe 
and  fittings. 

Forest  City  Pipe  Works, — Cleveland.  M.  IIogan,  President ;  T.  R.  Chase,  Vice- 
President  ;  J.  Faiemouxt,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.    50  hands  employed. 

Cleveland  City  Iron  Works. — Silas  MEEcnANT,  78  River  Street.  Gas  and  water 
pipe  all  sizes. 

B.  Barrett  &.  Co.— Wooster,    Specialty,  gas  pipe. 

Kentucky. 

Gaylord  Iron  and  Pipe  Co.— Newport.  T.  G.  G  atloed  &  Co.  Office,  92  Broad- 
way, Cinn. 

This  is  a  very  extensive  works,  melting  nearly  100  tons  daily  into  cast-iron  gas  and 
water  pipe. 

Dennis  Long  &  Co. — Louisville.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  works  in  the  country 
for  cast-iron  pipe,  and  includes  three  foundries.  The  product  is  favorably  known  through- 
out the  country.    A  large  amount  of  old  cannon  have  been  here  converted  into  gas  and 


PIPE  AND  TUBE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

water  pipe.    The  works  lias  three  cupolas,  and  the  casting-ladles  run  on  tracks  to  the  mo 
ing  pits,  where  all  pipe  is  cast  vertically. 

Michigan. 

North-western  Gas  and  Water  Pipe  Manufacturing  Co. — Bay  City.    Gas  and 

water  pipe  (cast-iron). 

Missouri. 

Eagle  Steam  Pipe  Works. — St.  Louis.  John  Goodwin.  Wrought  and  cast-iron 
steam  pipe,  specialty. 

Wisconsin. 

Hoffman,  Billings  &  Co. — Milwaukee.  Wrought-iron  gas  and  steam  pipe  and  fit- 
tings. 


THE  STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


42 


\ 


THE  STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


The  manufacture  of  stoves  forms  one  of  the  most  important  consuming  industries  of 
the  United  States,  as  may  readily  be  understood  from  the  fact  that  not  less  than  250,000 
tons  of  pig  metal  are  annually  consumed  in  this  business.  There  are  some  two  hundred  and 
fifty  firms  or  companies  engaged  in  this  industry  in  our  country,  and  the  statistics  of  the 
association  representing  those  manufacturers,  show  that  the  number  of  the  stoves  manufac- 
tured in  1870  was,  as  nearly  as  could  be  estimated,  2,100,000,  against  1,000,000  in  1860, 
being  an  increase  of  110  per  cent. 

This  product  represents  a  money  value  of  nearly  $50,000,000,  while  the  value  of  the 
metal  consumed  would  be  at  least  seven  and  a  half  million  dollars. 

No  branch  of  the  iron  industry  requires  a  more  varied  knowledge  for  its  successful  pros- 
ecution than  that  of  the  stove  manufacturer.  lie  must  combine  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  qualities  of  iron,  the  characteristics  of  the  different  grades  as  to  fluidity  in  melting  and 
ductility  in  casting,  with  a  practical  acquaintance  with  the  best  and  most  economical  methods 
of  melting  iron.  To  this  he  must  add  a  knowledge  of  fuels,  and  their  effect  upon  iron  in  the 
furnace,  the  peculiarities  of  the  different  kinds  of  moulding  sand,  the  method  of  moulding 
and  casting  stove  plates  and  hollow-ware,  the  principles  of  combustion  and  economical  con- 
sumption of  fuel.  To  all  these  he  needs,. if  he  would  be  successful,  to  have  a  very  appreci- 
ative eye  for  the  beautiful  in  design  and  ornamentation,  since  our  American  purchaser  re- 
quires in  the  stove  which  cooks  his  meals  or  warms  his  parlor,  something  more  than  an 
iron  box  wliich  shall  radiate  heat  by  the  consumption  of  fuel.  The  enormous  number  of 
stoves  manufactiu-ed  shows  the  extent  to  which  they  are  used,  and  especially  so  when  it  is 
considered  that  the  export  trade  in  this  line  is  comparatively  small. 

As  yet,  our  forms  and  styles  of  heating  and  cooking  stoves  have  not  been  generally  in- 
troduced either  in  England  or  Continental  Europe.  This  is  probably  due  to  cheaper  labor, 
lower-priced  iron,  and  a  different  fuel  in  use  abroad.  The  South  American  people  have 
not  yet  become  large  customers  for  this  line  of  goods,  but  the  demand  is  growing,  while, 
however,  curiously  enough,  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  are  buying  in  considerable  and  steadily 
mcreasing  quantities. 

The  stove  manufacturers  of  the  United  States  have  within  the  past  two  years  been 
thoroughly  and  practically  organized,  and  the  association  includes  a  majority  of  those  en- 
gaged in  the  business.  It  has  been  of  great  benefit  in  many  ways,  and  few  trade  associa- 
tions of  the  coimtry  have  shown  greater  life  or  energy  at  their  meetings. 

This  association  was  originated  by  John  S.  Perky,  Esq.,  of  Albany,  for  many  years  a 
leading  stove  manufacturer,  and  who  has  since  acted  as  its  president.    The  reports  of  this 


334 


STOVE  MAmJFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


body,  and  the  transactions  at  the  meetings,  held  semi-annually,  furnish  matter  of  general 
interest,  as  well  of  great  value,  to  the  trade  represented.  The  officers  of  this  association 
will  be  found  under  the  head  of  Iron  Associations,  and  the  names  of  the  stove 
manufacturers  of  the  covmtry,  with  their  respective  localities,  and  the  average  capacity  of 
each  works,  is  hereto  appended,  the  whole  being  classified  by  States. 

Maine. 

Wood,  Bishop  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Bangor.  Average  annual  capacity,  275 
tons  stoves. 

Hinkley  &,  Hollins. — Location  of  works,  Bangor.  Average  annual  capacity,  450 
tons  stoves. 

New  Hampshire. 

Somerset  Machiue  Co. — M.  C.  Bukleigh,  Agent.  Location  of  works.  Great  Falls, 
N.  II.    Average  annual  capacity,  3,000  tons  stoves.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery  castings. 

Harrison  Eaton. — Location  of  works,  Amherst,  N.  H.  Average  annual  capacity, 
275  tons  stoves. 

W.  P.  Ford  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  Concord.  Average  annual  capacity,  600  tons 
stoves.    Hands  employed,  30. 

Cole,  Bugbee  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Lebanon.  Average  annual  capacity,  450 
tons  stoves. 

B.  J.  Cole  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Lakeville.  Average  annual  capacity,  425  tons 
stoves. 

Vermont. 

O.  E.  Sheridan. — Location  of  works,  Highgate,  Yt.  Average  annual  capacity,  280 
tons  stoves. 

Massachusetts. 

Miles,  Pratt  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Boston.  Office,  High  Street,  near  Oliver. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons  stoves. 

Pratt  &  Wentworth.— Location  of  works,  Boston.  Office,  87  and  91  North  Street. 
Average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons  stoves. 


STOVE  MANUFACTUEEES  OF  THE  UNTTED  STATES.  335 

Magee  Furnace  Co.— Location  of  works,  Boston.  Office,  36  and  38  Union  St. 
Average  annual  capacity,  1,750  tons  stoves  and  heaters. 

Boston  and  Maine  Foundry  Co.— Location  of  works,  Boston.  Office,  139  Friend 
St.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons  stoves. 

Gardner  Chilson.— Location  of  works,  Boston.  Office,  99  and  101  Blackstone  St. 
Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons  stoves  and  heaters. 

Dighton  Furnace  Co. — Location  of  works,  Dighton  and  Boston.  Office,  98  1^'orth 
St.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,4:50  tons  stoves. 

Barstow  Stove  Co.— Office,  116  North  St.,  Boston. 

Joseph  L.  Bates. — Office,  Scates  Building,  Boston.    Location  of  works,  Brighton. 

L.  Chubbuck. — Office,  10  Bedford  St.,  Boston.  Hot-air  furnaces,  ventilators,  and 
chimney  tops. 

Plymouth  Iron  Foundry  Co.  —Location  of  works,  Plymouth.  Average  annual 
capacity,  TOO  tons  stoves. 

L.  M.  Leonard. — Location  of  works,  Taunton.  Average  annual  capacity,  TOO  tons 
stoves. 

Taunton  Iron  Works  Co. — Location  of  works,  Taunton.  Average  annual  capacity, 
800  tons  stoves. 

Sampson,  Perkins  St.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Taunton.  Average  annual  capacity, 
450  tons  stoves. 

Union  Furnace  Co. — Proprietor,  Joseph  "Weight.  Location  of  works,  Taunton. 
Average  annual  capacity,  700  tons  stoves.    40  hands  employed. 

Somerset  Co-operative  Foundry. — Location  of  works,  Somerset.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  450  tons  stoves. 

Matt,  Ellis  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  South  Carver.  Average  annual  capacity, 
850  tons  stoves. 

Connecticut. 

Stamford  Foundry  Co.— Location  of  works,  Stamford.  Average  annual  capacity, 
900  tons  stoves. 

N.  Ii.  Austin  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Norwalk.  Average  annual  capacity,  650 
tons  stoves. 

Richmond  Stove  Company.— Location  of  works,  Norwich.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, TOO  tons  stoves. 


336 


STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UATTED  STATES. 


Rhode  Island. 

Cove  Foxindry. — W.  S.  Gkangek  &  Co.  Location  of  v/orks,  Providence.  Average 
annual  capacity,  700  tons  stoves. 

Spicer  &.  Peckham. — Location  of  works,  Providence.  Average  annual  capacity, 
875  tons  stoves. 

Comstock  Foundry  Co. — Location  of  works.  Providence.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 1,300  tons  stoves. 

Barstow  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Providence.  Average  annual  capacity 
2,800  tons  stoves. 

Silver  Lake  Foundry  Co. — Location  of  works,  Olneyville.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 900  tons  stoves. 

Rhode  Island  Stove  Works.— Location  of  works,  Pawtucket.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 680  tons  stoves. 

New  York. 

Troy  Stove  Works.— Bttedett,  Smith  &  Co.    Location  of  works,  Troy.    120  men 

employed.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons,  equal  to  15,000  stoves. 

Bussey,  McLeod  &  Co.— Locations  of  works,  Troy  and  Chicago.  Average  annual 
capacity,  2,300  tons  stoves. 

John  H.  Quackenbush.— Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  950 
tons  stoves. 

Co-operative  Foundry  Co.— Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity, 
900  tons  stoves. 

Victor  Foundry.— Eddy,  Coese  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual 
capacity,  1,200  tons,  equal  to  12,000  stoves,  heaters,  etc.    N'umber  of  hands,  125. 

Vail  Avenue  Foundry.  — II.  G.  Giles  &  Son.  Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average 
annual  capacity,  1,000  tons,  equal  to  6,000  stoves.    75  hands. 

Fuller,  Warren  8l  Co.— Location  of  works,  Troy  and  Chicago.  Average  annual 
capacity,  3,000  tons  stoves. 

G.  H.  Phillips  &,  Co.— Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,450 
tons  stoves. 


STOVE  1[ANUFACTUHERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  337 

Sheldon  &  Greene.  — Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  280  tons 
stoves. 

H.  &,  H.  S.  Church.  — Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons 
stoves. 

James  Wager.— Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annnal  capacity,  1,850  tons 
stoves. 

Swett,  Quimby  &  Perry.— Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,900  tons  stoves. 

Hicks  &  Wolfe.— Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  3,500  tons 
stoves.    150  hands  employed. 

Palmer  &  Hicks.  — Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons 
stoves. 

Potter  &,  Co, — Location  of  works,  Troy.    Average  annual  capacity,  700  tons  stoves, 

Foxell  Sl  Jones. — Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity  valued  at 
$150,000.    75  hands  employed. 

G.  W.  Eddy. — Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,900  tons 
stoves. 

D.  £.  Paris  St,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Troy.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,450  tons 
stoves. 

J.  L.  Mott  Iron  Works.— Location  of  works,  New  York.  Office,  90  Beekman  St. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,700  tons  stoves. 

Union  Stove  Works. — Location  of  works,  l^ew  York.  Office  88  Beekman  St. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,300  tons  stoves. 

Munsell  &,  Thompson. — Location  of  works,  New  York.  Office,  218  "Water  St. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,250  tons  stoves. 

Southard,  Robertson  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  New  York.  Office,  231  Water 
St.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,400  tons  stoves. 

Richardson,  Boynton  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  New  York.  Office,  234  "Water 
St.    Average  annual  capacity,  800  tons  stoves. 

P.  Pollhaus  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  New  York.  Office,  248  "Water  St.  Average 
annual  capacity,  600  tons  stoves. 

J.  H.  Keyser  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  105  East  Ninth  St.,  New  York.  Office, 
211  "Water  St.    Average  annual  capacity,  050  tons  stoves. 


338  STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Filley  &,  Lyman. — Location  of  works,  New  York  and  Troy.  228  Water  St.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  900  tons  stoves. 

Burtis  &  Graff. — Location  of  works,  New  York.  Office,  206  "Water  St.  Average 
annual  capacity,  700  tons  stoves. 

Gibbs,  Burke  &.  Co.— Location  of  works,  New  York.    Office,  206  Water  St. 

Ely  &,  Bamsay. — Location  of  works,  New  York.  Office,  207  Water  St.  Average 
annual  capacity,  250  tons  stoves. 

Blackwells  &.  Burr. — Location  of  works,  New  York.  Average  annual  capacity, 
475  tons  stoves. 

J.  Savery's  Sons.— Location  of  works,  New  York.  Office,  97  Beekman  St.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  1,-100  tons  stoves. 

American  Stove  Works. — Peekskill  and  New  York.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,450  tons  stoves. 

Montrose,  Lent  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  P^eekskill  and  New  York.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  950  tons  stoves.- 

Hubbell  Bros. — Location  of  works,  Buffalo.  Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons 
stoves. 

Jewett  &  Hoot. — Location  of  works,  Buffalo  and  Chicago.    5,000  tons  stoves.  • 

G.  B.  Bull. — Location  of  works,  Buffalo.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400  tons 
stoves. 

Hunt  Sl  Miller. — Location  of  works,  Hudson.  Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons 
stoves. 

J.  S.  &  M.  Peckham. — Location  of  works,  Utica.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,800 
tons  stoves. 

Russell  Wheeler. — Location  of  works,  LFtica.    Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons 
stoves. 

N.  Brayer  (Co-operative  Foundry  Co.), — Location  of  works,  Rochester.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  920  tons  stoves. 

Norman  H.  Galusha. — Location  of  works,  Rochester.    Average  annual  capacity, 
700  tons  stoves. 

Sill  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Rochester.    Average  annual  capacity,  value, 
$175,000.    Nmnber  of  hands,  75. 


STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


339 


Rathbone  Stove  Works. — Proprietors,  Rathbone,  Sakd  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Albany  and  Chicago.  Average  annual  capacity,  4,000  tons,  equal  to  40,000  stoves.  Num- 
ber of  hands,  365. 

H.  Ransom  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Albany.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,800 
tons  stoves. 

B.  McCoy. — Location  of  works,  Albany.   Average  annual  capacity,  1,350  tons  stoves. 

Van  Wermer  &,  McGarvey. — Location  of  works,  Albany.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 1,200  tons  stoves. 

S.  W.  Gibbs  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  Albany  and  New  York.  Average  annual 
capacity,  900  tons  stoves. 

Treadwell  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Albany.  Average  annual  capacity,  480 
tons  stoves. 

Backus,  Button  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  Albany.  Average  annual  capacity,  450 
tons  stoves. 

Littlefield  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Albany.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  1,500  tons  furnaces  and  stoves.    200  hands  employed. 

Oriental  &  American  Stove  Works. — Perey  &  Co.  Location  of  v»^orks,  115 
Hudson  Avenue,  Albany.  Office,  86  Peekman  St.,  New  York.  Average  annual  capacity, 
5,000  tons  stoves.  This  well-known  establishment  has  been  in  successful  operation  under 
various  firms  for  more  than  sixty  years.  There  is  but  one  foundry  north  of  the  Highlands 
its  senior. 

It  has  ever  been  noted  for  the  excellent  quality  of  its  productions,  and  for  its  uniformly 
advanced  position  in  all  matters  of  improvement. 

Tlie  successful  introduction  of  the  base-burning  principle,  now  so  popular,  is  in  a 
great  measure  due  to  sagacity  and  skill  of  this  firm. 

They  have  also  perfected  the  application  of  tlie  clinkerless  grate  to  all  heating  struct- 
ures, which  is  making  such  a  revolution  in  coal  burning. 

They  have  now  taken  up  the  new  steam-heating  furnace,  invented  by  H.  G.  Buckley, 
Esq.,  and  as  absolutely  pure  and  healthful  air  is  guaranteed  from  it,  and  the  cost  is  within 
the  reach  of  all,  it  will  prove,  without  doubt,  a  public  blessing. 

It  is  to  such  progressive  firms  that  much  is  due  for  the  advancement  of  our  manufact- 
uring industries. 

Messrs.  Perky  &  Co.  manufacture  yearly  about  5,000  tons  of  stoves  and  furnaces, 
representing  a  product  valued  at  about  one  million  dollars. 

J.  B.  McDavidson  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Albany.  Average  annual  capacity, 
500  tons  stoves. 

Wm.  Doyle. — Location  of  works,  Albanj^.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400  tons 
stoves. 

43 


340  STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

John  A,  Goewey. — Location  of  works,  Albany.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,900 
stoves. 

Sanford  &  Shute. — Location  of  works,  Schenectady.  Average  annual  capacity,  450 
tons  stoves. 

New  Jersey. 

Phillipsburg  Stove  Works.— Location  of  works,  Fliillipsburg.  OflSce,  New 
York.    Average  annual  capacity,  950  tons  stoves. 

Carbon  Stove  Co.— Location  of  works,  Burlington.  New  York  office,  234  Water 
St.    Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons  stoves. 

Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia  Hollow  Ware  Co. — Baekows,  Saveky  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
1401  South  Front  St.    Specialty,  hollow-ware  castings.    150  hands  employed. 

Tibbals,  Shirk  &  Whitehed. — Location  of  works,  Erie  and  Chicago.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  2,000  tons  stoves. 

Leibrandt  &,  McDowell  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Philadelphia.  Average 
annual  capacity,  2,750  tons  stoves.    250  hands. 

American  Stove  and  Hollow  Ware  Co. — Location  of  works.  Second  and  MiiSin 
Sts.,  Philadelphia.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons  stoves. 

Excelsior  Stove  Works. — I.  A.  Siieppakd  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  1018  Mar- 
shall St.,  Philadelphia.    Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  tons  stoves.    200  hands  employed. 

Quakertown  Stove  Works. — Tuomas  Rocekts,  Stevekson  &  Co.  Location  of 
works,  Philadelphia.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons  stoves.    75  hands  employed. 

Liberty  Stove  Works. — Ch.vkles  Noble  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Pliiladelphia. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,400  tons  stoves. 

Cox,  Whiteman  &  Cox. — Location  of  works,  American  and  Dauphin  Sts.,  Philadel- 
phia. Office,  lOG  North  Second  St.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons  stoves.  110 
hands  employed. 

Stuart  Peterson  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  corner  Broad  and  Willow  Sts.,  Phila- 
delphia.   Average  annual  capacity,  1,900  tons  stoves. 

James  Spear  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Philadelphia.  Average  annual  capacity, 
2,000  tons  stoves. 

John  J.  Roeper. — Location  of  works,  Philadelphia.  Average  annual  capacity,  800 
tons  stoves. 


STOVE  MANUFACTUKEES  OF  THE  UlS'^ITED  STATES.  341 

Shuntz  Sl  Keeley. — Location  of  workp,  Philadelpliia.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,300  tons  stoves. 

T.  Mcllvain  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  corner  Eiglith  St.  and  "Washington  Avenue, 
Pliiladelpliia.    48  hands  employed. 

South  Erie  Iron  Works. — Location  of  works,  Erie,  Average  annual  capacity,  450 
tons  stoves. 

Orr,  Painter  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Reading.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400 
tons  stoves. 

Johnson,  Black  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Erie.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,300 
tons  stoves. 

Union  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. —Location  of  works,  Pittston.  Average  annual 
capacity,  450  tons  stoves. 

Susquehanna  Iron  Works. — Raymond  &  Campbell.  Location  of  works.  Middle- 
town.    Average  annual  capacity,  400  tons  stoves. 

March,  Sisler  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  Limerick  Bridge.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 475  tons  stoves. 

Continental  Stove  and  Variety  Works. — Fkancis,  Brcicw alter  &  Co.  Loca- 
tion of  works,  Royer's  Ford.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,200  tons  stoves.  60  men  em- 
ployed. 

Scranton  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. — F.  F.  Hurst,  President ;  J.  A.  Price,  Sec- 
retary. Location  of  works,  Scranton.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  stoves.  50  hands 
employed. 

Lehigh  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Lehiton.  Average  annual  capacity,  700  tons 
stoves. 

H.  O.  Silkman. — Location  of  works,  Providence.  Average  annual  capacity,  400  tons 
stoves. 

Garhart  8u  Co. — Location  of  works,  Tunckhannock.  Average  annual  capacity,  200 
tons  stoves. 

Rosenbeyer,  Light  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Lebanon.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 480  tons  stoves. 

Economy  Stove  Works. — A.  F.  "Wolf.  Location  of  works,  Beaver  Falls.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  900  tons  stoves.    35  hands  employed. 

Co-operative  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Beaver  Falls.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 200  tons  stoves. 


1 


342  STOVE  JIANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

A.  Bradley  &-  Co. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg.  Average  animal  capacity,  1,900 
tons  stoves. 

Mitchell,  Stevenson  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 1,850  tons  stoves. 

J.  B.  Herron  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,000 
tons  stoves. 

De  Haven  &,  Son. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400 
tons  stoves. 

Graff,  Hurgns  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,800  tons  stoves. 

Bissel  8u  Co. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg.  Average  annual  capacity',  1,800  tons 
stoves. 

Anshultz  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Pittsburg.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400 
tons  stoves. 

Maryland. 

Isaac  A.  Sheppard  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Baltimore.  Average  annual  capacity, 
900  tons  stoves. 

Armstrong  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  Port  Deposit.  Average  annual  capacity,  900 
tons  stoves. 

Virginia. 

Bichmond  Architectural  Works. — Location  of  works,  Eiclimond.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  1,300  tons  stoves. 

West  Virginia. 

J.  Bell  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  "Wheeling.  Average  annual  capacity,  875  tons 
stoves. 

Culbertson  &.  Fisher. — Location  of  works,  "Wheeling.  Average  annual  capacity, 
900  tons  stoves. 

D.  Lynn  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  "Wheeling.  Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons 
stoves. 

Sweeneys  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Wheeling.  Average  annual  capacity,  950  tons 
stoves. 


STOVE  MANUFACTUliEES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  .  3-A3 

J.  O.  Miller. — Location  of  works,  New  Cumberland.  Average  annual  capacity,  650 
tons  stoves. 

O.  S.  Despzird  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Parkersburg.  Average  annual  capacity, 
600  tons  stoves. 

Geo.  Davis  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Charleston,  West  Va.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 600  tons. 

Delaware. 

H.  F.  Pickles. — Location  of  works,  "Wilmington.  Average  annual  capacity,  480  tons 
stoves. 

Michigan. 

Michigan  Stove  Co.'s  Works. — President,  F.  Palms  ;  Secretary,  Q.  II.  Bareoue. 
Location  of  works,  Detroit.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,900  tons  stoves.  Value,  8200,000. 
300  bands. 

Detroit  Stove  Works. — Wm.  II.  Tefft.  Location  of  works,  Detroit.  Average 
annual  capacity,  3,000  tons  stoves.    250  hands  employed, 

J.  D.  Miller,  Agent. — Location  of  works,  "Wyandotte.  Average  annual  capacity, 
450  tons  stoves. 

Ohio. 

Myers,  Rouse  &  Co.— Location  of  works,  Cleveland.  Office,  129  "Water  St.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  1,500  tons  stoves.    150  hands  employed. 

Low,  Crowl  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cleveland,  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400 
tons  stoves. 

G.  B.  Burton.— Location  of  works,  Cleveland.  Average  annual  capacity,  450  tons 
stoves. 

Cleveland  Co-operative  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cleveland.  Average 
annual  capacity,  1,800  tons  stoves. 

Cleveland  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cleveland.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,800  tons  stoves. 

Hitchcock  &.  Carter. — Location  of  works,  Cleveland.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,400  tons  stoves. 

Geauga  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Painesville.  Average  annual  capacity,  675 
tons  stoves.    30  hands  employed. 


344  STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  Tlli:  UNITED  STATES. 

Perry  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Salem.  Average  annual  capacity,  G80  tons 
stoves. 

Victor  Stove  Co.— Location  of  works,  Salem.  Average  annual  capacity,  G50  tons 
stoves. 

Salem  Stove  Works. — J.  Woodruff  &  Son.  Location  of  works,  Salem.  40 
hands.    A^'erage  anniial  capacity,  G80  tons  stoves.    Value,  $8,000. 

Ohio  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Tiffin.  F.  P.  Bloom,  General  Manager.  Aver- 
age annual  capacity,  850  tons  stoves.    GO  hands  employed. 

Defiance  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works.  Defiance.  Average  annual  capacity,  450 
tons  stoves. 

Taplin,  Rice  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Akron.  Average  annual  capacity,  950  tons 
stoves. 

Gr.  W.  Gill. — Location  of  works,  Columbus.  53  hands.  Average  annual  capacity, 
600  tons,  equal  to  7,000  stoves,    53  hands. 

Chamberlain  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capacity,  900 
tons  stoves. 

Galway,  Semple  &,  Co. — Location  of  v/orks,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capacity, 
2,400  tons  stoves. 

Wm.  Resor  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,350 
tons  stoves. 

Meeres,  Olhaber  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capacity, 
3,8000  tons  stoves. 

Miami  Stove  Works. — Youkteee,  IIollister  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Cincin- 
nati.   Office,  94  West  Second  St.    Average  annual  capacity,  1,800  tons  stoves. 

G-reenwood  Stove  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,750  tons  stoves. 

Redway  &  Burton. — Location  of  works,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capacity, 
2,400  tons  stoves. 

Pomeroy,  Peckover  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capac- 
ity, 1,900  tons  stoves. 

W.  C.  Davis  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cincinnati.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400 
tons  stoves. 


BTOVE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  345 

Kellenger  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Massillon.  Average  annual  capacity,  680  tons 
stoves. 

Greer  &.  King. — Location  of  works,  Dayton.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,400  tons 
stoves. 

Brown  &.  Irwin. — Location  of  works,  Dayton.  Average  annual  capacity,  950  tons 
stoves. 

Dayton  Stove  and  Hollow  Ware  Foundry. — Neff  &  Bennett.  Location  of 
works,  Dayton.    Average  annual  capacity,  400  tons  stoves.    20  hands. 

Beyer  &  McMaster. — Location  of  works,  Dayton.  Average  annual  capacity,  500 
tons  stoves,  etc. 

Sharp  &,  Son. — Location  of  works,  Steubenville.  Average  annual  capacity,  450  tons 
stoves,  etc. 

J.  W.  Gray  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Martin's  Ferry.  Average  annual  capacity, 
400  tons  stoves. 

Woodcock  &  Bros. — Location  of  works,  Bridgeport.  Average  annual  capacity, 
450  tons  stoves. 

Shinnick,  Woodside  &  Gibbons. — Location  of  works,  Zanesville.  Average  annual 
capacity,  500  tons  stoves. 

Jones  &  Abbott. — Location  of  works,  Zanesville.  Average  annual  capacity,  650 
tons  stoves. 

H.  Wells  &  Bro. — Location  of  works,  Martin's  Ferry.  Average  annual  capacity,  680 
tons  stoves. 

Cochran,  Bozeman  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  McConnellsville.  Average  annual 
capacity,  480  tons  stoves. 

W.  F.  Robertson  &>  Co. — Location  of  works,  Beverly.  Average  annual  capacity, 
480  tons  stoves. 

A.  T.  Nye  &  Son. — Location  of  works,  Marietta.  Average  annual  capacity,  450 
tons  stoves. 

J.  H.  Wall  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Barnesville.  Average  annual  capacity,  '400 
tons  stoves. 


346  STOVE  JIANUFACTUEERS  OF  THE  UNRED  f.TATES. 

M.  G.  Knox  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Ilarmar.  Average  annual  capacity,  400 
tons  stoves. 

H.  Everhart  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  Portsmouth.  Average  annual  capacity, 
675  tons  stoves. 

V 

Martin,  Henderson  &,  Co. — Location  of  works.  Hanging  Rock.  Average  annual 
capacity,  950  tons  stoves. 

Warren  Stove  Works. — Proprietors,  James  Reed  &  Sons.  Location  of  works, 
"Warren.    Average  annual  capacity  valued  at  $65,000.    30  hands  employed. 

Indiana. 

Delos  Root  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Indianapolis.  Average  annual  capacity,  950 
tons  stoves. 

Mothershead  &.  Morris. — Location  of  works,  32  South  Meridian  Street,  Indianapo- 
lis.   Average  annual  capacity,  1,500  tons,  equal  15,000,  stoves.    90  hands. 

Excelsior  Stove  Works. — Blemker,  Tilleji  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Evansville. 
Average  annual  capacity  valued  at  §125,000.    45  hands, 

Browneller,  Grayville  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Evansville.  Average  annual 
capacity,  GOO  tons  stoves. 

I.  H.  Poelker  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Evansville.  Average  annual  capacity, 
500  tons  stoves.    Men  employed,  50. 

National  Stove  and  Hollow  Ware  Foundry. — G.  F.  II.  GonjiAN  &  Co.  Loca- 
tion of  works,  jSTew  Albany.    Average  annual  capacity,  500  tons  stoves.    50  hands. 

R.  Ij.  Ball. — Location  of  works,  Terre  Haute.  Average  annual  capacity,  500  tons 
stoves. 

Illinois. 

Rock  Island  Stove  Co. — F.  I.  Robinsox,  President ;  A.  WnrrE,  Secretary  and 
Superintendent.  Location  of  works,  Rock  Island.  Average  annual  capacity,  0,000  stoves. 
40  hands  employed. 

Coulter  &  Proctor. — Location  of  works,  Peoria,  Average  annual  capacity,  975  tons 
stoves, 

A.  N.  Bain  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Charleston.  Average  annual  capacity,  700 
tons  stoves. 


Bloomington  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Blooiningtoiixv^v- 
erage  annual  capacity,  TOO  tons  stoves. 


STOVE  MANCJFACTUKERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Fhoenix  Stove  Works. — Comstock,  Castle  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Quincy. 
Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons  stoves.    100  Liands  employed. 

Bonnett  &.  Duffy. — Location  of  works,  Quincy.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,000  tons 
stoves.    GO  hands  employed. 

lExcelsior  Stove  Works. — Location  of  works,  Quincy.  Average  annual  capacity, 
900  tons  stoves. 

Thomas  White. — Location  of  works,  Quincy.  Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons 
stoves. 

William  N.  Moore. — Location  of  works,  Joliet,  Average  annual  capacity,  680  tons 
stoves. 

Collins  8l  Burgie. — Location  of  works,  corner  of  Clinton  and  Congress  Streets, 
Chicago.  Average  annual  capacity,  90i  tons,  equal  to  12,000  stoves.  Hands  employed  150. 
Established  1858. 

W.  H.  Whitehead. — Location  of  works,  Chicago.  Average  annual  capacity,  800  tons 
stoves, 

Chicago  Stove  Works. — C.  A.  M.  Leod,  President.  Location  of  works.  Blue  Is- 
land Avenue  and  Twenty-second  Street,  Chicago.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,000  tons 
6toves.    80  hands  employed. 


J.  Droge  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Covington.    Average  annual  capacity,  950  tons 


Bridgeford  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Louisville.  Average  annual  capacity,  1,900 
tons  stoves. 

J.  S.  Lithgrow  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Louisville.  Average  annual  capacity, 
1,450  tons  stoves. 

Baxter,  Kyle  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Louisville.  Average  annual  capacity,  975 
tons  stoves. 

Hackett  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Louisville.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 900  tons  stoves. 

Fischer,  Leaf  &  Co. — Ix)cation  of  works,  Louisville.  A^'erage  annual  capacity,  875 
tons  stoves. 

44 


Kentucky. 


stoves. 


348 


STOVE  MANUFACTUEEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Missouri. 

Excelsior  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis.  Average  annual 
capacity,  G,000  tons  stoves,  equal  to  50,000  stoves.    330  hands  employed. 

Bridge,  Beach  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,200 
tons  stoves. 

Buck  &,  Wright. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis.  Average  annual  capacity,  2,350 
tons  stoves. 

Curtis  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. — Maek  Cuktis,  President ;  E.  C.  Ctjetis,  Secre- 
tary. Location  of  works,  St.  Louis.  Average  annual  capacity,  900  tons  stoves.  TO  hands 
employed. 

Chas.  Gage  &.  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis.  Average  annual  capacity,  900 
tons  stoves. 

Western  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis.  Average  an- 
nual capacity,  1,300  tons  stoves. 

H.  Bakewell  Su  Son. — Location  of  works,  St.  Louis.    Average  annual  capacity,  800 
stoves. 

Iowa. 

Comstock  Bros.  &,  Co. — Location  of  works,  Keokuk.  Average  annual  capacity, 
900  tons. 

Wisconsin. 

Dutcher,  Vose  &.  Adams. — Location  of  works,  Milwaukee.  Average  annual  ca- 
pacity, 1,800  tons  stoves. 

Brand  &  Corsen. — Location  of  works,  Milwaukee.  Average  annual  capacity,  680 
tons  stoves. 

Gr.  A.  Abert. — Location  of  works,  Milwaukee.  Average  annual  capacity,  G50  tons 
stoves. 

Solar  Stove  Works. — Wm.  JST.  Mooke.  Location  of  works,  ISTeenah.  Average 
annual  capacity,  5,000  stoves.    30  hands  employed. 

Peckham  8l  Kruger. — Location  of  works,  Neenah.  Average  annual  capacity,  4,500 
stoves.    Consume  300  tons  iron.    Established  1867. 

Neenah  Stove  Works. — Smith,  Van  Ostkand,  and  Leavens,  Proprietors.  Location 


STOVE  JIANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  TUSTITED  STATES. 


340 


of  works,  ISTcenali.  Average  annual  capacity,  5,000  stoves.  Consume  373  tons  iron. 
Established  1857. 

Kansas. 

Great  Western  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Leavenworth.  Average 
annual  capacity,  4S0  tons  stoves. 

Georgia. 

D.  Harris. — Location  of  works,  Columbus.  Average  annual  capacity,  450  tons 
stoves. 

Rome  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works,  Rome.  Average  annual  capacity, 
450  tons  stoves. 


KECAPITULATION  OF  STOVE  FOUNDEIES. 

Tons  Stoves,  etc. 

Maine  Number  of  works,   2.    Annual  capacity   725 


ii 

6 

a 

a 

  2,050 

(( 

a 

1 

(( 

ii 

  280 

u 

ii 

13 

ii 

ii 

  14,000 

a 

ii 

3 

a 

a 

  2,450 

Rhode  Island  

u 

ii 

6 

a 

a 

7,275 

u 

ii 

57 

ii 

ii 

  71,555 

u 

a 

2 

a 

a 

  1,850 

ii 

ii 

32 

a 

a 

  41,155 

Maryland   

a 

a 

2 

ii 

a 

  1,800 

a 

a 

1 

a 

a 

  1,300 

(C 

ii 

7 

a 

ii 

  5,475 

Delaware  

ii 

a 

1 

ii 

a 

480 

a 

ii 

3 

ii 

a 

4,550 

Ohio  

ii 

a 

40 

a 

a 

 42,150 

ii 

ii 

7 

a 

a 

  4,3G0 

ii 

a 

12 

ii 

ii 

  12,105 

a 

a 

G 

a 

a 

7,050 

ii 

a 

7 

a 

ii 

  13,350 

ii 

a 

1 

ii 

ii 

900 

a 

ii 

5 

a 

ii 

3,980 

a 

a 

2 

a 

a 

  900 

22  States. 


Number  of  works,  216.    Annual  capacity 


  240,340,  or 

2,403,400  stoves. 


350 


STOVE  5IANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Consumption  of  Iron  by  the  Stove  Foundries. 


CLASSIFIED  BY  CITIES  AND  STATES. 
Tons  consumed. 


Maine. 

Number  of  works,  2   800 

New  Hampshire. 

Number  of  works,  G   2,500 

Vermont. 

Number  of  works,  1   300 

Massachusetts. 

Boston,  G   10,000 

Dighton,  Plymouth,  Taunton,  South 

Carver,  Somerset,  7   7,G00 

Total,  Massachusetts,   1 7,G00 

Connecticut. 

Number  of  works,  3   2,750 

Rhode  Island. 

Providence,  4   G,500 

Olneyville  and  Pawtucket,  2   1,750 

New  York. 

Troy,  18   27,050 

New  York,  17   22,050 

Buffalo,  3   10,000 

Utica,  2   3,000 

Eochester,  3   2,500 

Albany,  12   22,000 

Hudson,  Schenectady,  2   2,500 

New  Jersey. 

Number  of  works,  2   2,000 

Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia,  10   10,500 

Erie,  2..   2,000 

Reading,  Pittston,  Limerick  Bridge, 

Royer's  Ford,  5   3,500 

Scranton,    Lehighton,  Providence, 

Tunchannock,  4   3,000 

Pittsburgh,  7   13,000 

Beaver  Falls,  2   800 

Maryland. 

Number  of  works,  2   2,000 

Virginia. 

Number  of  works,  1   1,500 

West  Virginia. 

Number  of  works,  5   4,750 


Tons  consumed. 

500 


Delaware. 

Number  of  works,  1  

Michigan. 

Number  of  works,  3   5,000 

Ohio. 

Cleveland,  5   0,500 

Cincinnati,  10   22,5»0 

Painesville  and  Salem,  4   4,000 

Tiffin,  Deliance,  Akron,  Columbus,  4.  2,750 

Dayton,  4   4,750 

Steubenville,   Martin's    Ferry,  and 

Bridgeport,  4  .'   3,750 

Zanesville,  2   1,000 

McConnellsville,  and  Beverly,  2   1,000 

Warren,  Barnesville,   Ilannar,  and 

Massilon,   2,105 

Marietta,  Portsmouth,  and  fronton,  3.  2,500 

Indiana. 

Indianapolis,  2   1,500 

Evansville,  3   2,25(» 

New  Albany  and  Tcrre  Haute,  2   1,500 

Illinois. 

Chicago,  2   2,000 

Quiucy,  4   5,(»00 

Bloomington,  Joliet,  and  Charleston, 

3   1,000 

Rockland  and  Peoria,  2   1,750 

Kentuclcy. 

Louisville,  5   G,00!) 

Covington,  1   1,000 

Missouri. 

St.  Louis,  7   15,500 

Iowa. 

Keokuk,  1   1,000 

Kansas. 

Number  of  works,  1   500 

Wisconsin. 

Milwaukee,  3   3,500 

Neenah,  2   1,000 

Georgia. 

Rome,  1   500 

Columbus,  1   500 


Total  consumption  of  pig-iron,  tons,  275,300 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


In  no  department  of  the  iron  manufacture  has  American  mechanical  skill 'been  more 
thoroughly  tested,  or  made  more  direct  progress,  than  in  iron  bridge  building.  The  rapid 
increase  of  our  railway  system  has  demanded  of  bridge  construlitors  economical,  light,  and 
strong  viaducts,  in  some  cases  of  a  size  equal  to  any  of  the  largest  foreign  works,  and  in 
all,  of  superior  workmanship.  The  success  attained  in  this  line  leaves  nothing  to  be  de- 
sired. Kot  only  have  our  American  establishments  completed  bridges  rivalling  English 
and  Continental  engineering  works,  but  they  have  successfully  competed  with  English 
works  on  American  soil.  This  was  the  case  in  the  International  Bridge  which  crosses  the 
Niagara  River  at  Black  Rock,  and  connects  the  United  States  of  America  with  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada.  The  contract  for  this  bridge  was  obtained  by  the  Phcenixville  Bridge 
Works,  of  Pennsylvania,  against  all  the  noted  bridge-builders  of  England,  among  whom 
was  the  well-known  works  of  Sir  Jajies  Fairbairn.  The  East  River  Bridge,  Xew  York, 
the  Missom-i  River  Bridge  at  Council  Bluffs,  and  the  great  steel  bridge  at  St.  Louis,  are 
examples  of  the  highest  type  of  American  bridge  construction.  But  the  uses  of  iron 
bridges  are  by  no  means  confined  to  railroad  bridges.  The  rapid  increase  in  the  substitu- 
tion of  iron  for  wood  in  building  has  extended  to  the  purely  agricultural  regions,  and  we 
now  find,  especially  in  the  West,  iron  bridges  very  generally  spanning  streams  or  country 
highways,  and  almost  universal  in  cities  and  villages  where  such  viaducts  are  required. 
The  consumption  of  iron  in  this  line  is  very  considerable,  and  the  bridge  companies  must 
rank  high  in  the  list  of  iron-consuming  industries.  The  great  variety  of  styles  and  of 
systems  upon  which  American  bridges  are  built  gives ,  ample  opportunity  for  the  advocate 
of  any  theor^^  to  find  an  exponent  among  our  constructors ;  but  the  greater  lightness  of 
American  bridges  over  those  of  foreign  construction  is  everywhere  manifest,  and  is  due  to 
the  better  quality  of  American  iron  used.  Another  peculiarity  of  American  bridges  is, 
that  they  leave  the  works  ready  for  erection.  Abroad,  almost  the  same  time  is  required  to 
erect  a  bridge  on  the  spot  where  it  is  to  be  used,  as  has  been  employed  in  its  construction 
in  the  works.    By  the  American  system  the  erection  is  a  matter  of  brief  time. 

The  improvements  in  foundation  and  pier  structures  with  the  use  of  the  pneumatic 
pile,  have  demanded  and  require  the  highest  engineering  skill,  which,  it  is  agreeable  to  note, 
has  been  fully  supplied  by  American  talent.  With  the  growth  of  our  country  must  come 
an  immense  increase  in  this  branch  of  the  iron  industry,  until  it  shall  occupy  a  position  of 
the  first  importance.  Following  will  be  found  particulars  of  the  Iron  Bridge  Works  of  the 
United  States,  with  many  details  of  interest. 

The  following  description  of  the  St.  Louis  Steel  Bridge  over  the  Missouri  River,  con- 
structed imder  the  plans  and  superintendence  of  Captain  James  B.  Eads,  and  the  super- 
structure furnished  by  the  Keystone  Bridge  Co.,  of  Pittsburg,  and  of  the  great  bridge  across 


35G 


IRON  BEIDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


the  Missouri  Elver  at  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  on  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City,  and  Northern 
Sliort  Line  Railroad,  will  he  found  of  interest,  as  showing  the  details  of  construction  of 
model  American  iron  bridges.    They  are  collected  from  various  sources  : 

THE  ST.  LOUIS  STEEL  BRIDGE. 

The  necessity  of  constructing  a  bridge  at  St.  Louis,  if  she  was  not  to  be  left  behind  in 
the  race,  has  long  been  apparent. 

Plans  for  its  construction  have  long  been  proposed  by  Ellet,  Bissell,  and  Roebling, 
and  in  1865  by  the  City  Engineer,  Mr.  IIomek.  The  three  first-named  engineers  adopted 
the  susjiension  system,  while  Mr.  Homek  suggested  the  box-girder  system,  as  applied  at  the 
Britannia  bridge.  None  of  them  contemplated  the  accommodation  of  both  common  and 
railroad  travel,  and  neither  of  these  plans  inspired  sufficient  confidence  as  to  its  practicability 
and  economy  to  induce  capitalists  to  invest. 

In  the  spring  of  1867,  Captain  Jas.  B.  Eads,  who,  during  the  war,  had  been  engaged  in 
building  gunboats  for  the  Government,  conceived  the  idea  of  erecting  a  permanent  bridge, 
which  should  serve  for  railroad  purposes  as  well  as  for  those  of  ordinary  travel,  and  by  his 
known  energy  and  ability  easily  succeeded  in  rallying  to  his  support  some  of  his  friends 
possessing  great  wealth  and  the  spii-it  of  enterprise,  so  necessary  in  an  undertaking  of  this 
kind.  Surveys  were  at  once  commenced,  borings  made  to  ascertain  the  depth  of  the  bed- 
rock in  the  Mississippi  River,  and  after  mature  deliberation  of  all  points  of  importance  the 
location  and  system  of  construction  was  decided  upon,  which,  since  then,  have  only  been 
changed  in  some  minor  details.  The  location  selected  was  tliat  at  the  foot  of  Washington 
Avenue,  on  account  of  its  being  centrally  located,  and,  west  of  Third  Street,  one  of  the 
broadest  streets  of  the  city,  with  very  easy  grades.  This  location  also  admitted  of  a  con- 
nection of  the  Eastern  roads  with  the  roads  entering  the  city  through  the  valley  of  Mill 
Creek,  without  crossing  any  street  on  grade.  The  river  at  this  point  is  of  less  width  than 
either  above  or  below,  and  the  shore-line  well  defined  and  secured  on  either  shore  by  sub- 
stantial levees  (wharfs). 

But  shortly  after  the  St.  Louis  and  Illinois  Bridge  Co.  (under  which  title  charters  from 
both  Missouri  and  Illinois  have  been  obtained)  had  commenced  active  operations,  a  rival 
company  was  started  by  Mr.  Boomek,  of  Chicago,  who  for  many  years  had  been  a  successful 
bridge  builder,  and  who  succeeded  in  enlisting  some  prominent  citizens  of  St.  Louis  in  fur- 
therance of  his  own  and  opposition  to  Mr.  Eads'  plan.  Captain  Eads  proposed  to  build  the 
bridge  in  three  spans,  viz.,  two  arches  of  497  feet,  and  the  centre  arch  of  515  feet  span. 
The  bridge  was  to  have  a  double  railroad  track  and  a  roadway  50  feet  wide.  All  his  foun- 
dations, with  the  exception  of  the  eastern  shore  pier,  were  to  be  founded  on  the  rock.  The 
plan  proposed  by  Mr.  Boomek  comprised  two  spans  of  350  feet  each,  and  four  of  264  feet 
each.  The  bridge  was  to  have  a  single  track  and  two  roadways  17  feet  wide,  with  8  feet 
sidewalk,  over  the  same  level  with  the  railroad  track.  It  was  considered  unnecessaiy  to 
place  the  foundations  of  all  the  piers  on  the  rock  bottom. 

To  strengthen  his  cause,  Mr.  Boomer  called  a  convention  of  some  of  the  most  distin- 
guished engineers  in  the  country,  and  their  printed  report,  dated  August  "1,  1867,  endorses 
most  fully  Mr.  Boomer's  plan ;  and  in  referring  to  Captain  Eads'  plan,  which,  however,  had 


IKON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


not  been  e*:aminp<l  by  them,  tlicy  expressed  their  unqualified  disapproval  of ^spans  of  ''^^^ 
feet.    They  furthermore  declared  in  the  same  report  that  thei'e  was  no  engineering  prece-> 
dent  for  spans  of  500  feet,  which  wovdd  furnish  tliem  with  any  reliable  data  on  the  question 
of  material  and  workmanship  in  spans  of  such  great  length.    This  report  was  signed  by  28 
engineers,  some  of  them  considered  as  standing  at  the  head  of  the  profession. 

ljut  although  these  engineers  stated  that  "  as  practical  engineers  they  could  not  consci- 
entiously recomniend  to  the  parties  in  interest  to  ventnre  upon  the  construction  of  as 
great  length  as  the  maximum  one  prescribed  by  law,"  neither  Captain  Eads  nor  his  friends 
were  shaken  in  their  belief  that  both  economy  of  constructi6n  and  safety  of  river  navi- 
gation would  be  promoted  by  the  adoption  of  long  spans,  and  the  work  was  carried  on  in 
s}>itc  of  tlie  prudent  advice  of  the  engineers'  convention. 

Actual  work  had  been  commenced  on  August  20, 1SG7,  by  the  excavations  of  the  foun- 
dations for  the  west  abutment.  Great  difliculties  were  encountered  in  this  foundation  from 
a  number  of  wrecks  of  old  steamboats  and  barges  being  embedded  in  the  soil  at  the  site  of 
the  abutment,  being  remnants  of  the  vessels  burnt  in  the  great  fire  of  1849.  But  finally 
the  rock  bottom  of  the  river  was  exposed  to  light,  and  the  first  stone  laid  (57  feet  below  or- 
dinary highwater  or  city  directrix)  on  Feb.  25,  1808. 

Meanwhile  the  heated  controversy  going  on  between  the  rival  bridge  companies,  while 
not  deterring  Captain  Eads'  personal  friends,  had  served  to  check  the  subscriptions  to  the 
stock  by  outside  capitalists,  and  as  it  was  evident  that  two  bridges  could  not  at  the  same 
time  be  built,  or,  if  built,  could  not  be  made  to  pay,  it  was  unavoidable  that  some  com- 
promise between  the  two  companies  should  be  made.  This  was  finally  effected  (in  Febru- 
ary, 1809)  by  a  consolidation  of  the  two  companies  under  the  name  of  the  Illinois  and  St. 
Louis  IJridge  Company,  which  consolidation  in  fact,  however,  consisted  in  a  sale  of  the 
iJoomer  Company's  privileges  to  the  former  St.  Louis  and  Illinois  Bridge  Company,  of 
wliich  Captain  Eads  was  Chief  Engineer.  This  consolidation  cost  the  company  several 
Imiulred  thousand  dollars  in  money,  without  counting  the  loss  caused  by  the  retarding  of 
the  subscriptions  and,  consequently,  of  the  work.  Towards  the  end  of  February,  1809, 
however,  the  assistance  of  a  number  of  wealthy  capitalists  in  JS^ew  York  was  secured,  so 
that  the  stock  subscriptions  reached  nearly  three  million  dollars. 

In  May  of  that  year  appeared  Captain  Eads'  first  report,  in  which  he  gave  in  detail  the 
reasons  for  the  location,  for  the  adoption  of  long  spans,  and  for  the  system  of  superstructure 
adopted  by  him,  and  also  the  extensive  computations  of  strains  and  dimensions  which  had 
been  made  by  Messrs.  Flad  and  Pfeifkk. 

This  report  has  been  made  the  theme  of  discussion  l)y  members  of  the  profession  both 
at  home  and  abroad,  but  no  attempt  has  as  yet  been  made  to  controvert  the  correctness  of 
these  calculations.  Yet  there  were  plenty  of  croakers,  both  inside  and  outside  the  profes- 
sion, who,  while  acknowledging  the  trutli  of  the  scientific  deductions,  strenuously  asserted 
the  impracticability  of  the  plans. 

It  had  been  originally  intended  to  sink  the  foundations  of  the  piers  by  means  of  large 
caissons,  open  at  top  aiid  ])ottom,  which  were  to  serve  only  the  purpose  of  allowing  the  re- 
moval of  the  sand  at  the  site  of  the  piers  down  to  the  bed  rock  of  the  river,  and  inside  of 
which  a  wooden  caisson,  containing  the  masonry,  was  to  be  sunk.  But  on  a  trip  to  Europe, 
(!aptain  E4DS  had,  by  personal  inspection  of  some  bridges  then  under  construction,  observed 
the  great  advantages  })rcc;.entcd  by  the  pleuro-pneumatic  process,  and  he  changed  his  plans 
45 


358 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKy  OF  TTn:  UNITED  STATES. 


accordingly,  liiit  in  doing  this  lie  did  not  copy,  bnt  vastly  changed  and  improved  the 
whole  system. 

The  greatest  depth  under  water  at  which  work  had  been  carried  on  heretofore,  had  not 
exceeded  about  seventy  feet,  while  according  to  the  borings  made  the  foundation  of  the 
East  pier  had  to  be  carried  one  hundred  and  nineteen  feet  below  ordinary  high-water  line, 
which,  even  if  the  sinking  of  the  piers  was  done  at  the  most  favorable  season,  would  give  a 
depth  of  from  ninety  to  one  hundred  feet  below  water  level. 

The  principal  changes  made  by  Captain  Eads  in  the  system  of  sinking  by  the  pleuro- 
pneumatic  process,  were  the  following :  The  air-locks,  which,  in  other  caissons  had  been 
jilaced  at  the  top  of  narrow  shafts,  were  placed  at  the  bottom,  and  partly  inside  the  mr- 
chamber,  thus  allowing  the  worlonen  to  descend  and  ascend  the  shafts  in  air  of  the  common 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  thereby  reducing  the  time  during  which  they  were  subjected  to  the 
effects  of  the  compressed  air.  Another  gi'oat  improvement  was  made  by  the  introduction 
of  a  large  shaft,  of  ten  feet  diameter,  in  the  centre  of  the  caisson,  with  a  circular  stairway, 
in  place  of  the  narrow  shafts  with  ladders,  previously  used  in  such  foundations. 

But  by  far  the  most  important  improvement  made  by  Captain  Eads  consisted  in  the 
admirable  invention  of  his  sand  pump,  by  which  the  material  could  be  removed  with  greater 
facility,  safety,  and  speed  than  by  any  other  means  hitherto  adopted. 

The  plans  for  caisson  of  the  cast  pier  being  ready,  its  construction  was  commenced  in 
May,  1869.  It  was  built  by  Mr.  Wm.  Nelson  at  Carondelet,  and  successfully  launched  from 
the  ways  on  tlie  ISth  of  October.  It  was  82  feet  in  length,  GO  feet  in  width,  and  28  feet 
high  when  launched.  It  consisted  of  a  vertical  wall  of  heavy  wrought-iron  plates,  around 
the  circumference,  strengthened  by  brackets,  composed  of  plates,  "  T,"  and  angle  irons  at 
short  distances  apart.  Nine  feet  above  the  cutting  edge  of  the  caisson  was  the  roof  of  the 
caisson,  also  of  iron,  and  supported  by  two  strong  longitudinal  walls  of  timber  and  by  trans- 
verse iron  girders,  resting  on  these  timber-walls  and  the  outside  wall  of  the  caisson.  By 
the  timber  walls,  the  caisson  was  divided  into  three  separate  chambers,  and  small  openings 
were  left  in  these  walls  to  admit  communication  between  the  chambers.  Above  the  air 
chamber,  the  iron  shell  was  carried  up  about  20  feet.  When  launched,  the  caisson  was 
provided  with  a  false  bottom  of  timber,  so  that  it  could  be  towxd  to  its  position  at  the  site 
of  the  pier,  six  miles  above  the  yard,  from  which  it  was  launched. 

Meanwhile  active  operations  had  been  going  on  near  the  site  of  the  pier,  in  construct- 
ing a  breakwater,  which  was  to  secure  the  caisson  against  the  effects  of  ice,  or  collision  with 
steamboats,  rafts,  etc.,  in  sinking  the  heavy  guidepiles,  by  means  of  which  the  caisson  was 
to  be  lowered,  etc.,  and  several  shops  had  been  engaged  in  getting  the  requisite  number  of 
sand  and  air  pumps,  hoisting  machinery,  derrick  barges,  etc.,  ready  for  the  work.  To 
lower  the  caisson  through  the  thirty-live  feet  of  water  which  then  covered  the  bed  of  the 
river  at  the  site  of  the  pier,  it  was  necessary  that  some  means  should  be  adopted  to  steady 
it  in  its  descent,  as,  after  the  removal  of  the  false  Ijottom  of  the  caisson,  and  the  tilling  of 
the  air  chamber  with  compressed  air,  the  least  inequality  in  the  load  would  tend  to  upset 
the  caisson.  This  was  effected  by  means  of  ten  screws  of  three  inches  diameter,  which 
were  hung  from  beams  resting  on  the  guidepiles,  and  by  which  the  descent  of  the  caisson  was 
regulated  and  the  same  kept  level.  After  the  caisson  reached  the  sand-bottom  of  the 
i-iver,  these  screws  were  renio\'cd,  and  the  descent  regulated  simply  by  a  proper  system 
of  excavation  in  the  air  chamljcr. 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Some  delay  and  inconvenience  was  caused  by  the  non-arrival  of  the  ^^WPtite,  witlVy 
which  the  pier  above  low  water  line  was  to  be  faced,  but '  on  the  2Stli  of  Febrmw:y^,.4.^Q^ 
the  bed-rock  of  the  Mississippi  River  was  reached  at  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  twenty -fe^-.*^ 
below  the  city  directrix.    The  air  chamber  was  then  filled  with  concrete,  a  long  and  tedious 
job,  and  finished  on  the  27th  of  May. 

The  laying  of  the  stone  was  performed  by  means  of  travellers  running  on  wire  ropes, 
the  latter  being  stretched  on  high  frames  erected  on  the  derrick-boats  anchored  on  each 
side  of  the  caisson,  and  which  frames  were  overhanging  the  pier  to  its  centre  and  some 
distance  outside  the  derrickrboats,  so  that  the  stone  could  be  taken  out  of  the  stone  barges, 
carried  across  the  derrick-boat,  and  laid  in  its  position  on  the  pier  at  one  operation.  The 
raising  and  lowering  of  the  stone  was  performed  by  hydraulic  machinery,  twelve  hydraulic 
rams  being  used  for  that  purpose.  This  machinery  was  patented  by  Captain  Eads  and 
Colonel  Flad,  and  by  it  the  contractor  was  enabled  to  carry  twelve  stones  to  their  places  at 
the  same  time.  At  one  time,  during  ten  hours,  three  hundred  and  twenty-five  cubic  yards 
of  stone  were  laid.  The  air  pumps,  as  well  as  the  hoisting  machinery,  were  specially  designed 
for  this  work,  and  admirably  answered  their  purpose.  The  air-pumps  had  a  water  packing, 
with  an  arrangement  for  constant  renewal  of  the  water,  so  that  the  air  supplied,  which  had 
been  heated  by  compression,  was  cooled  by  its  contact  with  the  water,  before  being  supplied 
to  the  air  chamber.  The  greatest  pressure  of  air  at  which  the  men  worked  in  the  east  pier 
caisson,  was  52  pounds  per  square  inch  (over  and  above  the  atmospheric  pressure,  viz.,  15 
pounds. 

The  modus  operandi  of  sinking  the  caisson  is  probably  familiar  to  our  readers.  As 
the  sand  was  being  removed  from  the  air  chamber  by  the  sand  pumps,  the  masonry  was  car- 
ried on  above,  so  that  when  the  caissou  reached  the  rock,  the  masonry  was  still  above  the 
surface  of  the  water.  The  lack  of  granite,  however,  made  it  at  times  necessary  to  carry  on 
the  masonry  below  the  water  level,  the  water  being  kept  out  of  the  caisson  by  the  iron 
shell  of  the  caisson,  which,  on  this  pier,  was  always  built  up  above  the  surface  of  the  water 
as  the  pier  descended. 

The  caisson  for  the  west  pier  had  been  launched  and  put  in  position  in  the  early  part 
part  of  January,  1870,  and  on  January  15th  the  first  stone  was  laid  in  the  caisson.  In  mak 
ing  the  foundations  of  this  pier,  several  improvements  were  made  by  Captain  Eads.  In- 
stead of  relying  on  the  outside  shell  of  the  caisson  in  keeping  the  water  out  of  the  main 
shaft,  that  office  was  performed  by  a  light  lining  of  white  pine  staves,  which  served  the 
pui"pose  most  admirably. 

The  iron  shell  was  in  this  caisson  carried  only  to  a  height  of  20  feet  above  the  air 
chamber,  or  29  feet  from  the  cutting  edge  of  the  caisson,  and  then  the  masonry  was  car- 
ried on  without  any  ovitside  covering,  thus  effecting  a  great  saving  both  in  iron  and  labor, 
and  greatly  expediting  the  work. 

As  stated  before,  it  had  been  originally  the  intention  of  Captain  Eads  to  place  the 
foundation  of  the  east  abutment  or  shore  pier  on  piles,  to  be  driven  inside  of  a  cofferdam 
50  feet  below  water,  and  covered  by  a  mass  of  concrete,  20  feet  thick.  It  had  been  con- 
sidered unnecessary  to  place  this  foundation  on  the  rock  bottom,  because  this  foundation 
could  be  secured  from  the  effects  of  the  scouring  by  a  rip-rap  protection  in  front,  while  the 
east  St.  Louis  levee  protected  its  rear.  But  the  experience  gained  in  the  sinking  of  the 
two  piers  led  Captain  Eads  to  believe  that  it  would  be  practicable,  at  some  increase  in  cost, 


360 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNIl'ED  STATES. 


of  coiu'se,  to  adopt  the  same  method  for  this  foundation  wliich  had  been  used  for  tlic  foun- 
dation of  the  river  piers.  Tlie  dCpth  to  the  rock  at  the  site  of  tlie  cast  abutment  had,  by 
careful  borings,  been  ascertained  to  be  only  eight  feet  lower  than  at  the  site  of  the  east 
pier,  or  128  feet  below  ordinary  high  water,  thus  giving  assurance  tliat  tlie  workmen  would 
not  liave  to  stand  much  greater  pressure  than  in  tlie  east  pier,  as  the  most  favorable  season 
for  low  water  could  be  used  for  sinking  tlie  abutment  caisson.  Besides,  the  exjicrience  in 
the  former  operations  had  led  to  a  better  understanding  of  the  causes  affecting  the  health 
of  the  men  while  working  in  compressed  air,  and  of  the  best  means  to  be  adopted  for  pre- 
venting any  injurious  effects.  It  was  therefore  resolved  by  the  Directory  to  adopt  the 
change  recommended  by  Captain  Eads. 

The  design  of  this  caisson  possessed  several  novel  features,  which  former  experience 
had  induced  Captain  Eads  to  make. 

The  main  shaft  had  two  air-locks  at  the  bottom,  each  eight  feet  in  diameter.  Besides 
the  main  shaft,  two  side  shafts  only  were  used,  each  with  an  air-lock  of  eight  feet  diameter, 
at  the  bottom.  The  increased  diameter  of  the  locks  was  adopted  with  a  view  of  securing 
a  supply  of  better  air,  while  the  men  passed  through  the  air-lock.  Besides  the  circular 
stairway  in  the  main  shaft,  an  elevator  was  constructed,  which  was  to  be  used  by  the  men 
to  ascend  from  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  thus  relieving  them  from  the  labor  of  ascending 
the  stairs  at  a  time  when  they  were  suffering  from  prostration  of  the  vital  energy  caused 
by  working  in  compressed  air.  Improvements  wei'C  also  made  in  lighting  the  caisson,  and 
several  other  details. 

But  the  principal  change  from  former  designs  consisted  in  the  material  of  which  the 
caisson  M^as  constructed.  The  two  caissons  for  the  river  piers  were  constructed  of  iron, 
with  the  exception  of  the  timber  walls  dividing  the  air  chamber  into  three  compartments. 
The  caisson  for  the  east  abutment  consists  almost  entirely  of  timber,  with  the  exception  of 
air-locks,  and  a  thin  iron  shell  covering  the  sides  and  roof  of  the  air  chamber.  The  timber 
roof  of  the  air  chamber  is  four  feet  ten  inches  thick,  the  sides  of  the  air  chamber  eight 
and  a  half  feet  thick  at  the  bottom,  and  one  and  a  half  feet  at  the  top  of  the  air  chamber, 
which  latter  has  a  clear  height  of  ten  feet.  The  outside  shell  of  iron  extended  twelve  feet 
only  above  the  top  of  the  wooden  roof. 

Work  on  this  caisson  was  commenced  about  April  1st,  and  completed  towards  the 
middle  of  October ;  laimched  during  the  first  days  of  November,  and  reached  the  rock 
bottom  of  the  river  on  March  28th,  1871. 

The  river  is  spanned  by  three  arches  springing  from  east  and  west  abutment  towers  to 
piers  in  the  river.  From  the  abutments  to  the  piers,  east  and  west,  the  arches  have  a  span 
of  502  feet ;  the  central  arch  from  pier  to  pier,  has  a  span  of  520  feet.  These  arches  are  of 
cast  steel.  The  bridge  being  double,  the  arches  are  double,  but  the  principle  can  be  more 
easily  shown  with  one  part ;  for  as  it  is  built,  it  is  really  two  bridges  joined  together,  and  it 
could  be  made  indefinitely  broader  or  narrower  according  to  requirement.  The  arch  is 
composed  of  tubes,  each  twelve  feet  in  length,  joined  together  by  most  admirable  couplings. 
There  are  four  sets  of  tubes,  arranged  two  above  and  two  below.  The  top  and  bottom  row 
form  what  is  technically  called  a  chord,  and  these  are  united  together  by  main  braces  in 
the  form  of  the  letter  A.  The  two  chords  are  united  laterally  by  huge  tie  rods.  That  is 
the  whole  principle  of  the  matter. 

The  modus  ojpe'randi  is  as  follows :  The  tubes  are  brought  in  barges  underneath  the 


lEON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


361 


place  wliere  tlic  men  are  working,  and  are  elevated  by  a  small  stationary  engine.  Tlie 
ends  of  the  tubes  are  so  nicely  grooved  that  they  fit  in  very  tightly,  even  without  the  coup- 
lings. They  are  grooved  also  on  the  outside,  to  correspond  with  the  grooves  and  fillets  of 
the  couplings.  When  the  latter  have  been  applied,  an  enormous  pin,  with  a  diameter  of 
five  inches  and  a  weight  of  100  pounds,  is  screwed  through  the  couplings,  going,  of  course, 
also  through  the  united  ends  of  the  two  tubes.  The  bridge  being  double,  there  are  eight 
rows  of  tubes,  making  for  the  side  arches  34:0  to  the  span,  and  3-i2  for  the  central  one. 
The  men  are  working  now  on  the  eastern  half  of  the  bridge,  the  other  being  in  such  a  for- 
ward state  that  it  has  to  be  neglected  until  the  rest  of  the  work  balances  it.  In  this  gigan- 
tic work  the  utmost  thought  of  little  things  is  imperatively  needed.  The  moment  that  one 
tube  is  in  place,  the  tube  that  balances  it  on  the  other  side  of  the  pier  must  be  put  into  po- 
sition. The  strain  upon  the  iron  cables  that  support  the  tubes  until  they  form  a  perfect 
arch  is  regulated  to  a  pound  weight  by  means  of  hydraulic  rams.  When  the  temperature 
rises,  the  cables  stretch,  and  the  whole  fabric  of  uncompleted  arching  sinks  a  little.  It  has 
to  be  raised  up,  and  the  rams  do  this  by  taking  a  little  gentle  pull  upon  the  cables,  or,  as 
the  mariners  would  say,  "  hauling  taut."  This  is  effected  by  pumping  a  little  glycerine 
into  the  rams.  If,  on  the  contrary,  the  temperature  falls,  the  cables  contract  and  tilt  up  the 
arching  a  trifle  more  than  is  required.  Then  the  watcher  over  the  rams  has  to  pmrip  out  a 
little  glycerine,  and  the  j)ressure  on  the  cables  is  relaxed.  This  little  place  where  the  rams 
are,  may  be  considered  the  great  artery  of  the  work.  The  perfect  control  that  Captain 
Eads  and  his  assistant  have  over  their  offspring  is  sometimes  evinced  in  an  amusing  way. 
The  method  of  construction  to  preserve  the  just  balance  is  naturally  to  build  the  tubes  half 
way  from  each  side  of  a  pier  at  the  same  time,  so  that  one  half  balances  the  other  half.  The 
engineers  commenced  in  this  manner  with  the  pier  nearest  the  western  bank,  building  up, 
at  the  same  time,  the  tubing  from  the  western  abutment.  When  the  latter  met  the  west- 
ern half  of  the  first  pier,  the  extremely  hot  weather  had  expanded  the  metal,  and  the  tubes 
would  not  unite.  Baron  Flad  immediately  bought  hundreds  of  bales  of  gunny  bags,  and 
packed  the  recalcitrant  tubes  in  ice.  All  night  the  thermometer  kept  rising,  but  the  ice 
did  its  work,  and  they  came  together  so  closely  that  you  could  not  have  seen  daylight  be- 
tween them.  The  same  result  could  have  been  obtained  by  blasts  of  cold  air,  but  the  Key- 
stone Bridge  Company,  of  Pittsburg,  who  have  the  contract  for  the  superstructure,  were  in 
a  hurry  to  close  the  western  arch,  so  the  ice  was  used. 

The  workmen  now  thoroughly  understand  the  handling  of  the  tubes,  and  are  putting 
them  together  on  the  eastern  half  at  the  rate  of  twenty-four  a  day.  The  frames,  from 
which  the  long  curves  of  tubing  stand,  are  all  inserted.  These  are  called  skewbacks,  and 
are  of  wrought  iron,  forged  in  one  piece  of  three  tons — a  very  creditable  specimen  of  the 
handiwork  of  Pittsburg.  The  first  tube,  which  is  very  short  and  stout,  is  screwed  to  this 
with  four  steel  bolts,  five  inches  in  diameter,  which  go  back  into  the  very  bowels  of  the 
pier,  twenty-eight  feet,  and  are  then  driven  through  an  anchor  plate.  This  fact  will  give 
a  better  idea  of  the  hugh  masses  of  masonry  serving  as  piers  than  any  formal  statements  or 
measurements.  The  men  engaged  in  the  construction  belong  to  a  class  which  American 
entei-prise  has  called  into  existence.  They  are  bridge  builders,  working  at  nothing  else ; 
and  though  not  scientifically  educated,  have  a  rough  and  ready  comprehension  of  the  work 
they  do,  which  tends  to  elevate  their  minds.  They  are  trained  to  perfect  exactitude  in  the 
smallest  details.    If  a  bolt  does  not  fit  perfectly,  there  is  no  thought  of  assisting  it  promptly 


3G2 


IRON  Br.IDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


with  a  sledge  luanimer;  but  there  is  an  instant  conclusion  that,  by  some  accident,  the  bolts 
have  become  mixed,  and  that  this  is  not  the  special  bolt  for  that  particular  hole.  For  down 
to  the  minutest  scrap  of  iron,  everything  has  been  fitted  at  Pittsburg,  and  must  fit  here.  To 
nearly  fit  will  not  do ;  it  must  absolutely  fit.  The  consequence  of  such  exact  training  is 
exemplified  in  the  conduct  and  manner  of  the  men  who  are,  without  exception,  the  most 
intelligent  and  orderly  body  of  workmen  I  have  ever  seen.  With  such  men  rapid  progress 
is  certain,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  arches  will  be  completed  before  the  end  of 
November.  'But  the  bridge  will  not  be  finished  then,  by  any  means.  The  roadways  have 
to  be  built  upon  it.  The  upper  one  will  be  for  omnibuses,  foot  passengers,  etc.,  the  lower 
for  a  double  tracked  railway.  These  two  will  be  supported  by  struts,  the  longest  of  which 
near  the  piers,  will  be  5G  feet,  and  then  gradually  diminished  as  they  approach  the  centre 
of  the  arch.  These  struts  will  rest  upon  the  heads  of  the  couplings  where  the  tubes  are 
strongest,  and,  as  only  a  direct  weight  comes  upon  them,  will  be  able  to  bear  five  times 
more  than  the  bridge  company  will  ever  permit ;  for  the  transit  of  trains  will  be  entirely 
in  the  hands  of  the  company's  officers.  * 

The  Great  Iron  Bridge  of  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  and 
Northern  Railway,  over  the  Missouri  River  at  St.  Charles. 

This  bridge  is  the  finest  structure  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  It  is  one  mile  and  a 
quarter  long,  and  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  two  and  a  quarter  millions.  This  is  an  attractive 
feature  in  a  trip  over  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  and  Northern  Short  Line,  being  one  of  the 
finest  sights  in  the  West  for  travellers.  The  railroad  upon  the  south  side  of  the  river  curves 
to  the  west,  and  upon  the  opposite  side  to  the  east,  thus  giving  passengers  from  either  di- 
rection a  full  view  of  the  bridge.  The  approaches  of  the  bridge  are  upon  iron  trestles  of 
great  solidity  and  strength.  Upward  of  forty  of  the  trestles  are  used  upon  each  side  of  the 
river.  The  bridge  itself  consists  of  eight  piers  of  solid  masonry  resting  upon  the  bed  rock, 
and  seven  spans  of  iron  of  the  following  lengths  : 


Pcet. 

From  No.  1  to  No.  2  (St.  Charles  end)  305 

"     "  2       "    3  317|- 

«     «  3       "    4.  317|- 

"     «  4       "    5  321 1 

"     "  5       "    6  r  300^ 

"     "  G       «    7  30G^ 

"     "  7       "    8  305 


It  is  a  remarkable  feature  of  this  bridge  that  each  span  is  over  300  feet  in  length. 
The  weight  of  the  spans  known  as  the  "  deck  spans,"  is  G88,000  pounds.  The  three  central 
spans,  called  "  through  spans,"  weigh  780,000  pounds  each. 

The  strength  of  the  bridge  is  far  beyond  any  possible  requirement.  The  greatest  pos- 
sible strain  would  be  only  12,000  tons,  or  24,500,000  pounds,  and  it  would  actually  bear 
20,000  tons,  or  40,000,000  pounds.  Each  piece  of  iron  used  in  the  construction  was 
thoroughly  tested  to  the  amount  of  20,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch.    This  bridge  is  built 

*  The  superstructure  of  this  bridge  was  finished  by  the  contractors  in  April,  1874. 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  363 

high  enough  above  liigh-water  to  admit  of  steamboats  passing  underneath  eit 
through  spans. 

Altogether  the  bridge  is  as  strong  as  stone  and  iron  can  make  it,  and  is  safe  b 
adventure.  The  height  of  pier  number  one  on  the  St.  Charles  side,  from  foundation 
top  of  the  masonry,  is  9G  feet.  The  foundation  of  the  second  pier  was  carried  six  feet  in 
the  solid  rock,  and  its  total  height  is  9i  feet.  The  third  pier  is  105|-feet  high.  Pier  nmn- 
ber  four  is  102  feet  high,  and  rests  upon  the  solid  rock,  5i  feet  below  ordinary  low-water. 
Pier  number  five  is  the  highest  of  all,  the  total  height  being  145  feet.  Piers  number  six, 
seven,  and  eight  are  not  so  high,  the  tallest  being  numljer  six,  which  has  a  height  of  76 
feet. 

The  following  statistics  of  the  work  may  be  of  interest : 


Length  of  bridge  and  iron  trestle   G,570  feet. 

Earth  excavation     351,000  yards. 

Concrete  used   39,000  '  " 

Piling  (lineal  foot)   103,000  feet. 

Lmnber  and  timber   3,686,000  " 

Wrought  iron   4,40-1,000  lbs. 

Cast  iron   2,769,000  " 

Iron  in  caissons   517,000  " 

Masonry  in  bridge  proper   12,000  yards. 

Masonry  in  shore  approaches   4,000  " 

Rip-rap  in  pier  foundation   35,000  " 

Distance  above  high-water  of  1844   51  feet. 

Distance  above  low  water   90  " 

Distance  above  ordinary  water   80  " 


These  figures  will  serve  to  give  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  work.  Its  beauty 
and  adaptability  can  only  be  appreciated  by  actually  seeing  the  bridge  as  it  now  stands. 
Its  entire  cost  was  about  two  and  one  quarter  millions. 


303  a 


mON  BRIDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Iron  Bridge  Works  of  New  York. 

Kellogg  Bridge  Company. — President,  Charles  Kellogg  ;  Vice-President,  Gteoroe 
Beals  ;  Secretary  and  Treasnrer,  S.  D.  Baklow,  Jr. ;  Superintendent,  Freeman  IIedxer. 
Location  of  works,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

This  company  manufactures  all  kinds  of  wrouglit-Iron  bridge  structures,  as  also  com- 
l)iiiation  jDridges  of  wood  and  iron,  and  wrouglit-iron  trestle  work,  viaducts,  turn-tables, 
roofs,  etc. 

The  ]vcllogg  Bridge  Company,  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  was  organized  November,  1S70. 
Their  works  are  located  in  the  city  of  Buffalo,  on  land  fronting  off  Katharine  Street,  and 
adjoining  land  occupied  by  the  Union  Iron  Company's  works.  Their  buildings  are  of 
bi'ick,  and  in  shape  of  an  L,  containing  machine,  pattern,  and  blacksmith  sho])S.  Tiie 
machine  shop,  fronting  on  Katharine  Street,  is  200  feet  long  by  118  feet  wide,  two  stories 
in  height,  with  pattern  shop  located  in  second  story. 

The  blacksmith  shop  is  200  feet  long  by  70  feet  wide;  is  in  line  with  south  end  of 
machine  shop — one  end  joining  and  opening  into  the  machine  shop — with  a  foundry  in 
process  of  construction,  50  by  100  feet,  extending  across  east  end  of  blacksmith  shop,  with 
hip-roof  and  walls  21  feet  high,  forming  another  L  with  blacksmith  shop  building. 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


363  6 


These  works  are  fully  equipped  with  every  tool  that  can  be  used  iu  the  construction 
of  iron  bridges,  trestle  work,  roofs,  turn-tables,  etc.,  ahd  have  the  best  facilities  for  hand- 
ling and  shipping  such  work. 

Since  this  company  was  organized,  their  works  have  been  erected,  and  they  have  con- 
structed and  erected  iron  bridges  and  trestles  amounting  to  over  16,000  lineal  feet. 

Among  the  bridges  built  are  three  long  spans  over  the  Mississippi  Kiver  at  Louisiana, 
Mo.,  recently  completed ;  one  being  a  draw  span  of  4i4:  feet  in  length — the  longest  draw 
ever  built — and  the  others  fixed  spans  of  225  and  255  feet  respectively.  This  company  has 
also  furnished  the  iron  work  for  the  new  post-office  building  in  N^ew  York  City,  now 
nearly  completed,  besides  a  large  amount  of  other  work  such  as  roofs,  and  bridge  material 
for  contractors. 

The  capacity  of  this  company's  works  is  at  present  equal  to  one  100  foot  span  per  day. 

This  company  is  prepared  to  receive  orders  for  CnAKLES  IT.  Ivellogg's.  Patent 
Wrought-Iron  Coliimns  of  various  sizes  and  sections,  and  can  furnish  these  columns  fitted 
up  for  bridge  posts,  top  chords,  end  braces,  and  trestle  work.  They  are  also  prepared  to 
furnish  finished  bridge  material  for  contractors,  such  as  tie-rods,  chord-bars,  girders,  and 
in  fact  any  kind  of  bridge  material. 


Buffalo  Iron  and  Nail  Works. — Proprietors,  Pratt  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Buffalo,  New  York,  on  I^iagara  Street,  and  on  the  Niagara  River  four  miles  below. 

This  firm  are  among  the  most  extensive  manufacturers  of  iron  and  hardware  in  the 
United  States.  Their  works  include  blast  furnaces  and  rolling  mills  (see  Blast  Furnaces 
and  Rolling  Mills  of  New  Yor^h),  and  an  addition  has  been  lately  made  to  them  for  the 
manufacture  of  composite  beams,  girders,  and  joists,  iron  bridges,  iron  roofs,  and  iron  fram- 
ing of  every  description.  The  works  cover  a  great  area,  two  and  a  half  acres  of  which  is 
enclosed  and  under  slate  roof.    The  Canada  Southern,  New  York  Central,  Grand  Trunk, 


0 


364  IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Great  Western,  and  Erie  Eailways  are  to  be  connected  with  the  mills  by  the  side  tracks,  a 
portion  of  which  are  built.  The  Erie  Canal  and  New  York  Central  Railroad  passes  directly 
through  their  yards.  From  their  favorable  location  and  excellent  arrangement,  this  firm  is 
enabled  to  compete  successfully  with  the  largest  iron  manufacturing  localities  in  the  Union. 
The  firm  employs  in  all  its  branches  over  1,200  men. 

H.  C.  Haskell. — Location  of  woi-ks,  Albany,  N.  Y.  This  works  builds  iron  bridges, 
railings,  steam  engines,  boilers,  and  machinery  generally,  and  employs  nearly  100  hands. 


Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Pennsylvania. 

Phcenixville  Bridge  Works.— Proprietors,  Clarke,  Reeves  &  Co.  Ofiice,  410 
"Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  works,  Phoenixville,  Pa.  This  firm  are 
builders  of  iron  bridges,  viaducts,  roofs,  iron  tables,  etc.,  and  the  works  has  a  great  advantage 
in  being  connected  with  the  Phoenix  Iron  "Works  {See  Rolling  Mills  of  Pennsijlvania),  where 
the  iron  used  in  construction  is  made.  Some  of  the  most  extensive  iron  structures  in  the 
country  have  come  from  this  works,  among  which  are  the  International  Bridge  at  Black 
Rock,  New  York,  the  N.  Y.  Central  &  Hudson  River  Railroad  Bridge  at  Albany,  and  the 
new  Girard  Avenue  Bridge  which  spans  the  Schuylldll  River  at  Fairmount,  Philadelphia, 
and  is  to  afford  a  means  of  communication  between  the  east  and  west  parks.  As  this  is  to 
be  the  most  ornamental  bridge  of  the  United  States,  the  following  interesting  description 
of  it  is  subjoined.  This  description  was  written  by  Mr.  George  "W.  Piersol,  and  appeared 
in  the  columns  of  the  Pohjtechnic  Bulletin : 

The  new  bridge  will  be  a  double  intersection  truss,  built  upon  the  site  of  the  old  one. 
The  entire  length,  from  rear  of  abutments,  is  1000  feet.  The  width,  100  feet  from  centre 
of  railings,  thus  being  the  widest  bridge  in  the  world.  Upon  the  upper  chord  will  be  the 
roadway,  67  feet  wide,  with  foot-paths  on  each  side.  In  this  bridge  there  are  five  spans — 
three  river  and  two  shore ;  the  former  being  each  197  feet  in  length,  and  the  latter  137 
each.  There  is  a  grade  of  4  feet  on  the  bridge,  from  the  east  abutment  rising  toward 
the  west.  The  distance  from  the  surface  of  the  water  to  the  top  of  the  pier  farthest  west 
is  about  23  feet. 

The  abutments  are  built  of  very  large  stone,  upon  a  foundation  of  solid  rock.  The 
facing  of  these  abutments  is  of  Port  Deposit  granite,  while  the  backing  is  composed  of  the 
blue  stone  from  Conshohocken,  all  being  laid  in  mortar  composed  of  one  part  of  cement 
and  two  of  sharp  river  sand,  no  lime  being  used.  The  abutments  are  108  feet  long,  and 
about  18  feet  high. 

The  river  piers  are  all  built  upon  the  rock  foundation,  from  25  to  30  feet  below  the 
surface  of  the  water.  After  the  mud,  sand,  etc.,  had  been  removed  from  the  bottom  by 
dredging,  a  wooden  crib  was  sunk.  This  is  of  timber  12  x  12,  and  has  a  double  casing,  there 
being  a  space  of  six  feet  between  these,  and  this  space  is  divided  into  pockets  10  feet  long. 


IROlSr  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


3G5 


These  were  filled  with  stone,  and  the  crib,  sunk  upon  the  rock,  was  filled  with  the  concrete. 
This  was  levelled,  and  upon  it  the  caisson  was  sunk.  The  space  between  the  inner  walls  of 
the  crib  is  22  feet,  and  the  concrete  is  from  7  to  9  feet  in  thickness,  being  composed  of  2 
parts  cement,  2  of  river  sand,  and  4  of  broken  slag.  The  wooden  caisson  is  made  of  the 
best  quality  Florida  timber.  Its  bottom  is  3  feet  in  thickness,  and  19  in  width  ;  its  height 
about  20  feet,  and,  as  is  the  crib,  triangular  at  both  ends.  A  sheathing  of  boards  was 
erected  from  the  crib  to  prevent  the  current  from  washing  the  cement  from  the  concrete, 
which  latter  was  lowered  into  place  by  means  of  an  iron  bucket,  containing  a  cubic  yard. 

On  the  bottom  of  the  caisson  the  masonry  of  the  pier  is  built.  The  lines  of  the  piers 
are  slightly  tapering,  being  about  120  feet  long,  and  12  feet  wide  at  the  surface  of  the 
water,  and  113  feet  long,  and  8  feet  wide  at  the  top,  the  ends  being  elliptical  in  form. 
The  lower  portion  of  the  piers  is  of  Conshohocken  stone,  while  from  the  water-line  they 
are  built  of  roughly  dressed  blocks  of  granite.  Upon  the  piers  rests  the  iron-work  of  the 
bridge,  and  this  is,  at  the  west  abutment,  2-1  feet  above  the  masonry. 

The  progress  of  the  work  upon  the  bridge  has,  thus  far,  been  very  rapid  and  satisfac- 
tory. The  bridge  proper  was  finished  by  the  contractors  in  March,  and  will  if  the  city 
desires  it,  be  thrown  open  to  the  public  July  4th,  1874.  There  will  be  seven  distinct  road- 
ways exclusive  of  railway  tracks ;  the  roadways  being  constructed  as  follows  :  First,  a  com- 
plete covering  of  corrugated  iron  plates ;  then  a  covering  of  asphalt,  then  of  sand,  and  upon 
this  belgian  blocks  are  laid,  forming  a  stone  road  on  an  iron  base.  The  footways  for  pas- 
sengers are  of  slate,  with  a  bordering  of  tiles  imported  from  England,  and  the  railing  is 
ornamented  with  700  bronze  medallions.  The  shore  span  on  the  west  bank  consists  of 
seven  trusses  abreast,  with  a  distance  of  16  feet  between  them.  The  height  of  the  trusses 
is  24  feet  from  the  abutment  to  the  upper  chord,  which  part  is  composed  of  Phoenix 
columns,  as  are  also  the  struts  of  the  trusses.  There  are  11  panels  in  this  span, 
each  about  12|-  feet  long.  The  trusses  are  connected,  top  and  bottom,  by  horizontal 
beams,  and  all  but  the  outer  trusses  have  tie  rods  between  them.  There  are,  therefore, 
two  open  spaces  left,  one  on  each  side  of  the  bridge ;  through  the  one  on  the  north  side, 
the  proposed  gravity  railroad  through  Fairmount  Park  will  pass,  on  the  lower  chord,  and 
through  corresponding  space  on  the  south  side,  a  foot  path. 

All  the  stone  and  other  heavy  material  are  handled  by  means  of  travelling  cranes 
similar  to  those  used  by  the  European  engineers,  and  by  this  simple  piece  of  machinery  a 
great  amount  of  labor  and  time  is  economized.  The  cements  used  in  their  work  are  the 
Copley  and  Lehigh,  as  these  gave  the  most  satisfactory  results  in  a  series  of  tests,  and  it 
is  estimated  that  about  150  barrels  are  used  daily.  The  means  of  transportation  to  the 
site  of  the  bridge  are  ample.  Two  sidings  have  been  run  down  to  and  along  the  bank  of 
the  river,  the  one  from  the  Reading  Railroad  on  the  east  side,  and  the  other  from  the 
Pennsylvania  on  the  west.  The  river  also  affords  another  means  of  transportation,  which 
is  taken  advantage  of  in  obtaining  the  slag  from  Conshohocken. 

It  will  not  only  be  a  long-needed  improvement,  but  an  ornament  to  our  park,  and, 
as  for  the  quality  of  the  workmanship  and  manner  of  erection,  we  are  assured  by  the 
names  of  the  contractors,  Messrs.  Clakke,  Reeves  &  Co.,  and  the  well-known  ability 
of  the  engineer  in  charge,  Mr.  IIekkon,  tlirough  whose  kindness  many  of  the  above  data 
were  obtained. 

The  following  interesting  description  of  the  Phoenixville  Bridge  Works,  gives  a  most 


36G  IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

thoi'ougli  explanation  of  the  method  of  manufacturiug  iron  bridges,  and  is  finely  illus- 
trated : 


'■Assembling  "  Bridge  Under  Shed. 


In  a  graveyard  in  AYatertown,  a  Anllage  near  Boston,  Massachusetts,  there  is  a  tomb- 
stone commemorating  the  claims  of  the  departed  worthy  who  lies  below,  to  the  eternal 
gratitude  of  posterity.  The  inscription  is  dated  in  the  early  part  of  this  century  (about 
ISIO),  but  the  name  of  him  who  was  thus  immortalized  has  faded  like  the  date  of  his  death 
from  my  memory,  while  the  deed  for  which  he  was  distinguished,  and  which  was  recorded 
upon  his  tombstone,  remains  clear.  "  He  built  the  famous  bridge  over  the  Charles  River 
in  this  town,"  says  the  record.  The  Charles  River  is  here  a  small  stream,  about  twenty  to 
thirty  feet  wide,  and  the  bridge  was  a  simple  wooden  structure. 

Doubtless  in  its  day  this  structure  was  considered  an  engineering  feat  worthy  of  such 
posthixmous  immortality  as  is  gained  by  an  epitaph,  and  aiiorded  such  convenience  for 
transportation  as  was  needed  by  the  commercial  activity  of  that  era.  From  that  time,  how- 
ever, to  this,  the  changes  which  have  occurred  in  our  commercial  and  industrial  methods 
are  so  fully  indicated  by  the  changes  of  om-  manner  and  method  of  bridge-building, 
that  it  will  not  be  a  loss  of  time  to  investigate  the  present  condition  of  our  abilities  in  this 
most  useful  branch  of  engineering  skill. 

In  the  usual  archaeological  classification  of  eras,  the  Stone  Age  precedes  that  of  Iron, 
and  in  the  history  of  bridge-building  the  same  sequence  has  been  preserved.  Though  the 
knowledge  of  working  iron  was  acquired  by  many  nations  at  a  pre-historic  period,  yet  in 
quite  modern  times — within  this  century,  even,  the  invention  of  new  processes  and  the  ex- 
perience gained  of  new  methods  have  so  completely  revolutionized  this  branch  of  industry, 
and  given  us  such  a  mastery  over  this  material,  enabling  us  to  apply  it  to  such  new  uses, 
that  for  the  future  the  real  Age  of  Iron  will  date  from  the  present  century. 

The  knowledge  of  the  arch  as  a  method  of  construction  with  stone  or  brick — both  of 


lEOK  BRIDaE  WORKS  OP  THE  UKITED  STATES. 


367 


them  materials  aptly  fitted  for  resistance  under  pressure,  but  of  comparatively  no  tensile 
strength — enabled  the  Eomans  to  surpass  all  nations  that  had  preceded  them  in  the  course 
of  history,  in  building  bridges.  The  bridge  across  the  Danube,  erected  by  Apollodorus,  the 
architect  of  Trajan's  Column,  was  the  largest  bridge  built  by  the  Eomans.  It  was  more 
than  three  hundred  feet  in  height,  composed  of  twenty-one  arches  resting  upon  twenty 
piers,  and  was  about  eight  hundred  feet  in  length.  It  was  after  a  few  years  destroyed  by 
the  Emperor  Adrian,  lest  it  should  afford  a  means  of  passage  to  the  barbarians,  and  its  ruins 
are  still  to  be  seen  in  Lower  Hungary. 

With  the  advent  of  railroads,  bridge-building  became  even  a  gi'eater  necessity  than  it 
liad  ever  been  before,  and  the  use  of  iron  has  enabled  engineers  to  grapple  with  and  over- 
come difficulties  which  only  fifty  years  ago  would  have  been  considered  hopelessly  insur- 


TiiE  Lyman  Viaduct. 


mountable.  In  this  modern  use  of  iron,  advantage  is  taken  of  its  great  tensile  strength, 
and  many  iron  bridges,  over  which  enormous  trains  of  heavily-loaded  cars  pass  hourly,  look 
as  though  they  were  spun  from  gossamer  threads,  and  yet  are  stronger  than  any  structure 
of  wood  or  stone  would  be. 

Another  great  advantage  of  an  iron  bridge  over  one  constructed  of  wood  or  stone  is  the 
greater  ease  with  which  it  can,  in  every  part  of  it,  be  constantly  observed,  and  every  fail- 
ing part  replaced.  Whatever  material  may  be  used,  every  edifice  is  always  subject  to  the 
slow  disintegrating  influence  of  time  and  the  elements.    In  every  such  edifice  as  a  bridge, 


368 


IRON  BEIDGE  WOEES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


use  is  a  process  of  constant  weakening,  which,  if  not  as  constantly  guarded  against,  must 
inevitably,  in  time,  lead  to  its  destruction. 

In  a  wooden  or  stone  bridge  a  beam  affected  by  dry  rot  or  a  stone  weakened  by  the 
effects  of  frost  may  lie  hidden  from  the  inspection  of  even  the  most  vigilant  observer  until, 
when  the  process  has  gone  far  enough,  the  bridge  suddenly  gives  way  under  a  not  imusual 
strain,  and  death  and  disaster  shock  the  community  into  a  sense  of  the  inherent  defects  of 
these  materials  for  such  structures. 

The  introduction  of  the  railroad  has  brought  about  also  another  change  in  the  bridge- 
building  of  modem  times,  compared  with  that  of  all  the  ages  which  have  preceded  this 
nineteenth  century.  The  chief  bridges  of  ancient  times  were  built  as  great  public  conve- 
niences, upon  thoroughways  over  which  there  was  a  large  amount  of  travel,  and  conse- 
quently were  near  the  cities  or  commercial  centres  which  attracted  such  travel,  and  were 
therefore  placed  where  they  were  seen  by  great  numbers.  Now,  however,  the  connection 
between  the  chief  commercial  centres  is  made  by  the  railroads,  and  these  penetrate  im- 
mense distances,  through  comparatively  unsettled  districts,  in  order  to  bring  about  the 
needed  distribution ;  and  in  consequence  many  of  the  great  railroad  bridges  are  built  in  the 
most  unfrequented  spots,  and  are  unseen  by  the  numerous  passengers  who  traverse  them, 
unconscious  that  they  are  thus  easily  passing  over  specimens  of  engineering  skill  which  sur- 
j)ass,  as  objects  of  intelligent  interest,  many  of  the  sights  they  may  be  travelling  to  see. 


i;i,AST-Fl'R.NACES. 


The  various  processes  by  which  the  iron  is  prepared  to  be  used  in  bridge-building  are 
many  of  them  as  new  as  is  the  use  of  this  material  for  this  purpose,  and  it  will  not  be  amiss 
to  spend  a  few  moments  in  examining  them  before  presenting  to  our  readers  illustrations  of 


IKON  BRIDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


369 


some  of  the  most  remarkable  structures  of  this  kind.  Taking  a  train  by  the  Reading  Rail- 
road from  Philadelphia,  we  arrive,  in  about  an  hour,  at  Phoenix ville,  in  the  Schuykill  Val- 
ley, where  the  Phoenix  Iron  and  Bridge  Works  are  situated.  In  this  establishment  we  can 
follow  the  iron  from  its  original  condition  of  ore  to  a  finished  bridge ;  and  it  is  the  only 
establishment  in  this  country,  and  most  probably  in  the  world,  where  this  can  be  seen. 

These  works  were  established  in  1790.  In  1827  they  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
late  David  Reeves,  who,  by  his  energy  and  enterprise,  increased  their  capacity  to  meet  the 
growing  demands  of  the  time,  until  they  reached  their  present  extent,  employing  constantly 
over  fifteen  hundred  hands. 

The  first  process  is  melting  the  ore  in  the  blast-furnace.  Here  the  ore,  with  coal  and  a 
flux  of  limestone,  is  piled  in  and  subjected  to  the  heat  of  the  fires,  driven  by  a  hot  blast, 
and  kept  burning  night  and  day.  The  iron,  as  it  becomes  melted,  flows  to  the  bottom  of 
the  furnace,  and  is  drawn  off  below  in  a  glowing  stream.  Into  the  top  of  the  blast-fur- 
naces the  ore  and  coal  are  dumped,  having  been  raised  to  the  top  by  an  elevator  worked  by 
a  blast  of  air.  It  is  curious  to  notice  how  slowly  the  experience  was  gathered  from  which 
has  resulted  the  ability  to  work  iron  as  it  is  done  here.  Though  even  at  the  first  settle- 
ment of  this  country,  the  foi'ests  of  England  had  been  so  much  thinned  by  their  consump- 
tion in  the  form  of  charcoal  in  her  iron  industry,  as  to  make  a  demand  for  timber  from  this 
country  a  flourishing  trade  for  the  new  settlers,  yet  it  was  not  until  1612,  that  a  patent  was 
granted  to  Simon  Sturtevant  for  smelting  iron  by  the  consumption  of  bituminous  coal. 
Another  patent  for  the  same  invention  was  granted  to  John  Ravenson  the  next  year,  and 
in  1619  another  to  Lord  Dudley;  yet  the  process  did  not  come  into  general  use  until  nearly 
a  hundred  years  later. 

The  blast  for  the  furnace  is  driven  by  two  enormous  engines,  each  of  three  hundred 
horse-power.  The  blast  used  here  is,  as  we  have  said,  a  hot  one,  the  air  being  heated  by 
the  consumption  of  the  gases  evolved  from  the  material  itself.  The  gradual  steps  by  which 
these  successive  modifications  were  introduced  are  an  evidence  of  how  slowly  industi-ial 


Dujrpixo  Ore  axd  Coal  into  BLAST-FimxACEs. 


processes  have  been  perfected  by  the  collective  experience  of  generations,  and  show  us  how 
much  we  of  the  present  day  owe  to  our  predecessors.  From  the  earliest  times,  as  among 
the  native  smiths  of  Africa  to-day,  the  blast  of  a  bellows  has  been  used  in  working  iron  to 


370 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UinTED  STATES. 


increase  tlie  licat  of  the  combustion  by  a  more  plentiful  supply  of  oxygen.  The  blast-fur- 
nace is  supposed  to  have  been  first  used  in  Belgium,  and  to  have  been  introduced  into  Eng- 
land in  1558.    Next  came  the  use  of  bituminous  coal,  urged  with  a  blast  of  cold  air.  But 

it  was  not  not  until  1829,  that  Neilson,  an  Englishman, 
conceived  the  idea  of  heating  the  air  of  the  blast,  and  car- 
ried it  out  at  the  Miiirkirk  fui-naces.  In  that  year  he 
obtained  a  patent  for  this  process,  and  found  that  he 
could  from  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  make  three  times 
as  much  iron.  His  patent  made  him  very  rich :  in  one 
single  case  of  infringement  he  received  a  cheque  for 
damages  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  pounds. 
In  his  method,  however,  he  used  an  extra  fire  for  heat- 
ing the  air  of  his  blast.  In  1837  the  idea  of  heating  the 
air  for  the  blast  by  the  gases  generated  in  the  process 
was  first  practically  introduced  by  M.  Faber  Dufour  at 
Wasseralfilgen,  in  the  kingdom  of  Wiirtemburg. 

In  this  country,  charcoal  was  at  first  used  univer- 
ELzvATon.  sally  for  smelting  iron,  anthracite  coal  being  consid- 

ered unfit,  for  the  purpose.  In  1820,  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  use  it  was  made  at  Mauch 
Chunk.  In  1833,  Frederick  W.  Geisenhainer,  of  Schuylkill,  obtained  a  patent  for  the  use  of 
the  hot  blast  with  anthracite,  and,  in  1835,  produced  the  first  iron  made  with  this  process. 
In  1841,  C.  E.  Detmold  adapted  the  consumption  of  the  gases  produced  by  the  smelting  to 
the  use  of  anthracite ;  and  since  then  it  has  become  quite  general,  and  has  caused  an  almost  - 
incalculable  saving  to  the  community  in  the  price  of  iron. 

The  view  of  the  engines  which  piimp  the  blast  will  give  an  idea  of  the  immense  power 
which  the  Phoenix  company  has  at  command.  Twice  every  day  the  furnace  is  tapped,  and 
the  stream  of  liquid  iron  flows  out  into  moulds  formed  in  the  sand,  making  the  iron  into 

pigs — so  called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  form 
of  these  animals.  This  makes  the  first  process ;  and  in 
many  smelting  establishments  this  is  all  that  is  done,  the 
iron  ill  this  form  being  sold  and  entering  into  the  gen- 
eral consumption. 

The  next  process  is  "  boiling,"  which  is  a  modifica- 
tion  of  "puddling,"  and  is  generally  used  in  the  best 
ii-on  Avorks  in  this  country.  The  process  of  puddling 
was  invented  by  Henry  Cort,  an  Englishman,  and  pa- 
tented by  him  in  1783  and  1781,  as  a  new  process  for 
"  shingling,  welding,  and  manufacturing  iron  and  steel 
into  bars,  plates,  and  rods  of  purer  quality  and  in  larger 
quantity  than  heretofore,  by  a  more  effectual  application 
of  fire  and  machinery."  For  this  invention,  Cort  has 
been  called  "  the  father  of  the  iron  trade  of  the  British 
nation,"  and  it  is  estimated  that  his  invention  has,  dur- 
ing this  century,  given  employment  to  six  millions  of  persons,  and  increased  the  wealth  of 
Great  Britain  by  three  thousand  millions  of  dollars.    In  his  experiments  for  perfecting  his 


Running  Metal  into  Pigs. 


IKON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


371 


process,  Mr.  Cort  spent  his  fortune,  and  though  it  proved  so  vahiable,  he  died  poor,  having 
been  involved  by  the  government  in  a  lavrsuit  concerning  his  patent,  which  beggared  him. 
Six  years  before  his  death,  the  government,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  their  wrong;, 
granted  him  a  yearly  pension  of  a 


thousand  dollars,  and  at  his  death 
this  miserly  recompense  was  re- 
duced, to  his  widow,  to  six  hundred 
and  twenty-five  dollars. 

When  iron  is  simply  melted 
and  run  into  any  mould,  its  texture 
is  granular,  and  is  so  brittle  as  to  be 
quite  unreliable  for  any  use  requir- 
ing much  tensile  strengtli.  The 
process  of  puddling  consisted  in 
stirring  the  molten  iron  run  out  in 
a  puddle,  and  had  the  effect  of  so 
changing  its  atomic  arrangement,  as 
to  render  the  process  of  rolling  it 
more  eificacious.  The  process  oi 
boiling  is  considered  an  improve- 
ment upon  this.  The  boiling  fur- 
nace is  an  oven  heated  to  an  in- 


The  Engine-Room. 


tense  heat  by  a  fire  urged  with  a  blast.  The  cast-iron  sides  are  double,  and  a  constant  cir- 
culation of  water  is  kept  passing  through  the  chamber  thus  made,  in  order  to  preserve  the 
structure  from  fusion  by  the  heat.  The  inside  is  lined  with  fire-brick,  covered  with  metal- 
lic ore  and  slag  over  the  bottom  and  sides,  and  then,  the  oven  being  charged  with  the  pigs 
of  iron,  the  heat  is  let  on.    The  pigs  melt,  and  the  oven  is  filled  with  molten  iron.  Tlie 


Carrying  the  iron  Balls. 


puddler  constantly  stirs  this  mass  with  a  bar  let  through  a  hole  in  the  door,  until  the  iron 
boils  up,  or  "  ferments,"  as  it  is  called.    This  fermentation  is  caused  by  the  combustion  of 
a  portion  of  the  carbon  in  the  iron,  and  as  soon  as  the  excess  of  this  is  consumed,  the  cin- 
47 


372 


mON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UOTTED  STATES. 


BOIMNG-la  F,.\A(  E. 


dcrs  and  slag  sink  to  the  bottom  of  tlie  oven,  leaving  tlie  semi-fluid  mass  on  the  top.  Stir- 
ring this  about,  the  puddler  forms  it  into  balls  of  such  a  size  as  he  can  conveniently  handle, 
which  are  taken  out  and  carried  on  little  ears,  made  to  receive  them,  to  "the  squeezer." 
To  carry  on  this  process  properly  requires  great  skill  and  judgment  in  the  puddler. 

The  heat  necessarily  generated  by  the  operation  is  so 
great,  that  very  few  persons  have  the  physical  endurance 
to  stand  it.  So  great  is  it,  that  the  clothes  upon  the  per- 
son frequently  catch  tire.  Such  a  strain  upon  the  physi- 
cal powers  naturally  leads  those  subjected  to  it  to  indulge 
in  excesses.  The  perspiration  which  flows  from  the  pud- 
dlers  in  streams  while  engaged  in  their  work,  is  caused  by 
the  natural  effort  of  their  bodies  to  preserve  themselves 
from  injury  by  keeping  their  normal  temperature.  Such 
a  consumption  of  the  fluids  of  the  body  causes  great  thirst, 
and  the  exhaustion  of  the  labor,  both  bodily  and  mental, 
leads  often  to  the  excessive  use  of  stimulants.  In  fact,  the 
work  is  too  laborious.  Its  conditions  are  such  that  no  one 
should  be  siibjected  to  them.  The  necessity,  however,  for 
judgment,  experience,  and  skill  on  the  part  of  the  operator  has  up  to  this  time  prevented  the 
introduction  of  machinery  to  take  the  place  of  human  labor  in  this  process.  The  successful 
substitution  in  modern  times  of  machines,  for  performing  various  operations  which  formerly 
seemed  to  require  the  intelligence  and  dexterity  of  a  living  being  for  their  execution,  justi- 
fies the  expectation  that  the  study  now  being  given  to  the  organization  of  industry  will  lead  to 
the  invention  of  machines  which  will  obviate  the  necessity  for  human  suffering  in  the  process 
of  puddling.  Such  a  consummation  would  be  an  advantage  to  all  classes  concerned.  Tlie 
attempts  which  have  been  made  in  this  direction  have  not  as  yet  proved  er>tirely  successful. 
In  the  squeezer  the  glowing  ball  of  white-hot  iron  is  placed,  and  forced  with  a  rotary 

motion  through  a  spiral  passage,  the  diameter  of 
which  is  constantly  diminishing.  The  effect  of 
this  operation  is  to  squeeze  all  the  slag  and  cinder 
out  of  the  ball,  and  force  the  iron  to  assume  the 
shape  of  a  short  thick  cylinder  called  "  a  bloom." 
This  process  was  formerly  performed  by  striking 
the  ball  of  iron  repeatedly  with  a  tilt-hammer. 

The  bloom  is  now  re-heated  and  subjected  to 
the  process  of  rolling.    "  The  rolls "  are  heavy 
lajTAin  oyLi.i,:6i;j;.  cylluders  of  cast-lrou  placed  almost  in  contact, 

and  revolving  rapidly  by  steam-power.  The  bloom  is  caught  between  these  rollers,  and 
passed  backward  and  forward  until  it  is  pressed  into  a  flat  bar,  averaging  from  four  to  six 
inches  in  width,  and  about  an  inch  and  a  half  thick.  These  bars  are  then  cut  into  short 
lengths,  piled,  heated  again  in  a  furnace,  and  re-rolled.  After  going  through  this  process, 
they  form  the  bar-iron  of  commerce.  From  the  iron  reduced  into  this  form,  the  various 
parts  used  in  the  construction  of  iron  bridges  are  made  by  being  rolled  into  shape,  the 
rolls  through  which  the  various  parts  pass  having  grooves  of  the  form  it  is  desired  to  give 
to  the  pieces. 


IRON"  BRIDGE  WORKS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


373 


These  rolls,  when  they  are  driven  by  steam,  obtain  this  generally  from  a  boiler  placed  over 
the  heating  or  puddling  furnace,  and  heated  by  the  waste  gases  from  the  furnace.  This 


The  Rolls. 


arrangement  was  first  made  by  Johk  Geiffe,  the  superintendent  of  the  Phoenix  Iron  "Works, 
under  whose  direction  the  first  rolled  iron  beams  over  nine  inches  deep  that  were  ever  made 
were  produced  at  these  works.  The  process  of  rolling 
toughens  the  iron,  seeming  to  draw  out  its  fibres ; 
and  iron  that  has  been  twice  rolled  is  considered  fit 
for  ordinary  uses.  For  the  various  parts  of  a  bridge, 
however,  where  great  toughness  and  tensile  strength 
are  necessary,  as  well  as  imiformity  of  textm*e,  the 
iron  is  rolled  a  third  time.  The  bars  are  therefore 
cut  again  into  pieces,  piled,  reheated,  and  rolled 
again.  A  bar  of  iron  which  has  been  rolled  twice 
is  formed  from  a  pile  of  fourteen  separate  pieces  of 
iron  that  have  been  rolled  only  once,  or  "  muck 
bar,"  as  it  is  called ;  while  the  thrice-rolled  bar  is 

made  from  a  pile  of  eight  separate  pieces  of  double-rolled  iron.  If,  therefore,  one  of  the 
original  pieces  of  iron  has  any  flaw  or  defect,  it  will  form  only  a  hundred  and  twelfth  part 


Cold  Saw, 


374 


mON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


}IOT  Saw. 


of  the  tlirice-rolled  bar.    The  uniformity  of  texture  and  the  toughness  of  the  bars  which 
have  been  thrice-rolled  are  so  great  that  they  may  be  twisted,  cold,  into  a  knot,  without 
showing  any  signs  of  fracture.    The  bars  of  iron,  whether  hot  or  cold,  are  sawn  to  the  vari- 
ous required  lengths  by  the  hot  or  cold  saws  shown  in 
the  illustrations,  which  revolve  with  great  rapidity. 

For  the  columns  intended  to  sustain  the  compres- 
sive thrust  of  heavy  weights,  a  form  is  used  in  this 
establishment  of  their  own  design,  and  to  which  the 
name  of  the  "  Phoenix  column "  has  been  given. 
They  are  tubes  made  from  four  or  from  eight  sections 
rolled  in  the  usual  way,  and  riveted  together  at  their 
flanges.  (See  illustration.)  When  necessary,  such  col- 
umns are  joined  together  by  cast  iron  joint-blocks, 
with  circular  tenons  which  fit  into  the  hollows  of  each 
tube. 

To  join  two  bars  to  resist  a  strain  of  tension,  links  or  eyebars  are  used  from  three  to  six 
inches  wide,  and  as  long  as  may  be  needed.    At  each  end  is  an  enlargement  with  a  hole  to 

receive  a  pin.  In  this  way  any  number  of  bars  can 
be  joined  together,  and  the  result  of  numerous  ex- 
periments made  at  this  establishment  has  shown 
that  under  sufficient  strain  they  will  part  as  often  in 
the  body  of  the  bar  as  at  the  joint.  The  heads 
upon  these  bars  are  made  by  a  process  known  as 
die-forging.  The  bar  is  heated  to  a  white  heat,  and 
under  a  die  worked  by  hydraulic  pressure,  the  head 
is  shaped  and  the  hole  struck  at  one  operation. 
This  method  of  joining  by  pins  is  much  more  reli- 
able than  welding.  The  pins  are  made  of  cold- 
rolled  shafting,  and  fit  to  a  nicety. 

The  general  view  of  the  machine  shop,  which 
covers  more  than  an  acre  of  ground,  shows  the  various  machines  and  tools  by  which  iron 
is  planed,  turned,  drilled,  and  handled  as  though  it  were  one  of  the  softest  of  materials.  Such 
a  machine  shop  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  this  century.  Most  of  the  operations  performed 
there,  and  all  of  the  tools  with  which  they  are  done,  are  due  entirely  to  modern  invention, 
many  of  them  within  the  last  ten  years.  By  means  of  this  application  of  machines,  great 
accuracy  of  work  is  obtained,  and  each  part  of  an  iron  bridge  can  be  exactly  duplicated  if 
necessary.  This  method  of  consti'uction  is  entirely  American,  the  English  still  building 
their  iron  bridges  mostly  with  hand-labor.  In  consequence  also  of  this  method  of  working, 
American  iron  bridges,  despite  the  higher  price  of  our  iron,  can  successfully  compete  in 
Canada  with  bridges  of  English  or  Belgian  construction.  The  American  iron  bridges  are 
lighter  than  those  of  other  nations,  but  their  absolute  strength  is  as  great,  since  the  weight 
which  is  saved  is  all  dead  weight,  and  not  necessary  to  the  solidity  of  the  structure.  The 
same  difference  is  displayed  here  that  is  seen  in  our  carriages,  with  their  slender  wheels, 
compared  with  the  lumbering,  heavy  wagons  of  European  construction. 

Before  any  practical  work  upon  the  construction  of  a  bridge  is  begun,  the  data  and 


Riveting  a  Column. 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


3Y5 


specifications  are  given,  and  a  plan  of  the  structure  is  drawn,  whether  it  is  for  a  railroad  or 
for  ordinary  travel,  whether  for  a  double  or  ^  single  track,  whether  the  train  is  to  pass  on 
top  or  below,  and  so  on.  The  calculations  and  plans  are  then  made  for  the  use  of  such  di- 
mensions of  iron  that  the  strain  upon  any  part  of  the  structure  shall  not  exceed  a  certain 
maximum,  usually  fixed  at  ten  thousand  pounds  to  the  square  inch.  As  the  weight  of  the 
iron  is  known,  and  its  tensile  strength  is  estimated  at  sixty  thousand  pounds  per  square 
inch,  this  estimate,  which  is  technically  called  "  a  factor  of  safety  "  of  six,  is  a  very  safe  one. 


Furnace  akd  Hydraulic  Dik. 


In  other  words  the  bridge  is  planned  and  so  constructed  that  in  supporting  its  own  weight, 
together  with  any  load  of  locomotives  or  cars  which  can  be  placed  upon  it,  it  shall  not  be 
subjected  to  a  strain  over  one-sixth  of  its  estimated  strength. 

After  the  plan  is  made,  working  drawings  are  prepared  and  the  process  of  manufacture 
commences.  The  eye-bars,  when  made,  are  tested  in  a  testing-machine  at  double  the  strain 
which  by  any  possibility  they  can  be  put  to  in  the  bridge  itself.  The  elasticity  of  the  iron 
is  such  that,  after  being  submitted  to  a  tension  of  about  thirty  thousand  pounds  to  the 
square  inch,  it  will  return  to  its  original  dimensions ;  while  it  is  so  tough  that  the  bars,  as 
large  as  two  inches  in  diameter,  can  be  bent  double,  when  cold,  without  showing  any  signs 
of  fracture.    Having  stood  these  tests,  the  parts  of  the  bridge  are  considered  fit  to  be  used. 

When  completed,  the  parts  are  put  together  or  "  assembled,"  as  the  technical  phrase  is, 
in  order  to  see  that  they  are  right  in  length,  etc.  Then  they  are  marked  with  letters  or 
numbers,  according  to  the  working-plan,  and  shipped  to  the  spot  where  the  bridge  is  to  be 
permanently  erected.  Before  the  erection  can  be  begun,  however,  a  staging  or  scaffolding 
of  wood,  strong  enough  to  support  the  iron  structure  until  it  is  finished,  has  to  be  raised  on 
the  spot.  When  the  bridge  is  a  large  one,  this  staging  is  of  necessity  an  important  and 
costly  structure.  An  illustration  on  page  377  shows  the  staging  erected  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  'New  River  Bridge  in  West  Virginia,  on  the  line  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Railway,  near  a  romantic  spot  known  as  Hawksnest.  About  two  hundred  yards  below  this 
bridge  is  a  waterfall,  and  while  the  staging  was  still  in  use  for  its  construction,  the  river, 
which  is  very  treacherous,  suddenly  rose  about  twenty  feet  in  a  few  hours,  and  became  a 
roaring  torrent. 

The  method  of  making  all  the  parts  of  a  bridge  to  fit  exactly,  and  securing  the  ties  by 


376 


IROiSr  BRIDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


pins,  is  peculiarly  American.  Tlie  plan  still  followed  in  Europe  is  that  of  using  rivets, 
which  makes  the  erection  of  a  bridge  take  much  more  time,  and  costs,  consequently,  much 
more.  A  riveted  lattice  bridge,  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in  span,  would  require  ten  or 
twelve  days  for  its  erection,  while  one  of  the  Phoenixville  bridges  of  this  size  has  been 
erected  in  eis-ht  and  a  half  hours. 


View  op  Machine-shop. 


The  view  of  the  Albany  Bridge  will  show  the  style  which  is  technically  called  a 
"  through "  bridge,  having  the  track  at  the  level  of  the  lower  chords.  This  view  of  the 
bridge  is  taken  from  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson,  near  the  Delavan  House  in  Albany. 
The  curved  portion  crosses  the  Albany  basin,  or  outlet  of  the  Erie  Canal,  and  consists  of 
seven  spans  of  seventy-three  feet  each,  one  of  sixty-three,  and  one  of  one  hundred  and  ten. 
That  part  of  the  bridge  which  crosses  the  river  consists  of  four  spans  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty-five  feet  each,  and  a  draw  two  hundred  and  seventy-four  feet  wide.  The  iron  work 
'in  this  bridge  cost  about  three  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  dollars. 

The  bridge  over  the  Illinois  Eiver  at  La  Salle,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  shows 
the  style  of  bridge  technically  called  a  "  deck  "  bridge,  in  which  the  train  is  on  the  top. 
This  bridge  consists  of  eighteen  spans  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  each,  and  cost  one 
hundred  and  eighty  thousand  dollars.  The  bridge  over  the  Kennebec  River,  on  the  line  of 
the  Maine  Central  Railroad,  at  Augusta,  Maine,  is  another  instance  of  a  "  through  "  bridge. 
It  cost  seventy-five  thousand  dollars,  has  five  spans  of  one  hundred  and  eighty-five  feet 
each,  and  was  built  to  replace  a  wooden  deck  bridge  which  was  carried  away  by  a  freshet. 


IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  bridge  on  the  Portland  and  Ogdensburg  Eailroad  which  crosses  the 
a  very  general  type  of  a  through  railway  bridge.  It  consists  of  two  spans  of  oS^^imdrSS 
and  eighty-five  feet  each,  and  cost  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The  New  River  bliq^^i 
"West  Virginia  consists  of  two  spans  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  each,  and  two  others  o 
seventy-five  feet  each.    Its  cost  was  about  seventy  thousand  dollars. 


The  Lyman  viaduct,  on  the  Connecticut  Air-line  Railway,  at  East  Hampton,  Connecti- 
cut, is  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  feet  high  and  eleven  hundred  feet  long. 

These  specimens  will  show  the  general  character  of  the  iron  bridges  erected  in  this 
country.  "When  iron  was  first  used  in  constructions  of  this  kind,  cast  iron  was  employed,  but 
its  brittleness  and  unreliability  have  led  to  its  rejection  for  the  main  portions  of  bridges.  Ex- 
perience has  also  led  the  best  iron  bridge  builders  of  Amei'ica  to  quite  generally  employ  gird- 
ers with  parallel  top  and  bottom  members,  vertical  posts  (except  at  the  ends,  where  they  are 
made  inclined  toward  the  centre  of  the  span),  and  tie-rods  inclined  at  nearly  forty-five  de- 
grees.   This  form  takes  the  least  material  for  the  required  strength. 

The  safety  of  a  bridge  depends  quite  as  much  upon  tlie  design  and  proportions  of  its 
details  and  connections  as  upon  its  general  shape.  The  strain  which  will  compress  or  ex- 
tend the  ties,  chords,  and  other  parts,  can  be  calculated  with  mathematical  exactness.  But 
the  strains  coming  upon  the  connections  are  very  often  indeterminate,  and  no  mathematical 
formula  has  yet  been  found  for  them.  They  are  like  the  strains  which  come  upon  the 
wheels,  axles,  and  moving  parts  of  carriages,  cars,  and  machinery.    Yet  experience  and 


378  '  IRON  BEIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  TTNTTED  STATES. 


turned  to  tlie  best  accoi'.iit. 


La  Sali.e  Bridge. 


There  is  no  doubt  that  iron  bridges  can  be  made  perfectly  safe.    Their  margin  ii 


lEON  BEIDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

greater  than  that  of  the  boiler,  the  axles,  or  the  rail.  To  make  them  safe,  Ei^S^ean  gby- 
ernments  depend  npon  rigid  rules,  and  careful  inspection  to  see  that  tliey  are  carried  out^ 


hf^^jmB^^'i ....  --'ii^c-'S^i: 


Bridge  at  AuoasxA,  Maine. 


In  this  country  government  inspection  is  not  relied  on  with  such  certaintjj  and  the  spirit 
of  our  institutions  leads  us  to  depend  more  upon  the  action  of  self-interest  and  the  inherent 


380 


lEON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


rupt  the  honesty  which  forms  the  very  foundation  of  freedom,  yet  their  influence  is  but 
temporary,  and  as  soon  as  the  best  public  sentiment  becomes  convinced  of  the  need  for  their 
removal,  their  influence  is  destroyed.  Such  evils  are  necessary  incidents  of  our  transitional 
movement  toward  an  industrial,  social,  and  political  organization  in  which  the  best  intelli- 
gence and  the  most  trustworthy  honesty  shall  control  these  interests  for  the  best  advantage 
of  society  at  large.  In  the  meantime,  the  best  security  for  the  safety  of  iron  bridges  is  to 
be  found  in  the  self-interest  of  the  railway  corporations,  who  certainly  do  not  desire  to 
waste  their  money  or  to  render  themselves  liable  to  damages  from  the  breaking  of  their 
bridges,  and  who  consequently  M-ill  employ  for  such  constructions  those  whose  reputation  has 


PlICESIX  WORKS. 


been  fairly  earned,  and  whose  character  is  such  that  reliance  can  be  placed  in  the  honesty 
of  their  work.  Experience  has  given  the  world  the  knowledge  needed  to  build  bridges  of 
iron  which  shall  in  all  possible  contingencies  be  safe,  and  there  is  no  excuse  for  a  penny- 
wise-and-pound-foolish  policy  when  it  leads  to  disaster. 

Keystone  Bridge  Works. — Proprietors,  Keystone  Bridge  Co.  President,  J.  H. 
LiNviLLE,  218  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia.  Location  of  works,  Pittsburg,  Penn. 
Western  ofiice,  211  Washington  Avenue,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

This  company  construct  long  span  bridges  and,  under  the  Linville  &  Piper  patent, 
wrought-iron  bridges  for  railways,  highways,  cities,  etc.,  and  also  improved  wrought-iron 
turn-tables,  iron  roofs,  patent  tubular  columns,  and  weldless  eye-bars.    They  have-  built 


IROK  BEEDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  TTNITED  STATES. 


381 


bridges  at  Dubuque,  of  3G0  feet ;  Kansas  City,  same  length ;  Keokuk  and  Hamilton,  of 
367  feet.  Muck  of  the  iron  used  in  the  construction  of  these  bridges  comes  from  the  Union 
Iron  Works  of  Messrs.  Carnegie,  Kloman  &  Co.  of  Pittsburg,  who  are  celebrated  makers 
of  heavy  irons  of  great  strength. 

THE  KEYSTONE  BRIDGE  COMPAOT. 
PITTSBUKG  AND  PHILADELPHIA. 

This  company  was  organized  in  1865,  with  a  capital  of  $300,000,  absorbing  the  firm  of 
Piper  &  Shiffler,  who  had  erected  bridge  works  in  Pittsburg,  in  1863,  and  executed  many 
important  works. 

By  a  very  liberal  charter,  granted  by  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1872,  the 
company  was  authorized  to  increase  its  capital  stock  to  $1,500,000,  and  the  privilege  was 
conferred  to  construct  general  machine  work,  and  the  substructure  and  superstructure  of 
buildings,  bridges,  and  other  constructions  of  wood,  iron,  steel,  stone,  and  other  material,  in 
any  part  of  the  United  States. 

After  numerous  additions  to  the  original  works,  the  new  and  complete  works  of  en- 
larged capacity  were  erected  on  a  lot  embracing  six  acres  of  ground  purchased  for  this 
purpose. 

The  accompanying  illustrations  show  the  original  bridge  works  of  Piper  &  Shiffler, 
subsequently  enlarged  and  improved  by  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company,  and  also  the  new 
works  erected  by  the  latter  company,  including  machine-shops,  smith-shops,  riveting-sheds, 
bolt-cutting  and  testing  houses,  pattern-shops,  a  large  iron  building  for  a  foundry,  offices, 
stables,  and  all  the  accessories  of  a  first-class  establishment. 

In  the  completeness,  extent,  and  adaptation  of  all  the  tools  and  appointments  required 
for  heavy  bridge  construction,  the  works  of  this  company  are  without  a  rival  in  this  coun- 
try, while,  at  the  same  time,  they  possess  every  facility  requisite  to  the  construction  of  iron 
roofs,  fire-proof  buildings,  turn-tables,  roadway  bridges,  wooden  bridges,  and  general  foun- 
dry and  machine  work. 

The  annual  capacity  of  these  works  is  now  about  $3,000,000.  These  facilities  are  be- 
ing constantly  increased,  and  further  extensions  of  the  works  are  now  in  progress. 

It  results,  as  an  invariable  sequence  of  the  law  of  demand  and  supply,  that  one  great 
industry  calls  into  existence  other  allied  manufactures  especially  adapted  to  facilitate  and 
enlarge  its  productions.  The  demand  for  new  forms  of  iron  in  our  improved,  bridge  con- 
struction, embracing  channels,  beams,  hollow  columns,  and  "  upset "  or  weldless  tension 
chords,  was  promptly  met  by  Messrs.  Carnegie,  Kloman  &  Co.,  who  erected  large  works 
adjacent  to  the  shops  of  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company. 

The  intimate  relations  existing  between  these  companies,  and  the  immediate  proximity 
of  their  respective  establishments,  afford  the  opportunity  of  observing  and  directing  the 
special  manufacture  of  the  iron  employed  in  bridge  and  other  work,  in  all  the  varied  man- 
ipulations from  the  ore  to  the  finished  bar. 

The  quality  of  the  ore  and  fuel  employed,  as  well  as  the  improved  methods  of  heating 
and  working  the  iron,  are  a  guarantee  that  the  quality  furnished  cannot  be  surpassed  for 
bridge  construction. 


382 


lEON  BEtDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  ability  to  obtain  at  these  works  all  shapes  of  iron,  and  any  graduation  in  thickness 
and  width  of  bars,  rolled  to  unusual  lengths,  insures  a  prompt  execution  of  all  classes  of 
bridge  and  other  work  here  contracted  for. 

By  watching  each  step  in  the  process  of  manufacture,  and  by  carrying  out  the  careful 
system  of  tests  instituted,  not  only  at  the  mills, — where  the  bars  are  piled,  rolled,  and  re- 
rolled,  and  in  the  smith-shop,  where  every  precaution  is  observed  by  skilled  foremen  to  de- 
tect imperfections, — but  also  at  the  works,  by  constant  tests  of  specimens  cut  from  bars  de- 
signed for  bridges,  enables  the  proprietors  to  determine  whether  the  material,  mixture,  and 
working  of  the  iron  are  such  as  to  render  the  quality  satisfactory. 

When  the  quality  is  discovered  to  be  below  the  requii-ements,  the  causes  can  be  at 
once  determined.  The  mixture  and  kind  of  ores  are  then  varied,  and  such  care  observed 
in  the  maniifacture  as  will  j)roduce  results  in  conformity  with  our  specifications. 

LONG-SPAN  BKIDGES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  application  of  hfon  and  steel  to  the  construction  of  bridges  of  considerable  span  is 
of  recent  date  in  this  country. 

As  late  as  1862,  it  is  believed  that  the  Green  River  Bridge  and  the  Monongahela,  with 
spans  of  200  feet,  by  Fink,  and  the  Schuylkill  Bridge  by  J.  H.  Llnville,  with  spans  of  192 
feet,  were  the  longest  iron  spans  in  the  United  States. 

The  tubular  bridges  at  Montreal,  and  over  the  Menai  Straits,  by  Stevenson,  and 
the  parobolic  truss  at  Saltash,  by  Bkunel,  were  the  greatest  spans  erected  by  English 
engineers. 

The  Steuben villc  Bridge,  containing  a  span  320  feet  in  length,  was  the  pioneer  of  long 
spans  in  the  United  States.  Its  design  and  construction  were  intrusted,  in  1862,  to  J.  H. 
LiNViLLE,  0.  E.  In  the  execution  of  the  work  special  provision  in  tools,  machinery,  testing 
apparatus  and  appliances  for  erection,  was  rendered  necessary  in  consequence  of  its  unu- 
sual dimensions  and  proportions. 

The  Monongehela  Bridge  at  Pittsburg,  with  a  span  of  260  feet  for  double  track,  was 
constructed  simultaneously  from  the  same  patterns. 

After  the  completion  and  success  of  these  works,  followed  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Kailroad  Company's  Bridges  over  the  Ohio  at  Bellaii'e  and  Parkersburg,  with  spans  of  350 
feet,  and  the  great  span  of  420  feet  in  the  ]S"ewport  and  Cincinnati  Bridge  at  Cincinnati,  all 
of  which  were  constructed  by  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company,  from  designs  prepared  under 
the  immediate  supervision  of  their  President. 

The  Parkersburg  Bridge  has  two  spans  of  348  feet,  four  of  200  feet,  with  numerous 
shorter  spans.  The  Bellaire  Bridge  has  one  span  348  feet,  one  of  250  feet,  four  spans  200 
feet,  and  a  number  of  107  feet  spans,  the  approach  consisting  of  43  stone  arches,  28  feet  4 
inches  each,  on  a  five-degree  curve.  Cost  about  $1,000,000.  J.  L.  Randolph,  chief 
engineer. 

The  Louisville  Bridge,  constructed  by  Albert  Fink,  contains  the  next  longest  span  in 
the  United  States,  being  400  feet  in  length.  Spans  of  300  feet  have  been  erected  at  St. 
Charles,  by  Shalee  SMmi,  and  over  the  Missouri  River  at  Atchison,  by  the  Detroit  Bridge 
Company. 


IRON  BRIDGE  W0RX3  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


883 


The  cut  illustrates  tlie  system  of  construction  adopted  at  Steubenville,  Bellaire,  Par- 
kersburg,  and  Cincinnati,  being  copied  from  a  photograph  of  the  channel  span  of  the  New- 
port and  Cincinnati  Bridge.  This  is  the  longest  truss  in  use  in  this  country.  The  same 
general  design,  submitted  by  J.  H.  Linville,  chief  engineer,  .has  been  selected  and 
approved  for  the  great  bridge  over  the  Hudson,  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  with  five  spans  of 
525  feet  each. 


Channel  Span  op  Newport  and  Cincinnati  Bridge. 
(Span,  420  feet.) 


These  will  be  the  longest  spans  of  truss  bridge  ever  attempted  in  this  or  any  other 
country.  The  success  of  previous  works,  on  similar  plans,  is  the  best  evidence  of  their 
practicability  for  extended  spans. 

The  distance  from  high  water  to  the  lower  chord  is  limited  by  the  charter  to  130 
feet. 

The  grade  will  be  elevated  190  feet  above  high  water. 

The  eastern  approach  consists  of  four  spans  of  260  feet,  and  five  spans  of  135  feet,  at 
varying  elevations. 

The  depth  of  water  varies  from  50  to  60  feet.  The  immense  height  of  structure,  length 
of  spans,  volume  of  water,  and  depth  to  rock,  render  this  project  probably  the  grandest  and 
most  difficult  that  engineering  skill  has  ever  been  required  to  undertake  and  accomplish. 

Pivot  bridges  were  generally  constructed,  previous  to  1860,  of  two  disconnected  spans, 
sustained  by  guys  depending  from  a  central  tower,  or-  with  guys  to  aid  in  stiffening  wooden 
trusses. 

In  the  Schuylkill  Bridge  these  accessories  were  omitted,  the  trusses  being  designed  to 
be  self-supporting  when  revolved  on  the  pivot  centre. 

This  method  of  construction  now  prevails  almost  excliisively.  The  accompanying 
illustration,  taken  from  the  Keokuk  Bridge,  shows  the  pivot  span,  387  feet  in  length. 

This  span  and  those  of  similar  design  at  Dubuque  and  Kansas  City,  each  360  feet  in 


384 


lEON  BRIDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  UOTTED  STATES. 


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IRON"  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


520  feet,  being  the  longest  existing  spans  in  the  world.  The  design  reflects  great  cre^iaif -otf^,  '  j 
the  chief  engineer,  and  his  principal  assistant.  Colonel  Flad.  "^"'^ 


ruin'  liiuDGE  OVER  THE  Mississippi  liiviiu  at  Keokuk. 


The  contract  for  the  supply  of  materials  and  construction  of  this  great  work  was 
awarded  to  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company. 

The  steel  was  mainly  furnished  them  by  the  Midvale  Steel  Works,  Philadelphia. 

The  machine-work  on  the  steel  tubes,  etc.,  required  tools  of  large  capacity  and  great 
accuracy.  Its  execution  developed  numerous  mechanical  difficulties,  which  were,  in  turn, 
successfully  mastered.  The  satisfactory  execution  of  this  work  does  great  credit  to  the 
.ability  and  skill  of  the  general  manager  and  his  able  assistants  in  charge  of  the  mechanical 


COKNEOTICUT  ElVER  BRIDGE,  MlDDLETOWN,  COIW. 


386 


IRON  BEIDGE  WOEKS  OF  THE  TJOTTED  STATES. 


departments  of  the  I^eystone  Bridge  "Works.  The  bridge  now  so  nearly  completed,  is  pro- 
nounced by  all  to  be  the  finest  mechanical  specimen  of  bridge  work  in  the  world. 

The  method  of  erecting  these  immense  steel  tubes,  without  any  of  the  usual  appliances 
of  scaffolding  or  support  from  below,  is  shown  in  the  illustration  copied  from  a  photo- 
graph. 


Illinois  and  St.  Louis  Bridge. — Mode  of  erecting  arches. 

The  intention,  from  the  assumption  of  this  undertaking  by  the  contractors,  was  to  erect 
by  the  aid  of  guys  depending  from  the  masonry,  and  by  cables  passing  over  temporary 
towers. 

Captain  Eads  urged  the  use  of  catenary  cables,  extending  over  towers  placed  on  the 
piers  and  abutments,  and  anchored  at  the  approaches. 

Investigations  showed  that  this  method  would  be  expensive  and  uncertain.  The  diffi- 
culty of  maintaining  these  cables  in  the  assumed  curve  when  supporting  the  constantly  va- 
rying weight  of  the  arches  as  they  progressed  from  the  abutments  and  piers,  led  Mr.  Lnsr- 
VTLLE  to  propose,  early  in  1871,  in  his  instructions  to  Walter  Katte,  engineer  in  charge, 
the  use  of  direct  guys  and  back-stays  depending  from  temporary  towers.  These  suggestions 
embraced  the  leading  principles  of  erection  adopted,  seem'ing  direct  support  to  the  arches 
at  a  sufficient  nmnber  of  fixed  points. 

It  was  subsequently  suggested  by  Colonel  Flad  to  use  guys  passing  over  towers,  the 
guys  or  cables  being  made  adjustable  by  means  of  hydraulic  rams  placed  on  the  summit  of 
the  towers,  to  compensate  for  changes  of  temperature. 

The  officers  of  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company,  fearing  accidents  to  the  rams  and  diffi- 
culty in  repairing  the  same,  substituted  movable  towers,  supported  on  the  rams,  which  were 


lEON  BEIDOE  W(^RKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


387 


placed  on  the  masoniy.    Provision  was  by  tliis  means  made  for  safety  in  event  of  acci- 
dents to  the  rams,  and  for  the  removal  and  renewal  of  the  rams,  if  found  defective. 
The  engineering  profession  are  familiar  with  the  operations. 

Many  persons  visited  the  work  during  erection,  and  the  successful  closing  of  the  first 
arches  was  heralded  throughout  this  country  and  Europe,  as  "  the  greatest  achievement  of 
engineering  science  in  the  world." 

The  illustration  shows  the  towers,  main  cables  reaching  over  the  same  to  the  anchor- 
ages, and  secondary  cables  passing  from  the  heel  of  the  arch  over  towers  standing  on  the 
arches  at  a  distance  of  150  feet  from  the  abutments.  Auxiliary  giiys  were  used  at  interme- 
diate points — at  intervals  three  panels  in  length. 

The  scaffolding  on  top  of  the  arches  was  used  in  erecting  the  cables,  and  for  the  pur- 
pose of  maintaining  them  in  straight  lines. 

The  erection  was  commenced  at  the  west  abutment,  and  at  each  side  of  the  first  pier. 
The  cantilevers  on  opposite  sides  of  the  pier  balanced  each  other.  The  sections  of  the 
arches  were  hoisted  from  boats,  and  added  -in  succession,  until  the  semi-spans  met,  and  were 
made  self-supporting  by  the  insertion  of  the  closing  tubes. 

During  the  entire  operations,  the  rams  were  operated  automatically  by  means  of  a  bal- 
ance-guage  and  proportional  weights,  to  compensate  for  variations  in  the  lengths  of  the 
cables,  due  to  strains  and  thermal  changes. 

The  erection  was  conducted  under  the  immediate  superintendence  of  Walter  Katte, 
the  engineer  of  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company.  The  designs  for  most  of  the  erecting  ap- 
paratus were  submitted  by  him  and  approved,  after  certain  modifications,  by  the  executive 
officers  of  this  company.  They  take  pleasure  in  acknowledging  the  aid  of  Colonel  Flad, 
who  manifested  great  interest  in  the  success  of  the  plans,  and  rendered  much  valuable 
assistance  in  their  preparation  and  execution. 

The  extensive  plant  required  for  the  manufacture  and  erection  of  these  great  works, 
and  the  experience  necessarily  required  in  their  execution,  give  to  this  company  peculiar 
advantages  in  undertaking  and  carrying  to  successful  completion  any  great  works  of  sub- 
structure or  superstructure. 

Kellogg  &,  Maurice. — Office,  23  Nassau  Street,  New  York.  Location  of  works, 
Athens,  Penn.  This  works  builds  wooden,  iron,  and  combination  bridges,  truss  roofs,  turn- 
tables, etc. 

Continental  Bridge  Co.— Office,  110  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia.  This 
company  l)uil(ls  bridges,  of  Henszey's  patent  wrought-iron  arch  bridges.  Iron  work  from 
Phcenix  Iron  Company. 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  New  Jersey. 

Phillipsburg  Manufacturing  Co. — President,  Daniel  Runkle  ;   Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Wm.  Runkle  ;  Yice-President  and  Engineer,  Alfred  P.  Poller  ;  Superintend- 
ent, James  Christie  ;  General  Agent,  J.  W.  Gaskill.    New  York  office,  2  Dey  Street. 
Location  of  works,  Phillipsburg,  N.  J. 
49 

\ 


388 


IKON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


■  Tliis  company  builds  irou  bridges,  roofs,  viaducts,  suspension  bridges,  and  general  en- 
gineering iron  work,  and  also  manufactures  splice  bolts,  nuts,  liglit  forgiugs,  bridge,  roof, 
and  machine  bolts. 

The  Watson  Manufacturing  Co. — President,  W.  G.  Watson  ;  Yice-President, 
J.  "Watson  ;  A.  J.  Post,  Engineer ;  Henry  A.  "Wise,  Assistant  Engineer.  New  York 
office,  303  Broadway.    Location  of  works,  Paterson,  N.  J. 

This  company  are  builders  of  diagonal  truss  bridges,  imder  Post's  patent,  which 
are  either  of  iron  or  wood,  or  wood  and  iron  combined,  .ior  railroads  and  highways.  They 
also  construct  roofs,  turn-tables,  and  general  machine  work.  The  Post  patent  bridge  has 
been  also  a  favorite  with  many  railways,  and  numbers  of  them  arc  to  be  seen  on  our  trunk 
lines. 

F.  C.  Lowthorp. — Office,  78  East  State  Street,  Trenton,  N.  J.  Civil  engineer,  pat- 
entee and  builder  of  Lowthorp's  patent  iron  bridges,  pivot  bridges,  and  turn-tables. 

Iron  Bridge  Works  ©f  Maryland. 

Baltimore  Bridge  Co.— President  and  Chief  Engineer,  B.  N.  Lateobe  ;  F.  H.  Smith, 
General  Superintendent ;  C.  II.  Latkobe,  Secretary  and  Treasurer ;  C.  C.  Weenohall,  Su- 
perintendent of  Erection  ;  Benjamin  II.  Lateobe,  Consulting  Engineer.  Office,  55  Lexing- 
ton Street,  Baltimore.  New  York  office,  71  Broadway.  C.  Bendee,  Engineer  in  charge. 
Western  office,  417  Pine  Street,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

This  company  design  and  construct  iron,  steel,  and  composite  bridges  and  roofs  of  any 
form,  and  make  a  specialty  of  patent  wrought  iron  trestles  and  viaducts.  The  engineering 
talent  connected  with  this  company  is  of  the  very  first  class,  the  consulting  engineer,  Mr. 
Benj.  H.  Lateobe,  having  conducted  some  of  the  most  extensive  engineering  works  in  the 
United  States. 

Fatapsco  Bridge  and  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  "Wendell  Bollman.  Office, 
8  South  Gay  Street,  Baltimore.    Location  of  works,  Canton,  Baltimore. 

At  this  works  is  manufactured  as  the  specialty  Bollman's  patent  suspension  truss 
bridge,  as  also  other  styles  of  iron  and  combination  bridges,  roofs,  iron  fronts  for  buildings, 
and  all  kinds  of  cast  and  wrought  iron  work  for  building  and  railroad  construction.  The 
proprietor  has  also  given  especial  attention  to  the  pneumatic  pile  for  bridge  substructures, 
and  has  also  the  necessary  appliances  for  sinking  the  same.  Several  patented  specialties 
are  manufactured  here,  among  which  are  Thiemeyee's  patent  switches,  and  eight-inch  cast 
iron  revolving  water  columns  for  filling  locomotive  tanks,  which  they  will  do  in  about  one 
minute.  These  columns  are  in  general  use  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Marine 
work  in  all  branches  is  also  done,  and  the  works  has  a  reputation  for  shipwork  of  the  best 
character. 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Ohio. 

Cleveland  Bridge  and  Car  Works. — Proprietors,  The  McNairy  and  Claflen  Man- 
ufacturing Co.    President,  Albeet  C.  McNalry  ;  Vice-President  and  Treasurer,  IIeney  M. 


lEON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


389 


Claflen  ;  Superintendent,  Henky  T.  Claflen  ;  Secretary,  John  Coon  ;  Engineer,  Simeon 
Sheldon.  Office,  Waring  Block,  corner  Bank  and  St.  Clair  Streets,  Cleveland.  Location 
of  works,  on  Wason,  Hamilton,  and  Lake  Streets,  Cleveland. 

This  company  builds  railway  and  highway  bridges  of  iron  and  wood,  roofs,  turn-tables, 
and  iron  and  wood  transfer-tables  for  car  works ;  and  among  their  specialties  in  bridge  build- 
ing are  Post's  patent  iron  and  combination  bridges,  and  IIowe  truss  bridges,  with  patent  iron 
clamp.  They  are  also  manufacturers  of  railroad  and  street  cars.  (See  Gar  Worhs  of  OJiio.) 
The  establishment  is  very  extensive  and  prosperous. 

The  works  covers  an  area  of  nearly  five  acres,  having  grown  to  this  magnitude  in  a 
comparatively  few  years.  The  consumption  of  metal  in  the  works  includes  8,000  tons  pig 
iron,  worth,  say,  $320,000  ;  5,000  tons  wrought  iron,  $500,000  ;  and  3,000  tons  coal.  Dur- 
ing 1872  the  works  erected  some  fifty  iron  bridges,  the  principal  of  which  was  at  Mobile, 
and  is  2,300  feet  long.  The  others  were  distributed  among  twelve  different  States,  and  have 
given  entire  satisfaction.  In  1873,  among  other  work,  the  company  has  been  engaged  on 
the  bridge  across  the  Detroit  River  for  the  Canada  Southern  Railway,  which  will  be  over 
2,000  feet  long,  with  a  draw  of  342  feet,  and  will  contain  over  400  tons  of  iron.  All  the 
bridges  which  leave  this  works  are  fitted  to  place  in  the  shops  and  carefully  marked,  then  * 
disconnected  and  sent  forward  to  their  destination  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  go  in 
the  work. 

King  Iron  Bridge  and  Manufacturing  Co. — Zenas  King,  President;  C.  A. 
Ceam,  Treasurer ;  W.  J.  Fakkar,  Secretary.  Works,  corner  St.  Clair  and  Wason  Streets, 
Cleveland. 

The  specialty  of  this  concern  is  the  King  iron  bridge,  and  the  works  is  extensive  and 
celebrated. 

Buckeye  Bridge  Works. — Proprietors,  Miller  &  Jameson.  Location  of  works, 
Cleveland,  O.  This  firm  employs  40  hands,  and  builds  iron-bridge  work  and  like  special- 
ties. 

C.  Graham. — 274  West  Front  Street,  Cincinnati.    Builder  of  iron  bridges,  and  gen- 
eral iron  worker. 

Canton  Wrought-Iron  Bridge  Company. — Location  of  works,  Canton,  O.  This 
company  builds  wrought-iron  bridges,  railroad  and  highway,  and  employs  75  hands. 

Hammond  &  Reeves. — Location  of  works,  Canton,  O.    Specialty,  wrought-iron 
bridges,  principally  highway. 

D.  H.  8l  C.  C.  Morrison. — Location  of  works,  Dayton,  O.    Specialty,  iron  bridges, 
principally  wrought. 

Ulinois. 

The  American  Bridge  Company. — President,  A.  B.  Stone;  Vice-President,  H. 
A.  Rust  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Wm.  C.  Taylor  ;  Engineers,  E.  Hembeele  and  W.  G. 
CooLiDGE  ;  South-western  Agent,  J.  W.  Goodwin,  Houston,  Texas.    Office,  No.  210  La  Salle 


390 


UION  BEIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UJTITED  STATES. 


Street,  corner  of  Adams  Street,  Chicago.  Location  of  works,  corner  of  Egau  and  Stewart 
Avenues,  Chicago.  Thie  company  are  manufacturers  and  builders  of  lu-idges,  roofs,  timi 
tables,  pivot  bridges,  iron  trestles,  wrought-iron  columns,  heavy  castings,  and  general  iron 
and  foundry  work.  In  bridge  building,  the  well  known  and  generally  accepted  systems  of 
Post's  patent  diagonal  iron  truss,  plate  and  trussed  girders ;  Post's  patent  diagonal  com- 
bination truss ;  Howe's  ti'uss,  or  other  favorites,  are  employed  for  the  superstructure.  In 
substructures,  iron,  pneumatic,  and  screw  piles  are  largely  used  as  well  as  masonry.  The 
works  is  fully  equipped  with  a  complete  variety  of  general  and  special  bridge  building  ma- 
chinery, with  appliances  for  exact,  rapid,  and  economical  mauTifacturing  and  handling  of 
material.  This  is  said  to  be  the  largest  bridge  building  establishment  in  the  country,  hav- 
ing capacity  for  construction  of  100  lineal  feet  of  iron  truss  building,  with  a  proportionate 
amount  of  turn-table  and  substructure,  daily.  As  an  evidence  of  what  this  company 
has  accomplished  in  the  specialty,  the  following  engineering  works  are  selected  : 

Bridge  over  the  Missouri  River  at  Omaha,  for  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Company. 
Railroad  and  highway  bridge  over  Missouri  River  at  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  for  the  Kansas 
&  Missouri  Bridge  Company.  Railroad  and  highway  bridge  at  Booneville,  Mo.,  for  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railway  Company.  Red  River  Bridge,  and  all  others  for  Mis- 
souri, Kansas  &  Texas  Railway  Company.  Railroad  bridge  over  the  Mississippi,  at  Hast- 
ings, Minn.,  for  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad  Company.  Lesser  Channel  Bridge  on 
Mississippi,  at  Rock  Island,  111.,  for  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad  Company. 
Railroad  bridge  over  the  Mississippi,  at  Winona,  Minn.,  for  the  Chicago  &  ]S"orth-westeni 
Railway  Company.  Railroad  bridge  over  the  Illinois  River,  at  Grand  Pass,  111.,  for  the 
Cliicago  &  Alton  Railroad  Company.  Railroad  bridge  over  Illinois  River,  at  Peoria,  111., 
for  Indianapolis,  Bloomiugton  &  Western  Railroad  Company.  Railroad  and  highway 
bridge  over  the  Arkansas  River,  at  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  for  the  Cairo  &  Fulton  Railroad  Com- 
pany. Union  passenger-depot  roof,  at  Chicago,  111.,  for  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern, 
&  Cliicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad  Companies.  Railroad-shop  roofs  at  Chicago, 
111.,  for  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad  Company.  Railroad-shop  roofs  at  Elk- 
hart, Ind.,  for  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  Company.  Railroad-shop  roofs 
at  Chicago,  for  Chicago  &  ISTorth-western  Railway  Company.  Railroad-shop  roofs  at  Par- 
sons, Kansas,  for  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railway  Company.  This  is  a  list  to  which 
any  works  may  point  with  pride.  The  president  of  the  company  is  a  well-known  iron  man- 
ufacturer, Mr.  A.  B.  Stone,  and  although  yet  a  comparatively  young  man,  occupies  posi- 
tions of  the  highest  importance  and  responsibility.  He  is  president  of  the  Cleveland  Roll- 
ing Mill  Company,  which  inchides  the  extensive  Bessemek  works  and  rail  mill  at  Newburg, 
Ohio.  President  of  the  American  Sheet  and  Boiler-plate  Company,  and  of  the  Bessemer 
Steel  Spring  and  Wire  Works.  President  of  the  Union  RoUing  Mill  Company,  of  Chicago, 
which  includes  Bessemek  works  and  rail  mill.  President  of  the  Decatur  Rolling  Mill  Com- 
pany, at  Decatur,  111.,  which  manufactures  rails.  Yice-President  of  the  Western  Iron  Com- 
pany, at  Knightsville,  Ind.,  including  blast  furnaces  and  muck  mill,  and  President  of  the 
American  Pig-iron  Manufacturers'  Association.  Mr.  Stone  was  the  first  man  to  convert  pig 
iron  by  the  pnemnatic  process  into  Bessemer  steel,  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  in  spite  of 
his  numerous  connections  has  found  time  to  interest  himself  in  the  history  of  the  manufac- 
ture of  iron  in  the  United  States,  and  especially  of  Ohio,  of  the  iron  production  of  Avhich  he 
has  furnished  very  valuable  information  to  the  Secretary  of  State.    Always  affable  and 


IRON  BKLDGE  WORKS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


391 


coui'teous,  he  may  be  considered  the  representative  iron  and  steel  manufacturer  of  the  West, 
and  the  universal  success  of  all  the  enterprises  with  which  he  is  connected  shows  the  ex- 
cellent judgment  and  energy  of  the  man. 

Wells,  French  &  Co. — Office,  No.  146  Dearborn  Street,  corner  of  Madison,  Chi- 
cago. 

This  firm  are  bridge  and  car  biiilders  {see  Car  Works  of  Illinois),  and  general  Western 
agents  for  the  Kellogg  Bridge  Company,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  under  the  direction  of  Charles 
Kellogg,  President,  and  furnish  railroad  and  highway  bridges  of  the  Pkatt  truss  system, 
iron  roofs,  turn-tables,  and  drawbridges,  patent  iron  clamps,  and  keys,  and  bolts,  and 
dimension  timber. 

F.  E.  Canda  &.  Co — 79  South  Clark  Street,  Chicago,  111.  Manufacture  iron  bridges, 
turn-tables,  water  stations,  and  cars.    {iSee  Car  Works  of  Illinois.) 

Iron  Bridge  Works  of  Michi§^an. 

Detroit  Bridge  and  Iron  Works. — President  and  Engineer,  Willaed  S.  Pope  ; 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Wm.  C.  Colbukn.  This  company  manufactures  iron  bridges,  iron 
roofs,  and  general  engineering  work.    Location  of  works,  Detroit,  Mich. 

This  establishment  was  organized  into  a  joint-stock  corporation  in  1863.  Its  manager 
had  for  some  years  previous  been  engaged  in  the  construction  of  iron  bridges  for  railways, 
but  as  it  was  deemed  that  its  largely  increased  business  could  be  better  conducted  by  a  cor- 
poration than  by  a  private  partnership,  the  change  was  made  accordingly.  Its  capital  is 
$300,000,  invested  in  buildings,  machinery,  tools,  and  equipment  for  the  construction  of 
both  the  substructure  and  superstructure  of  bridges. 

Its  works  are  in  the  ninth  ward  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  at  the  intersection  of  Twenty- 
second  Street  with  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad.  Its  shops,  buildings,  and  yard  cover  an 
area  of  about  six  acres  of  groimd,  well  provided  with  side  tracks,  etc.  About  three  hundred 
men  are  ordinarily  employed  in  the  shops.  It  makes  a  specialty  of  iron  bridging  and  iron 
roofing. 

One  can  hardly  ride  over  any  of  the  railroads  of  the  North-west  without  crossing  some 
of  its  bridges.  The  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Rail- 
road, the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  the  Toledo,  Wa- 
bash and  Western  Railway,  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway,  etc.,  etc.,  are  stocked 
with  bridges  from  this  works.  This  company  built  the  great  bridges  over  the  Mississippi 
River  at  Burlington,  Iowa ;  at  Clinton,  Iowa ;  at  Quincy,  Illinois ;  and  at  Hannibal,  Mis- 
souri, and  over  the  Missouri  River  at  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

From  small  beginnings,  this  company  has  grown  to  a  commanding  position.  Its  con- 
stant policy  has  been  to  do  the  best  work,  in  the  most  honest  and  thorough  manner,  and  as 
samples  thereof  it  can  fairly  refer  to  any  of  its  numerous  structures. 

Its  ofiicers  are  as  follows :  Willakd  S.  Pope,  President  and  Engineer ;  William  C. 
CoLBUKN,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  ;  S.  S.  Robinson,  Superintendent. 

The  construction  of  the  bridge  over  the  Missouri  River  at  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  built  in 


392     ,  IRON  BRIDGE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1B^2-B,'  Xvas  a  very  interesting  work,  by  reason  of  the  difficulties  arising  from  the  utterly 
unstable  and  treacherous  nature  of  the  sti'cam.  It  was  necessary  not  only  to  build  the 
bridge,  but  also  to  confine  and  control  the  channel,  so  that  the  river  might  not  hereafter,  in 
some  of  its  incessant  and  tremendous  changes,  cut  a  new  bed  around  and  behind  the  bridge. 
Under  the  direction  of  Col.  E.  D.  Mason,  the  chief  engineer  of  the  company  owning  the 
bridge,  this  was  successfully  accomplished.  To  place  the  river  in  this  new  channel  required 
the  removal  of  a  sand-bar  more  than  a  mile  long  and  about  half  a  mile  wide,  containing 
more  than  8,000,000  cubic  yards  of  sand  and  earth.  This  was  done  by  diverting  the  cur- 
rent, by  means  of  dikes  of  brush  and  stone,  so  as  to  strike  against  the  bar,  which  speedily 
disappeared  and  was  carried  away  by  the  water.  By  the  comparatively  insignificant  dikes, 
the  mighty  power  of  the  river  itself  was  placed  in  harness.  The  apparently  xmcontrollable 
waters  dug  their  own  channel  exactly  as  desii'ed,  and  flowed  obediently  and  permanently  in 
their  new  bed. 

The  piers  and  abutments  of  the  bridge  itself  were  founded  upon  the  bed-rock  at  a  depth 
of  about  70  feet  below  high-water  line.  They  are  of  massive  masonry,  and  were  sunk  by 
the  pneumatic  process  through  the  shifting  quicksands  of  the  river  bed.  Difficulties  con- 
stantly presented  themselves  requiring  incessant  watchfulness  and  care.  But  by  an  intelli- 
gent study  of  the  laws  governing  the  stream,  and  a  strict  conformity  thereto  in  all  expedi- 
ents and  plans,  the  difficulties  were  overcome,  and  the  work  finally  brought  to  successful 
completion. 

The  bridge  is  1,345  feet  long  between  abutments.  It  is  used  for  the  passage  of  both 
highway  and  railway  traffic.    Its  cash  cost  was  $1,009,000. 


STATISTICAL  RECORD 

OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPOPiTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


TABLES  OF  COST  OF  IRON  MAKING, 
WAGES  m  IRON  WORKS,  ETC.,  ETC. 


STATISTICAL    RECOKD    OF    PEODUCTION,    IMPOETS,    EXPOllTS,  ETC. 


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39G 


STATISTICAL  EECOED  OF  PEODUCTION",  IMPORTS,  EXPOETS,  ETC. 


PRODUCTION  OF 

ANTHRACITE  PIG-IRON  IN 
THE  UNITED  STATES, 

EST  TONS  OF  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 

 :o:  

rear*.  ProcCn  in  Tonit. 

1854    339,435 

1855    381,866 

1856    443,113 

1857    390,385 

1858    361,430 

1859    471,745 

1860    519,211 

1861   409,229 

1862    470,315 

1863    577,638 

1864    684,018 

1865    479,558 

1866    749,367 

1867    798,638 

1868    893,000 

1869    971,150 

1870    930,000 

1871    956,608 

1872    1,369,812 

1873    1,249,673 


PRODUCTION  OF 

CHARCOAL  PIG-IRON  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES, 

m  TONS  OF  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 

 :o:  

Years.  rrotTn  in  Ton.i. 

1854   ;   342,298 

1855    339,922 

1856    370,470 

1857    330,321 

1858    285,313 

1859    284,041 

1860    278,331 

1861    195,278 

1862    186,660 

1863    212,005 

1864    241,853 

1865    262,342 

18G6    332,580 

1867    344,341 

1868    370,000 

1869    392,150 

1870    365,000 

1871    385,000 

1872    478,750 

1873    500,127 


RAW  BITUMINOUS  COAL  AND  COKE  PIG-IRON  IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES, 

IN  TONS  OF  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 


Yearn.  Production  in  Tons. 

1854    54,485 

1855    62,390 

1856    69,554 

1857    77,451 

1858    58,351 

1859    85,841 

1860    122,228 

1861    127,037 

1862   130,687 

1863    157,961 

1864    209,626 

1865    189,682 

■  1866    268,996 

1867    318,647 

1868    340,000 

1869    553,341 

1870    570,000 

1871    570,000 

1872    959,671 

1873    921,631 


STATISTICAL  KECOKD  OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPOETS,  EXPORTS,  ETC.  ^{>. 


PRODUCTION  OF 


ANTHRACITE  PIG-IKON  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  BY  STATB^> 

IN  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EACH.  ^ 


Years. 

Mass. 

New  York. 

Neio  Jersey. 

Pennsylvania. 

Maryland. 

Total. 

1854 

4,978 

35,019 

24,372 

262,747 

11,719 

339,435 

1855 

7,181 

49,728 

32,754 

283,836 

8.367 

381,866 

1856 

3,855 

52,820 

29,247 

347,195 

9,990 

443,113 

1857 

3,900 

46,485 

21,785 

307,199 

11,016 

390,385 

1858 

3,390 

48,600 

16,447 

280,685 

12,308 

361,430 

1859 

1,000 

68,282 

28,394 

364,587 

9,482 

471,745 

1860 

79,529 

27,092 

403,094 

8,896 

519,211 

1861 

66,793 

21,271 

314,271 

6,894 

409,229 

1802 

72,702 

27,309 

370,304 

470,315 

1863 

109,992 

27,537 

432,062 

8,047 

577,638 

1864 

2,509 

121,868 

29,578 

519,090 

10,378 

084,018 

1805 

3,000 

80,420 

16,195 

376,969 

2,974 

479,558 

1860 

3,000 

118,274 

40,080 

573,759 

13,048 

749,307 

1807 

3,500 

151,586 

30,919 

594,270 

12,363 

798,038 

1808 

4,000 

160,681 

47,209 

071,955 

9,155 

893,000 

1809 

4,200 

210,855 

54,201 

092,739 

9,155 

971,150 

1870 

4,000 

205,000 

50,000 

685,000 

6,638 

952,000 

1871 

6,525 

154,147 

07,228 

714,700 

15,008 

957,608 

1872 

8,156 

192,684 

84,035 

893,375 

18,760 

1,197,010 

PKODUCTION  OF 

CHARCOAL  PIG-IRON  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  BY  STATES, 

m  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 


1864. 


1865. 


1806. 


1SG7. 


1808. 


1869.        1870.  1871 


1872. 


Vermont  

Ma.ssnchusetts.. 
Connecticut.  . . . 

New  York  

New  Jersey. . . . 
Pennsylvania  .  . 

Maryland  

Ohio  

Michigan  

Missouri  

Wisconsin  

Kentucky  

Other  States. . . 

Total  


28,909 

17,303 
2,101 
53,171 
19,004 
67,342 
21,810 
10.414 
2.027 
11,942 
1,230 


34,082 

19,017 
2,000 
58,071 
19,447 
71,838 
27,752 
14,511 
2,202 
9,297 
1,005 


4,816 
14,514 
19,079 
24,920 

(!,420 
57,841 
26,652 
87.888 
35,448 
25,603 

5,241 
15,000  I 
8,500  S 


1,907  ) 
12,2i;2  V 
is! 007  \ 
20.942 
9.000 
OO.l.V) 
24,000 
89,525 
55.748 
19,500 
5,400 

2'l',36o 


N.  Eng'd. 
30,000 

27.4001 
*  I 

59,000  [ 
25,000  J 
80,0001 
05,000  I 


77,000  1 


N.  Eng. 

38,000 


134,000 


206,500 


241,853 


262,342 


332,580 


344,341 


370,000 


392,150 


51,225 
35,656 


24,500 
24,012 
63,195 
44,563 
34,600 
10,305 


385,000 


478,500 


*  Included  in  "Other  States." 


398 


STATISTICAL  RECORD  OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


PKODUCTION  OF 

RAW  BITUMINOUS  COAL  AND  COKE  PIG-IRON  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES,  BY  STATES, 

IN  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 


PRODDCTION  IN  TONS. 

TEARS. 

Pennsylvania. 

Ohio. 

Other  States. 

Total. 

1854 

29,941 

15,000 

9,544 

54,485 

1855 

38  500 

1  5  000 

8  890 

62  300 
69  554 

185G 

46,317 

15  000 

8  937 

1857 

53  803 

90  368 

3  280 

77*451 

1858 

33,115 

22,236 

s'ooo 

58'351 

1859 

48,626 

33,215 

3,000 

84,841 

1860 

69,748 

4<)^480 

3,000 

122,228 
127,037 

1861 

79,373 

45,664 

2,000 

1862 

65,227 

63,460 

2,000 
2,000 

130,687 

1863 

90,719 

65,242 

157,901 

1864 

122  220 

85,483 

1,923 

209,626 

1865 

116'000 

72,006 

1,676 

189,682 

1866 

170,600 

97,198 

1,198 

268,996 

1867 

191,072 

126,375 

1,200 

318,647 

1868 

194,000 

132,000 

14,000 

340,000 

1869 

553,000 

1870 

500,000 

1871 

570,000 

1872 

266,000 

266,624 

103,129 

712,500 

PIG-IRON  OF  ALL  KINDS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

IN  TONS  OF  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 


years.  Production  in  Tons. 

1854    736,218 

1855    784,178 

1856    883,137 

1857    798,157 

1858    705,094 

1859    840,627 

1860    919,770 

1861    731,544 

1862    787,662 

1863    947,604 

1864    1,135,497 

1865    931,582 

1866    1,350,943 

1867    1,461,626 

1868    1,603,000 

1869    1,916,641 

1870    2,050,000 

1871    1,900,000 

1872    2,836,070 

1873    2,695,434 


STATISTICAL  RECORD  OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 

PRODirCTION  OP 

EAILKOAD  lEON  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  ' 

m  TONS  OF  2,000  LBS.  EACn. 


Tears.  Production  in  Tona. 

1849    24,318 

1850    44,083 

1851    50,G03 

1852    02,478 

1853    87,864 

1854    108,016 

1855    138,674 

1856    180,018 

1857    101,918 

1858    163.712 

1859    195,454 

1860    205,038 

1861    189,818    Decrease    7.4  per  cent. 

1862    213,912     Increase  12.6  " 

1863    275,768         "       28.9  " 

1864    335,369         "       21.6  " 

1865    356,292         "         6.2  " 

1866    430,778         "       20.9  " 

1867    462,108         "        7.3  « 

1868    506,714         "         9.6  " 

1869    593,586         "      17.12  « 

1870   620,000 

1871    775,000 

1872    942,000 

1873    850,000 


IMPORTATION  OP 

EAILKOAD  lEON  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

m  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EACa 


 :o:  

Tears.  Production  in  Tons. 

1860    146,610 

1861    89,.388 

1862    10,186 

1863   20,506 

1864    142,457 

1865    63,327 

1S66   .V   117,878 

1867    184,840 

1868    300,160 

1869    336,i500 

1870    472,403 

1871    512,277 

1872    472,760 

1873    240,505 


400 


STATISTICAL  EECORD  OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


CONSUMPTION  OF 

RAILTIOAD  IKON  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

IN  TONS  OP  2,000  liBS.  EACH. 


Tears.                                                 Made  in  U.  S.  Imported.         Total  Conmmption. 

1849   24,318     

]8.-)0                                                 44.083  159,080  203,103 

1S51                                               50.G03  22{i.350  27(i,953 

1852                                               G2,488  294,750  357.228 

1853                                              87,864  358,794  446,058 

1854   108,010  339,439  447,455 

1855   138,074  153,019  291,693 

1856   180,018  180,594  366,612 

1857   101.9  8  215.166  377.084 

1858    163,712  90,894  254,006 

1859   195,454  83,958  279,412 

1800   205,038  146,610  351,648 

1861   189,818  89,388  279,206 

1802   213,912  10,186  '  224,098 

1863   275.768  20.506  296,274 

1864   335.369  142,457  477,826 

1865   356.292  63,327  419,619 

1860   430,778  117,878  548,056 

1867   462,108  184,840  646,948 

1868   506.714  300,160  80(i.S74 

1869   503,586  336,500  930,086 

1870   620,000  472,403  1,092,403 

1871   630,000  000,000  1,230,000 

1872   750.000  472,460  1,222,460 

1873'.   850,000  240,505  1,090,505 


MONTnLY  EXPOKTATION  OF 

EAILROAD  lEON  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM 
GREAT  BRITAIN, 

IN  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 

[Compiled  from  Official  Reports,  published  hy  aiUliarity  of  House  of  Cominons.l 


:o: 


Months. 

1860. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

  22,877 

27,563 

28,204 

35,399 

February  

  24,576 

3(i,913 

33,784 

53,131 

March  

  44,974 

26,009 

41.917 

41,175 

41 ,347 

33,450 

50,588 

May  

  28,638 

37,266 

64.444 

40,840 

  29,924 

51,570 

44,919 

37,978 

July  

  39,483 

40,450 

43,385 

41,305 

AllgTLSt  

  28,617 

45,981 

47,993 

40,005 

September  

  16,693 

37,285 

54,373 

37,733 

  20,996 

31,703 

84,152 

31,957 

  16,732 

33.100 

31.978 

31,064 

December  

  25,403 

56,6:2 

37,373 

31,686 

STATISTICAL  EECOED  OF  PEODUOTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


PRODUCTION  OF 

KOLLING  MILLS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

m  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EAcn. 

 :o:  

Tears.  Rails.       Other  than  Rails.  Total. 

1864                                                 335,309      530,958  872,327 

1805                                                 350,292      500,048  850,340 

1806                                                 430,778      595,311  1,026,089 

1807                                                 402,108      579,838  1,041,946 

1808                                                 506,714      598,286  1,105,000 

1809                                                 593,586      042,420  1,230,006 

1870                                                 020,000      705,000  1,325,000 

1871                                                  775,733      710,000  1,485,733 

1872                                                *850,000      852,000  1,052,000 

1873                                               850,000      980,000  1,830,000 

*  Estimated. 

PIG-IKON  EXPORTED  FROM  GREAT  BRITAIN 
TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

m  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 

[CffmpUed  from  Official  Bcports  publislied  by  autlwrity  of  House  of  Commons.] 

 :o:  

Tears.  Quantity,  Tons, 

1850    78,874 

1851    67,249 

1852    91,873 

1853    114,227 

1854    100,483 

1855    98,924 

1856    59,011 

1857    51,794 

1858    41,985 

1859    72,517 

1800    71,497 

1801   :   110,025 

1802   '  22,147 

1803    31,007 

1864    102,223 

1865   44,601 

1866    108,304 

1867    134,238 

1868    90,548 

1869    148,383 

1870    126,515 

1871    190,183 

1872    193,957 

1873    102,624 


STATISTICAL  EEOORD  OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


PRODUCTION  OF  THE 

FORGES  AND  BLOOMARIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

m  TONS  OF  3,000  LBS.  EACH. 

 :o:  

Tears.  Quantity.  Tons. 

1865    63,977 

1866    73,555 

1867    73,073 

1868    75,200 

1869    69,500 

1870    110,808 

1871    121,608 

1872    152,000 

1873    148,000 


QUAITTITY  OF 

IRON  OF  ALL  KINDS  EXPORTED  FROM  GREAT  BRITAIN 
TO  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

m  TONS  OF  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 

 :o:  

Tears.  Quantity.  Tons. 

1850    295,521 

1851    343,223 

1852    343,265 

1853    518,000 

1854    506,508 

1855      342,831 

1856    385,899 

1857    332,100 

1858   

1859    243,583 

1860    327,870 

1861    260,116 

1862    53,236 

1863    141,160 

1864    317,317 

1865    159,815 

1866    345,442 

1867    410,614 

1868    473,702 

1869    596,554 

1870   

1871    818,852 

1872    776,604 

1873    371,794 


STATISTICAL  KECOED  OF  PEODUCTION,  IMTOETS,  EXPOETS,  ETC.    .,  403 


EXPORTATION  OF 


EAILEOAD  lEON  FROM  GREAT  BRITAIN  TO  ALL 


COUNTRIES 


m  TONS  OP  2,000  LBS.  EACH. 


Years.  Quantity. 

1860    507,858 

1861    422,873 

1862    448,857 

1863    500,013 

1864    757,200 

1865    486,427 

1866    557,783 

1867    650,239 

1868    653,507 

1869    1,003,350 

1870    1,187,337 

1871    981,197 

1872    947,548 

1873    786,800 


PRODUCTION  OF 

PIG-IRON  IN  ENGLAND,  SCOT- 
LAND, AND  WALES, 

IN  TONS  OF  2,240  LBS.  EACH. 


Tears.  Quantiij/. 

1800    180,000 

1810    294,642 

1820    368,000 

1830    678,417 

1840    1,500,000 

1845    1,512,500 

1850    2,250,000 

1854    3,585,906 

1863    4,510,040 

1865   4,810,254 

1866   

1867   

1868    4,970,206 

1869    5,445,757 

1870    5,800,000 

1871    6,670,000 

1872   *6,800,000 


*  Estimated. 


PEODUCTION  OF 

PIG-IRON   IN  FRANCE, 

IN  TONS  OP  2,240  LBS.  EACH. 


Tears.  Quantity. 

1818    114,000 

1825    195,588 

1830    222,965 

1835    290,378 

1850    406,000 

1855    750,000 

1860    896,200 

1863    1,150,000 

1864    1,166,600 

1865    1,168,300 

1866    1,252,653 

1867    1,222,363 

1868   

1869    1,380,000 

1870   

1871    311,000 

1872   


51 


404 


STATISTICAL  KECOED  OF  PEODUCTION,  BIPOETS,  EXPOETS,  ETC. 


Imports  of  Iron  and  Metals,  compiled  by  the  Treasury  Department. 


The  following  is  a  comparison  of  quantities  and  values  of  Iron  and  Metals,  and  manufactures  thereof, 
imported  into  the  United  States  from  foreign  countries,  for  the  fiscal  years  1870,  1871,  1872,  and  1873,  compiled 
from  returns  of  Collectors  of  Customs  : 


Commodities. 


18T3. 


Quantity.  Value 


1872. 


QUAKTITY.  VALUE 


1871. 


Quantity.  Value 


1870. 


Quantity.  Value, 


IBON  AND  steel,  AND  MANTFAC- 
TUBES  OF 

Pig-iron  lbs. 

Castings  lbs. 

Bar  iron  lbs. 

Boiler  iron  lbs. 

Band,  hoop,  and  scroll  ii'on  lbs. 

Hnilroads  bars  and  rails  lbs. 

Sheet  iron  lbs. 

Old  and  scrap  iron  tons. 

Hardware  

Anchors,  cable,  and  chains  of  all 

kinds  lbs. 

M.ichinery  

Muskets,  pistols,  rifles,  and  sporting 

guns  

Steel  ingots,  bars,  sheets,  and  wire . 
Eailroad  bars,  or  rails  of  steel . ,  lbs. 

Cutlery  

Files  

Saws  and  tools   . 

Manufactures  of  iron  and  steel  not 

specified  

Copper  : 

Ore  cwts. 

Copper,  all  unmanufactured . . .  lbs. 
Manufactures  o£  

Tin,  and  MANnpACTURES  of  : 

In  bars,  blocks,  or  pigs  cwts, 

In  plates  cwts. 

Manufactures  of  

Lead,  and  manufactures  op  : 

Pigs,  bars,  and  oM  lbs. 

Manufactures  of  

Zinc  and  spelter  : 

In  blocks  or  pigs  lbs. 

In  sheet  lbs. 

Brass,  and  manufactures  of  


482,711,889 
7i!t.(iS0 
166,01(!,0:i5 
1.171,1115 
2."i.rpr,o,-;ii 

■ls|,(iii;i,.|M 
au,f-.s7,7.1(i 
2U1,07S 


11,599,402 


320,083,100 


15,900 
13,156,456 


102,859 
1,718,020 


71,371,693 


6,63.3,736 
9,453,072 


$7,203,769 
82,li;; 
5,2SH.481 

S  Ml.'.IT:; 
10..")  II, (Mi 
l,'i.'s7,U72 
0,(14.J,512 

371,518 

67,5,184 
1,093,906 

822,119 
4,155,234 
9,199,666 
2,2:M,.-i47 
770, 9b6 
265,637 

7,221,745 


57,950 
2,635,604 
1,051,492 


3,277,874 
14,993,650 
85,129 


3,222,627 
24,526 


329,022 
621,776 
221,419 


5.54,46.5,164 
!;:66,2S5 
236,4,5.!,061 
1. 101,951 
2:;,  I16,l!il 
94  l,r.;'.l,:j',(:; 
29,509,065 
236,662 


11,010,613 


245,911,554 


27,110 
5,106,330 


110,856 
1,754,067 


83,604,698 


12,683,411 
14,580,107 


$.5,122,318 
34,333 
5,153,472 
57,372 
.537,4.57 
15,77s,911 
1,110,200 
6,040,678 
204,992 

490.275 
1,054,045 

711,858 
4,033.,50S 
6,277,694 
2,143.708 
.58.3,058 
542,377 

5,621,882 


85,622 
1,040,458 
800,478 


3,418,042 
!,312,428 
79,233 


3,369,075 
26,015 


565,739 
820,879 
173,515 


409,031,4.53 
4,4(H>,073 
203,508,135 
1,098,838 
2-.',  44 1,1 22 
1,0211045  340 
20,977.572 
155,805 


11,049,539 


22,344 
691,428 


116,594 
1,608,002 


92,636,087 


11,889,5.37 
7,164,035 


$3,106,490 
32,079 
4,0,58,130 
31,284 
506,497 
17,530,297 
610,809 
3,752,52fl 
141,495 

472,782 
907,371 

706,988 
3,750,702 


1,956,  .351 
604,153 
514,346 

4,883,075 


41,007 
82,070 
628,675 


3,09.3,-355 
8,598,100 
65,700 


3,711,785 
13,761 


490,982 
358,459 
129,094 


.343,2.54,457 
806,653 
15S,:!61.31S 
1,974.003 
13,536,425 
626,675,010 
26,41 9,209 
148,586 


11,246,677 


100,313 
237,067 


7.3,255 
1,347,614 


88,419,323 


8,425,461 
11,548,359 


STATISTICAL  KECORD  OF  PEODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC.  405 


Exports,  1870,  1871,  1872,  and  1873. 


The  foUowing  is  a  comparison  of  qnantities  and  values  of  Iron  and  Metals,  and  manufactures  thereof,  of 
domestic  production,  exported  from  the  United  States  to  foreign  countries,  for  the  fiscal  years  1870,  1871,  1872, 
and  1873,  compiled  from  returns  of  Collectors  of  Customs : 


COMlIODITlEa. 

Quantities. 

Values. 

1873. 

1872. 

1871. 

1870. 

1873. 

1872. 

1871. 

1870. 

IHON,  AND  MANTJPACTUnES  OP: 
Railroad  bars  and  rails  cwt. 

50  ,'^27 
o'l02 
712 

2.-12.01 
1,187 

40  528 
'736 
956 
1.731 
2,  .505 

70  8.53 

'523 
4,410 
772 

27  810 
4  509 

Voi 

16,020 
639 

S140.083 
33.763 
4.585 
104.054 
0,008 
153.254 
i;;7.4.58 
115,703 
952.005 
111,.507 
232.546 
.3,120.084 
356.990 
3,262,170 

3,9,55 
47,346 
846.453 
10.171 
1,181.869 
297,541 

170,305 
10, 133 
78,388 
60.865 
13,3i)2 

9,301 
4.i;.50 
494,575 

2.144 
11,252 
'  1,243.933 
444.1()3 
884,432 
203.888 
13,088 
7,037 
58,323 

§69.331 
4,533 
8,047 
7.167 
1:3,030 
138,017 
99,836 
92,337 
958,881 
118,312 
178,520 
2,499,744 
241,439 
2,398,210 

8,146 
58.030 
577.S13 
16,884 
1,037,117 
236,733 

101,7.52 
01.844 

I3i,i;;n 

67.341 
48,1.33 

96.880 
5.736 
229,458 

1,470 
3,200 
714,016 
211,406 
018,331 

12,943 
7,915 
49,284 

$111,033 
10,754 
3,096 
17,445 
4,810 
10.5,044 
43.791 
73.1.':2 
636,746 
55,720 
54,532 
1,51.5,843 
359,:e24 
2,020.371 

2.538 
114,142 
424,831 

9,383 
13,403.910 
174,850 

727.213 
133.030 
55,198 
70,.3O6 
79,880 

48,392 
8.833 
210,816 

i..3no 

10.167 
354.363 
130.014 
500.113 
118,603 

40,035 
4,621 

45,214 

$50,127 
26,924 
3,969 
65,081 
3,824 
74,5:37 
4.3,753 
.103,  .3.38 
341,791 
.  74,067 
21,647 
1,913,.384 
205.051 
2,402,659 

5.755 
170.596 
398.059 
11,309 
5,015,7:32 
105,650 

537,.505 
.385,815 
118,996 
46,007 
2S,;315 

81,487 
10,673 
169,997 

2,237 
4,316 
65,533 
14:3,.527 
852,863 
116,965 
3,838 
4,323 
21,011 

Car  wIiggIs  No 

7,.515 

4,760 

■  8,317 

2,197 

Boilers  for  steam-cnffincs,  separate  from  the  engine 
Machinery  not  specified  

58 
46 

73 
42 

38 
29 

25 
31 

Nails  and  spikes  lbs. 

All  other  manufactures  of  iron  

4,449,270 

4,449,279 

5,006,874 

4,635,728 

Steel,  and  MjVnupacti'res  op: 
Cutlery  

18,849 

05,935 

16,205 

48,337 

Files  and  saws  

Manufactures  of  steel  not  specified  

Copper,  and  MAjrorAcxunES  op: 
Other  mauufactures  of  

45.2,53 

:;s,958 

37,564 
207,868 

6,097,898 
581,560 

2,1.50,189 
2,214,658 

3,686 
03,919 

Zinc,  and  makdpactures  op: 
Ore  or  oxide  cwt. 

234 
73,953 

9.691 
76,380 

15.2^6 
110,1,57 

Agricultural  implement.s,  etc  . : 

72 
01 
9,278 
33,133 

19 
11 
6.084 
17,394 

12 
20 
.3,r43 
9. 580 

21 

5-7 

11,893 

Steam  and  other  lire-enRincs  and  apparatus  

406 


STATISTICAL  RECORD  OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


Monthly  Quotations  of  Iron  in  Great  Britain  for  1873. 

(RYLAND-S  IRON  TRADE  CIRCULAR.) 


1873. 

January. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June, 

£     s.  .(1. 

£     s.  d. 

£  8. 

rt. 

£  s. 

(1. 

£ 

R. 

d. 

£  s. 

d. 

C   5  0 

G  16  0 

7  3 

0 

G  0 

0 

G 

0 

0 

5  16 

3 

5  10  0 

6    0  0 

6  0 

0 

G  0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

6  0 

0 

13    0  0 

13    0  0 

15  0 

0 

15  0 

0 

15 

0 

0 

15  0 

0 

17   0  0 

18   0  0 

20  0 

0 

20  0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

20  0 

0 

14    0  0 

15    0  0 

17  0 

0 

17  0 

0 

17 

0 

0 

17  0 

0 

10  15  0 

10  15  0 

11  0 

0 

12  0 

0 

13 

0 

0 

11  10 

0 

Rails,  North  of  England  

11  10  0 

13    0  0 

13  5 

0 

13  15 

0 

13 

15 

0 

13  0 

0 

1873. 

July. 

August. 

Sppteraber. 

October. 

November. 

December. 

£ 

S. 

d. 

£  s. 

d. 

£ 

d. 

£  s. 

d. 

£  B. 

d. 

£     s.  d. 

5 

9 

0 

5  10 

0 

5  15 

0 

5  16 

3 

5  G 

3 

5    8  0 

G 

0 

0 

5  13 

G 

5  12 

6 

5  G 

0 

4  17 

6 

4  15  0 

14 

0 

0 

14  0 

0 

14  0 

0 

14  0 

0 

14  0 

0 

14   0  0 

17 

0 

0 

17  0 

0 

17  0 

0 

17  0 

0 

17  0 

0 

17    0  0 

15 

10 

0 

15  10 

0 

15  10 

0 

15  10 

0 

15  10 

0 

15  10  0 

Rails,  Welsh  

11 

10 

0 

10  10 

0 

10  10 

0 

10  10 

0 

10  10 

0 

10  10  0 

Rails,  North  of  England. 

13 

0 

0 

13  0 

0 

12  0 

0 

12  0 

0 

12  0 

0 

12    0  0 

The  present  price  of  Scotch  bars  is  £12  15/  to  £13  5/  per  ton  ;  plates.  £13  10/  to  £14 ;  iron  rails,  £10  7/6  to  £10  15/ ;  steel  rails,  £15 
10/  to  £16 ;  fish  plates,  £11  10/  to  £11  15/ ;  railway  chairs,  £6  5/  to  £0  10/  ;  old  rails,  £6  5/  to  £6  10/ ;  oast-iron  pipo.s,  £7  to  £8 ;  scrap  iron, 
£5  10/  to  £6. 


STATISTICAL  EECORD  OF  PEODUCTION,  IMPOETS,  EXPOETS,  ETC. 


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408 


STATISTICAL  RECORD  OP  PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


American  Exports  of  Iron  and  Steel. 

statement  of  Domestic  Exports  of  Iron  and  Steel,  and  Manufactures  thereof,  for  tlie  Calendar  Years  1872 
and  1873.    Compiled  for  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association,  at  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Washington. 


Agricultural  Implements  : 

Fanning  Mills  

Horse  Powers  

Mowers  and  Reapers  

Plows  and  Cultivators  

All  others  not  specified  

Total  

Iron,  and  Manufactures  op  : 

Piar   Cwt. 

Bar  

Boiler  Plate  

RaUroad  Bar  or  Rails  

Sheet,  Band  and  Hoop  

Casting's  not  Specified  

Car  Wheels  No. 

Stoves  and  Parts  of  

Steam  Engines,  Locomotive   No. 

Steam  Engines,  Stationaty  

Boders  for  Steam  Engines,  separated  from 

Steam  Engines  

Machinery  not  specified  

Nails  and  Spikes.  

All  other  Manuf  act's,  Iron  not  Specified .  lbs. 

Total  

Steel  A^^5  Manufactures  of: 

Ingots,  Bars,  Sheets  and  Wire   lbs. 

Cutleiy  

Edge  Tools  

Files  and  Saws  

Muskets,  Pistols,  Rifles  and  Spoi-ting  Guns  . . 
Manufactures  of  Steel  and  not  specified  

Total  

Scales  and  Balances  

Sewixo  M.vcniNEs  

Fire  Engines  and  Apparatus  

Grand  Total  


Quantity. 

1873. 

1S73. 

25 
26 
G,G;!G 
24,781 

120 

43 
9.882 
27,008 

20  380 
5,!S90 
G03 

21,044 
2,949 

80,430 
0.579 
2,238 
G,705 
1,893 

4,873 

12,274 

55 
40 

08 
40 

5,305,035 

0,818,071 

17,002 

52.277 

Value. 


18T2. 


$(i89 
7.870 
705.511 
320,493 
007,509 


$1,705,078 


$92,818 
31,929 
5.041 
80.820 
13,781 

144.053 
97.090 

101.959 

774  290 
89,550 

100.554 
3,100.538 

3-J2,S79 
2,737,588 


$7,805,503 


$3  024 
31,889 

G91,415 
14,530 
1,1(!5,424 

317.735 


$2,224,623 


$173,423 
2,370,873 
15,118 


$14,360,017 


STATISTICAL  EECOED  OF  rRODUCTION,  IMPOKTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


409 


Wages  of  Iron  Workers  in  Pittsburg. 

We  take  the  follo-i\Tng  rate  of  wages  paid  to  rolling-mill  hands  at  Pittsburg  in  January,  1874,  from  the  Ameri- 
can Manufacturer  of  recent  date  : 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  LABOKEKS  AT  ROLLING  MILLS. 


Old.  New. 

Drag  down  and  Chargers  $3  25  $3  00 

Muck  Shearsman                                     2  00  1  90 

Keeper  at  Muck  Shear                             1  80  1  GO 

Metal  Breaker                                        2  40  2  00 

do.    Helper                                          2  00  1  75 

Metal  Team  Driver                                 2  00  1  75 

Ash  Wheelers                                          2  ICJ  2  00 

Firemen                                                3  25  2  00 

Hook  up  at  Bar  Mill                                 1  6G|  1  40 

Straightener  at  Mill                                 2  16|  2  00 

Shearsman  on  Guide  Mm                          1  80  1  06 

Bundler  on  Guide  Mill,  Double  Turn          3  25  2  75 

Bundler  on  Guide  Mill,  Single  Turn           2  25  2  00 

Night  Watchman                                    2  00  1  75 

Muck  Weighers                                       2  15  1  90 

Engineer  m  MiU,  both  turns                     6  85  5  75 

Engineer  iu  Factory,  2  turns  and  Fireman  7  35  0  50 

Common  Laborers                                   1  CGf  1  50 

Bricklayer  (nothing  for  over-time)             4  00  3  50 

Bricklayer  Tender                                   2  00  1  75 

Charger  and  Runner  down  on  Bar  MiU. . .  2  ICf  1  90 

Wheeler  up  and  Filer  on  Bar  Mill               2  00  1  75 

Muck  Rolling  (per  ton)                                95  75 

(Muck  Roller  pays  aU  hands  taking  the 

baU  from  squeezer  and  delivering  muck 

bar  on  bank. ) 

Hook  up  at  Bar  Mill  (8  heats)   1  40 

Straighteners,  Bar  Mill  (8  heats)   2  00 

One  man  to  charge  furnace  and  run  down 

iron  to  roUs   1  90 

One  man  to  wheel  up  iron  and  pile  it. . . .  1  75 

EIGHT-mCn  TRAIN. 

3-16  Round  and  Square,  per  ton  of  2,240  lbs  $15  00 

i                       "                       "         ....  9  00 

5-16                   "                       "         ....  6  50 

I  and  7-16           "                       "         ....  5  00 

i  and  9-16            "                         "    4  50 

I  and  upwards      "                       "           ...  4  00 

I   and   7-16    Ovals,                     "    8  00 

i  and  9-16           "                        "         ....  6  00 

f                       "                        "         ....  5  00 

I  and  upward       "                         "    4  00 

f  Half  Oval  and  Half  Round,           "    14  00 

5-16  Half  Round,                           "    15  00 

i  Half  Oval,                                 "    8  00 

f       "                                       "         ....  6  00 

I       "                                       "         ....  5  00 

I  Half  Oval  and  upward,                 "    4  00 

I  and  7-33  Oval,                            "         ....  8  00 

i  to  |x3-16  to  |x7-16xj,  9-16xi   6  00 

|xfto3-16   5  00 

|xfto3-16   4  50 

1  inch  and  upward   4  00 

|xi  and  3-16,  7-16x3-16,  etc. ,  upward   8  00 

5-16xi   9  00 

lixi  and  If  Hoop   4  75 

Hxi  and  If     "    5  00 

lixi  and  li     "    6  00 


Ixi  and  1  Hoop    8  00 

^xi  and  I    "    9  00 

fx^  and  f    "    12  00 

fxi  and  f    "    15  00 

^xi  and  i    "    20  00 

Twenty-four  per  cent,  deducted  from  these  rates. 
Roller  pays  heaters  and  all  hands  at  the  roUs. 

BAR-MILL  PRICES. 

Heating,  per  ton  of  2,240  lbs   76 

Rolling,       "  "    76 

Catching,     "  "    46 

Boiling  or  RoUing  $6  30 

Muck  RoUing   75 

Muck  roUer  pays  catcher  and  aU  the  help  at  roUs. 
(See  above. ) 

BOILER  AND  TANK  SHOPS. 

Riveters,  per  week  $13  to  $16 

Helpers  and  Laborers,  per  week   9  to  13 

BLAST-FURNACE  PRICES. 

Keeper,  per  turn  $2  47 

Helpers,       "    2  03 

Top  FUler,    "    2  16 

Cmderman,  "    1  80 

Ore  FUler,    "    1  93 

Ore  Helper,  "    1  63 

Coke  Filler,  "    1  98 

Coke  Helper,"    1  80 

Hot  Blastman,  per  turn   1  80 

Laborers,              "    1  57 

FOUNDRY  MACHINE  WORK. 

Moulders,  per  week  $15  00 

Laborers,  per  day   1  50 

Cupola  Men,  per  week   13  00 

Furnace  Men,  per  week  15  and  16  00 

Stove  Founders  paid  by  piece. 


MACHINISTS. 

Machinists  average  $14  per  week. 

"WAGES  OF  NAIL-MILL  HANDS  AT  WHEELING. 


Packing,  per  keg   2\ 

Bluing   2| 

Annealing,  per  keg   5 

Tending,  per  machine   30 

NaU  plate  shearing,  per  ton   50 

Shearing  muck   20 

Heating   76 

Heaters,  helpers,  and  pUing  per  day  $3  60 

RoUers,  per  ton  (they  paying  rougher)   60 

Catcher,  per  ton   15 

Hook-up   2  00 

Shove-under,  per  day   2  00 


410 


STATISnCAL  RECORD  OF  PRODUCTION,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


British  Metal  Exports  in  1872  and  1873. 


The  following  figures  g^ve  the  exports  of  iron,  steel,  and  tin  plates  from  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  year 
1873,  as  compared  with  those  of  1872. 


ARTICLES,  AND  TO  mEAT  COUNTKIES  EXPOETED. 

1872.  1873. 

IRON — PIG.  Tons.  Tons. 

To  Germany   310,597  2G1,G42 

To  Holland   352,895  330,398 

To  Prance   90,234  89,150 

To  United  States   195,151  102,024 

To  Other  Countries   882,206  355,844 

Total   1,331,143  1,139,004 

BAR,  ANGLE,  BOLT,  AND  ROD  IRON. 

To  Germany   17,799  26,850 

To  Holland   8,479  13,320 

To  France   1,331  ^  2,494 

To  Italy   19,557  25,067 

To  Turkey   7,027  8,471 

To  United  States   64,583  23,006 

To  British  North  America   46,536  31,339 

To  British  India   16,054  22,578 

To  Australia   20,851  15,571 

To  Other  Countries   111,393  119,726 

Total   313,600  288,422 

KATLROAD  IRON  OF  ALL  SORTS. 

To  Russia   106,939  162,275 

To  Sweden  and  Norway   13,172  50,172 

To  Germany   50,105  41,984 

To  HoUand   5,125  20,599 

To  France   2,117  2,497 

To  Spain  and  Canaries   12,274  13,590 

To  Austrian  Territories   7,989  816 

To  Egypt   14,484  13,951 

To  United  States   467,304  185,702 

To  Spanish  W.  I.  Islands   3,330  4,440 

To  Brazil    20,743  15,047 

To  Peru   80,713  8,402 

To  Chili   2,553  5,852 

To  British  North  America   77,255  54,573 

To  British  India   14,051  18,087 

To  Australia   25,094  35,098 

To  Other  Countries   85,673  153,658 

Total   945,420  786,800 

WIRE  (EXCEPT  TELEGRAPH),  GAL- 
VANIZED OR  NOT   33,540  29,884 

nOOPS,  SHEETS,  BOILER  AND  ARMOR  PLATES. 

To  Russia....,   12,344  17,965 


To  Germany   16,034  26,023 

To  HoUand   9,810  11,759 

To  France   3,102  4,818 

To  Spain  and  Canaries   6,207  5,139 

To  United  States   31,407  18,291 

To  British  North  America   16,043  9,447 

To  British  India   18,055  10,770 

To  Australia   20,207  21,300 

To  Other  Countries   74,106  69,865 

Total   207,495  201,437 


CAST  OR  WROUGHT  IRON,  AND  ALL  OTHER  MANUFAC- 
TURES (EXCEPT  ORDNANCE  UNENUMERATED). 

To  Russia   18,434  43,880 

ToGei-many   28,007  28,183 

To  Holland   13,598  16,485 

To  France   4,805  5,054 

To  Spain  and  Canaries   5,700  8,849 

To  United  States   13,408  22,279 

To  British  North  America   21,599  16,917 

To  British  Possessions  in  S.  Africa  3,753  4,986 

To  British  India   20,283  18,703 

To  Australia   23,595  31,270 

To  Other  Countries   115,706  80,500 

Total   269,607  282,165 


TIN  PLATES. 

To  France   3,342  3,941 

To  United  States   87,360  85,531 

To  British  North  America   4,003  3,343 

To  Australia   5,094  4,336 

To  Other  Countries   18,284  23,327 

Total   118,083  120,468 

Old  iron,  for  remanufacture   107,521  60,478 


STEEL — UlTWROUGnT. 

To- France                                       3,204  2,544 

To  United  States                            23,281  19,263 

To  Other  Countries                          17,944  17,683 

Total                                         44,969  39,488 

Manufactures  of  steel  or  steel  and 

iron  combined                              11,384  10,508 

Total  of  iron  and  steel              3,382,763  2,059,314 


STATISTICAL  RECORD  OF  PEODUCTIOK,  IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  ETC. 


PRICES  OP  AMERICAIT  PIG-raON  AT  PHIIiADELPHIA,  FROM 

1869  TO  1874. 


Jan. 

1869   $42.18 

1870   35.17 

1871   30.50 

1873   37.50 

1873   45.00 

Jnlv. 

1869  $42.00 

1870   32.50 

1871   35  75 

1873   51.50 

1873    44.50 


Feb. 

40.25 
34.50 
30.91 
40.00 
47.80 

AlIfT. 

41.00 
33.50 
30.35 
53.09 
43.00 


Mar. 

41.75 

33.95 
34.75 
43.50 
47.89 

Sept. 

40.30 
33.69 
87.00 
53.00 
41.00 


April. 

40.00 
33.50 
35.37 
48.50 
47.50 

Oct. 

40.00 

31.83 
37.20 
52.00 
39.00 


May. 

39.50 
33.30 
35.50 
49.00 
47.00 

Nov. 

38.70 
31.25 
37.50 
50.00 
33.00 


June. 

40.80 
33.50 
35  50 
50.35 
4G.00 

Dec. 

37.60 
30.50 
37.50 
45.90 
33.50 


AVERAGE  PRICES  OF  OLD  RAILS  AT  PHILADELPHIA  FOR 

1872  AND  1873. 


1872  .., 

1873  .., 

1873  ... 

1873  .., 


Jan. 
$42.00 
49.00 


Feb. 

44.50 
49.50 


July.  Aug. 

$50.50  51.00 
44.25  44.35 


Mar. 

48.50 
53.00 

Sept. 

51.00 
44.00 


April. 

53.00 
50.35 

Oct. 

48.00 
40.00 


May.  June. 

53.00  50.50 
46.50  46.00 


Nov. 

46.50 
37.00 


Dec. 

46.50 
40.00 


PRICES  OF  RAIIiS  AT  PHILADELPHIA  FOR  1873  AND  1873. 


1873 
1873 

1873 
1873 


Jan. 

$71.00 
84.00 

July. 

$89.00 
78.00 


Feb. 
75.00 

84.00 

Ans. 

88.00 
76.00 


Mar. 

79.00 
84.00 

Sept. 
88.00 
75.00 


April.      May.  June. 

84.00  91.00  90.00 
83.00    82.00  83.00 


Oct. 

88.00 
70.00 


Nov.  Dec. 

87.00  85.00 
61.00  61.00 


PRICES  OF  BAR  IRON  AT  PHILADELPHIA  FOR  1873  AND 
1873. 


1872 
1873 

1872 
1873 


Jan.        Feb.       Mar.       April.        May.  Jnno. 

$87.50  88.75  97.43  103.13  103.04  103.04 
100.80    98.56    96.33    96.32    94.08  91.84 


July,        AufT.        Sept.      Oct.      Nov.  Dec. 

$105.38  112.00  116.48  113,68  106.40  100.80 
.    84.50    82.88    80.64    76.16    70.56  67.30 

MINERAL  PRODUCT  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


Mr.  Robert  Hunt,  Keeper  of  Treasury  Records,  makes 
the  following  report  of  the  mineral  product  of  Great 
Britain  in  1872  : 


No.  of 
Mines. 
3001 . . 
306. 
117.. 
103.. 
455.. 
03.. 
35.. 

15. . 

3.. 

1.. 

3.. 

1.. 

5. . 

1. . 

1.. 
35.. 


Minerals. 

Coal   

Iron  ore   

Copper  ore  

Tin  ore   

Lead  ore   

Zinc  ore  

Iron  pyrites  (sul- 
phur ores)  

Arsenic  

Wolfram  

Cobalt  

Manganese  

Fluor  spar  

Ochres, umbers,  etc 

Bismuth  ore  

Chloride  of  barium 

Barytes  

Clays,  fine  and  fire 
(estimated)  

Other  earthy  min- 
erals (estimated) 

Salt  

CarboUtes  (estim'd) 


Quantiti 
Tons.  C 
123,497,316 
10,584,857 
91,183 
14,206 
83,908 
18,543 


65,916 
5,171 
88 
1 

7,773 
80 

3,336 
3 
65 

9,093 


3 
15 
5 
0 
0 
13 
15 
0 
0 
17 


1,300,000  0 


1,309,497 
35,000 


10 
0 


/46,311<443  "Z] 

l.mi35^ 

l,14(ij05 
73,951 

39,470 
17,904 
993 
20 
38,865 
40 
8,237 

'iso 

7,078 

450,000 

650,000 
654,748 
50,000 


Total  value  of  the  minerals  produced  in 
the  United  Kingdom  in  1873  £58,913,541 

Metals  obtained  from  the  ores  enumerated,  etc. ,  in  the 
United  Kingdom  in  the  year  1873  : 


Description  of  metal.  Quantities. 
Pig-iron,  tons    6,741,939 


Copper 

Tin  "   

Lead  "   

SUver,  ounces  

Zinc,  tons  

Other  metals  (estimated) . 


5,703 
9,500 
69,455 
638,930 
5,191 


Value. 
£18,540,304 
583,233 
1,459,990 
1,209,115 
157,230 
118,076 
2,500 


Total  value  of  metals  produced  from  the 
ores  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  the  year 

1873   £33,070,447 

The  total  value  of  the  metals  produced,  coal  and 
other  metals  raised,  in  the  year  1873 :  Metal,  value  of, 
as  above,  £33,070,447  ;  coal,  ditto,  £46,311,143  ;  miner- 
als, earthy,  etc.,  £1,811,836;  total,  £70,193,416.  The 
increase  in  total  value,  amounting  to  £13,871,533,  is 
chiefly  due  to  the  additional  cost  of  "  getting  "  each  ton 
of  coal. 


EXPORTS  OF  METALS  OF  HOME  MANUFACTURE   FROM  GREAT  BRITAIN  FOR  SERIES  OP  YEARS. 


1848  to  1853   

1853  to  1857   

1858  to  1863   

1863  to  1867   

1868  to  1872   

11  months  of  1872 

11     "  1878 


Iron  of 
every  kind. 


£ 

49,290,656 
97,161,836 
103,908,520 
134,781,774 
183,759,167 
38,230,472 
41,942,833 


Copper. 


£ 

7,950,985 
10,911,541 
13,249,138 
16,197,272 
16,337,069 
2,975,705 
8,043,938 


£ 

504,360 
594,924 
892,067 
1,149,137 
1,403,859 
341,303 
440,955 


Lead. 


£ 

1,488,173 
2,485,014 
3,433,413 
3,133,150 
4,531,603 
856,040 
697,295 


Tin. 


£ 

581,224 
986,397 
1,801,907 
2,252,076 
3,216,039 
805,490 
723,587 


Zinc. 


£ 

118,637 
448,774 
552,480 
605,619 
750,435 
94,970 
80,799 


Total. 


£ 

59,933,935 
113,588,486 
133,837,514 
148,108,028 
208,988,153 
43,393,939 
46,938,387 


52 


\ 


THE  IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  SHIP  YARDS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Probably  no  branch  of  the  iron  industry  has  attracted  more  general  attention  or  ex- 
cited more  patriotic  pride  than  the  progress  made  of  late  years  in  iron  ship-building.  This 
industry  has  furnished  abroad  one  of  the  most  important  and  profitable  elements  of  the 
English  iron  trade,  and  it  has  not  been  until  very  recently  that  it  was  supposed  possible  to 
compete  with  foreign-built  ships  in  this  line.  Now,  however,  thanks  to  the  enterprise  and 
persistence  of  a  few  American  builders,  many  of  our  ocean  steamships,  and  all  of  our  coast- 
wise marine,  a  rapid  and  growing  commerce,  are  constructed  in  our  own  yards. 

The  reasons  for  this  success  are  manifest  when  we  consider  the  fact,  now  undisputed, 
of  the  superiority  of  American  iron,  permitting  of  the  use  of  lighter  frames  and  plating  for 
our  ships.  Labor-saving  machinery  has  been  also  of  very  great  assistance,  and  when  used 
by  the  more  intelligent  skilled  labor  of  our  country  has  combined  to  furnish  a  ship  equal  in 
every  respect  of  finish  and  speed,  and  superior  in  material,  to  any  built  elsewhere.  The 
war  of  the  Rebellion,  necessitating  as  it  did  the  construction  of  war  vessels  of  iron  and  in 
great  haste,  gave  a  great  impetus  to  iron  ship-building,  and  developed  our  capabilities  in  this 
^line. 

The  vessels  of  this  period,  although  built  in  great  haste  and  generally  of  novel  con- 
struction, were  of  the  greatest  assistance,  and  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  larger  monitors, 
such  as  the  Montauk,  demonstrated  the  problem  that  heavily  plated  turreted  monitors  could 
be  built  to  cross  the  ocean  or  to  be  effective  for  heavy  sea  service.  The  numerous  engage- 
ments in  which  our  iron-clads  participated  further  demonstrated  the  value  of  this  style  of 
vessel  for  naval  warfare ;  and  it  is  now  patent  that,  of  whatever  material  the  merchant 
marine  of  the  world  will  be  constructed,  the  navies  must  be  of  iron. 

As  the  importance  of  armed  ships  is  fully  recognized,  the  following  history  of  the  in- 
troduction and  manufacture  of  armor  plates,  from  the  Nautical  Magazine,  will  be  foimd 
highly  interesting.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  first  use  of  this  method  of  defending  vessels 
by  iron  was  made  by  the  late  Edwin  Stevens,  of  Hoboken,  IST.  J.,  the  constructor  of  the 
floating  battery,  and  the  founder  of  the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology  at  Hoboken. 

AEMOK  PLATES. 

Armor  plates  were  first  used  in  the  construction  of  ships  of  war  in  the  case  of  an  iron 
steam  battery  for  harbor  defence,  commenced  at  Hoboken,  U.  S.,  in  1844.  At  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  Emperor  ISTapoleon,  some  fioating  batteries,  clad  with  d-inch  armor,  were  built 
during  the  Crimean  war,  and  employed  in  some  of  the  operations  in  the  Black  Sea  ;  but 
these,  as  well  as  some  built  by  our  own  admiralty  in  imitation  of  them,  were  of  very  little 


41G 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


use,  on  account  of  their  clumsy  form,  and  it  was  not  till  the  advent  of  the  French  La 
Gloire  and  our  own  "Warrior  that  it  began  to  be  seen  that  the  war  ships  of  the  future  would 
be  iron-clads.  In  1861,  when  the  Warrior  was  built,  it  was  believed  that,  while  the  thick- 
ness of  her  armor  {4:^  inches)  represented  the  maximum  of  weight  which  a  seaworthy  steam- 
ship could  carry  on  her  sides,  it  at  the  same  time  provided  a  defence  practically  invulner- 
able. Both  these  views  were  soon  shown  to  be  defective,  and  it  is  now  seen  to  be  practica- 
ble to  build,  as  well  as  desirable  to  have,  sea-going  masted  ships  with  armor  averaging  7 
inches  in  thickness,  and  in  some  large  ocean  cruisers,  without  masts,  10  to  12  inches  of 
armor  have  been  used  on  their  sides,  and  12  to  14  upon  their  turrets.  Nor  does  this  great 
increase  in  the  thickness  of  armor  constitute  the  sole  advantage  which  recently  constructed 
iron-clads  have  over  the  Warrior.  Besides  the  important  consideration  that  the  armor  is 
so  distributed  over  the  surface  of  some  of  our  latest  iron-clads  that  a  belt  at  the  water-line 
throughout  the  ship,  and  other  really  important  parts,  are  protected — which  is  not  the  case 
with  the  Warrior,  where  merely  the  middle  portion  of  the  ship  is  iron-clad — it  must  be 
added  that  armor  plates  are  now  better  made  and  are  fastened  on  the  ship's  side  much  more 
securely  than  formerly.  Experiments  made  at  Shoeburyness,  under  the  direction  of  a  com- 
mittee appointed  for  the  purpose,  have  fm-nished  data  upon  which  have,  from  time  to  time, 
been  determined  the  thickness  and  nature  of  the  backing  behind  the  armor,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  fastenings  by  which  the  armor  is  secured  to  the  ship. 

The  extent  of  surface  to  be  clad  with  iron  in  any  ship  and  the  thickness  of  her  armor 
are  determined  by  her  designer,  and  in  reference  to  her  other  qualifications.  A  model  is 
made  at  the  dock-yard,  and  on  it  the  size  and  dimensions  of  the  separate  plates  are  planed, 
and  an  account  of  these  particulars,  and  a^so  of  the  form  of  each  plate,  is  sent  to  the  manu- 
facturer. Armor  plates  are  usually  from  15  to  18  feet  long,  and  from  3  to  4  feet  wide. 
Two  methods  of  manufacturing  them — namely,  hammering  and  rolling — have  been  tried, 
and  each  has  had  its  advocates,  but  the  government  of  this  country  has  decided  in  favor  of 
the  latter,  and  for  the  last  seven  or  eight  years  all  armor  plates  used  for  the  ships  of  the 
Royal  Navy  have  been  rolled  plates.  The  firms  who  manufacture  most  of  the  armor  used 
in  the  construction  of  the  English  iron-clads  are  Sir  John  Bkown  &  Co.,  of  the  Atlas 
Works,  Shefiield,  and  Messrs.  Cammell  &  Co.,  of  the  Cyclops  Works,  Shefiield.  The 
Thames  Iron  Company,  who  were  the  builders  of  the  Warrior,  still  adhere  to  hammered  in 
preference  to  rolled  plates,  and  many  ships  built  for  foreign  governments  have  this  descrip- 
tion of  armor.  The  process  of  rolling  plates  is  thus  described  by  Sir  John  Brown  :  "  Bars 
12  inches  broad  and  1  inch  thick  are  first  rolled;  five  of  these  are  then  piled  on  and  rolled 
into  a  rough  slab  ;  two  of  these  slabs  are  now  rolled  into  a  plate  2|-  inches  thick,  and,  finally, 
four  of  these  2^  inch  plates  are  piled  and  then  rolled  into  the  finished  inch  plate."  It 
will  thus  be  seen  that  pieces  of  iron  of  an  aggregate  thickness  of  20  inches  are,  in  the 
process  of  manufacture,  rolled  out  into  one  plate  4^  inches  thick.  The  rolhng  is  performed 
by  means  of  two  heavy  cylindrical  rollers,  one  placed  vertically  over  the  other,  the  lower 
one  suspended  at  a  fixed  height,  the  upper  one  movable  up  or  down,  so  that  the  width  of 
the  opening  between  them  may  be  varied  at  pleasure.  The  rollers  turn  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, each  toward  the  opening  ])etween  them  on  the  side  next  the  furnace  in  which  the 
iron  is  heated,  so  that  a  mass  of  iron  passed  in  between  them  is  forced  through  by  their 
rotation.  They  are  turned  by  steam-power.  The  rollers  being  set  at  a  distance  from  each 
other  a  little  less  than  the  thickness  of  the  iron  in  the  furnace,  the  heated  metal  is  brought 


ENTRODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  SHIP  YAEDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


417 


out  and  placed  between  tliem,  and  it  is  at  once  roiled  throngli,  coming  out  on  tlie  other 
side  reduced  in  thickness,  but  of  increased  length  and  breadth.  The  distance  between  the 
rollers  is  then  decreased,  and  the  iron  passed  through  again,  and  so  on,  until  it  is  of  the 
required  thickness.  By  the  immense  pressure  thus  brought  to  bear  upon  heated  metals, 
the  various  pieces  of  which  it  is  composed  are  thoroughly  welded  into  one  mass.  In  the 
manufacture  of  hammered  plates  the  welding  is  effected  by  blows  from  a  steam  hammer, 
instead  of  by  rolling. 

Before  the  plates  are  sent  to  the  dock-yard,  one  or  more  are  chosen  at  random  by  a 
government  official  to  be  tested.  The  testing  is  performed  at  Portsmouth,  on  board  the 
Thunderer,  an  old  wooden  ship.  The  plates  are  fastened  to  a  target  erected  at  one  end  of 
the  ship,  and  shots  are  fired  at  them  from  guns  of  prescribed  calibre,  in  a  battery  at  the 
other  end,  the  men  being  protected  from  the  splinters  of  the  shot  by  a  casemate.  If  the 
plate  does  not  stand  the  test  satisfactorily,  the  lot  from  which  it  was  selected  is  rejected. 
This  system  of  tests  secures  as  good  an  article  as  it  is  possible  to  make.  During  the  first 
few  years  of  the  manufacture  it  was  found  that  the  plates  were  often  split  and  cracked  by 
the  shot,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  holes  which  had  to  be  bored  through  them  for  the 
screws  or  bolts  by  which  they  were  attached  to  the  targets.  It  was  thus  assumed  that  these 
holes  were  necessarily  a  source  of  great  weakness,  and  many  schemes  were  proposed  for 
connecting  plates  with  the  ship's  side  in  ways  by  which  this  important  defect  might  be 
avoided.  One  was,  that  an  iron  frame  should  be  attached  to  the  ship  and  the  plate  dropped 
into  it,  the  edges  of  the  frame  being  afterward  beaten  over  to  secure  the  plate  in  its  place. 
The  necessity  for  anything  of  this  kind  has  been  obviated  by  the  great  improvements  which 
have  been  effected  in  the  quality  of  the  armor ;  the  metal  now  used  is  so  tenacious  that  it 
is  scarcely  any  weaker  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  bolt-hole  than  in  any  other  place.  The 
superiority  of  the  armor  of  the  present  day  over  that  made  ten  years  ago  was  fully  exem- 
plified in  the  recent  experiments  on  the  turret  of  the  Glatton.  A  hole  was  punched 
through  one  of  her  14  inch  plates  by  the  shot,  but  there  was  no  other  damage  done  to  the 
plate  than  the  mere  penetration.  Under  similar  circumstances,  in  the  case  of  plates  experi- 
mented upon  at  Shoeburyness,  some  yerrs  ago,  there  would  be  seen  large  cracks  radiating 
from  the  shot-hole,  producing  a  complete  separation  of  the  plate  as  far  as  the  nearest  bolt- 
holes,  and  in  many  cases  the  armor  plate  would  have  been  broken  in  two  or  three  pieces. 
The  price  of  armor  plates,  some  little  time  ago,  was  about  £30  per  ton  ;  their  value  now  is 
of  course  subject  to  the  same  fluctuation  as  that  of  other  iron.  ' 

Armor  plates  are  usually  bent  to  the  shape  required  by  hydraulic  pressure.  A  block 
of  cast-iron  having  its  upper  surface  hollow  (of  the  same  shape  as  the  armor  plate  is  to  be) 
is  placed  upon  the  piston  rod  of  the  hydraulic  press.  Upon  this  is  laid  the  armor  plate, 
and  above  it  is  constructed  a  framework  of  iron  bars,  firmly  fixed,  so  that  their  under  sides 
form  a  surface  of  a  corresponding  shape  to  the  block  below.  When  the  plate  is  in  its 
position  upon  the  cast-iron  block,  the  pressure  is  applied,  the  effect  being  that  the  plate  is 
lifted  slowly,  and  brought  in  contact  with  the  framework  above,  and  so  gradually  squeezed 
into  the  shape  required.  Before  being  bent,  the  plates  are  carefully  and  gradually  heated 
in  a  furnace,  the  required  temperature  being  indicated  by  a  bright  red  color  in  the  iron ; 
if  it  were  made  hotter  it  would  be  liable  to  be  indented,  or  spread  out  laterally,  in  the  pro- 
cess of  bending ;  if  not  so  hot,  there  would  be  a  danger  of  the  plate  cracking  when  subject 
to  great  pressure. 


418  rNTTKODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

An  important  element  in  the  armoring  of  sliips  is  tlie  cushion  of  wood  which  is  placed 
between  the  armor  and  the  main  structure  of  the  ship.  The  part  of  the  ship  to  which  the 
armor  is  attached  is  built  up  of  iron  ribs  and  plating,  and  is  so  constructed  as  to  be  com- 
plete, both  as  regards  strength  and  water-tightness,  before  either  the  armor  or  wood  back- 
ing is  put  on.  The  armor  is  rather  a  source  of  weakness  to  the  structure  than  otherwise, 
and  if  its  edges  were  not  accurately  fitted,  so  -as  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  the  plates 
moving,  its  working  would,  in  a  heavy  sea,  seriously  endanger  the  ship.  In  the  Warrior, 
the  wood  behind  the  armor  is  1^  feet  thick ;  in  ships  of  more  recent  construction,  it  is  gen- 
erally from  10  to  12  inches ;  but,  in  some  cases,  there  are  two  layers  of  backing  with  an 
intermediate  iron  skin.  During  the  building  of  the  earlier  iron-clads,  there  was  much  dis- 
cussion about  the  relative  efficiency  of  different  kitids  of  backing.  Some  very  eminent 
engineers  and  naval  architects  believed  that  a  ship's  side  entirely  made  of  iron  would  ofier  more 
resistance  to  shot  than  would  armor  and  wood  backing  of  the  same  weight  per  square  foot 
-  of  surface — in  other  words,  that  a  G  inch  armor  plate  was  more  effective  than  a  5  inch 
plate  with  a  9  inch  thickness  of  teak  backing  behind  it.  It  was  proved  by  experiment 
that  such  was  not  the  case,  and  that  the  latter  was  much  superior  to  the  former  arrange- 
ment ;  it  is  possible,  however,  that  the  improved  quality  of  the  iron,  taken  in  conjunction 
with  the  perishable  nature  of  the  w6od,  may  ultimately  lead  to  a  reconsideration  of  the 
whole  question,  and  perhaps  to  the  abandonment  of  backing  behind  armor.  Among  the 
various  kinds  of  backing  which  have  been  proposed  are  india-rubber,  compressed  cotton 
wool,  mill-board,  and  even  water  in  tanks ;  not  one  of  them,  however,  has  proved  to  be 
as  good  as  wood.  Teak  is  the  kind  of  wood  generally  used,  both  from  its  durability  and 
its  freedom  from  acids,  which  would  corrode  the  iron.  The  logs  of  teak  are  usually  placed 
on  the  ship's  side  in  the  direction  of  her  length.  If  there  are  two  layers,  the  logs  of  the 
outer  one  are  arranged  vertically  so  as  to  cross  the  others.  The  backing  is  fastened  to  the 
iron  skin  of  the  ship,  and  all  the  seams  in  it  are  well  caulked  to  add  to  its  rigidity  as  well 
as  to  render  it  water-tight.  Previous  to  an  armor  plate  being  placed  on  the  ship,  a  coating 
of  a  glue,  manufactured  for  this  purpose,  is  spread  (hot)  upon  the  wood,  the  surface  of  the 
plate  also  being  slightly  heated,  and  thus  all  inequalities  in  the  attached  surfaces  are  filled 
up. 

The  means  of  connecting  the  armor  to  the  ship  has,  like  almost  every  other  detail  in 
the  construction  of  iron-clads,  been  a  fruitful  subject  of  debate.  The  French  use  large 
screws,  which  pass  loosely  through  holes  in  the  armor  and  into  the  wood  backing,  and  by 
the  hold  of  the  screw  in  the  wood,  keep  the  armor  in  its  place.  A  great  disadvantage  at- 
tending this  is,  that  in  the  event  of  the  armor  being  bent  by  shot,  it  is  all  but  impossible  to 
get  the  screws  out.  In  the  English  iron-clads,  bolts  pass  through  the  armor,  wood  backing, 
and  iron  skin  of  the  ship,  having  a  screw  upon  their  inner  end,  upon  which  a  nut  is  screwed 
up  after  the  bolt  is  in  its  place.  The  bolt  is  driven  through  the  wood,  and  has  thus  its 
tightness  in  the  wood  as  well  as  the  screw-nut  on  its  end  to  keep  it  fast.  In  the  French 
system  it  is  found  that  the  effect  of  the  firing  of  shot  is  to  drag  the  screw  out  of  its  hole 
in  the  wood,  thus  allowing  the  armor  plate  to  curl  outward,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  in 
the  case  of  the  nut  and  screw  bolt,  the  bolt  breaks  off  at  its  weakest  point — <?.,  the  begin- 
ning of  the  screw.  To  prevent  this,  an  india-nibber  ring  is  placed  upon  the  bolt,  enclosed 
in  an  iron  cup  ring,  and  having  another  iron  ring  between  the  india-rubber  and  the  screw 
nut.    The  elastic  ring  admits  of  the. bolt  being  drawn  out  slightly  in  response  to  the  blow 


ESTTEODUCTION  TO  THE  lEON  SHIP  YAEDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


419 


of  a  shot,  and  thus  tends  to  break  the  shock  which  would  otherwise  cut  the  bolt. 
The  danger  to  the  fastenings  of  the  armor  is  produced,  as  has  been  indicated,  by  the  ten- 
dency which  plates  have  to  bend  when  struck  by  a  shot.  The  plate  can  only  be  slightly 
forced  in  at  the  place  where  it  is  struck,  because  of  the  support  behind ;  the  consequence 
is  a  tendencj^  to  spring  out  on  all  sides  of  the  shot  mark. 

The  armor  plates  used  by  the  Americans  in  the  construction  of  their  monitors  were 
not  welded  together,  as  are  those  used  by  our  own  government ;  they  were  made  by  simply 
connecting  thin  plates  together  by  means  of  rivets  ;  thus,  a  10  inch  plate  would  be  made 
by  riveting  together  ten  1  inch  plates.  By  experiment  it  has  been  ascertained  that  a  good 
5  inch  rolled  plate  is  much  more  capable  of  resisting  shot  than  10  inch  armor  built  up  in 
this  fashion.  In  conclusion,  it  may  be  remarked  that  it  is  not  enough,  in  comparing  two 
iron-clads  of  similar  design,  to  say  that  they  have  each  armor  of  a  certain  thickness  ;  the 
quality  of  the  armor  plates,  the  accuracy  with  which  they  were  fitted  on  the  ship,  and  the 
nature  of  the  fastenings  by  which  they  are  kept  in  place,  may  so  affect  the  question  as  to 
give  one  ship  a  decided  superiority  over  another  which  is  said  to  be  as  strong. 

In  connection  with  the  foregoing  history  of  armor  plates  we  append  the  succeeding  de- 
scription by  Mr.  C.  Lakkin,  of  Chester,  Penn.,  of  the  modelling  of  the  iron  ship,  a  descrip- 
tion full  of  interest  to  the  practical  man  engaged  in  the  iron  industry — and  for  the  benefit 
of  such  is  this  work  designed  ;  hence  no  apology  is  needed  to  give  it  space. 


HOW  lEON  SHIPS  AKE  MODELLED. 

One  of  the  first  questions  a  naval  architect  asks,  when  requested  to  make  a  design  for 
a  ship,  is.  For  what  purpose  do  you  propose  to  employ  her  ?  If  great  speed  is  required, 
he  will  make  the  vessel  concave  at  the  bow  and  stern ;  if  great  carrying  capacity  is  desired, 
he  will  make  the  vessel  fuller  at  those  places.  It  is  customary  at  most  ship-yards,  when  the 
kind  of  vessel  required  is  ascertained,  for  the  naval  architect  to  make  a  design  or  drawing 
of  the  proposed  vessel  on  paper,  and  aided  by  the  drawing,  he  cuts  his  model,  and,  finally, 
from  dimensions  taken  from  the  drawing,  he  lays  the  vessel  out  on  the  mould-room  floor. 
Before  we  tell  how  he  does  this,  it  is  necessary  to  explain  the  manner  in  which  the  vessel 
is  cut  into  portions  by  planes  running  through  it  horizontally  and  vertically,  which  enable 
us  to  establish  points  for  measurement. 

We  will  suppose  we  have  a  ship  with  its  keel  resting  upon  a  flat  surface.  "We  pass  a 
horizontal  plane  through  the  vessel,  at  the  top  of  the  keel,  and  call  it  the  base-line  plane. 
Two  feet  above  the  base-line  plane  we  pass  another  horizontal  plane,  and  call  it  the  first 
water-line  plane,  and  so  we  pass  horizontal  planes  every  two  feet,  calling  them  second,  third, 
fourth,  etc.,  water-line  planes,  until  we  reach  the  top  of  the  vessel.  Now  it  is  evident  that 
if  the  frames  of  the  vessel  are  two  feet  apart,  that  they,  standing  vertically,  will  form  ver- 
tical planes,  each  two  feet  apart ;  and  if  we  pass  vertical  planes,  every  two  feet,  parallel  to 
a  vertical  plane  passing  through  the  keel  in  the  direction  of  its  length,  or  fore  and  aft,  we 
shall  have  the  vessel  divided  into  cubes  two  feet  on  each  edge. 

'Now,  understanding  how  the  vessel  is  cut  up  by  these  planes,  we  can  easily  comprehend 
the  manner  of  laying  the  ship  down  on  the  mould-room  fioor.  This  room  is  large  (I  have 
worked  in  one  50  by  180  feet),  with  a  perfectly  level  floor  cleared  of  all  obstructions.  On 
53 


420 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


one  side  of  the  room  a  long  piece  of  wood,  called  a  batten,  is  nailed.  This  is,  in  fact,  a 
straight-edge,  and  it  corresponds  to  the  base-line  plane  before  mentioned. 

At  intervals  of  two  feet  we  draw  with  lead  pencil,  or  strike  with  a  chalk-line,  lines  perpendic- 
ular to  the  base-line.  These  Hnes  represent  the  frames  of  the  ship.  Now  it  is  evident,  as  a 
water  line  is  a  line  passing  through  the  points  of  intersection  of  a  horizontal  water-line  plane 
and  the  planes  formed  by  the  vertical  frames,  that  it  cannot  be  a  straight,  but  must  be  a 
curved,  line ;  and  this  curved  line  we  want  to  lay  down,  that  we  may  true  it  i;p,  for  it  is  next 
to  impossible  to  get  a  true  curve  from  your  drawing,  on  account  of  the  measurements  for  so 
small  a  scale  as  you  have  to  draw  it  upon  being  inaccurate.  We  therefore  measure  the 
distance  from  the  vertical  plane  passing  fore  and  aft  through  the  keel,  in  a  perpendicular 
line  to  that  plane,  out  to  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  horizontal  water  line,  which  we  have 
taken,  say  the  fourth ;  and  the  vertical  plane  of  one  of  the  frames,  say  the  fiftieth.  We 
take  this  distance  from  our  drawing,  and  on  the  floor  we  lay  it  off  from  the  base  line  on 
the  line  corresponding  to  frame  fifty,  and  we  go  on  and  lay  off  the  distances  from  the  cen- 
tre plane  to  the  intersection  of  the  fourth  water-line  plane  and  vertical-fraine  planes,  initil 
we  have  laid  off  all  the  distances  of  the  fourth  water  line  on  all  the  frame  lines,  and  we 
find,  when  we  nail  a  batten  down  on  the  floor  touching  all  these  points,  that  we  have  a 
curved  line,  more  or  less  true,  according  to  the  accuracy  with  which  we  made  our  measure- 
ments. In  the  same  way  we  find  and  true  up  all  our  water  lines  upon  one  side  of  the  ship. 
Of  course  we  have  only  to  duplicate  one  to  have  the  other.*  Having  trued  up  our  water 
lines,  we  next  commence  laying  down  the  body  plan,  by  means  of  which  we  expect  to  get 
our  moulds  to  which  to  bend  the  frames  of  iron,  or  to  cut  them  if  wood.  We  have  a  base 
line  as  before,  and  instead  of  drawing  lines  perpendicular  to  represent  frame  lines,  as  before, 
we  draw  lines  every  two  feet,  parallel  to  the  base  lines,  and  call  them  water  lines.  We 
then  take  the  distances  from  the  centre  line  out  to  the  water  lines,  these  are  the  distances 
which  we  have  measured  on  the  floor  after  we  corrected  the  curves.  These  distances  we 
lay  off  on  the  water  lines,  and  can  then  run  in  the  frame  lines.  That  is,  taking  the  first 
water  line  for  example,  we  will  take  the  distance  of  frame  one,  and  lay  it  off  on  the  first 
water  line,  which  runs  parallel  to  the  base  line,  then  the  second  frame,  then  the  third,  etc., 
until  we  have  all  the  frames  from  the  stem  to  the  middle  of  the  boat,  or  to  what  is  called 
the  dead-flat  frame,  or  the  frame  which  has  the  largest  area  in  its  vertical  plane.  This  is 
called  the  fore-body  plan  ;  the  plan  in  which  all  the  frames  from  dead  flat  aft  are  laid  down, 
is  called  the  after-body  plan.  Kow,  if  I  lay  the  distance  of  frame  one,  off  from  the  centre 
on  the  first  water  line,  and  then  its  distance  on  the  second  water  line,  and  so  on,  and  as  this 
distance  is  greater  on  the  second  than  on  the  first,  and  on  the  third  than  on  the  second 
water  lines — because  a  ship  gets  wider  as  you  leave  the  keel  and  go  toward  the  top — by 
joining  these  points  we  shall  liave  a  curved  line,  which  is  the  shape  of  frame  number  one, 
and  in  like  manner  we  can  get  the  shape  of  all  the  frames  by  drawing  lines  through  the 
proper  points,  and  by  making  moulds,  that  is,  bending  or  fitting  pieces  of  board  to  suit  these 
lines,  we  can  bend  the  iron  frames  to  the  same  curve  as  the  mould. 

The  angle  iron  which  forms  the  frames  is  bent  while  red  liot  to  something  near  the 
shape  necessary,  and  when  cold  it  is  bent,  exactly  to  suit  the  mould,  in  a  bending  machine. 

*  In  the  same  manner  we  get  the  distance  of  the  rail  and  beam  from  the  centre  plane,  and  these  are  called 
the  rail  and  beam  breadths  ;  and  when  we  take  their  distance  from  the  base-line  plane,  we  call  them  the  beam  and 
rail  heights  ;  and  these  heights,  whatever  they  may  be,  indicate  the  height  of  the  frames. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


421 


In  laying  out  a  vessel  great  care  is  necessary  as  well  as  accuracy  of  eye  in  telling  a  true 
curve.  In  the  monld-room  diagonal  and  cross  section  lines  are  also  run  in,  or  laid  out  on 
the  floor,  as  helps  and  additional  safeguards  in  the  laying  down,  but  the  explanation  of  the 
manner  of  their  use  would  only  tend  to  confuse,  while  it  would  not  make  any  clearer  the 
preceding  description.  In  the  laying  down  of  the  ship  long,  slender  battens  of  white  pine 
are  used,  and  they  are  so  flexible  that  they  can  be  made  to  assume  very  sharp  curves  with- 
out breaking.  It  is  plainly  to  be  seen  that  when  the  frames  of  the  vessel  are  all  iip,  her 
shape  is  established,  and  all  we  have  to  do  is  to  bend  and  fit  the  iron  plating,  or  wooden 
planking,  whichever  it  may  be,  to  its  proper  place,  and  we  have  the  hull  in  its  beautiful 
proportions  before  us.  The  dimensions  of  the  plating  are  taken  from  the  model,  and  the 
plating  is  generally  in  the  yard,  and  ready  to  go  on  the  ship  by  the  time  the  frames  are  up, 
so  that  there  shall  be  no  unnecessary  delay. 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  success  of  the  iron  merchant  steamers,  and  the  superior  durability,  carrying  capac- 
ity, and  general  advantages  of  this  style  of  ship  have  predisposed  the  mercantile  community 
in  favor  of  iron  as  the  ship-building  material.  The  only  question  remaining  to  be  decided 
was  the  proper  locality  for  their  construction,  vrhere  all  the  facilities  of  material,  transpor- 
tation, and  sufficient  draught  of  water  for  navigation  were  combined.  Such  a  locality  must 
doubtless  be  the  site  of  the  great  ship-building  interest  of  the  United  States.  Fortunately 
nature  had  settled  this  question  so  far  as  the  Eastern  seaboard  is  concerned. 

The  Delaware  River,  from  the  head  of  Delaware  Bay  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  fur- 
nishes many  sites  possessing  all  the  requirements  named.  It  is  therefore  not  surprising  that 
at  several  points  in  this  locality  iron  ship  yards  should  have  been  early  established,  and, 
developing  with  the  progress  of  the  industry,  have  grown  to  such  magnitude  as  to  control 
almost  exclusively  the  construction  of  iron  ships. 

The  lake  commerce,  already  of  immense  proportions  and  growing  with  unparalleled 
rapidity,  also  demands  an  iron  merchant  marine.  Buffalo  has  thus  far  been  the  site  of  the 
iron  ship  building  for  the  lake  trade,  and  possesses  many  advantages.  Probably  in  the 
future,  however,  great  iron  ship  yards  will  arise  at  Erie,  and  Cleveland,  and  Detroit,  at 
which  latter  place  a  yard  has  been  already  started.  Each  of  these  localities  has  the  requi- 
site facilities.  They  are  all  situated  in  close  contiguity  to  iron  works  and  coal  fields,  with 
fine  water  frontage  and  an  abundance  of  skilled  labor.  It  is  evident  that  the  traffic  of  the 
lakes  must  eventually  be  done  in  iron  bottoms,  and  this  industry  offers  great  profit  to  en- 
terprise and  capital.  I^or  is  the  carrying  trade  of  the  Mississippi,  the  great  natural  high- 
way of  the  West,  to  be  disregarded.  Although  now  confined  almost  exclusively  to  wooden 
boats,  the  necessities  of  transportation  will  speedily  require  a  great  addition  of  capacity,  all 
of  which  will  be  of  iron.  St.  Louis  furnishes  the  site  for  the  construction  of  such  vessels 
for  river  navigation,  while  Pittsburg  will  undoubtedly  add  this  branch  to  the  many  others 
now  controlled  by  that  enterprising  iron  city. 

To  revert  to  the  Delaware,  at  present  the  site  of  the  largest  ship-building  works  of  the 
coimtry,  we  find  that  the  industry  was  earliest  established  and  most  successfully  conducted 
at  Wilmington. 

Here  all  the  requisites  are  combined  with  unusual  facilities.  The  water  frontage  on 
the  Christiana  River  is  not  equalled  by  that  of  Glasgow,  on  the  Clyde,  while  the  navigation 
of  the  Delaware  from  this  point  to  the  bay,  and  thus  to  the  sea.  is  always  open  and  unim- 
peded. The  city  is  located  just  on  the  dividing  line  between  the  North  and  South ;  is  in 
easy  reach  of  the  iron  and  coal  regions  of  Pennsylvania,  to  the  north,  and  similarly  to  the 
bituminous  coals  and  fine  ores  of  A^irginia  and  North  Carolina.    Excellent  rail  facilities 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


423 


extend  in  each  direction,  and  water  carriage  may  be  said  to  be  furnished  everywhere.  With 
great  internal  wealth,  a  fine  climate  attracting  and  retaining  the  best  and  most  intelligent 
skilled  labor,  Wilmington,  with  the  other  great  advantages  enumerated,  may  justly  claim  to 
be  the  future  Glasgow  of  the  United  States.  Chester,  sixteen  miles  farther  up  the  Dela- 
Avare,  toward  Philadelphia,  is  another  of  the  natural  sites  on  the  river,  and  offers  a  sti'iking 
example  of  the  progress  of  manufacturing  industry  in  the  country.  Twenty  years  since, 
Chester  was  a  sleepy  market  town,  only  enlivened  by  the  passage  of  the  farming  commu- 
nity of  the  vicinity,  and  the  stone  shipments  from  the  Leiperville  quarries  on  Crum  Creek. 
Now  it  is  the  site  of  numerous  manufactories  as  well  as  of  one  of  the  most  extensive  ship- 
yards and  steam  engine  works  of  the  country.  This  works,  familiarly  known  as  Roach's 
Yard,  but  really  the  Delaware  River  Ship  Building  and  Machine  Works,  is  engaged  in  the 
construction  of  some  of  the  largest  iron  vessels  ever  built,  as  also  in  extensive  steam  engine 
work  for  the  Government.    These  works  will  be  described  in  order. 

Further  up  the  river,  the  City  of  Philadelphia  offers  the  advantages  which  every  large 
city  extends  for  the  establishment  of  great  industries.  Skilled  labor  is  more  easily  attain- 
able than  elsewhere.  The  spot  being  the  direct  terminus  of  the  two  largest  coal  and  iron 
carrying  roads  of  the  country,  has  great  advantages  for  material,  while  the  contiguity  of 
other  trades  required  in  the  fitting  tip  and  furnishing  ships,  greatly  facilitates  the  labor. 
Philadelphia  has  for  years  constructed  iron  vessels  for  coastwise  trade,  and  of  late  has  the 
honor  of  producing  the  only  line  of  steamships  sailing  under  the  American  flag  and  built 
of  iron.  These  ships  are  successfully  competing  with  foreign  lines  in  passengers  and 
freight,  and  have  made  better  average  time  in  their  passages  than  those  of  the  other  lines. 
As  the  entrepot  of  the  anthracite  coal  trade  of  the  United  States,  and  the  terminus  of  the 
Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad  Company,  Philadelphia  offers  additional  incentives  for 
\  ship  building.  Experience  has  shown  the  wise  managers  of  this  great  coal  producing  and 
*  transporting  road,  that  it  will  be  impossible  to  depend  upon  the  coasting  trade  to  distribute 
its  freight.  Hence  several  years  since  the  policy  of  constructing  iron  steam  colliers  was 
adopted,  and  the  initial  vessels  constructed.  The  success  of  these  in  rapidly  distributing 
the  coal  cargoes,  their  facility  for  loading  and  discharging,  and  the  possibility  of  thus  mar- 
keting a  far  greater  amount  of  coal  annually,  determined  the  company  upon  the  construc- 
tion of  a  large  fleet  of  not  less  than  100  such  vessels,  of  from  1,200  to  1,500  tons  carrying 
capacity.  Of  these  ships  six  were  built  the  first  two  years,  and  six  more  are  being  con- 
structed. The  far-seeing  policy  of  the  company,  however,  demanded  something  more,  and 
it  has  been  determined  to  build  a  ship  building  works  of  its  own.  This  works  is  now  be- 
ing built  at  the  great  coal-yards  of  the  company  at  Port  Richmond,  and  will  be  completed 
in  the  summer  of  1874.  The  steam  colliers,  thus  distributing  coal,  are  intended  to  return 
with  ore  fi'eights  when  possible,  and  will  thus  be  a  profitable  investment  to  the  company, 
while  adding  to  the  facilities  for  iron-making  in  Pennsylvania. 

Commencing  with  the  first  established  iron  ship  yards  at  Wilmington,  the  works  on  the 
Delaware  will  be  noted  in  order : 

The  Harlan  &  HolUngsworth  Co. — Wilmington,  Del.  These  works  claim  to 
have  been  the  first  established  iron  ship  yard  in  the  United  States.  The  Messrs.  Harlan 
and  HoLLiNGSWOETH  were  both  Wilmington  men,  and  the  capital  of  the  concern  is  local  en- 
tirely.   The  firm  was  i\ot  incorporated  until  1868,  since  which  the  business  of  the  company 


424 


IKON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


has  been  greatly  extended.  This  establishment  is  also  extensively  engaged  in  the  manu- 
factiu'e  of  line  railroad  cars,  and  this  department  of  the  works  will  be  fonnd  described  un- 
der that  head.*  The  ship  yard  is  conveniently  located  on  the  Christiana  River,  with  the 
Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  forming  the  other  boundary.  The  fa- 
cilities for  dockage,  launching,  etc.,  are  superior,  and  the  whole  works  covers  an  extensive 
area.  Among  the  ships  built  at  these  works  during  1873,  were  two  for  the  Pacific  Mail 
Company's  line,  with  dimensions  300  feet  long,  40  feet  beam,  and  of  2,500  tons  each. 
The  entire  work  is  done  here  of  modelling  and  constructing  the  ship.  The  iron  frame  and 
deck  beams  are  rolled  elsewhere,  generally  at  the  Phoenix  Ii'on  Works,  and  at  Pittsburg, 
while  the  plates,  or,  technically,  "  the  skin,"  of  the  ship,  comes  from  Harrisburg  and  Balti- 
more, and  other  localities.  The  bending  of  the  keel  and  of  the  plates  for  iron  ships  is  a 
sight  of  great  interest,  while  the  manner  in  which  labor-saving  machineiy  is  adapted  to 
every  possible  purpose  excites  wonder.  Cranes  are  used  here  capable  of  lifting  100  tons, 
and  of  course  worked  by  steam.  The  extensive  dry  docks  accommodate  a  ship  300  feet  long, 
and  are  many  in  number.  The  entire  work  of  modelling  and  building  the  ship,  finishing, 
ornamenting,  and  upholstering  is  done  here  on  the  spot,  and  I'equires  of  course  tlie  employ- 
ment of  mechanics  of  all  the  trades  which  enter  into  such  construction.  The  force  em- 
ployed in  the  whole  works  is  some  3,000  men,  and  the  consumption  of  material  is  some- 
thing enormous.  The  following  will  give  some  idea  of  the  character  of  the  steamers  built 
at  this  yard,  the  vessels  named — the  Knickerbocker,  for  Cromwell's  Line,  from  ]^ew  York 
to  New  Orleans,  and  the  General  Whitney,  of  the  Metropolitan  Steamship  Company — hav- 
ing both  been  finished  at  this  works  in  1873  : — The  Knickerbocker  is  an  iron  vessel  of  2,000 
tons  register,  being  280  feet  in  length,  34  feet  breadth  of  beam,  and  23  feet  depth  of  hold. 
She  cost  about  $260,000.  The  iron  beams  of  her  frame  are  most  substantial,  and  the  2:)late3 
are  from  j\  to  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  Her  lower  deck  is  constructed  of  Southern 
yellow  pine,  and  the  main  deck  of  white  pine,  each  four  inches  in  thickness.  She  is  fitted 
with  four  water-tight  bulkheads,  running  from  the  floor  to  the  main  deck,  beside  partial 
bulkheads  and  water-tight  compartment  for  the  shaft,  as  well  as  a  water-tight  trunk  sur- 
rounding the  shaft  from  this  compartment  to  the  engine  bulkhead.  An  iron  house  on  the 
main  deck  over  the  engine  and  fire-room  companion-ways,  gives  a  thoi'ough  protection  against 
fire,  and  a  companionway  safeguard  is  also  provided  as  a  barrier  to  the  sea,  which  might 
otherwise  reach  the  fire-room  and  extinguish  the  fires.  The  new  steamer  is  fitted  with  a 
vertical  inverted  condensing  engine,  whose  cylinder  is  44  inches  in  diameter,  and  whose 
piston  has  a  72  inch  stroke.  There  are  four  tubular  boilers,  one  pair  being  placed  forward 
of  the  other.  The  boilers 'and  machinery  are  all  of  the  most  substantial  kind.  A  hydro- 
static pressure  of  105  pounds  to  the  square  inch  has  already  been  put  upon  the  boilers  by 
the  builder.  On  her  trip  from  Wilmington  to  IS'ew  York,  the  Knickerbocker  made  10 
knots  per  hour,  though  the  fires  were  kindled  in  only  two  of  the  four  boilers  with  which  she 
is  provided.  She  is  built  in  all  respects  according  to  the  measure  of  the  highest  grade  of 
the  Ship  Masters'  Association,  of  New  York,  having  been  under  its  inspection  during  con- 
struction. The  Knickerbocker  is  owned  by  Messrs.  Clark  &  Seaman,  and  will  be  placed 
at  once  on  their  Cromwell  Line,  between  New  York  and  New  Orleans.  She  will  sail  from 
this  port  on  the  15th  inst.    The  Knickerlwcker  will  be  commanded  by  Captain  E.  V.  Ga- 


*  See  Car  Works  of  Delaware. 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


425 


GER,  tlic  Commodore  of  the  Cromwell  Line,  who  has  held  the  command  of  each  new  vessel 
as  she  appeared  during  the  past  16  years.  The  chief  engineer  is  E.  M.  Staats,  who  has  for 
a  long  time  been  in  the  service  of  the  company.  The  other  steamship  is  also  iron,  and,  like 
the  Knickerbocker,  is  from  the  extensive  ship  yards  of  Wilmington.  In  size,  cost,  elegance, 
and  general  appearance,  the  two  vessels  are  not  unlike.  The  vessel  is  called  the  General 
Whitney,  and  was  built  at  an  expense  of  about  $300,000.  She  belongs  to  the  Metropolitan 
Steamship  Company,  and  bears  the  name  of  its  president.  She  will  ply  between  this  port 
and  Boston.  She  is  245  feet  in  length,  40  feet  breadth  of  beam,  and  28  feet  depth  of  hold. 
She  is  registered  at  1,848  tons,  and  is  built  of  iron.  She  is  furnished  with  a  pair  of  inverted 
engines,  with  a  cylinder  of  36  inches  diameter,  and  a  piston  of  60  inch  stroke.  There  are 
three  cylindrical  furnaces  to  each  of  the  boilers.  Tlae  engines  and  boilers  are  carefully  in- 
closed in  iron  ;  the  engine-room  is  unusually  commodious  and  well-lighted,  and  a  conve- 
nient tool-room  is  close  at  hand.  The  vessel  has  five  separate  water-tight  compartments. 
She  differs  from  all  steamers  heretofore  constructed,  in  that  she  is  supplied  with  four  inde- 
pendent hoisting  engines,  operating  seven  freight  cranes  stationed  at  separate  points.  The 
time  consumed  in  receiving  or  discharging  cargo  is  thus  materially  reduced.  Her  port 
shutters,  too,  are  constructed  on  a  new  design,  and,  though  remarkably  heavy,  can  be  easily 
worked  by  one  man.  The  General  Whitney  is  heated  throughout  by  steam.  The  new 
steamer  is  to  ply  between  New  York  and  Boston,  as  a  freight  boat  only,  no  regular  ac- 
commodations being  provided  for  passengers. 

Pusey,  Jones  8l  Co. — Location  of  works,  Wilmington,  Del.  Specialty,  iron  steam 
vessels,  principally  for  river  navigation ;  also  manufacture  steam  engines  and  rolling-mill 
machinery.'^' 

This  is  a  very  extensive  works,  occupying  an  area  of  ten  acres,  and  with  1,000  feet  of 
water  frontage  for  wharfs,  docks,  etc.  The  firm  manufactures  both  iron  and  wooden  steam 
vessels,  but  principally  for  river  navigation,  and  have  made  a  specialty  of  South  American 
trade.  Boats  from  this  yard  are  now  running  on  the  Atrato,  Magdalena,  Orinoco,  Ama- 
zon, Burns,  Madeira,  Tocantins,  Ucayali,  La  Plata,  Parana,  and  Guyaquil  rivers  of  South 
America,  and  also  in  the  waters  of  China  and  Japan.  The  force  employed  is  large,  and  the 
firm  has  been  always  celebrated  for  the  excellence  of  the  work  turned  out  from  their 
establishment. 

The  Jackson  Sharp  Co. — Location  of  works,  Wilmington,  Delaware.  Specialty, 
car  manufacture. f 

The  company,  however,  also  builds  steam  vessels,  hut  principally  of  wood,  and  hence  is 
hardly  to  be  included  in  the  Iron  Ship  Yards  of  the  United  States. 

Leaving  the  ship-yards  of  Wilmington,  a  short  distance  by  rail  or  river  brings  us  to  the 
great  yard  at  Chester.    This  is  the  property  of  the, 

Delaware  River  Iron  Ship  Building  and  Engine  Works. — Proprietors,  Messrs. 
John  RoAcn  &  Co.    Location  of  works,  Chester.    This  is  the  most  extensive  ship  works 


*  See  Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works  of  Delaware. 


f  See  Car  Works  of  Delaware. 


426 


IRON  SHIP  TAEDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


in  the  country,  and  employs  1,300  men.  The  works  was  established  by  Messrs.  Reanie, 
Aecheold  &  Co.,  but  was  purchased  by  the  present  owners,  who  were  formerly  located  at 
the  celebrated  Morgan  Iron  "Works,  of  'New  York,  and  partially  transferred  their  extensive 
steaui-cngine  business  to  this  point.  The  force  here  of  1,300  men  is  divided  as  follows  :  in 
the  boat  yard  there  are  employed  800  men ;  machine  shop,  160  ;  boiler  shop,  80  ;  iron  foun- 
dry, 55  ;  blacksmith  shop,  60  ;  joiner  shop,  64  ;  paint  shop,  40  ;  carpenter  shop,  25  ;  pattern 
shop,  15 ;  moulding  loft,  10 ;  copper  shop,  12.  The  pay-roll  foots  iip  nearly  one  million 
dollars  annually  ;  in  actual  figures,  $884,000,  or  $17,000  a  week. 

This  works  has  been  largely  engaged  on  government  work,  having  repaired  and  refitted 
a  number  of  the  iron-clads  during  the  winter  of  1873.  There  have  been  two  colliers  for  the 
Reading  Railroad  Company  built  here,  and  several  very  large  steamers  for  the  Pacific  Mail 
Steamship  Company  are  either  building  or  under  contract.  There  are  also  under  contract 
two  iron  sloops  of  war,  and  the  machinery  for  two  wooden  ones.  It  is  said  the  amount  of 
work  under  contract  at  this  establishment  is  sufiicient  to  fully  employ  the  whole  force  for 
all  of  1874.    Among  the  orders  on  hand  at  these  works  are  the  following  : 

Engines  and  machinery  for  a  new  sloop  of  war  building  at  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard,  con- 
tract price,  $630,000  ;  two  new  sloops  of  war  for  the  government,  $580,000;  engines  and 
machinery  for  the  Tennessee,  $300,000 ;  repairs  of  monitors  Passaic,  Jason,  Wyandotte, 
and  Nahant,  $720,000  ;  engines  for  a  torpedo  boat,  $300,000 ;  two  marine  engines,  $300,000, 
etc.,  which  figures,  in  addition  to  the  private  work,  give  some  idea  of  the  value  of  the  prod- 
uct of  the  works. 

During  1873,  there  was  constructed  at  this  works,  the  largest  iron  steamship  ever  built 
in  the  United  States,  and  the  second  largest  iron  vessel  in  the  world,  being  surpassed  only 
by  the  Great  Eastern.  This  steamship,  the City  of  Peking,"  was  built  for  the  Pacific  Mail 
Steamship  Company,  as  is  a  companion  ship,  nearly  finished,  the  "  City  of  Taikio."  The 
City  of  Peking"  was  launched  in  March,  1874,  and  the  occasion  was  made  one  of  great  cele- 
bration ;  a  large  number  of  prominent  men  from  various  cities,  including  a  delegation  from 
both  Houses  of  Congress,  being  pi-esent.  The  following  interesting  description  of  the  ship 
appeared  at  the  time  in  the  Iron  Age  : 

"  THE  CITY  OF  PEKING." 

This  latest  addition  to  the  Pacific  Mail  fleet  of  35  steamers  had  not,  up  to  the  date  of 
launching,  been  measured  for  register,  but  her  gross  burthen  will  fall  very  little  short  of 
6,000  tons.  Iler  extreme  length  of  hull  is  423  feet,  by  47  feet  3  inches  breadth  of  beam, 
and  she  is  36  feet  deep  between  the  top  of  the  keel  and  the  spar  deck.  She  has  four  decks 
and  six  water-tight  compartments.  She  has  accommodations  for  150  cabin  passengers,  and 
1,500  steerage  passengers,  and  her  coal  bunkers  will  carry  1,500  tons.  The  bulkheads  are 
fitted  between  double  frames,  so  as  to  insure  the  greatest  tightness  and  resistive  power  in  the 
event  of  it  ever  becoming  necessary  to  depend  on  them  for  safety.  All  the  deck  beams  are 
placed  on  every  alternate  frame,  with  "  knee  "  plates  forged  on  them,  and  are  riveted  to 
the  frames  and  stringers.  Calculation  has  been  made,  and  jointings  and  sockets  prepared 
for  beams  to  support  the  engines  and  boilers  in  too  many  ways  to  admit  of  detailed  descrip- 
tion. The  "  shell  plating  "  of  the  vessel  varies  in  thickness.  No  plate  is  less  than  12  feet 
long,  and  each  plate  tapers  to  suit  the  ship's  sheer.    Every  shell  plate  has  been  tested,  be- 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


42 


fore  being  put  into  the  ship,  to  several  times  the  strain,  in  both  simple  and  compound  rela- 
tions, it  can  ever  be  called  upon  to  bear  in  actual  use.  All  shell  plates  are  flush  jointed  on 
the  vertical  section,  and  lap  jointed  on  the  longitudinal  section  ;  they  are  all  riveted  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  the  Bureau  Veritas. 

All  of  the  ship's  skylights  are  arranged  to  combine  the  maximum  of  utility,  strength, 
and  water-tightness.  The  rudder  is  of  the  best  hammered  scrap  iron,  and  every  means 
that  intelligence  has  devised  and  experience  confirmed  as  useful,  has  been  employed  to  ren- 
der this  important  part  of  the  vessel  absolutely  secure. 

The  "  City  of  Peking "  is  furnished  with  the  most  approved  steam  steering  apparatus, 
as  well  as  two  other  hand-wheel  steering  apparatuses,  one  forward  and  the  other  aft.  The 
steam  apparatus  is  furnished  with  a  friction  brake  to  hold  or  stop  the  rudder  at  any  point, 
and  with  a  pointer  to  indicate  exactly  at  what  degree  the  rudder  is  at  any  moment.  The 
whole  of  the  bottom  of  the  ship  is  covered  with  White's  waterproof  Portland  cement  to 
the  thickness  of  one  inch,  excepting  under  the  engine  and  boiler  space,  where  the  cement 
fills  up  all  spaces  solid  to  the  limber  holes.  The  four  decks  are  as  strong  and  water-tight  as 
iron  plating  and  fastenings  and  hard  wood  and  pitch  pine  and  cement  can  make  them. 

For  the  comfort  of  passengers,  ventilating  apparatus  has  been  provided  in  every  part 
of  the  ship.  The  fittings  and  upholstery  are  comfortable  and  elegant  in  every  respect.  The 
upholstery  is  principally  of  crimson  Utrecht  velvet,  and  the  cabin  furniture  includes  every- 
thing of  utility  and  convenience  that  is  common  in  first-class  private  residences.  Particular 
attention  has  been  devoted  to  the  provision  of  a  smoking-room,  as  spacious  and  splendidly 
appointed  as  the  most  exacting  taste  could  require.  The  hospital  is  built  and  furnished 
with  everything  necessary  to  the  perfect  working  of  that  department.  The  cook's  room  is 
furnished  with  everything  that  can  render  complete  a  marine  kitchen.  The  dining-saloon 
is  34  by  47  feet,  and  is  finished  in  maple  and  ebony,  with  an  elegant  cornice  around  the 
ceiling,  and  with  appropriate  paintings  in  the  panels,  and  with  plate  mirrors  and  piano. 
Nothing  has  been  omitted  that  could  render  this  saloon,  in  equipment  and  decorations,  the 
model  of  its  class.  The  ladies'  cabin  is  abaft  of  all  the  other  cabins.  A  low  and  wide  sofa 
runs  around  the  stern,  with  hard  wood  arm  pieces  placed  about  24  inches  apart,  to  form 
seats.  Adjoining  the  cabin  is  a  commodious  ladies'  bath-room,  with  shower-bath,  and 
otherwise  fitted  with  all  the  latest  improvements. 

The  mail-room  and  the  bullion-room  are  each  built  entirely  of  iron,  with  iron  decks  and 
ceilings,  and  are  fitted  with  Chubb's  chilled  iron  doors  and  locks. 

The  cabin  state-rooms  have  intermediate  doors,  whereby  they  may  be  converted  into 
double  state-rooms.  The  doors  are  furnished  with  ground  plate  glass,  and  the  bedding  and 
all  other  accommodations  are  in  a  style  that  could  not  be  surpassed.  All  berths  are  6  feet 
6  inches  long  by  28  inches  wide. 

The  night  lighting  is  from  electro-plated  moderator  lamps  of  the  most  approved  con- 
struction, and  is  ample  for  all  purposes.  To  prevent  rust  and  to  secure  permanent  sound- 
ness, every  piece  of  iron  received  three  coats  of  red  lead  paint,  in  addition  to  the  ornamen- 
tal painting.  The  frames  and  plates  were  both  painted  before  the  ship  was  put  together, 
and  previous  to  launching  the  hull,  was  covered  with  several  coats  of  anti-fouling  composi- 
tion. 

The  ship  is  furnished  with  10  boats,  the  largest  four  of  which  are  26  feet  long  by 
seven  feet  six  inches  wide,  and  three  feet  three  inches  deep,  and  the  smallest  22  feet  long 
54 


428 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  TIIK  UISriTED  STATKS. 


by  five  feet  three  inches  wide,  and  two  feet  two  inches  deep.  They  are  fitted  with  lower- 
ing apparatus,  and  are  otherwise  perfect,  according  to  the  most  exacting  conditions  of  the 
official  inspectors.  All  the  lower  masts  and  topmasts  are  of  iron,  and  in  one  piece,  and  the 
sails  are  made  of  the  extra  long  flax  canvas  of  the  Gromock  Ropework  Company.  The  ship 
is  furnished  with  a  full  set  of  incombustible  awnings,  which  cover  it  from  stem  to  stem. 
Tlie  distilling  apparatus  provides  4,000  gallons  of  fresh  water  per  day  for  passenger  con- 
sumption. 

The  total  weight  of  iron  used  in  constructing  this  steamship  was  5,400,000  lbs. 

The  foregoing  are  the  principal  facts  of  general  interest  concerning  the  hull  of  the 
'"  City  of  Peking."  From  them  it  will  be  seen  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  "  Great 
Eastern,"  whose  gross  measurement  is  22,500  tons,  she  is  the  largest  mercantile  steamship 
ever  built  in  any  country,  and  the  largest  trading  steamer  that  ever  carried  the  American 
flag. 

THE  MACHENEBY. 

The  engines  of  the  "City  of  Peking"  are  correlative  with  the  magnitude  of  the  vessel. 
They  represent  5,000  horse-power,  and  constitute,  with  one  exception,  the  largest  piece  of 
mercantile  marine  machinery  ever  constructed.  They  consist  of  two  pairs  of  compound  en- 
gines. The  stroke  is  54  inches.  There  are  two  low-pressure  cylinders  of  88  inches  each,  and 
two  high-pi'essure  of  51  inches  each — thus  giving  an  aggregate  cylinder  diameter  of  278 
inches.  Either  engine  may  be  detached  from  the  other,  and  in  case  of  breakage  of  one  of 
them  at  sea,  the  sound  one  may  be  worked  while  the  other  is  in  process  of  repair,  and  will 
propel  the  vessel  at  two-thirds  of  its  regular  speed.  The  pumps  for  circulating  the  water 
through  the  surface  condensers  are  independent  of  the  main  engines,  which  is  a  decided 
improvement. 

This  colossal  machinery  is  to  be  furnished  with  steam  from  10  cylindrical  boilers,  13 
feet  in  diameter  by  10  feet  6  inches  long,  the  shell  of  each  boiler  being  ||  of  an  inch  thick, 
and  double  riveted.  Each  boiler  has  three  cylindrical  furnaces,  with  204  tubes  3^  inches 
outside  diameter,  by  seven  feet  six  inches  long.  The  total  grate  surface  in  these  10  boilers 
is  520  square  feet,  and  the  total  heating  surface  is  17,000  square  feet.  Tliis  is  the  largest 
heating  surface  ever  provided  for  the  engine  of  any  mercantile  compound  marine  engines, 
and  will  evolve  valuable  economic  results  in  permitting  slow  combustion  of  fuel,  while  the 
machinery  is  at  full  working  power,  and  thus  ensuring  a  development  not  very  often  at 
tained — namely,  the  complete  consumption  of  all  the  coil  put  into  the  furnaces. 

The  length  of  the  crank  shaft  is  39  feet,  and  that  of  the  "  line  "  and  propeller  shafts  is 
128  feet — total,  167  feet.  The  diameters  of  these  shafts  in  the  bearings  is  as  follows:  Crank 
shaft,  18'inches;  "line"  shaft,  17  inches;  propeller  shaft,  19  inches.  The  immense  "jour- 
nal" diameter  of  the  propeller  shaft  is  used  to  minify  the  possibilities  of  breakage  at  sea. 
This  shaft  derives  additional  security  from  the  fact  that  it  has  a  bearing  in  the  rudder  post. 
It  is  also  encased  in  composite  metal  where  it  rests  on  the  inboard  and  outboard  bearings 
(three  in  number),  and  revolves  on  staves  of  Ugmim  vltce,  so  set  that  the  friction  comes  on 
*  the  end  of  the  grain,  and  that  the  water  may  circulate  between  the  staves  and  prevent  hot 
bearings.  It  is  calculated  that  this  arrangement  of  the  propeller  shafting  is  so  perfect, 
that  no  renewal  of  any  part  of  it  will  be  required  on  account  of  ordinary  wear  and  tear,  be- 
fore the  expiration  of  eight  years.    In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  engine  will  average  05  rev- 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


420 


olutions  per  minute,  tlie  mechanism  and  setting  of  tlie  propeller  and  its  shafting,  which  in- 
sures eight  years  of  continuous  wear  without  repair,  must  be  regarded  as  a  triumph  of  skill 
in  this  branch  of  engineering. 

The  10  boilers  are  supplied  with  fresh  water,  by  means  of  two  surface  condensers  of 
about  10,000  square  feet.  These  condensers  are  so  perfect  as  to  return  to  the  boilers  all 
except  a  very  small  percentage  of  the  water  necessary  for  generating  steam. 

An  improvement  has  been  effected  whereby  the  verdigris  from  the  copper  tubes  of  the 
condenser  is  neutralized  by  the  introduction  of  salsoda,  which  combines  with  the  verdigris, 
tallow  and  oil  from  the  cylinders  and  condensers,  and  is  deposited  at  the  bottoms  of  the 
boilers.  This  combination  obviates  the  corrosion — or  "  pitting  " — of  the  boiler  tubes  from 
verdigris,  and  thus  saves  a  very  heavy  expense.  About  three-quarters  of  a  pound  of  sal- 
soda  is  used  for  every  ton  of  coal  burnt. 

The  steam  is  drawn  from  the  boiler  through  a  perforated  dry  pipe,  and  passes  into  a 
cylindrical  superheater  15  feet  high  by  11  feet  in  diameter,  with  four  internal  flues  of  a  di- 
ameter of  three  feet  two  inches  each.  Heat  from  the  boiler  fires  circulates  through  these 
flues  on  the  inside  and  dries  the  steam  which  surrounds  them  on  the  outside.  The  steam 
passes  from  this  superheater  into  the  high-pressure  cylinders,  where  it  is  expanded  from  GO 
lbs.  per  square  inch  down  to  10  lbs.  It  is  then  exhausted  into  a  receiver  between  the  two 
engines,  from  which  it  passes  into  the  low-pressure  cylinders,  where  it  is  further  expanded 
down  to  10  lbs.  below  atmospheric  pressure.  The  high  expansion  thus  denoted  is  a  cause 
of  great  economy  in  fuel. 

The  "  Colon,"  "  Colima,"  "  Acapulco,"  and  "  Granada  "  each  burns  about  25  tons  of 
coal  per  24  hours,  when  running  on  the  schedule  time.  The  "  City  of  Panama  "  and  "  City 
of  Guatemala  "  burn  14  tons  under  the  same  conditions.  The  "  City  of  Peking  "  will,  by 
close  estimate,  burn  somewhat  less  than  60  tons  per  day  while  making  schedule  time.  If  it 
were  not  for  appearing  to  make  invidious  distinctions,  vessels  of  smaller  size  and  less  power 
than  the  "  City  of  Peking  "  might  be  named  which,  though  considered  as  economic  in  all 
other  respects  as  the  "  crack  "  ships  of  certain  foreign  fleets,  consume  not  less  than  between 
65  and  80  tons  per  day  under  the  most  favorable  conditions. 

The  engines  herein  described  are  warranted  to  drive  the  steamer  15|-  knots — more  than 
19^  statute  miles — per  hour  in  average  weather.  They  will  develop  an  actual  working 
power  of  12  per  cent,  in  excess  of  that  of  the  engines  built  by  Maudslay,  Son  &  Field,  of 
London,  for  the  "  Yille  du  Havre,"  and  18  per  cent,  more  than  the  working  power  of  any 
other  compound  engine  now  afloat  in  a  merchant  ship. 

The  propeller  of  the  "  City  of  Peking  "  is  a  Ilmscn:  screw,  20  feet  3  inches  in  diameter, 
with  four  blades,  and  a  mean  pitch  of  30  feet.  In  case  of  leak,  the  ship's  pumps  are  capa- 
ble of  throwing  10,000  gallons  (250  barrels)  of  water  per  minute.  There  are  four  donkey 
engines,  with  sepai'ate  boilers  which  may  be  worked  in  connection  with  or  detached  from 
the  main  boilers.  There  are  three  freight  hatchways  on  deck,  each  furnished  with  a  steam 
winch  for  hoisting  and  lowering  freight.  The  forward  winch  also  works  the  anchor,  and 
the  sails  are  hoisted,  set,  and  furled  by  means  of  these  winches,  thus  reducing  the  labor  of 
the  crew  to  a  minimum. 

In  regard  to  security  fi-om  fire,  it  must  suffice  to  state  that  every  known  appliance  of 
pipe,  hose,  and  pumps  have  been  furnished  throughout  the  vessel  to  extinguish  fire. 


430 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  "City  of  Peking"  will  be  fitted  with  her  machinery  and  made  ready  for  sea  at 
the  IVforgan  Iron  Works,  ISTew  York. 

Nothing  has  been  left  undone  to  render  the  "  City  of  Peking  "  in  every  possible  re- 
spect an  absolutely  perfect  vessel.  She  enters  the  water  as  the  Pride  of  the  American 
Navy,  and,  without  detracting  from  the  worth  of  any  foreign  vessel,  has  no  equal  now 
afloat  available  for  commercial  purposes.  She  is  one-fourth  larger  than  the  "  Celtic,"  the 
largest  White  Star  ship.  Three  years  ago  the  ahnost  universal  belief  was  that  no  such  ves- 
sel could  be  built  except  on  the  Clyde. 

Continuing  up  the  Delaware  River,  the  next  iron-ship  yard  of  note  on  the  river  is  that 
of  Messrs.  Dialogue  &  Wood,  of  Camden,  New  Jersey,  the  specialty  of  which  is  repairing, 
although  a  considerable  amount  of  new  work  is  done  there.  This  firm  has  done  consider- 
able government  work,  particularly  for  the  revenue  service,  several  revenue  cutters  having 
been  entirely  fitted  out  at  this  yard.  The  works  is  also  taxed  to  its  capacity  with  coastwise 
and  repairing  work. 

Iron  Ship  Yards  of  Philadelphia. 

The  construction  of  iron  vessels  in  this  city  began  in  1860,  and  has  grown  steadily 
since,  until  during  1872  and  1873  the  first  line  of  American  transatlantic  iron  steamers 
was  constructed,  and  coasting  steamers  of  almost  equal  size  are  constantly  leaving  the  yards. 
The  principal  works  devoted  to  iron-ship  building  in  Philadelphia  is : 

The  William  Cramp  &  Sons'  Ship  and  Engine  Building  Co. — This  works 
was  established  in  1830,  and  was  engaged  in  wooden-ship  building  and  steamboat  building 
principally  until  1800,  when  the  business  of  producing  iron  ships  was  engaged  in  to  the 
exclusion  of  wooden  work,  and  has  since  been  steadily  continued.  The  works  was  of  sig- 
nal service  to  the  government  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  having  constructed  the 
New  Ironsides  frigate  and  a  number  of  iron-clads,  which  were  built  at  a  time  when  neitlier 
the  resources  of  the  navy  yards  nor  the  progress  of  iron  ship  building  afforded  the  facilities 
or  knowledge  of  naval  architecture  commensurate  with  the  task.  Subsequent  to  the  war 
the  Cramp  Works  was  principally  engaged  on  steamers  for  the  coasting  trade,  of  which 
some  extremely  fine  specimens  were  built.  In  1870,  the  American  Steamship  Company 
was  formed  by  a  number  of  Philadelphia  merchants,  who  were  convinced  that  an  American 
line  of  iron  steamers  could  be  built  and  owned  there  which  could  successfully  compete  with 
the  foreign  lines  from  New  York.  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  recognizing  the 
importance  of  the  European  connection  for  their  grain  freights  from  the  West,  and  the 
possibility  of  securing  a  large  direct  emigrant  passenger  trafiic  from  east  to  west  by  steamer 
arriving  directly  at  Philadelphia,  became  large  stockholders  in  the  company,  and  the  suc- 
cess of  the  enterprise  was  assured. 

To  the  business  men  of  Philadelphia,  however,  belongs  the  credit  of  establishing  this 
line,  without  governmental  aid  or  subsidy  of  any  kind  whatsoever.  Messrs.  Wm.  Ceamp  & 
Soxs  were  the  successful  bidders  for  these  ships,  which  Avere  to  be  four  in  number,  the  first 
to  be  delivered  by  July,  1873,  and  the  fourth  by  January  1st,  1874.  The  firm,  having  re- 
ceived the  contract,  fortified  itself  by  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  ship  yards  of  the  Clyde, 


IKON  SHIP  TAEDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  ''^^^4ol 

and  an  examination  of  the  best  types  of  foreign  iron  ships.    At  the  time  that  the  contract 
was  taken,  American  iron  ruled  low  in  consequence  of  the  heavy  importations,  and  th^  ' 
prices  for  material  upon  which  the  contract  was  based  M^ere  at  least  thirty  per  cent,  below 
what  the  iron  actually  cost  subsequently.    It  is  to  the  credit  of  the  firm,  however,  that  the 
work  was  completed  to  the  letter  of  the  contract  and  in  the  time  specified. 

These  ships  were  named  the  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  and  the  fourth 
and  last  went  into  service  in  January,  1874,  the  Pennsylvania,  the  first  of  the  line,  having 
been  cleared  for  Liverpool  in  July,  1873. 

These  ships  have  made  better  average  time  in  their  passages  than  the  foreign  lines, 
and  have  thus  far  carried  full  cargoes  of  freight  and  passengers  without  damage  or  accident, 
and  are  commercially  as  well  as  mechanically  a  success. 

The  following  are  the  principal  dimensions  of  the  steamships  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  In- 
diana, and  Illinois  of  the  American  Steamship  line.  The  vessels  are  exactly  alike  in  every 
particular :  Length  over  all,  355  feet ;  length  from  forward  part  of  stem  to  stern-post, 
343  feet ;  from  forward  part  of  stem  to  propeller,  336  feet ;  beam,  extreme,  43  feet ;  depth 
of  hold,  from  top  of  floors  to  top  of  spar  deck,  32  feet  6  inches ;  hold,  moulded,  from  spar 
deck  stringer-plate  to  top  of  keel,  33  feet  6  inches ;  depth  of  floor  plates,  2  feet ;  hold,  from 
top  of  floors  to  top  of  lower  deck,  16  feet  8  inches  ;  from  top  of  lower  deck  to  top  of  mid- 
dle deck,  8  feet  4  inches ;  from  top  of  middle  deck  to  top  of  spar  deck,  7  feet  6  inches  ; 
from  top  of  keel  to  top  of  spar  deck,  84  feet  6  inches ;  tonnage,  O.  M.,  3,016 ;  capacity  of 
bunkers,  720  tons.  Cargo  space  :  middle  between  decks,  65,101  cubic  feet,  at  40  cubic  feet 
per  ton,  1,627  tons ;  after-hold,  24,107  cubic  feet,  602  tons ;  forward,  42,082  cubic  feet, 
1,052  tons ;  upper  between  decks,  22,946  cubic  feet,  573  tons ;  total,  154,236  cubic  feet,, 
3,854  tons.  Capacity  for  a  cargo  of  compressed  cotton,  at  30  cubic  feet  per  bale,  5,141 
bales.  The  draft  will  not  exceed  20  feet  6  inches  in  fresh  water,  with  coal  bunkers  full, 
and  a  dead-weight  cargo  of  1,740  tons  (2,240  lbs.)  or  'a  measurement  cargo  of  3,854  tons 
(40  cubic  feet),  also  a  full  complement  of  saloon  and  steerage  passengers,  officers  and  crew, 
all  necessary  stores  and  outfit  on  board. 

The  amount  of  iron  tonnage  built  by  this  works  in  1872  and  1873  was  24,800  tons, 
which  represented  an  approximate  consumption  of  plate  and  other  irons  used  in  the  work, 
of  7,750  tons.  During  1873,  the  works  has,  in  addition  to  the  last  ships  of  the  American 
line,  been  engaged  in  the  construction  of  six  iron  steam  colliers  for  the  Reading  Railroad 
Company,  each  224  feet  long  and  of  1,200  tons  capacity ;  and  have  also  completed  and  de- 
livered, in  1874,  the  Columbus,  the  largest  iron  steamer  for  the  coastwise  trade  yet  built  in 
this  country.  This  ship  is  engaged  in  the  passenger  and  freight  traffic  between  New  York 
and  Havana,  is  owned  by  Thomas  Clyde,  Esq.,  and  is  running  on  the  N"ew  York  and  Havana 
line  of  steamships.  The  Columbus  is  an  iron  screw  of  1,850  tons,  285  feet  long,  35  feet 
beam,  and  23  feet  hold.  She  has  a  compoimd  engine  with  cylinders  34  and  56  inches  di- 
ameter and  42  inches  stroke,  and  is  brig  rigged,  with  wire  standing  rigging.  Her  cabins 
are  elegantly  fitted  with  American  woods,  and  all  her  appointments  luxurious,  being  de- 
signed both  for  a  large  freight  carrier,  and  a  favorite  passenger  ship.  Peculiar  facilities  for 
receiving  and  discharging  cargo  are  furnished  by  separate  engines  and  cranes. 

During  the  excitement  consequent  upon  the  threatened  war  with  Spain,  in  the  fall  of 
1873,  several  iron-clads  were  sent  to  this  works  by  the  Navy  Department,  and  refitted  for 
sea.   The  works  is  completely  and  thoroughly  equipped  with  the  best  machinery,  and  the 


432 


IRON  SHIP  YAEDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


firm  possesses  all  tlie  advantages  of  experience,  practical  acquaintance  with  the  trade,  pur- 
sued and  indomitable  energy.  The  usual  working  force  is  1,200  men,  although  3,000  hands 
can  be  employed  if  necessary. 

The  Penn  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Neafie  &  Levy.  This  works  has  been  en- 
gaged in  iron  ship  building  for  some  years,  beside  the  production  of  marine  engines,  steam- 
ship forgings,  etc.  The  specialty  of  the  works  is  rather  altering  and  repairing  than  new 
work,  and  the  establishment,  which  employs  some  400  hands  in  the  various  departments,  is 
always  fully  employed.  This  works  has  constructed,  during  1873,  a  number  of  tugs,  some 
of  extra  size,  two  vessels  for  the  Revenue  Service,  and  one  for  the  Lighthouse  Bureau,  and 
the  docks  are  constantly  occupied  by  steamships  undergoing  repairs  and  alterations.  The 
blacksmith  shop  here  is  supplied  with  large  steam  hammers,  and  the  heaviest  forgings,  such 
as  propeller  shafts,  etc.,  are  turned  ont. 

The  total  tonnage  from  the  Penn  Iron  "Works  in  1873  was  some  3,000  tons,  which 
included  the  following  vessels : 

Conroy,  200  tons,  for  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company. 
Quaker  City,  175  tons,  for  Whitehall  Transportation  Company,  New  York. 
Knickerbocker,  220  tons,  Knickerbocker  Ice  Company,  Philadelphia. 
Dahlia,  450  tons,  for  United  States  Signal  Corps. 

In  addition  to  the  yards  named,  the  Reading  Railroad  Company  is  engaged  in  building 
a  ship  yard  at  Port  Richmond,  which  will  be  finished  and  in  operation  in  the  summer  of 
1874.  This  works  is  to  include  an  iron  ship  yard,  machine  shops,  marine  railway,  etc.,  and 
work  will  be  immediately  commenced  on  the  steam  colliers  of  the  company.  As  stated, 
the  company  has  seven  of  these  now  in  use  with  a  capacity  of  6,100  tons,  and  seven  others, 
with  a  capacity  of  9,100  tons,  are  being  constructed.  The  fleet  when  finished  will  consist 
of  50  iron  colliers. 

There  were  some  21,000  tons  of  iron  and  wooden  ships  constructed  in  Philadelphia,  in 
1873,  and  14,000  tons  more  in  the  yards  at  Camden,  JTew  Jersey ;  at  Chester  and  Wilming- 
ton 30,000  tons  of  iron  and  wooden  ships  were  built,  making  a  grand  total  of  68,000  tons 
for  this  locality  in  the  last  year.  Some  $3,000,000  are  invested  here  in  the  business,  and 
between  4,000  and  5,000  men  employed.  The  total  iron  tonnage  estimated  for  1874,  on 
the  Delaware,  is  80,000  tons.  A  new  enterprise  in  iron  ship  building,  projected  for  1874,  is 
a  line  of  iron  tank  steamers  for  carrying  petroleum  in  bulk,  from  Philadelphia  to  Antwerp, 
at  which  latter  point  large  storage  tanks  have  been  erected  for  the  reception  of  oil.  This, 
with  the  constantly  increasing  demand  for  iron  vessels  for  our  merchant  marine,  will  keep 
the  iron  ship  yards  actively  employed. 

At  Buffalo,  New  York,  the  construction  of  iron  vessels  for  the  lake  trade  is  progressing 
steadily,  the  total  tonnage  being  for  1872  some  13,000  tons,  which  was  increased  in  1873 
to  nearly  20,000  tons.  Several  vessels  have  also  been  built  at  this  point  for  sea  service,  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  industry  is  fairly  established  and  progressing.  The  future 
carrying  trade  of  the  lakes  must  be  done  in  iron  vessels,  and  Bulfalo  has  the  advantage  of 
having  been  the  first  city  engaged  in  that  trade  to  enter  on  their  construction. 

At  Wyandotte,  near  Detroit,  Michigan,  an  iron  ship  yard  has  been  located,  and  one  or 


IRON  SHIP  YARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


433 


more  vessels  built,  sliowing  that  tlie  people  of  that  region  are  alive  to  the  necessities  of  the 
trade. 

Such  a  review  of  the  iron  ship  building  trade  as  can  be  given  here,  is  necessarily  brief 
and  restricted  in  detail,  but  we  have  shown  that  this  branch  of  the  iron  industry  is  surely, 
steadily,  and  rapidl}''  progressing,  has  reached  that  point  at  which  it  can  successfully  compete 
with  foreign  work,  and  bids  fair  to  be  the  means  in  the  near  future  of  restoring  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  States. 


The  Iron  Orb  Regions 


OP 

The  United  States; 


WITH  A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THEIR  LOCALITY,  CHARACTER  OF  THE  ORES, 
EXTENT  OF  DEPOSITS,  CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES  BY  ANALYSIS,  COM- 
MERCIAL VALUE,  AND  FACILITIES  FOR  DEVELOPMENT. 


55 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  ORE  REGIONS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Since  the  compilation  of  tins  work  was  begun,  so  numerous  and  frequent  suggestions 
that  it  shoiild  include  a  description  of  the  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  the  United  States,  with  the 
location  and  extent  of  their  ore  deposits,  the  character  of  the  ores  and  their  commercial 
value,  have  been  received,  that  the  following  condensed  account  has  been  prepared.  It  is 
of  course  impossible,  in  the  limits  of  a  work  like  this,  to  enter  into  full  details  of  the  chemi- 
cal analyses  of  all  the  iron  ores  of  the  United  States ;  indeed,  such  a  classification  and  anal- 
ysis has  never  been  thoroughly  made,  and  is  now  proposed  by  a  commiftee  of  the  Iron  and 
Steel  Association,  for  publication  at  the  Centennial  Exposition  in  1870.  The  mineral 
wealth  in  iron,  of  the  United  States,  has  never  been  appreciated  either  at  home  or  abroad, 
and  it  may  be  safely  asserted  that  at  the  present  day  no  more  judicious  or  profitable  invest- 
ment of  capital  can  be  made  in  the  world  than  in  the  iron  ore  lands  of  this  coxmtry.  For 
centuries  to  come  the  abundance  of  ore  cannot  be  exhausted,  nor  that  of  the  fuels  to  reduce 
them.  At  the  present  prices  of  iron — prices  which  for  a  series  of  years  cannot  under  ordi- 
nary contingencies  decline — there  is  a  lucrative  and  legitimate  business  in  the  manufacture 
of  pig  iron,  where  the  proper  localities  are  selected,  and  the  control  of  sufiicient  ore  is  se- 
cured. The  complaints  of  high  cost  in  pig  metal  production  are  due  rather  to  the  advance 
in  value  of  the  land  in  the  older  iron-making  regions,  the  decline  in  the  supply  of  ore  in 
those  localities, — even  yet,  however,  abundant, — and  the  increased  cost  of  fuel  caused  by  the 
growth  of  cities  and  of  manufactures.  To  the  ore  regions  of  the  North-west  and  West, 
and  especially  to  those  of  the  South  and  South-west,  as  yet  comparatively  virgin  regions,  must 
we  look  for  the  future  supply  of  cheap  pig  metal.  Iron  can  be  made  in  the  southern  por- 
tions of  the  United  States,  within  easy  distance  of  tide  water  and  on  canal  communications 
at  a  cost  permitting  of  its  being  exported  to  Great  Britain,  and  sold  there  with  more  profit 
than  is  to-day  made  from  the  manufacture  of  the  same  grade  of  metal  in  England.  That 
this  is  not  done  is  simply  from  the  fact  that  the  regions  where  cheap  iron  can  be  made,  have 
not  been  developed,  but  await  capital  to  engage  in  the  manufacture.  The  advantages  pre- 
sented at  this  juncture  for  investments  in  iron  ore  lands  as  a  commercial  speculation,  are 
generally  overlooked.  We  speak  by  the  card  in  stating  that  purchases  have  been  made 
Avithin  the  past  two  years  at  fifty  cents  per  acre,  of  valuable  ore  lands,  which  have  since 
been  sold  for  five  and  for  ten  dollars  per  acre,  now  held  at  $1.50  per  acre.  It  is  not, 
however,  in  a  speculative  point  of  view  that  we  would  present  the  advantages  of  the 
iron  ores  of  the  United  States.  Development  by  the  investment  of  capital,  and  labor 
by  the  colonization  of  sparsely-settled  regions,  are  the  desiderata  of  the  country,  and  the 
prerequisites  of  the  success  which  is  certain  to  follow  their  exhibition.    The  United  States 


438       mTEODucTiox  to  the  iron  oee  regions  of  the  united  states. 

contaius  in  accessible  localities  sufficient  mineral  wealth,  in  iron  ores  and  fuels,  to  supply 
the  world  with  iron,  both  raw,  in  the  form  of  pig  metal,  or  manufactured  into  the  myriad 
products  upon  which  the  comfort,  civilization,  and  well-being  of  mankind  depend.  It 
would  not  be  exaggeration  to  add  that  this  is  within  the  scope  of  possibility,  were  all  the 
other  iron-producing  regions  of  the  world  at  once  blotted  out  of  existence. 

Scarcely  a  State  or  Territory  exists  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  which  has 
been  at  all  developed,  but  in  which  iron  ores  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  have  been  found,  and 
almost  invariably  in  contiguity  to  fuels  and  fluxes  of  character  suitable  for  their  successful 
and  profitable  reduction. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  gold  product  of  the  world  has  cost  double  its  value  to  ob- 
tain it.  Upon  the  same  basis,  the  iron  ore  product  of  the  United  States  may  be  said  to  have 
added  to  the  material  wealth  of  the  country,  one  thousand  fold  the  cost  of  every  pound  raised 
and  beneficiated.  There  is,  moreover,  no  known  variety  of  iron  ore  commercially  used,  of 
which  the  counterpart  has  not  been  found  in  some  section  of  this  country.  The  celebrated 
ores  of  Sweden  are  reproduced  almost  in  fac-simile  of  analysis  by  those  of  Central  Worth 
Carolina.  The  blackband  ores  of  Scotland  are  found  in  abundance  in  Ohio,  and  exist  in 
greater  or  less  quantities  in  Virginia  and  Alabama.  The  titaniferous  ores  of  Norway,  now 
profitably  treated  fn  Great  Britain,  are  in  abundant  supply  and  of  like  characteristics  in 
Northern  New  York  and  Yirginia.  The  Spathic  ores,  for  steel  pui*poses,  are  abundant  in 
Connecticut  and  New  York,  while  manganiferous  ores,  for  the  manufacture  of  spiegeleisen 
are  found  in  quantity  in  Missouri.  The  whole  Lake  Superior  region  of  Michigan  abounds 
with  magnetic  and  hematite  ores  of  the  choicest  character,  while  the  Iron  Mountains  of 
Missouri,  including  the  Iron  Moimtain  proper,  Pilot  Knob,  Shepherd  Mountain,  and  others, 
display  deposits  of  ore  unequalled  in  size  and  purity  in  the  world.  From  the  extreme 
eastern  Atlantic  coast  in  Maine  to  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  coasts  of  Califor- ' 
nia  and  Oregon,  ores  of  good  merchantable  character  are  to  be  found,  and  these  extremes 
now  meet  each  other  in  the  production  of  iron,  both  localities  having  furnaces  at  work  or 
erecting  for  the  reduction  of  their  ores.  Throughout  the  iron  belt,  with  all  the  offshoots 
and  sinuosities  of  its  course,  the  blast  furnace  is  to  be  foimd.  A  certain  portion  of  the 
community  has  endeavored  to  create  the  belief  that  the  producing  capacity  of  the  country 
has  overtaken  the  demand,  and  deprecate  the  extension  of  the  furnace  industry.  Such  ar- 
guments are  made  with  a  view  to  benefit  the  individual  rather  than  the  masses,  and  are 
easily  controverted  by  statistics  alone.  The  existing  number  of  blast  furnaces  is  found  to 
be  some  735,  with  an  annual  productive  capacity  of  over  four  million  tons,  the  actual 
product  never  having  yet  reached  three  million  tons.  A  majority  of  these  are  old  furnaces, 
worked  under  disadvantages  and  expensively,  and  will  not  long  continue  in  operation. 
The  requirements  of  a  population  of  forty  millions,  constantly  increased  in  a  ratio  of  ten 
per  cent,  annually  by  immigration,  to  say  nothing  of  the  natural  increase,  cannot  be  sup- 
plied with  the  most  necessary  article  of  industrial  consumption  under  any  such  ratio  of  de- 
velopment as  has  heretofore  existed.  High-priced  irons  are  not  for  the  benefit  of  the 
people  at  large,  and  the  object  of  the  following  notes  on  the  iron  ore  regions  of  the  United 
States,  is  to  show  the  capabilities  of  the  various  sections  of  the  country  for  the  production 
of  clieap  iron ;  to  lay  before  the  capital  of  the  English  speaking  races,  the  opportunities 
for  legitimate  trade  and  profitable  investment,  and  by  this  means,  so  far  as  may  be,  to  bene- 
fit the  masses  rather  than  to  selfishly  cater  to  the  individual  advantage  of  any  class.  With 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  439 

sucli  intentions,  and  in  the  effort  to  include  in  a  necessarily  brief  space  a  large  amount  of 
information  derived  from  tlie  most  reliable  sources  extant,  to  all  of  which  reference  is 
made,  these  notes  have  been  prepared.  In  this  connection  it  is  proper  to  state  that  the 
compiler  is  greatly  indebted  to  the  iron  trade  press  of  the  country  for  valuable  items  of 
information  culled  from  its  columns,  and  particularly  to  The  American  Manufacturer  of 
Pittsburgh,  a  paper  devoted  to  the  specialty  it  assumes,  and  which  keeps  its  patrons 
thoroughly  informed  as  to  the  progress  of  the  industries  and  the  development  of  the 
mineral  wealth  of  the  country.  With  this  acknowledgment,  these  notes  are  submitted, 
with  the  statement  that  if  any  information  contained  in  them  shall  result  in  the  invest- 
ment of  any  capital  or  the  erection  of  a  single  blast  furnace,  the  object  of  the  writer  will 
have  been  accomplished.  In  describing  these  ore  regions  in  the  various  States,  they  will 
be  treated  in  the  classification  usual  in  practical  iron  making,  and  which  has  generally  been 
adopted  by  those  who  have  treated  of  them.  No  pretence  is  made  to  scientific  description 
or  explanation  of  the  various  formations,  the  intention  being  rather  to  give  information 
to  those  desirous  of  engaging  in  iron  making  as  to  the  location  and  commercial  value  of 
the  ores,  than  to  furnish  a  scientific  treatise  on  the  iron  ores  of  the  United  States.  Prof. 
Lesley  *  has  adopted  the  following  classification,  which  will  be  used  in  the  following  notes. 

1.  Primary  ores,  including  the  specular,  magnetic,  and  red  oxides. 

2.  Brown  hematites. 

3.  Fossil  ores. 

4.  Carbonates,  including  those  of  the  coal  measures. 

5.  Bog  ores. 

Under  these  heads  the  ore  deposits  of  the  various  States  will  be  classified. 


*  The  Iron  Mamtfacturen''  Guide  :  Prop.  J.  P.  Lesley,  1859. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Alabama. 

The  information  as  to  the  ores  of  Alabama,  and  the  extremely  valuable  coal  fields  of 
that  State,  have  been  procured  from  a  variety  of  sources,  including  an  extensive  corre- 
spondence with  iron  manufacturers  now  profitably  engaged  in  the  business.  Objection  has 
been  made  in  some  sections  to  the  statements  which  have  appeared  in  print  regarding  the 
richness  of  these  ores  and  the  facilities  offered  for  making  iron  here.  A  careful  investiga- 
tion of  the  subject  shows  that  these  statements  are  reliable  and  correct,  and  that  it  is  ex- 
tremely doubtful  if  any  section  of  the  United  States  offers  greater  conjunction  of  the  neces- 
sary materials  of  ore,  flux  and  fuel,  for  the  successful  production  of  pig  metal  of  a  good 
quality,  than  the  belt  running  from  Maryland  on  the  north,  through  Yirginia,  Georgia, 
Tennessee,  and  Alabama. 

Writing  from  a  stand-point  entirely  unaffected  by  local  interests,  it  is  evident  that  there 
is  and  must  be  in  the  near  future  a  demand  for  iron  in  the  world  which  shall  give  ample 
returns  for  capital  invested  in  all  the  iron-ore  regions  of  the  United  States  ;  and  the  ai-gu- 
ment  that  any  one  of  the  older  sites  of  iron  production,  where  ores  have  to  be  brought  from 
various  sections  at  high  freights,  to  furnish  the  only  proper  admixture,  should  have  any  ad- 
vantage save  that  of  facility  of  obtaining  capital  and  labor,  is  puerile,  and  unworthy  of  the 
patriotic  people  of  a  country  so  lavishly  endowed  by  nature  with  mineral  wealth  as  the 
United  States. 

The  published  sources,  from  whence  the  information  here  given  has  been  obtained,  are 
Prof.  ColtorCs  Report  on  the  Coal  and  Iron  Resources  of  Alabama  /  Tuomeifs  Geology  of 
Alabama  ;  The  Alahama  Manual  and  Statistical  Register,  edited  by  Joseph  Hodgson,  Esq., 
of  the  Montgomery  Daily  Mail  /  and  the  report  of  the  President  of  the  Klyton  Land  Com- 
-  pany,  of  Birmingham,  Col.  J.  R.  Powell,  a  gentleman  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  re- 
•  sources  of  the  locality  he  has  so  successfully  developed.  From  a  publication  in  the  inter- 
ests of  Alabama  and  the  whole  southern  section  of  the  country,  but  fairly  and  reliably  rep- 
resenting them.  The  South,  much  valuable  information  has  been  obtained.  Tuomcf's 
Geology  of  Alabama  says  of  this  region  : 

Tlie  principal  iron  ores  of  the  State  have  been  examined,  and  numerous  deposits  added 
to  those  already  known.  The  red  or  fossiliferous  ore  is  now  known  to  extend  almost  with- 
out interruption  from  a  point  two  miles  and  a  half  below  Pratt's  Ferry,  in  Bibb  County,  tc 
the  upper  end  of  Wills'  Valley,  De  Ivalb  County ;  and  on  the  east,  in  Cherokee,  to  tlu 
northern  part  of  the  county.  On  the  west  it  runs  up  to  Murphree's  Valley.  The  thickness 
is  variable,  being  in  some  localities  twenty  to  thii'ty  feet,  and  in  others  thinning  down  t( 
one  foot. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

North-east  of  Greensboro',  and  on  the  north-west  side  of  the  Red  Mountains,  a  bed 
occurs  ten  feet  in  thickness.  Southeast  of  Elyton  the  ore  continues  for  a  distance  of  three 
miles.  It  caps  the  mountain,  and  is  fifteen  feet  in  thickness.  About  Trussville  beds  of 
brown  hematite  occur,  not  far  from  the  red  ore  beds.  On  the  spui'S  of  Cedar  Mountain 
led  ore  is  found,  with  numerous  joints  of  crinoidal  stems — hence  the  name  button  rock  ap- 
plied to  the  ore. 

In  St.  Clair  Coimty,  south-west  of  Springville,  the  ore  occurs  in  a  stratum  fifteen  feet 
thick,  but  varying  in  quality  in  different  parts  of  the  bed.  At  Pierson's  Mill,  in  the  same 
county,  the  ore  is  about  seven  feet  thick.  The  ore  is  composed  of  large  glazed  grains  ;  the 
composition  is  as  follows : 


Composition  in  100  parts : 


Peroxide  of  iron   51.46 

Silica   27.74 

Carbonate  of  lime   19.89 

Alumina   2.32 

Oxide  of  manganese  24 

Phosphoric  acid  16 


99.81 

Metallic  iron,  36.02  per  cent. 

In  Murphree's  Valley  the  ore  is  found  in  a  bed  seven  to  eight  feet  in  thickness. 
There  is  also  a  bed  of  brown  hematite  near  this  locality,  one  mile  in  length,  composed  of 
irregular  masses. 

At  Ilanby's,  on  Turkey  Creek,  there  is  a  bed  of  this  ore,  which  is  a  continuation  of 
the  Murphree's  Valley  ore.  It  is  about  twenty  feet  in  thickness,  and  as  it  occurs  on  the 
side  of  the  mill-pond,  it  can  be  transported  by  water  to  the  falls  of  the  creek,  where  an  ad- 
mirable site  for  a  furnace  may  be  found. 

Ore  from  Hanhijs. — The  ore  is  oolitic,  with  shining  surfaces  on  the  recent  fracture. 
It  is  stratified. 


Composition  in- 100  parts : 


Peroxide  of  iron   61.87 

Silica   37.58 

Alumina  26 

Lime  03 

Oxide  manganese  05 

Phosphoric  acid  03 


99.82 

Metallic  iron,  43.31  per  cent. 

I  have  not  attempted  to  enumerate  all  the  localities  where  this  ore  is  found  in  quan- 
tity. It  so  happens  that  it  belongs  to  one  of  the  most  persistent  formations  in  the  State, 
one  which  extends  from  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  the  State  to  Pratt's  Ferry,  on  the 


442  IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Cahawba,  and  it  seems  only  necessary  to  describe  those  beds  most  likely  to  come  first  into 


use 


Brown  Eematites.-ln  my  first  report  I  stated  that  it  was  probable  that  all  the 
brown  ores  belonged  to  true  beds,  interstratified  with  the  other  rocks.    A  more  extended 
observation  has  satisfied  me  that  this  is  not  the  case  with  all  the  ores  of  this  character  in  the 
State    The  ores  of  Bluff  Creek,  North  Alabama,  and  indeed  all  those  in  that  part  o±  the 
State  belong  to  the  newer  deposits,  as  may  be  seen  from  their  admixture  with  the  pebbles 
of  the  surface,  and  from  their  unconformable  position.    This  fact  is  not  so  easily  observed 
in  the  great  iron  deposits  of  Eoup's  Yalley  and  Shelby,  for  here  there  are  no  pebbles,  the 
ore  being  mixed  with,  and  completely  enveloped  in,  a  red  loam  ;  and  what  makes  this  the 
more  puzzling,  these  deposits  follow,  in  direction,  very  nearly  the  strike  of  the  rocks  In 
Eoup's  Yalley,  for  example,  the  ore  is  found  occupying  a  narrow  belt,  six  to  eight  miles  in 
leno-th,  having  a  course  nearly  north-east  and  south-west,  almost  coincident  with  tliat  of  the 
nnderlyino-  rocks.    This  is  the  case  with  the  beds  from  which  the  bloomaries  on  Shoal 
Creek  are^'supplied.    The  deposits  on  Shelby's  Creek,  as  well  as  those  in  Talladega,  are  also 
disposed  in  a  similar  manner.  ^  ^  • 

Brown  Hematite,  Blvff  Oreeh,  Limestone  County.-T\iQ  ore  is  compact,  with  irregu- 
lar cavities,  and  has  a  fibrous  structure. 

Composition  in  100  pai-ts : 

Peroxide  of  iron  

Sesquioxide  of  manganese  

Alumina   , 

-,r        .    trace 

Magnesia  

Phosphoric  acid   19  37 

Water   ^'^g 

Insoluble  matter   ' 

99.87 

Metallic  iron,  56.45  per  cent. 

Fibrous  Brovm  Hematite  from  McClanahan's  Furnace;  apart  of  the  Bed  7iotexar>i- 
ined.-The  specimen  is  from  a  bed  near  the  furnace.  It  is  of  a  structure  distmctly  fibrous 
and  radiating. 

Composition  in  100  parts : 

Peroxide  oi  iron  

Sesquioxide  of  manganese  

-r .   s. . . . .  trace 

Lime  •  

Alumina  

Silica  

Phosphoric  acid   14  02 

Water   ' 

99.00  ■ 

Metallic  iron,  57.97  per  cent. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


443 


Calhoun  Iron  Works. — Some  diHerence  seemed  to  exist  between  the  ores  from  the  two 
beds  explored  at  this  phice ;  the  upper  one  being  preferred,  while  in  the  reduction  of  tlie 
ore  from  the  lower  bed,  or  one  nearest  the  furnace,  some  difficulty  seemed  to  exist.  Speci- 
mens from  both  beds  were  examined,  with  a  view  of  throwing  some  light  on  the  matter. 

1.  Specimen  from  the  upper  bed,  porouSj  and  containing  much  yellow  ochre  in  the 
cavities. 


Composition  in  100  parts  : 

Peroxide  of  iron   76.84 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese  37 

■  Alumina   2.34 

Magnesia   trace 

Phosphoric  acid   1.08 

Water   13.76 

Insoluble  matter   5.17 


99.56 

Metallic  iron,  53.79  per  cent. 


The  considerable  amount  of  phosphorus  in  this  ore  no  doubt  gives  it  the  property  of 
producing  the  sharp  castings  for  which  the  hollow  ware  of  this  establishment  is  noted. 

2.  A  more  compact  variety  than  the  preceding,  with  minute  specks  of  ochre  in  the 
pores. 


Composition  in  100  parts : 

Peroxide  of  iron   82.45 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese  63 

Alumina  77 

Lime   trace 

Magnesia   trace 

Phosphoric  acid   trace 

Water   12.70 

Insoluble  matter,  with  a  little  alumina,   3.21 


99.76 

Metallic  iron,  57.71  per  cent. 


The  preceding  are  from  the  upper  bed. 

1.  From  the  bed  near  the  furnace.    Partly  compact,  and  composed  of  layers,  with  sili- 
cious  particles  derived  from  decomposed  chert  embedded  in  the  mass. 
56 


444 


IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Composition  in  100  parts : 

Peroxide  of  iron   68.13 

Alumina  46 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese  46 

Phosphoric  acid  02 

Water   10.89 

Insoluble  matter   20.02 


99.98 

Metallic  iron,  47.69  per  cent. 

2.  From  the  same  bed — more  compact  than  the  preceding,  with  iridescent  tarnish  on 
the  surface,  and  having  embedded  particles  of  chert  in  a  chalky  state. 


Composition  in  100  parts : 

Peroxide  of  iron   73.64 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese   2.57 

Alumina  '   1.41 

Copper   trace 

Phosphoric  acid   trace 

Water   9.77 

Insoluble  matter   15.49 


100.44 

Metallic  iron,  51.55  per  cent. 

It  is  difficult  to  point  out  any  difference  in  the  composition  of  the  ores  of  these  beds, 
that  could  interfere  with  their  reduction,  unless  it  be  the  greater  amount  of  insoluble  mat- 
ter in  the  beds  near  the  furnace.  And  this  can  be  detected  by  the  naked  eye,  for  the  frag- 
ments of  silicious  minerals  embedded  in  the  ore  are  often  large,  and  such  portions  should 
be  rejected.  The  greater  richness  of  the  xipper  beds  will  doubtless  compensate  for  the  ad- 
ditional expense  of  hauling. 

As  it  is  probable  that  these  ores  are  derived  from  sulphurets,  the  trace  of  copper  found 
here  is  not  surprising,  nor  is  it  very  uncommon  in  the  brown  ore  of  the  State. 

Oxide  of  Zinc. — Masses  of  this  mineral,  of  several  pounds  weight,  are,  from  time  to 
time,  taken  from  the  crevices  in  the  stack  ;  as  no  traces  of  zinc  have  been  discovered  in  the 
ore,  it  is  almost  certain  that  it  had  been  introduced  into  the  furnace  with  the  limestone  used 
as  flux.  Sulphuret  of  lead  is  known  to  exist  in  the  limestone  at  this  locality,  and  zinc 
blends,  being  associated  with  it,  is  conveyed  to  the  furnace  with  the  limestone  in  which  it 
is  found. 

The  mineral  is  of  olive  color,  waxy  lustre,  and  is  disposed  in  concentric  layers. 


IKON  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  445 

Composition  in  100  parts  : 

Oxide  of  zinc   97.77 

Protoxide  of  iron   1.21 

Oxide  of  manganese   trace 

Silica  64 

Carbon  08 


99.70 

The  following  is  from  Chambers  County.  It  is  found  in  deposits  of  some  extent, 
wherever  hornblende  rocks  are  undergoing  disintegration.  It  resembles  bog  ore,  but  con- 
tains scarcely  iron  enough  to  be  admitted  as  an  ore  of  that  metal.  It  was  looked  upon  with 
a  great  deal  of  interest  during  the  period  of  the  copper  exploration,  and  for  that  reason  it 
is  introduced  here.  It  seems  to  be  made  up  of  concretionary  nodules,  with  shining  points 
on  the  fresh  fracture. 


Composition  in  100  parts : 

Peroxide  of  iron   28.76 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese   2.57 

Alumina   1.12 

Lime  and  magnesia   trace 

Phosphoric  acid  08 

Water   6.12 

Insoluble  matter   60.94 


99.59 

Ores  from  the  Coal  Measures. — We  need  not  expect  to  know  much  of  these  ores  till 
the  Warrior  coal  field  is  explored  to  a  much  greater  extent.  No  mining,  worthy  of  the 
name,  has  yet  been  done,  and  as  the  ore  occurs  in  the  overlying  shale,  it  is  but  rarely  that 
it  can  be  detected  on  the  surface.  There  are,  however,  some  promising  localities  in  Jeffer- 
son and  Walker  counties,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  analyses : 

Iron  Ore  from  Jefferson  County. — A  compact,  dark-colored  ore,  containing  vegetable 
impressions. 


Composition  in  100  parts  : 

Carbonate  protoxide  of  iron   86.85 

Carbonate  protoxide  of  manganese   3.04 

Carbonate  of  lime   2.12 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  12 

Peroxide  of  iron  43 

Almnina  06 

Water   1.17 

Carbonaceous  matter   trace 

Insoluble  ingredients   6.37 


100.16 

Metallic  iron,  42.23  per  cent. 


446 


IRDN  ORE  REGIONS  OF  TIiE  UNITED  STATES. 


Specimen  from  Walker  Coxmty. — Compact,  bluish-gray  on  fresh  f raeturo,  yellow  on 
the  outside,  and  exfoliating  in  concentric  layers. 


Composition  in  100  parts: 

Carbonate  protoxide  of  iron   70.84 

Carbonate  protoxide  of  manganese   1.53 

Carbonate  of  lime   2.31 

Carbonate  of  magnesia   7.64 

Peroxide  of  iron   1.20 

Alumina  13 

Water  84 

Insoluble  matter   14.94 


99.43 

Metallic  iron,  35.04  per  cent. 

The  Coal  and  Iron  of  the  Red  Mountain  Region  of  Alabama.^ 

The  mineral  lands  of  the  Red  Mountain  iron  region  lie  in  Shelby  and  Jefferson  coun- 
ties, in  the  State  of  Alabama,  from  three  to  fifteen  miles  south  of  Elyton,  the  county  town 
of  Jefferson  County. 

Shade's  Mountain,  Red  Mountain,  and  several  smaller  elevations,  with  a  general  direc- 
tion parallel  to  the  Cahawba  River,  and  lying  on  each  side  of  it,  were  formed  by  volcanic 
action,  which  lifted  up  the  stratified  crust  of  the  earth  from  the  south-east  toward  the  north- 
west. The  strata  dip  to  the  sovith-east,  at  an  angle  of  about  thirty-five  degrees ;  and  the 
ascent  of  the  hills  from  that  side  is  very  gradual,  being  generally  less  than  the  dip  of  the 
strata,  from  the  accumulation  of  soil  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  slopes.  On  the  north-western 
side  the  strata  are  broken,  and  the  ascent  is  generally  precipitous,  rising  in  some  places  to 
several  hundred  feet  above  the  valleys.  These  valleys  are  generally  level,  and  all  the 
ranges  are  frequently  intersected  by  gaps,  through  which  roads,  either  turnpike  or  rail,  can 
1)6  made  with  much  less  difficulty  than  is  usually  met  with  in  broken  countries. 

The  coal  is  bituminous,  and  varies  in  quality  and  in  difl'erent  localities.  On  the  lands 
over  which  the  South  and  ISTorth  Railroad  is  now  running,  near  where  Buck  Creek  empties 
into  the  Cahawba  River,  seventeen  veins  have  been  discovered,  eight  of  which  are  from  two 
to  four  feet  thick,  out-cropping  on  and  underlying  these  lands  for  miles.  I  am  not  aware 
that  any  of  the  veins  in  these  coal  fields  have  been  worked  beyond  a  few  hundred  feet,  tlie 
system  of  mining  being  to  begin  at  the  out-crop  and  follow  the  vein ;  but  as  far  as  they 
have  been  worked  the  coal  improves  in  quality,  and,  in  some  instances,  in  quantity  also 
1^0  one,  as  yet,  seems  able  to  conjecture  the  extent  of  the  deposits.  Some  of  the  veins  have 
been  worked  to  a  limited  extent,  and  coal  in  considerable  quantities  is  now  being  mined 
from  the  same  veins  at  the  Cahawba  coal  mines,  on  adjoining  lands.  This  coal  is  shipped  by 
the  South  and  North  Railroad  to  Limekiln,  on  the  Selma,  Rome  and  Dalton  Railroad,  and 
thence  to  Selma,  Mobile,  Montgomery,  and  other  points.  It  is  well  adapted  to  smelting 
iron,  and  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  the  supply  is  inexhaiTstible. 

*  Col,  D.  S.  Troy,  President  Red  Mountain  Coal  and  Iron  Company  of  Alabama. 


IKON  ORE  REGldlSrS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

A  few  miles  to  tlie  nortli  of  the  coal  fields  is  tlie  iron  stratum  of  Eed  Mountain  ;  tin! 
stratum  out-crops  on  the  south-western  slope  of  the  mountain,  one  or  two  hundred  feet  only 
above  the  level  of  the  valley.  It  is  a  solid  stratum  of  iron  ore,  about  thirty  feet  thick,  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  substrata,  which  yield  from  twenty-five  to  sixty  per  cent,  of  iron ; 
some  of  the  substrata,  many  feet  thick,  and  apparently  unlimited  in  extent,  have  been  found 
by  actual  working  to  yield  regularly  over  fifty  per  cent,  of  pig  iron. 

The  ore  is  red  hematite,  and  the  iron  made  from  it  is  pronounced  by  competent  judges 
to  be  equal  to  any  made  from  ore  of  that  description  in  any  part  of  the  world.  The  ore  is 
quite  soft,  and  remarkably  free  from  dampness  and  earthy  matter.  Ko  mining  skill  is 
required  to  get  it  out,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  dry  or  cleanse  it  for  the  furnace.  A  com- 
mon laborer,  with  no  instruments  except  a  pick  and  a  crowbar,  can  get  out  a  ton  of  it  ready 
for  the  crusher  in  a  few  hours.  This  stratimi  of  ore  out-crops  on  the  lands  of  this  company. 
It  dips  to  the  south-west  at  an  angle  of  about  thirty-five  degrees,  and  underlies  several 
square  miles  of  the  company's  land. 

A  heavy  stratum  of  limestone,  containing  nearly  all  qualities  of  limestone  from  marble 
downward,  underlies  the  stratum  of  iron  ore,  and  out-crops  a  few  hundred  feet  higher  up 
Eed  Mountain,  in  many  places  forming,  with  the  stratum  of  iron  ore,  the  top  of  the  hill, 
and  a  large  part  of  its  north-western  face.  It  is  quarried  on  the  surface,  and  many  of  the 
substrata,  unlimited  in  quantity,  have  been  found  by  experienced  ironmongers  to  be  of  the 
very  finest  quality  for  iron  making. 

The  valley  between  Shade's  Mountain  and  Red  Mountain  is  only  from  two  to  three 
miles  wide,  the  former  lying  to  the  south-east  of  the  latter.  The  north-west  face  of  Shade's 
Mountain,  fronting  this  valley,  is  formed  of  stratified  sandstone  several  hundred  feet  thick, 
the  substrata  ranging  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  in  thickness.  It  can  be  quarried 
with  great  facility,  the  strata  being  so  uniform  that  in  many  places  the  blocks  taken  from 
the  quarry  require  no  top  or  bottom  dressing  to  fit  them  for  building  purposes.  It  is  ad- 
mirably adapted  for  building  of  any  description,  some  of  it  being  beautifully  variegated  ; 
and  it  is  pronounced  by  those  who  are  acquainted  with  such  matters  to  be  the  best  material 
in  the  world  for  building  furnaces. 

Shade's  Creek,  on  the  iron  lands,  and  Buck  Creek,  on  the  coal  lands,  two  fine,  never- 
failing  streams,  and  many  beai;tiful  springs,  furnish  abundant  water  for  ordinary  purposes. 

The  Nashville  and  Decatur  Eailroad  passes  centrally  through  the  principal  tracts  of 
both  coal  and  iron  lands.  This  railroad  is  designed  to  run  from  Nashville,  Tennessee,  to 
Limekiln,  on  the  Selma,  Eome,  and  Dalton  Eailroad.  The  South  and  North  Alabama 
Eailroad  from  Montgomery  to  Limekiln  is  a  part  of  the  same  line. 

The  Montgomery  and  Eufaula  Eailroad,  intended  to  connect  with  roads  in  Georgia,  and 
forming  with  them  the  shortest  practicable  route  from  the  coal  and  iron  fields  of  Alabama 
to  the  Atlantic,  at  Brunswick,  Georgia,  is  also  in  progress,  and  will  probal)ly  be  completed 
in  time  to  meet  the  wants  created  by  the  development  of  the  coal  and  iron  deposits  of  Cen- 
tral Alabama. 

The  Wills'  Valley  Eailroad  and  the  North-east  and  South-west  Alabama  Eailroad  form 
a  continuous  line  to  Meridian,  Mississippi.  These  companies  have  very  recently  been  consoli- 
dated into  the  Alabama  and  Chattanooga  Eailroad  Company.  Capitalists  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, have  purchased  the  entire  line,  and,  with  ample  means  for  the  purpose,  have 
agreed  to  complete  it  as  fast  as  money  and  energy  can  accomplish  the  result.    The  route  of 


448 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


this  road,  as  originally  projected,  is  said  hj  competent  engineers  to  be  shorter  and  less  ex- 
pensive, and  by  this  route  the  railroad  will  pass  for  miles  only  a  short  distance  from  the 
out-crop  of  the  Red  Mountain  iron  ore,  and  immediately  by  the  furnaces  already  erected 
and  to  be  erected  in  Shade's  Valley  ;  any  one  of  these  furnaces  will  furnish  more  busines,- 
to  the  railroad  than  the  whole  of  Jones'  Valley.  The  two  routes  are  at  no  point  distant 
from  each  other  more  than  a  few  miles,  but  the  lied  Mountain,  and  its  iron  ore,  as  well  as 
the  facilities  for  its  manufacture,  are  in  Sluade's  Valley. 

By  reference  to  the  department  of  Blast  Furnaces  in  this  work,  will  be  found  the  number 
of  furnaces  in  operation  and  building  in  the  State  of  Alabama.  The  Ked  Mountain  region 
around  Birmingham  has  within  the  past  few  years  been  visited  by  many  foreigners,  among 
whom  were  Messrs.  Jones  &  Sneliis,  of  the  British  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  who  were  mem- 
bers of  the  commission  sent  to  the  United  States  by  that  body  to  examine  the  workings  of 
the  Daistks  rotary  puddling  machine,  an  American  invention,  now  in  successful  operation 
in  both  countries.  These  gentlemen  expressed  themselves  surprised  at  the  mineral  wealth  of 
the  section,  and  their  reports  on  the  value  of  the  property  have  resulted  in  large  purchases 
of  ore  lands  by  English  capitalists.  Purchases  have  also  been  made  to  a  considerable  extent 
by  ISTorthern  men,  among  whom  are  prominent  iron  manufacturers  of  the  Lehigh  Valley 
of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Bessemer  steel  manufacturers  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  John  A. 
Geiswold  &  Co.,  have  also  examined  these  lands  with  a  view  to  the  manxifacture  of  iron 
for  Bessemek  steel  purposes,  and  reported  favorably,  which  would  appear  to  controvert  the 
statements  made  by  some  Northern  manufacturers  that  these  ores  contain  too  much  phos- 
phorus for  the  production  of  Bessemer  pig  metal. 

Iron  ore  lands  with  magnetic,  hematite  or  fossil  ores,  on  or  near  to  railroad,  with 
abundant  water,  limestone  and  superior  coal  adjacent,  are  offei'ed  for  from  ^8  to  $25  per 
acre. 

The  cost  of  making  coke  irons  is  stated  at  not  over  $18  per  ton,  while  splint  coals  ca- 
pable of  making  iron  in  tlieir  raw  state  are  said  to  exist,  but  have  not  yet  been  used  in  iron 
making.  Charcoal  irons  cost  from  $16  to  $18  per  ton,  but  the  supply  of  fuel  near  railroad 
is  said  to  be  declining,  and  the  iron  making  of  Alabama  for  the  future  will  depend  on  the 
supplies  of  coal,  which  are  abundant. 


Coal  Regions  of  Alabama. 

This  section  occupies  the  north-east  corner  of  the  State,  and  extends  in  a  south-west  di- 
rection about  160  miles  into  the  State.  On  its  eastern  side,  and  in  its  middle  part,  it  meas- 
ures north  and  south  90  miles,  and  on  its  western  side  it  is  70  miles  wide,  north  and  south. 

The  south-east  corner  of  this  mineral  region  is  occupied  by  the  rocks  of  the  metamor- 
phic  formation.  Gold  and  copper  have  been  found  in  them  ;  not,  however,  in  abundance. 
White  marble  of  remarkable  brilliancy,  some  of  it  equal  to  Can-ara  marble,  occurs  abun- 
dantly, and  has  been  successfully  worked.  Soapstone,  flagstones,  graphite  or  plumbago, 
and  granite  of  very  good  quality  have  likewise  been  obtained  in  this  region. 

The  Silurian  and  carboniferous  formations  possess  the  remainder  of  this  mineral  region. 


IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


449 


There  are  three  distinct  coal  fields  in  the  carboniferoiis  formation  in  Alabama,  viz., 
the  "Warrior,  Cahawba,  and  Tennessee  fields. 

The  Warrior  coal  field  covers  that  section  of  the  State  drained  by  the  Black  "Warrior 
River  and  its  tributaries,  and  also  extends  to  the  north-east  corner  of  the  State,  between 
Lookout  Mountain  and  the  Tennessee  River.  It  has  an  area  of  3,000  square  miles.  Its  beds 
are  horizontal,  or  nearly  so,  and  are  from  one  to  four  feet  thick.  The  coal  is  bituminous, 
rather  soft,  but  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  gas  and  coke,  and  making  steam. 

The  following  is  an  analysis  of  the  coal  from  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Warrior 
coal  field  near  Tuscaloosa,  by  Prof.  Mallet,  contained  in  the  second  report  on  the  geology 
of  Alabama,  by  Mr.  Tuomey  : 


Volatile  combustible  matter   40.60 

Fixed  carbon    54.07 

Ashes   1.09 

Moistm-e   1.18 

Sulphur   1.06 


100.00 

The  Cahawba  coal  field,  occupying  the  country  drained  by  the  Cahawba  River  and  its 
tributaries,  and  extending  thence  in  a  north-east  direction  to  the  Coosa  River,  has  an  area 
of  TOO  square  miles.  Its  beds  are  from  one  to  eight  feet  thick,  and  are  highly  inclined. 
The  coal  is  bituminous  (harder,  and  therefore  better  adapted  for  transportation  than  the 
Warrior  coal),  and  is  excellent  for  generating  steam  and  for  the  manufacture  of  gas,  coke, 
and  iron.  Although  the  area  of  the  Cahawba  coal  field  is  comparatively  small,  yet  the 
quantity  of  workable  coal  in  it  is  immense. 

The  following  is  an  analysis  of  this  coal,  also  by  Mr.  Mallet,  given  in  Mr.  Tuomet's 
second  geological  report : 


"Volatile  combustible  matter   36.68 

Fixed  carbon   57.23 

Ashes   5.30 

Moistm-e   0.79 

Sulphur  trace. 


100.00 

The  Tennessee  coal  field  lies  in  the  north-east  corner  of  the  State,  north  of  the  Tennessee 
River.    The  coal  is  also  bituminous,  and  is  extensively  used  in  Chattanooga. 

The  total  area  in  the  State  of  Alabama  of  the  three  coal  fields  is  4,000  square  miles. 

In  juxtaposition  with  these  coal  fields  are  extensive  beds  of  excellent  iron  ore,  and  also 
of  limestone  and  sandstone. 

There  are  five  immense  beds  of  red  and  brown  hematite  iron  ore  near  the  coal  fields, 
extending  in  a  north-east  and  south-west  direction  for  many  miles. 


450 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  value  of  coal  for  generating  steam  depends  on  the  amount  of  carbon  and  hydrogen 
it  contains.  By  the  following  table,  drawn  by  the  celebrated  geologist,  Sir  Chaeles  Lyell, 
and  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
Alabama  coal,  if  not  superior,  is  not  inferior  to  the  Maryland  coal,  noted  as  the  best  in  the 
United  States,  by  Professor  Walter  11.  Johnson,  in  his  report  to  the  Navy  Department : 


NAMES  OF  COALS. 

Carbon. 

Volatile  Matter. 

Ashea. 

80.96 

12.96 

6.08 

62.80 

12.80 

6.20 

,  Y0.76 

16.03 

13.22 

74.38 

15.13 

10.34 

58.79 

22.57 

8.64 

,  .  53.33 

33.25 

14.14 

The  Alabama  coal  must  therefore  rank  in  the  first  class  of  fuel  for  producing  steam. 
In  fact,  experiments  have  proved  its  superiority  over  all  others  in  an  irrefragable  manner. 


Ore  Regions  of  Arkansas. 

N"o  development  has  yet  been  made  of  the  iron  ores  or  other  minerals  of  this  State 
evidently  extremely  rich  in  various  kinds  and  well  supplied  with  choice  fuels.  Railroads 
are  fast  opening  up  these  resources  to  the  market,  and  the  present  condition  of  the  State 
offers  excellent  opportunities  for  investment.  It  is  in  the  cheap  purchases  made  in  such 
undeveloped  localities  that  the  large  fortunes  are  made  by  the  rapid  appreciation  of  values 
of  real  property  after  they  are  brought  into  market.  For  the  following  comprehensive, 
brief  review  of  the  mineral  resources  of  Arkansas  we  are  indebted  to  the  American  Manu- 
facturer of  Pittsburg: 

This  State  can,  without  exaggeration,  boast  of  her  mineral  deposits,  especially  when  we 
take  into  consideration  the  various  parts,  their  general  rich  quality,  and  enormous  quantity. 
Here  are  magnetic,  hematite,  specular,  calcareous,  and  other  varieties  of  iron  ore,  lead,  zinc, 
and  coal,  manganese  and  associate  metals,  together  with  marble,  gypsum,  salt,  kaolin,  whet 
and  hone  stone,  slate,  limestone,  granite,  marl,  paint  and  nitre  earth.  The  coal  fields  of 
the  State  embrace  an  estimated  area  of  twelve  thousand  square  miles,  and  in  the  valley  of 
the  Arkansas  River,  where  the  most  coal  mining  has  been  carried  on,  the  beds  are  from  four 
feet  to  six  feet  in  thickness.  This  coal  is  similar  in  structure  and  appearance  to  the  Cum- 
berland coal  of  Maryland,  and  its  quality,  by  analysis,  very  similar.  It  is  also  an  excellent 
steam  and  manufacturing  coal.  The  Arkansas  River  runs  for  150  miles  through  the  coal 
formation.  The  advantages  that  Arkansas  possesses  in  this  respect  must  shortly  enlist  the 
attention  of  coal  mining  capitalists  of  the  Eastern  States.  The  hematite  iron  beds  in  some 
places  cover  acres  of  surface,  where  there  is  abundance  of  the  best  kind  of  timber  for  mak- 
ing charcoal  and  limestone  of  good  quality  for  fluxing  purposes.  Never-failing,  large  water 
powers  also  are  contiguous  to  the  iron  ore  deposits. 


lEON  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Sawarcfs  Coal  Trade  Journal  furnishes  the  following  interesting  information 
to  the  scmi-bitnminous  coals  and  carbonate  ores  of  Arkansas  : 

ANTHRACITE  SPADEA  COAL  OF  ARKANSAS. 

This  is  the  name  given  to  a  deposit  of  semi-anthracite  coal,  found  at  Spadra,  Johnson 
Couut}^,  Arkansas,  and  now  being  worked  by  the  Spadra  Coal  and  Iron  Company. 

Tlie  company  owns  1,800  acres  of  land,  of  which  1,350  are  underlain  with  coal,  by  ac- 
tual workings,  thorough  prospecting,  and  the  reports  of  eminent  geologists,  such  as  Mr.  L. 
C.  BiERWiTH,  of  New  York,  Prof.  D.  D.  Owen,  State  Geologist  of  Arkansas,  and  D.  Les- 
QUEREUX,  of  Columbus,  Ohio.  The  estate  contains,  some  30  feet  under  the  surface,  a  per- 
fect and  regular  vein  of  anthracite  coal.  It  lies  almost  horizontal,  with  a  slight  dip  to  the 
north.  It  crops  out  on  the  river  bank,  and  is  traceable  for  over  a  mile  along  the  river 
front  and  along  the  west  and  east  lines  of  the  property.  On  digging  anywhere  in  the  tract, 
the  same  vein,  from  three  and  a  half  to  four  feet  thick,  is  invariably  struck  within  3.5  feet  of 
the  level  of  the  river  front.  This  proves  the  existence  of  a  true  unbroken  vein  of  coal 
underlying  1,550  acres  of  the  estate. 

The  existence  of  a  second  vein,  which  is,  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  about  30  feet 
below  the  one  working  now,  is  a  matter  of  development. 

The  analyses  made  by  Bierwith,  Owen,  and  Liebig,  prove  the  coal  to  be  a  semi-anthra- 
cite. 

It  contains  85  per  cent,  fixed  carbon,  is  free  from  sulphur  and  smoke,  and,  according  to 
Prof.  Owen,  superior  in  quality  to  the  richest  semi-anthracites  of  Pennsylvania  (Lyken's 
Valley  and  Zerbe's  Run). 

The  mine  is  fully  equipped.  The  company  have  a  tipple,  tramway  from  the  mine  to 
the  tipple,  a  sufficient  supply  of  coal  cars,  live  barges  of  about  600  tons  capacity,  a  splendid 
new  steam  tug-boat,  built  three  years  ago  at  Pittsburg,  expressly  for  the  Arkansas  River 
trade,  and  able  to  tow  from  ■4,500  to  5,000  tons,  eight  to  ten  miner's  houses,  all  necessary 
mining  tools,  horses,  mules,  engines,  steam  pumps,  etc. 

The  laud  is  favorably  located  for  economical  and  easy  working.  The  Big  Spadra  Creek 
runs  nearly  due  north  and  south  through  the  projDerty,  emptying  into  the  Arkansas  River 
about  the  centre  of  the  tract.  This  creek  has  steep,  high  banks,  and,  for  450  yards  from  its 
mouth,  an  even  depth  of  eight  feet  in  the  lowest  stage  of  water.  There  is  little,  if  any,  cur- 
rent ;  hence,  it  furnishes  a  safe  and  commodious  harbor  for  from  70  to  80  barges.  The 
tipple  is  about  250  yards  from  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  and  350  yards  from  the  main  en- 
trance to  the  mine.  All  the  entrances  that  it  will  ever  be  necessary  to  open  to  the  mines 
can  be  made  within  half  a  mile  of  the  creek. 

The  company  owning  the  Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith  Railroad,  have  given  assurance 
that  the  remainder  of  this  road  shall  be  located  according  to  the  original  survey.  If  so,  the 
track  will  pass  close  by  the  present  main  entrance  to  the  mine,  so  that  without  the  least 
difficulty,  the  coal  can  be  loaded  direct  from  the  mine  wagons  into  the  railroad  coal 
cars. 

Inclusive  of  the  cost  of  mining,  at  say  seventy  per  bushel,  the  coal  can  be  placed  at 
Little  Rock  for  13  cents  per  bushel,  $3  25  a  ton ;  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  River 
57 


452 


IRON"  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


for  15  cents  a  bushel,  or  $3.75  a  ton ;  at  N"ew  Orleans  for  20  cents  a  biisliel,  or  $5.00  a  ton. 
These  are  outside  figures. 

The  only  coal  to  compete  with  on  the  lower  Mississippi — from  the  mouth  of  the  Ar- 
kansas to  New  Orleans,  COO  nailes,  which  section  of  country  consi  mes  about  1,000,000  of 
tows  per  annum — is  the  bituminous  coal,  principally  furnished  by  Pittsburg. 

The  Spadra  mines  are  1,100  miles  nearer  ISTew  Orleans  than  Pittsburg.  While  the  de- 
livery of  Pennsylvania  coal  is  often  subject  to  various  obstructions  from  ice  and  low  water 
in  the  Ohio.  An  open  river  all  the  year  round,  and  usually  during  six  or  eight  months  of 
the  year  sufficient  water  in  the  Arkansas  Piver  for  all  purposes,  gives  a  decided  advantage, 
which  will  enable  this  company  to  furnish  a  superior  coal  regularly,  and  at  low  figures. 

Professor  Owen  gives  an  analysis  of  the  coal  in  the  Krst  Geological  Report  on  Arkan- 
sas, page  130.  It  was  also  analyzed  by  Mr.  1.  A.  Liebig  and  by  Mr.  L.  C.  Biekwitii,  with 
the  following  results : 

Owen.  Liebig.  Bierwith. 

Moisture                                                      0.5  1.524  0.680 

Volatile  and  combustion  gases                       7.9  7.527  10.521 

-Fixed  carbon                                            85.6  85.081  83.719 

Ashes                                                       6.0  5.468  5.080 


Total   100.  100.  100, 

Specific  gravity*   1.335        1.3408  1.3412 


The  amount  of  fixed  carbon  in  the  Pennsylvania  anthracite  is  given  by  Prof.  John- 
son as  87.49,  ashes,  7.37,  and  specific  gravity,  1.60.  The  average  of  the  three  analyses  of 
Spadra  coal  given  above  is  84.8  per  cent,  of  fixed  carbon.  Mr.  L.  Lesquekeux,  of  Ohio, 
declares  it  to  be  "  the  best  coal  in  the  "West."  Between  the  two  coal  veins  there  is  a  bed  of 
about  30  feet  of  shale,  containing  horizontal  seams  of  carbonate  of  iron  ore,  three  to  six 
inches  thick  ;  and  the  quantity  of  these  ores  per  acre  will  reach  at  least  10,000  tons,  if  not 
15,000 ;  being  free  from  phosphorus,  and  the  coal  containing  no  sulplmr,  steel  can  be  ob- 
tained without  coking  the  latter.  There  is  also  fire-clay,  potters-clay,  and  sand  of  best  qual- 
ity for  glass-making,  on  the  property,  and  lime  (for  fluxing  the  iron)  is  found  within  20 
miles  of  Spadra  (at  Pirey)  in  any  quantity. 

The  Spadra  Coal  and  Iron  Company  intend  erecting  a  10-ton  furnace  at  Spadra,  John- 
son County,  Arkansas,  during  the  summer,  for  smelting  iron-ore,  and  would  like  to  get 
some  eastern  parties  interested  in  the  building  of  rolling  mills. 


Iron  Ores  of  Connecticut. 

In  Connecticut  few  magnetic  ores  occur,  but  some  exist  which  have  been  rather 
noticed  geologically  than  commercially.  In  the  brown  hematites,  however,  Connecticut 
possesses  the  famous  Salisbury  ore  beds,  producing  an  iron  celebrated  for  its  quality  previ- 
ous to  the  Revolution,  and  with  the  march  of  progress  retaining  its  reputation  in  latter 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  TIIE  UNITED  STATES. 


453 


years  as  a  car-wlicel  iron.  The  various  deposits,  all  similar  in  quality  and  character  of  ore, 
are  described  as  follows,  and  have  been  the  subject  of  numerous  reports.  The  Salisbury 
ore  hill,  which  still  supplies  the  furnaces  of  the  Baenum-Eicuakdson  Company,*  is  situated 
two  miles  west  of  Furnace  Pond,  extended  over  a  number  of  acres,  and  for  40  years 
yielded  an  average  of  5,000  tons  per  annum.  This  ore  supplied  some  nine  charcoal  fur- 
naces, the  iron  from  which  was  in  high  repute  for  anchors,  axles,  tires,  etc.  It  was  worked 
in  many  pits  locally  named  after  lessees  or  owners.  Near  the  Salisbury  ore  hill  was  Chat- 
field's  bed,  formerly  extensively  worked,  and  abounding  in  fibrous  brown  hematites. 
North-east  of  these,  but  now  abandoned,  were  Davies',  Scovils',  and  Chapins'  beds. 
Indian  Pond  was  also  a  locality  furnishing  the  same  ores.  At  Limerock  the  Ore  Hill  ore 
was  worked  in  bloomaries,  according  to  Professor  Shepherd,  135  years  ago.  At  Lake- 
ville  was  a  furnace  which  cast  shot  and  shell  for  the  British  troops  in  revolutionary  days. 
At  Limerock  a  furnace  still  uses  this  ore,  the  product  of  which,  in  a  different  form,  crosses 
the  ocean  still  for  British  use. 

At  Kent  was  a  very  important  ore  bed,  lying  in  a  low  mountain  and  very  abundant, 
altliough  yielding  poor  iron  generally. 

At  Mine  Hill,  in  Roxbury,  a  vertical  vein  of  spathic  ore  occurs.  The  hill  is  380  feet 
high,  and  the  vein  is  traceable  with  a  width  of  six  or  eight  feet  completely  through  it. 

The  ore  furnishes  by  analysis — 

Protoxide  Iron 
Carbonic  Acid. 
Manganese. . . . 

Lime  

Magnesia  

The  history  of  this  ore  is  curious.  In  1780,  it  was  worked  as  a  silver  ore  by  Huelbut  & 
Hawley,  and  again  in  1764  by  a  company  under  the  superintendence  of  a  Gennan  jewel- 
ler named  Feuchtee,  who  furnished  the  company  from  time  to  time  with  small  ingots  of 
silver,  sj^owing  that  the  process  of  "  salting  "  a  mine  was  known  before  the  Pevolution,  as 
well  as  in  later  days  in  the  California  gold  mines,  the  Arizona  diamond  field,  and  the 
Otter  Head  tin  mines.  This  company  sunk  a  shaft  125  feet  deep  in  their  vain  quest  of 
silver.  A  New  York  company  followed  this  failure  and  mined  scientifically,  running  adits 
to  strike  the  vein.  Not  daunted  by  the  numerous  failures,  a  Goshen  company  took  up  the 
lead,  and  with  like  result,  after  considerable  expenditure.  Finally  a  shrewd  inhabitant  of 
the  locality  named  Asahel  Bacon  tried  the  ore  for  iron,  sending  several  tons  to  the  old 
Kent  furnace,  where,  mixed  with  the  local  hematite,  it  made  a  very  tough  iron.  Then  a 
furnace  was  erected  at  the  mine  to  smelt  the  ore  on  the  spot,  but  this  was  in  turn  aban- 
doned. David  J.  Stiles  converted  some  of  this  pig-metal  into  superior  steel,  and  at  last  the 
true  value  of  the  ore  was  discovered.  Then  came  further  efforts  to  work  it,  and  tedious 
litigation  as  to  title,  since  which  the  ores  have  been  the  subject  of  many  ineffectual  steel  pro- 
cesses, and  furnished  the  material  for  many  more  unsuccessful  companies.    The  belief  in 


60  per  cent. 
36        "  " 


1.05  "  " 
.05  "  " 
.05    "  " 


*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Connecticat. 


454 


inON  OlIE  KEGIONW  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


the  existence  of  a  silver  mine  here,  however,  still  lingers  in  the  minds  of  old  residents. 
The  ore  could  be  advantageously  used  if  properly  treated  for  steel-making,  as  the  raw  steels 
of  Germany  are  made  from  almost  precisely  similar  ores. 


The  Iron  Ores  of  Delaware. 


Iron  ore  was  mined  in  Delaware  in  1814,  and  continued  up  to  1841  and  a  little  later, 
but  of  late  years  has  been  abandoned.  The  ores  are  exclusively  bog  ores,  and  some 
200,000  or  300,000  tons  in  all  were  raised  in  the  period  named,  of  a  value  of  $600,000. 
The  origin  of  these  ores  is  the  overflow  of  chalybeate  springs  in  a  sandy  loam.  In  Sussex 
County,  on  Deep  Creek,  and  in  Green  Branch,  west  of  Millsborough,  ball  ore  was  found, 
and  on  Burton's  Branch  a  cold  short  ore.  Iron  Ilill,  on  White  Clay  Creek,  has  an  ore  mine 
showing  hard  argillo-silicious  ore  in  ochre. 

Near  Georgetown  are  the  most  extensive  beds  of  bog  ore,  found  under  a  stratum  of 
black  mould. 

This  ore  analyzed : 


Peroxide  of  iron   80.00 

Water   15.00 

Silica   5.00 

Alumina   trace. 


Metallic  iron,  55^  per  cent,  raw,  increasing  to  nearly  66  per  cent  when  roasted. 

Although  consuming  thousands  of  tons  of  both  pig  and  manufactiired  iron,  and  with 
many  rolling  mills  and  extensive  iron  works  engaged  in  ship,  car,  and  carriage  building, 
Delaware  has  not  a  blast  furnace.  The  contiguity  of  the  splendid  ores  of  North  Caro- 
lina and  Virginia  with  water  commiTnication,  and  the  excellent  rail  facilities  to  the  coal 
fields  of  Pennsylvania,  invite  to  this  enterprise,  and  it  would  be  a  profitable  investment. 


The  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Georgia. 

The  iron  ores  of  Georgia,  which  are  principally  primitive  ores,  and  include  magnetic, 
specular,  and  liematite,  are  foimd  in  very  extensive  deposits,  and  have  been  more  or  less 
worked  for  many  years,  particularly  in  Cass,  Floyd,  and  Dade  counties.  With  the  active 
demand  for  attainable  sources  of  ore  which  has  sprung  up  within  the  past  few  years,  these 
ores  have  attracted  much  attention,  and  especially  during  1873,  have  been  investigated  by 
the  engineers  of  foreign  companies  seeking  investment. 

The  principal  iron  mines  of  Georgia  are  found  in  the  northern  section  of  the  State, 
adjoining  JSTorth  Carolina,  among  the  spurs  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Among  these,  in  the  met- 
amorphic  slates  and  quartz  rock,  are  large  deposits  of  hematite  ore.  And  in  the  gneiss  are 
found  veins  of  magnetic  ore.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  hematite  beds,  specular  ores  very 
similar  to  the  Iron  Mountain  ores  of  Missouri  occur.  * 

*  Iron  Manufacturer's  Guide :  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,    P.  465. 


IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

V 

These  hematites  have  been  worked  in  charcoal  furnaces  in  Habersham,  Cass,v5bl 
Cherokee  Counties,  in  the  latter  two  of  which  very  extensive  deposits  of  ore  are  fon 
the  Alatoona  hills,  along  the  Etowah  Kiver.     Through  this  region  the  railroad  from  Au 
gusta  extends. 

These  iron  ores  are  found  on  both  sides  of  the  Etowah  Eiver  in  Cass  County,  and 
extend  into  Floyd  and  Murray  counties.  On  the  south-west,  they  reach  into  Paulding 
County,  and  in  the  opposite  direction  run  through  Cherokee  County,  i^ear  the  silicious 
limestones  of  Cass  County,  in  the  sides  of  hills  from  300  to  400  feet  high,  are  found  hema- 
tites extending  to  unknown  depths.  Here  are  also  veins  of  a  close-grained  peroxide  of 
iron  (specular  ore),  found  in  quartz  rock  in  great  quantity,  and  resembling  the  Iron  Moun- 
tain of  Missouri.  Charcoal  or  timber  fuel  is  still  abundant  here,  and  the  ores  lie  near  to 
or  on  the  line  of  the  railroad,  which  is  a  branch  of  the  Georgia  Railroad,  uniting  with  it  at 
Atlanta.  This  road  has  also  two  branches  into  Tennessee,  one  of  which  brings  the  Tennes- 
see coal  field  within  80  miles  of  these  ores,  and  provides  abundant  fuel  to  replace  the  char- 
coal when  exhausted.  Some  of  the  deposits  here  appear  to  be  almost  unlimited  in  extent, 
and  the  quality  is  generally  good.  Manganese  ores  are  also  found  under  the  iron  ore,  and 
limestone  is  everywhere  adjacent.  The  water-power  of  the  river  is  good,  and  may  be  de- 
pended upon.  On  and  near  Sharj)'s  Mountain  are  also  large  deposits  of  ore  found,  gener- 
ally in  a  micaceous  state. 

In  Floyd  Coimty  magnetic  ores  are  found  near  Rome,  which  is  the  seat  of  an  extensive 
iron  industry.  Many  new  companies  have  been  formed  in  this  State,  and  considerable 
foreign  capital  invested  during  1873.  The  price  of  ore  lands  varies  from  $5  to  $25  per 
acre,  as  to  location  and  character.  The  railroad  facilities  of  the  State  are  good,  the  soil 
fertile,  and  the  region  unusually  healthy.  Limestone  and  water  are  abundant,  and  every 
inducement  offered  for  the  investment  of  capital.  A  fine  opportunity  is  offered  in  this 
State  for  the  establishment  of  co-operative  colonies,  and  the  attention  of  emigrant  associa- 
tions is  earnestly  invited  by  the  State  government,  which  will  furnish  full  information  on 
application. 

Appended  will  be  found  a  number  of  analyses  of  the  characteristic  ores  of  Georgia. 


Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Illinois. 

The  ores  of  Illinois  are  confined,  so  far  as  known,  to  the  coal  measures,  and  are  gener- 
ally contaminated  with  sulphur  to  an  unworkable  extent.  Formerly,  some  lower  coal 
measure  ores  of  the  honeycomb  and  pipe  varieties  were  worked,  but  run  out.  These 
yielded  about  56  per  cent,  of  iron.  The  furnaces  of  Illinois  are  built  to  run  upon  Lake 
Superior  ores,  and  principally  anthracite  fuel  from  Pennsylvania,  or  coke  from  the  same 
State,  as  in  the  case  of  the  North  Chicago  furnaces  at  Chicago,  which,  from  their  geograph- 
ical location  on  the  borders  of  the  great  water  highway  of  the  lakes,  they  may  well  do. 

In  the  case  of  the  Joliet  furnaces  in  Will  County,""^'  they  ai'e  naturally  so  located  as  to 
use  either  Missouri  or  Superior  ores,  both  coming  to  them  by  water  via  the  Illinois  Canal 
in  either  direction.  Here  also  a  very  excellent  plant  for  the  washing  and  coking  of  the 
Qlinois  coal  has  been  erected,  as  has  been  also  the  case  at  East  St.  Louis,  to  supply  the 


*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Tllinois. 


45G 


IRON"  ORE  RKGIOKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Carondelct  furnaces  with  coke.  In  view  of  the  quality  of  coke  now  made  from  these  coals, 
the  univci-sal  condemnation  of  Illinois  coals  in  the  text-books  of  comparatively  late  date, 
and  the  statements  of  its  utter  worthlessness  for  iron  making,  are  only  evidences  of  the 
folly  of  denying  the  unknown  possibilities  of  the  future. 


The  Iron  Ores  of  Indiana. 

The  iron  ores  of  Indiana  are  few,  and  generally  poor  in  quality.  But  while  nature 
seems  to  have  denied  this  State  the  deposits  of  mineral  so  general  in  others,  the  State  is  yet 
a  very  successful  iron-making  locality.  This  is  owing  to  the  abundance  of  superior  Block 
coal,  the  only  fuel  excepting  the  Splint  coals  of  Virginia,  and  Anthracite,  capable  of  making 
iron  without  coking.  To  this  coal  the  State  of  Indiana  owes,  without  question,  its  rapid 
and  continuous  progress  in  manufactures.  It  has  been  so  often  and  thoroughly  described, 
and  is  so  fully  treated  of  by  analysis  by  Prof.  E.  T.  Cox,  the  State  Geologist  of  Indiana,  in 
his  interesting  reports,  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  allude  further  to  it  here.  The  iron  ores 
pvincipany  smelted  in  Indiana  are  those  of  the  Lake  Superior  region,  the  Missouri  ores  from 
Iron  Mountain,  and  those  from  Kentucky,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  River,  the  principal  de- 
pendence being  on  the  two  former.  Here  the  ore  emphatically  comes  to  the  fuel,  and 
comes  long  distances;  than  which  nothing  can  more  fully  attest  the  great  value  of  this 
fuel. 

The  iron  ores  as  found  in  Indiana,  and  reported  by  Professor  Cox,  are  here  noted,  not  as 
of  especial  value,  but  occupying  a  position  in  these  notes. 

At  Leopold,  in  Perry  County,  there  are  deposits  of  hydrated  oxide  of  iron,  which  cover 
considerable  deposits  on  the  sides  of  the  hills,  and  extend  to  some  depth.  An  analysis  of 
Prof.  RioHAKD  Owen*  gave 

Sesquioxide  of  iron  -  .69.5 

Protoxide  of  iron  trace 

Alumina   ^-^ 

Lime  '  trace 

Insoluble  silicates  ■^^•^ 

Water  ^-^ 

Magnesia,  alkalies,  and  loss   3-^ 

100.0 

Giving, 

Metallic  iron  48.6  percent. 

Silica  16.  percent. 

Similar  ores  are  found  near  Shoals,  in  Martin  County,  and  are  used  in  admixture  here 
with  the  specular  ores  of  Missouri.  The  same  ores  are  also  found  in  other  places  in  Perry 
County. 

In  Pike  County,  silicious  ores  are  found  in  the  conglomerate  sandstones,  but  are  worth- 

*  Geological  Reconnoissance  of  Indiana. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


457 


loss  for  iron  making.  There  arc  also  argillaceous  iron  ores  in  tlic  south-western  section  of 
the  county. 

In  Jasper  County,  bog  ores  are  abundant,  covering  an  area  in  the  aggregate  of  6,000 
acres.  These  beds  are  generally  a  foot  and  a  half  below  the  surface,  and  but  a  few  inches 
thick,  increasing  in  some  localities  to  two  feet.  The  same  ore  is  found  in  Starke  County, 
and  has  been  mined  to  some  extent.  This  ore  is  a  I'emarkably  pure  bog  ore,  and  for  ad- 
mixture with  Lake  Superior  ores  is  very  desirable,  should  cheap  freights  permit  its  utiliza- 
tion. 

In  Carroll  County  are  large  beds  of  bog  ore,  which  were  formerly  worked  at  Logans- 
port  in  a  forge,  being  transported  a  long  distance  by  wagon. 

In  Raccoon  Valley,  Parke  County,  kidney  ore  is  said  to  be  abundant,  as  also  in  many 
localities  in  Jackson  Township,  especially  in  Clear  Creek,  and  in  Union  Township.  In 
"Washington  Township  there'  are  both  kidney  and  blackband.  ores,  the  latter  having  been 
pronounced  by  Prof.  Fostee,  of  Chicago,  the  richest  ore  in  the  Indiana  coal  fields,  but  have 
never  been  developed  by  mining  to  any  extent.  The  band  and  kidney  ores  of  Parke 
County  are  abundant,  and  good  clay  ironstones  are  also  found  in  Mill,  Roaring,  Sand,  and. 
Little  Raccoon  Creeks.  These  ores  have  been  classified  by  Prof.  Foster,  of  Chicago,  as 
follows : 

I.  Tlie  Impure  Carbonates  of  Iron,  including  clay  ironstone,  in  flattened  spheroidal 
masses,  and  in  bands  more  or  less  continuous,  associated  with  argillaceous  shales. 

II.  The  Brown  Sesqtnoxides  or  Limonites,  intermixed  with  potter's  clay,  a  modification 
of  No.  1. 

III.  The  Sllieious  Oxides,  at  or  near  the  base  of  the  heavy  bedded  sandstone,  the  re- 
sult no  doubt  of  permeating  waters  highly  charged  with  protoxide  of  iron.  These  ores  in- 
dicate sufficient  richness  to  justify  smelting,  when  facilities  can  be  had  for  cheap  and  ready 
transportation.  They  are  particularly  desirable  for  admixture  with  the  ores  brought  to  In- 
diana from  Missouri  and  Michigan. 

In  Dearborn,  Ohio,  and  Switzerland  Counties,  good  bog  ores  occur  in  many  parts  of 
the  broken  upland.  These  are  in  ledges  of  generally  only  a  few  inches  thick.  As  yet  it 
has  not  been  found  in  sufficient  quantities  for  working  profitably. 

The  foregoing  constitute  the  ores  of  Indiana  of  which  we  have  any  note. 

The  people  of  the  State  are  especially  energetic  and  entei'prising,  and  have  made  their 
advantages  in  coal  widely  known,  thus  attracting  a  very  considerable  capital  to  them,  and 
building  up  a  highly  prosperous  manufacturing  community  in  a  purely  agricultural  region. 


The  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Kentucky. 

The  iron  ores  of  Kentucky  comprise  brown  hematites  and  kidney  and  block  ores,  car- 
bonates principally.  In  Western  Kentucky  they  have  been  worked  for  years  with  charcoal, 
and  in  Eastern  Kentucky  and  along  the  Ohio  River  with  coal  from  the  Eastern  Kentucky 
coal  field.  The  iron  region  of  Western  Kentucky  is  a  northern  extension  of  the  Tennessee 
brown  hematites,  and  is  between  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  Rivers,  in  Calloway, 
Ti'igg,  Lyon,   Caldwell,   Livingston,  and   Crittenden  Counties.     Here   are  numerous 


458 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


furnaces  *  and  many  old  forges.  The  ores  found  in  this  region,  by  analysis  made  for  the 
geological  survey  of  the  State,  range  from  twenty-live  to  fifty  per  cent,  iron,  generally 
rather  low  in  chemical  impurities,  and  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  silicious  matter.  In 
Crittenden  County  and  in  Livingston  County  are  beds  of  brown  hematite  ore,  near  furnace-, 
built  for  its  reduction.  In  Lyon  County  is  the  Iron  Mountain  bank,  a  hill  70  feet  high, 
yielding  a  fifty  per  cent,  ore  by  furnace  working,  and  producing  an  iron  formerly  highly 
appreciated  for  boiler  plate  at  Cincinnati,  and  for  steel  in  Pittsburg.  On  Little  Hurricane 
Creek  in  this  county,  are  also  hematite  beds.  Trigg  County  has  also  been  the  site  of  an 
extensive  iron  industry  for  many  years,  and  has  hematite  ores  near  Centre  and  Laurel  fur- 
naces. In  Eastern  Kentucky,  in  Bath  County,  iron  was  made  at  an  early  day  from  the 
oolitic  found  in  the  magnesian  limestone.  Slate  furnace  here  was  built  in  1791,  and  con- 
tinued in  blast  on  these  ores  until  ISSS.f  In  Bullitt  and  Nelson  counties  are  beds  of  kid- 
ney and  sheet  ore  (carbonates).  Along  the  waters  of  Cane  River  considerable  bodies  of  this 
ore  are  dug  from  the  bluffs  of  the  river.  These  are  analyzed  as  follows  :  Iron,  32. G2  ;  mag- 
nesia, 11.75;  lime,  6.28;  manganese,  1.32;  phosphoric  acid,  0.71;  sulphur,  0.29;  potash, 
0.75  ;  silica,  11.18.  In  Bath,  Rowan,  Powell,  and  Estill,  the  kidney  and  knob  ores  of  the 
same  general  character  are  found,  in  the  latter  county  in  subcarboniferous  limestone.  In 
Lincoln  and  Boyle  coimties  these  ores  are  also  found  in  greater  or  less  quantities. 

In  Carter  County,  on  the  waters  of  Tygert  Creek,  hydrated  oxides  occur,  yielding 
60.07  per  cent,  iron,  according  to  Dr.  Owen.  This  is  a  subcarboniferous  ore,  and  was  used 
at  Kenton  and  !New  Hampshire  furnaces.  In  the  southern  portion  of  Pulaski  County,  are 
found  these  carbonates  also.  In  Bath,  Rowan,  and  Estill  counties  are  the  same  ores  upon 
which,  in  the  latter  county.  Cottage  Furnace  was  run. 

According  to  Dr.  Owen,  blackband  ores  ai'e  found  in  the  upper  coal  measures  of  Muh- 
lenberg County.  The  eastern  coal  field  in  Greenup  and  Carter  counties  is  rich  in  ores, 
principally  limonites  and  protocarbonates  of  iron,  yielding  from  27  to  60  per  cent,  metallic 
iron.  In  many  cases  difficulties  have  been  found  in  reducing  these  ores,  which  Dr.  Owen 
attributes  rather  to  their  high  percentage  of  iron  and  low  amount  of  silicates,  and  recom- 
mends their  admixture  with  leaner  ores.  On  the  east  fork  of  Little  Sandy,  near  the  Lex- 
ington and  Big  Sandy  Railroad,  is  a  bed  of  blackband  ore,  containing  11  per  cent,  bitumen 
and  32  per  cent  iron.  At  Mount  Savage  furnace.  Carter  County,  kidney  and  block  ores 
of  the  coal  measure  are  used.  In  the  Hanging  Rock  region  of  Kentucky,  were  numerous 
furnaces,  now  being  superseded  by  the  extensive  and  new  stacks  of  the  Norton  Iron  Works 
Company.f  Opposite  to  and  above  Ironton,  on  the  Kentucky  side  of  the  Ohio  River,  is 
found  a  blue  block  ore,  and  through  here  kidney  ores  are  also  found.  From  the  foregoing, 
it  may  be  understood  that  the  ores  of  Kentucky  are  abundant,  and  indeed  the  State  has  for 
many  years  conducted  an  important  iron  industry.  That  portion  of  it  lying  on  the  Ohio 
River  is  well  situated  to  receive  the  ores  of  Missouri  by  water  freight,  which  is  done  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent. 

*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Kentucky.      f  Iron  Manufacturer's  Ouide:  Professor  J.  P.  Lesley.    P.  G31. 

%  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Kentucky. 


mON  ORE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Ohio. 

Althoiigli  one  of  the  greatest  iron-making  States  in  the  Union,  Ohio  depends  rather 
npon  Michigan  and  the  Lake  Superior  region  for  the  great  bulk  of  her  ore  supply.  The 
native  ores  of  Ohio  are  confined  to  the  carbonates  of  the  upper  and  lower  coal  meas- 
ures. The  largest  known  supply  of  true  blackband  ore  in  the  country  is  found  and  exten- 
sively worked  in  Tuscarawas  County,  while  the  kidney  and  block  ores  are  extremely  abund- 
ant in  the  Hanging  Hock  Region  of  Southern  Ohio,  on  and  adjacent  to  the  Ohio  liiver. 
The  early  history  of  iron  making  in  Ohio  is  distinctly  traced  in  another  portion  of  this  vol- 
ume,* and  before  the  development  and  shipment  of  the  Lake  Champlain  and  Lake  Supe- 
rior ores,  the  industry  in  this  State  was  precarious  and  uncertain.  Since  the  introduction 
of  these  ores,  however,  the  abundant  and  superior  coals  have  firmly  established  and  devel- 
oped one  of  the  most  thriving  and  profitable  iron  industries  of  the  country.  Not  only  is 
the  State  a  very  large  producer  of  pig  and  rolled  iron,  but  was  the  first  of  the  country  to 
introduce  the  BESsfeMEK  steel  process  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  is,  moreover,  second  to 
none  in  the  production  of  agricultural  and  miscellaneous  machinery.  In  ISTorth-eastern 
Ohio,  the  furnaces  mix  the  Lake  ores  with  the  nodular  and  blackband  ores  of  the  coal 
measures.  Near  Youngstown,  on  the  Mahoning  River,  most  of  the  numerous  furnaces 
pursue  this  course.  In  this  locality,  the  blackband  and  kidney  ores,  everywhere  abundant, 
are  used  about  one-fourth  each  with  the  best  Lake  Superior  ore. 

In  Tuscarawas  County,  near  Canal  Dover,  are  blackband  and  nodular  ores  extensively 
worked  by  the  Tuscarawas  Coal  and  Iron  Company,  and  also  along  the  banks  of  the  Tiisca- 
rawas  River,  above  New  Philadelphia.  Large  beds  of  these  ores  await  further  development, 
and  have  been  overlooked  in  the  superior  richness  and  abundance  of  the  foreign  ores.  In 
Jackson  County,  near  the  Jackson  furnace,  are  beds  of  kidney  ore  yielding  48.75  per  cent, 
metallic  iron. 

In  Muskingum  County  are  a  variety  of  coal  measure  ores,  argillaceous,  calcareous,  and 
silicious.    In  Licking  County  also  the  same  classes  of  ore  exist. 

In  Southern  Ohio,  throughout  the  counties  of  Perry,  Athens,  Hocking,  Jackson,  Law- 
rence, and  Scioto,  are  very  many  furnaces  running  almost  entirely  on  the  native  ores,  which 
are  varying  in  character,  but  all  of  the  same  geological  formation.  Dr.  Hates  describes 
these  ores  as  "  not  the  clay  iron  stones  of  the  bituminous  coal  measures,  such  as  are  found 
in  England,  but  in  percentage  of  iron  they  closely  approach  the  magnetic  oxides  of  the  pri- 
mary rocks,  but  can  be  more  easily  smelted  ;  they  will  generally  contain,  mixed  with  flux, 
the  proportion  of  iron  which  reduces  with  the  greatest  economy  to  gray  iron  ;  they  all  con- 
tain traces  of  manganese  oxide,  but  in  no  case  enough  to  give  character  to  the  iron."  This 
Professor  Lesley  disputes,  and  says  that  these  ores  only  resemble  the  magnetic  oxides  of  the 
primary  ores  as  subjects  of  analysis.  These  ores  have,  however,  supplied  many  furnaces  for 
a  long  time,  are  in  heavy  deposits,  especially  in  this  Hanging  Rock  Region,  and  will  con- 
tinue to  be  worked  for  many  years  to  come. 

The  ores  of  Ohio,  therefore,  while  they  do  not  present  the  commercial  interest  of  some 
other  States,  are  extremely  valuable  as  admixtures,  and  in  the  case  of  the  true  blackband 
ores,  will  be  extensively  developed  in  the  future. 


58 


*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Ohio. 


460 


lEON  ORE   liEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Maine. 

In  Maine  there  arc  deposits  of  the  primary  ores,  principally  red  hematite,  of  which  the 
most  extensive  deposit  is  found  in  the  Aroostook  River,  lifty  miles  above  its  mouth.  This 
ore  contained  considerable  manganese,  and  was  found  in  the  metamorphic  slates.  WniTNEY 
says  that  thin  magnetic  ore  veins  occur  in  numerous  localities  along  the  coast.  Near  the 
Piscataquis  Iron  AVorks,  the  old  Katahdin  furnace,  which  was  built  in  1845,  and  rebuilt, 
after  a  long  rest,  in  1872,  and  put  in  blast,  iron  was  made  for  some  years  from  bog  ores  with 
charcoal  fuel.  Late  in  1873,  a  discovery  of  ore  to  considerable  extent  was  reported  here  by 
the  newspapers,  but  no  particulars  are  given.  This  is  the  only  blast  furnace  of  Maine,  and 
there  is  no  record  of  other  ore  deposits. 

The  Iron  Ores  of  Maryland. 

The  iron  industry  in  Maryland  has  been  conducted  since  a  very  early  day,  indeed,  long 
before  the  Revolution,  and  some  of  the  same  furnaces,  or  their  successors  at  the  same  local- 
ities, are  still  engaged  in  the  business.  The  ores  are  not  as  extensively  found  as  in  some 
other  States,  but  are  of  good  quality  and  easily  worked. 

The  principal  magnetic  ores  mentioned  are  the  Tyson  and  Carroll  mines  near  Sykes- 
ville,  while  at  the  Point  of  Rocks  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  on  the  Potomac,  twelve  miles  west 
of  Frederick,  are  enormous  masses  of  fine  limonite,  a  hydrous  oxide  of  iron  in  soft  slates. 
At  Frederick  are  splendid  beds  of  brown  hematite,  and  at  the  old  Catoctin  Furnaces,  in 
Frederick  County,  are  beds  of  an  argillaceous  oxide  of  iron  with  a  considerable  percentage 
of  carbonate  of  zinc.  On  the  Monocacy  Creek  and  near  Sharpsburg,  at  the  old  Antietam 
Furnace,  one  of  the  earliest  iron-making  sites  in  the  country,  are  also  argillaceous  oxides  and 
brown  hematites.  In  Carroll  County  are  argillaceous  oxides,  and  near  Westminster  are  man- 
ganiferous  ores.  Fossil  ores  are  found  at  Cumberland,  and  are  the  supply  of  the  furnaces 
there.  In  Alleghany  County  it  was  supposed  formerly  that  very  extensive  deposits  of  ore 
existed,  and  close  examination  was  made  at  the  instance  of  the  George's  Creek  Coal  and  Iron 
Company.  These  ores  were  the  carbonates  of  the  coal  measures  interstratified  with  lire 
clay  and  shales,  and  representing  a  workable  thickness  of  some  7  feet  in  a  depth  of  55 
feet. 

Bog  ores  exist  also  to  some  extent  in  the  tide-water  counties  of  the  Peninsula,  and  have 
been  and  are  worked  on  the  affluents  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Reference  to  the  Furnace  Department  of  this  work  will  show  the  number  and  capacity 
of  the  furnaces  of  the  State,  most  of  which  are  now  on  native  ores. 

The  Iron  Ore  Re§^ions  of  Massachusetts. 

The  pi-imary  ores  of  Massachusetts  are  not  numerous,  but  both  magnetic  oxides  and 
micaceous  specular  ores  are  found  in  Franklin  County.  These  occur  in  beds  two  feet  thick 
and  almost  adjoining  each  other,  a  curious  geological  foraiation  not  easily  explained. 

The  brown  hematites  occur  in  the  north-western  portion  of  Massachusetts,  and  arc  the 


TEON  OEE  EEGMONS  OF  TUB  UNITED  STATES. 


461 


same  ores  which  adjoin  in  Yermont  on  the  one  side  and  in  Connecticut  on  the  other,  ex- 
tending thence  into  Eastern  New  York.  These  ores  are  all,  as  in  Yermont,  more  or  less 
manganiferons.  These  ores  are  found  near  North  Adams,  Cheshire,  Lanesboro,  at  West 
Stockbridge,  Lenox,  and  Richmond,  and  also  at  West  Pittstield.  These  ores  have  been 
v,^orked  from  an  early  date,  in  some  cases  prior  to  the  Revolution,  and  charcoal  furnaces  are 
still  conducted  at  Lanesboro,  Richmond,  and  Cheshire,  with  one,  the  only  anthracite  fur- 
nace in  Massachusetts,  at  West  Stockbridge.*  These  ores  have  been  very  abundant,  and 
although  the  furnace  industry  has  never  been  very  greatly  extended,  the  regions  named 
have  always  produced  iron. 

The  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Hew  Hampshire. 

This  State  was  formerly  the  site  of  a  considerable  charcoal  iron  industry,  of  late  years 
almost  entirely  abandoned. 

The  magnetic  ores  of  New  Hampshire  were  of  considerable  importance  and  good  qual- 
ity, and  were  found  in  various  localities,  principally  in  the  White  Mountains. 

In  the  town  of  Winchester  a  massive  steel-gray  ore  in  beds  from  5  to  40  feet  thick  was 
worked,  in  1795,  at  Furnace  Yillage.  On  Thorn  Mountain  in  Jackson,  and  at  Piermont  are 
specular  ores.  Bald  Face  Mountain,  in  the  town  of  Bartlett,  a  mile  from  the  Saco  River 
and  1,400  feet  above  it,  contains  large  veins  of  magnetic  ore  (peroxide,  protoxide,  and  man- 
ganese), found  in  granite  and  green  stone.  This  is  said  to  be  the  largest  deposit  of  magnet- 
ites in  New  Llampshire. 

Near  the  village  of  Franconia,  in  the  Franeonia  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  the 
New  Hampshire  Iron  Company,  composed  of  Boston  and  New  Bedford  capitalists,  worked 
.  a  vein  of  magnetic  ore  found  in  granite  walls.  This  ore  was  worked  in  the  Franconia  Fur- 
nace in  the  village,  and  the  product  cast  into  stove  plates.  Steel  was  also  made  here  from 
this  ore  to  some  extent  previous  to  1800.  The  vein  first  worked  was  wide,  being  some  6 
feet,  but  at  a  depth  of  nearly  150  feet  "  pinched  "  to  a  width  of  1  foot.  The  old  excavation 
has  caved  in,  but  at  the  last  blast,  previous  to  1860,  an  adit  was  run  in  the  side  of  the  moun- 
tain to  reach  the  vein.  The  writer  obtained  here,  in  the  summer  of  1872,  a  piece  of  an  old 
pig  which  had  been  made  in  the  first  furnace,  carried  away  by  a  flood  many  years  ago. 
This  pig  had  been  imearthed  from  the  bed  of  a  creek,  formerly  the  site  of  the  old  furnace, 
by  a  similar  flood  to  that  which  buried  it,  and  by  the  statements  of  reliable  inhabitants  of 
the  village  had  been  buried  over  forty  years.  It  was  broken  with  great  difficulty  on  an  an- 
vil, and  showed  many  peculiar  features  of  malleability,  the  iron  drawing  cold  almost  like 
wrought  iron,  before  fracturing,  and  the  fracture  presenting  rather  the  appearance  of  steel 
than  iron.  What  effect  its  long  rest  under  the  bed  of  a  running  stream  may  have  had  upon 
the  structure  of  the  iron,  or  on  its  chemical  properties,  we  leave  to  the  scientists  to  dis- 
cover. 

The  present  furnace,  almost  a  ruin,  was  abandoned  in  1858  or  '59,  and  the  ore  lands 
are  now  the  property  of  Messrs.  Wm.  E.  Coffin  &  Co.,  of  Boston.  Charcoal  timber  is 
scarce  in  this  region,  but  as  the  furnace  has  hot  blast  and  is  within  some  six  miles  of  the 
Boston,  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad  at  Littleton,  and  a  branch  road  is  projected,  if  not 

*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Massachusetts. 


462 


IRON  ORE  EEGIONS  OF  TILE  UNITED  STATES. 


\inder  construction,  to  connect  Franconia  and  the  Profile  Mountain  with  Littleton,  it  is 
probable  this  ore  may  be  again  worked.  It  would  certainly  offer  advantages  for  the  pro- 
duction of  very  fine  iron. 

The  Iron  Ore  Reg^ions  of  Michigan. 

To  thoroughly  describe  the  immense  masses  of  iron  ore  found  in  what  is  known  as  the 
Lake  Superior  region  of  Michigan,  is  simply  impossible  within  the  limits  of  a  work  like  this. 
Those  who  are  interested  in  the  geological  and  chemical  formations  here  displayed  will  find 
this  region  the  subject  of  numerous  scientific  treatises.  The  mines  of  the  Marquette  and 
Escanaba  regions,  and  later,  of  L'Anse,  have  been  fully  described  by  A.  P.  Swinefokd,  Esq., 
of  Marquette,  and  the  -geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  whole  region  are  ably  represented  by 
Major  T.  13.  Brooks,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  whose  Annual  Reports  are  carefully  and 
thoroughly  made. 

As  a  matter  of  interesting  history  in  regard  to  the  first  use  of  Lake  Superior  ores,  we 
append  the  following,  which  gives  the  record  of  the  first  trials  of  this  ore  in  1854,  only 
twenty  years  since,  in  which  time  the  shipments  from  the  region  have  growu  from  nothing 
to  over  one  million  tons  annually.  The  authority  from  which  we  quote  this  bit  of  history 
is  the  Marquette  Mining  Journal : 

The  first  Lake  Superior  ore  submitted  to  a  thorough  test  in  a  blast  furnace,  m  competi- 
tion with  the  hematites  of  Pennsylvania,  was  run  through  the  old  Sharpsville,  Penn.,  fur- 
nace, in  1854.  Previous  to  this  time,  as  is  well  known,  iron  from  the  ores  of  the  Jackson 
mine  had  been  made  at  the  Carp  forge,  near  Negaunee,  and  afterwards  at  the  Marquette 
forge;  and  some  indifferent  experiments  were  made  with  the  ore  in  some  other  localities, 
but  not  upon  a  scale  which  could  give  character  to  the  ore  or  the  region  in  which  it  was 
mined. 

Mr.  David  Agnew — now  interested  in  the  Sharpsville  furnaces,  with  General  Pierce, 
on  the  spot  where  the  first  real  furnace  tests  were  made — was  then  the  principal  owner  of 
the  "  old  Sharpsville  Furnace  "  before  alluded  to.  This  ore,  first  tested,  had  been  packed 
around  the  Sault  in  wagons,  and  after  going  through  lake  transportation  to  Erie,  was  taken 
from  that  place  to  Sharpsville,  on  the  old  Erie — or  CuxVS.  M.  Reed's — canal  (now  defunct), 
and  laid  down  on  the  bank  of  the  furnace,  where  it  was  received  with  great  reluctance,  as 
Mr.  Agnew  has  told  us.  But  being  determined  to  make  the  best  test  possible,  mider  the 
encouragement  of  the  most  substantial  pioneer  iron  men  of  the  region,  who  had  based  their 
hopes  and  fortunes  on  the  lean  ores  of  the  Shenango  district,  among  whom  were  David 
HiMFvOD,  IIiMROD  &  Co.,  George  Boyce,  and  some  others  whose  record  is  not  at  this  moment 
available,  Mr.  Agnew  charged  his  furnace  with  Lake  Superior  (Jackson)  ore.  But  he 
found  his  furnace  was  not  adapted  to  the  use  of  this  ore,  and  his  experiments  did  not  prove 
satisfactory.  Besides,  his  company  did  not  manifest  a  disposition  to  permit  him  to  make 
exjiensive  experiments  with  this  or  any  other  ore  for  which  the  furnace  was  not  supposed 
to  be  purposely  constructed,  although  Mr.  Agnew  was,  as  he  now  is,  one  of  the  most  care- 
ful men  who  ever  attempted  to  handle  any  such  expcrinient. 

There  was,  at  the  same  time,  a  few  miles  distant,  a  furnace  known  as  the  Clay  Furnace 
— a  lame,  impotent  thing,  which  was  dragging  out  an  existence  which  did  not  promise  the 


IRON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  W;63 

V',' 

first  sign  of  sxibstantial  life.  The  IIuieods — David  and  "William,  if  we  remember  right-^S/i^ 
and  B.  B.  Vincent,  were  interested  in  this  stack,  as  also  some  Eastern  capitalists,  indirectly. 
At  all  events,  FK^iNK  Allkn,  then  in  charge  of  the  furnace,  was  called  upon  to  test  the 
Jackson  ore.  He  was  not  an  expert  iron  smelter,  and  was  not  quite  prepared  to  undertake 
the  task  assigned  him.  He  had,  besides  spending  his  time  with  a  furnace,  been  engaged  in 
keeping  a  country  store  at  Waterford — the  present  place  of  residence  of  David  Himkod— 
and  he  failed  to  make  pig  iron  out  of  Jackson  ore. 

But  in  1856,  the  Clay  Furnace  came  into  possession  of  the  Sharon  Iron  Company,  and 
was  blown  out  for  repairs,  and  the  company  resolved  to  have  it  reconstructed,  Avith  an  es- 
pecial view  of  giving  further  test  to  the  Superior  ore.  Mr.  Allen,  still  in  charge,  proceeded 
accordingly.  There  was  much  discussion  among  the  members  of  the  Sharon  Iron  Company 
as  to  the  best  mechanical  means  to  be  adopted  to  conquer  these  refractory  ores.  But 
through  their  deliberations  tliey  concluded  to  change  the  curved  angle  of  the  lining  of  the 
furnace  above  the  boshes,  and  carry  the  lining  up  from  the  crucible  to  the  tunnel  head  in 
a  straight  line,  omitting  the  curve  before  used  at  the  boshes  and  contracting  the  space  at 
that  point.  The  location  of  the  tuyeres,  and  that  of  the  gas  exit,  was  also  changed — both 
of  them  being  raised  a  trifle. 

Considerable  anxiety  was  manifested  when  the  furnace  was  blown  in.  Doubt  was 
mingled  with  fear,  and  Allen  was  the  most  anxious  man  among  them,  but  somehow, 
whether  on  account  of  skill  or  fortune,  history  does  not  say,  the  furnace  doubled  her  capac- 
ity at  once,  while  the  largest  proportion  of  her  ore  was  from  the  Jackson  mine. 

This  is,  in  all  probability,  the  initial  point  of  furnace  work  with  Lake  Superior  iron  ore, 
so  far  as  furnishing  a  general  market  with  pig  iron  is  concerned.  The  indifferent  experi- 
ments made  elsewhere  did  not  show  such  success  as  attended  this  one;  but  soon  afterward 
the  Eagle  Furnace,  at  Youngstown,  and  then  the  Ilimrod  Furnace  at  Youngstown,  Ohio, 
led  oft'  with  a  satisfactory  use  of  the  ore,  from  which  time  its  success  has  been  without 
interruption. 

The  importance  of  this  section  of  the  country  as  an  ore-producing  region  to  the  general 
iron  industry  may  be  appreciated  from  the  statistics  of  ore  mined  and  shipped,  which  are 
as  follows : 

iron-ore  shipments,  1873. 


Tons. 

Marquette  district,  from  17  mines   520, 20-1 

Escanaba  district,  from  2-1  mines   470,712 

L'Anse  district  '   G0,899 


1,0GG,875 

PIG-IRON  SHIPMENTS. 

Tons. 

From  Marquette   25,997 

From  Escanaba   9,2i8 


35,245 


These  figures  are  as  ofiicially  reported  in  the  Mo/rquette  Mining  Journal.  The  total 
ore  shipment  from  the  three  districts  named,  in  1872,  was  896,889  tons,  showing  an  increase 


4G4 


IKON  OllE   REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


in  1873,  of  169,986  tons,  while  that  of  pig  iron  shows  a  slight  decrease,  owing  prohablj  to 
the  financial  troubles  for  the  last  two  months  of  navigation. 

The  production  of  the  various  mines  will  be  found  tabulated  herewith. 

A  very  interesting  condensed  description  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Kegion  has  been 
communicated  by  Mr.  Ogden  Haig^iit  to  the  Iron  A(/e,  which  we  republish,  as  furnishing 
the  most  desirable  commercial  information  possible. 


The  rock  formation  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Kegion  is  of  the  oldest  geological  age, 
being  made  up  of  the  Lauren tian  and  Huronian  systems,  which  contain  no  remains  of  ani- 
mal life,  and  are  hence  termed  "  Azoic."  The  Laurentian  system  is  here  represented  by 
the  granite  beds,  whilst  the  Huronian,  in  which  the  ore  beds  occur,  is  made  up  of  a  series 
of  strata,  differing  in  composition,  the  character  of  which  is  well  illustrated  by  the  follow- 
ing section,  taken  across  the  country  at  Michigamme  by  Brooks  ; 

Mica  schist   2,500  feet 

Pesheka  schist   2,500  " 

Limonitic  schist   2,500  " 


"Soft  hematite"  ore  

Granite  

As  is  thus  apparent,  the  ore  beds  occur  between  the  quartz  and  diorite,  the  former  con- 
stituting the  "  hanging,"  and  the  latter  the  "  foot,"  wall  of  the  seam.  The  diorite  is  com- 
posed of  feldspar  and  hornblende.  Thin  layers  of  chloritic  and  talcose  schists  often  inter- 
vene between  the  ore  and  its  walls,  or  lie  in  the  centre  of  the  seam  itself. 

According  to  the  opinion  of  those  geologists  who  have  recently  examined  the  forma- 
tion with  great  care,  the  ore  was  originally  dissolved  out  from  the  pre-existent  strata  by 
chemical  agency,  and  deposited  by  precipitation  in  horizontal  beds,  which  were  afterward 
exposed  to  great  heat  and  pressure,  resulting  from  the  great  upheaval  and  disturbance 
which  characterized  the  Azoic  age — by  which  the  strata  were  upturned,  pressed  into  folds, 
and  displaced,  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  formation  along  the  line  of  the  Allegheny  Moun- 
tains. By  subsequent  erosion,  the  tops  of  these  folds  were  removed,  giving  to  the  ore  beds 
the  general  appearance  of  fissure  veins,  although,  upon  careful  investigation,  none  of  the 
phenomena  accompanying  veins  of  this  class  can  be  discovered. 

Only  two  general  classes  of  ores  have  as  yet  been  found  in  the  region, — the  hematites, 
or  sesquioxides,  containing  two  equivalents  of  iron  to  three  of  oxygen,  and  yielding,  when 
absolutely  pure,  seventy  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron ;  and  the  magnetic  ores,  or  proto-ses- 


The  Lake  Superior  Iron  Reg^ions. 


Clay  slate  

Gray  quartz  , 

Magnetic  ore  

Mixed  ore  

Mixed  specular  

Diorite  ("  greenstone  ") 
Mixed  magnetic  ore. . . . 


1,000  to  1,300  " 


2,500  " 

300  " 

40  " 

100  " 

100  " 

200  " 


lEON  ORE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


-^.465 


quioxides,  consisting  of  three  of  iron  to  four  of  oxygen,  which  yields  72.41  per  cent.V^me- 
tallic  iron,  when  equally  pure.  There  are,  however,  a  number  of  varieties  belongiri^gC^Q 
each  class ;  thus,  xmder  the  general  name  of  hematite,  are  found  the  "  specular,"  "  speciu'a 
slate,"  "  slate,"  "  massive,"  and  other  forms ;  also,  the  soft  red  and  brown  ores  containing 
water,  to  which  alone  the  name  of  "  hematite "  is  technically  applied  in  this  region. 
Among  the  magnetic  ores  the  difference  is  chiefly  one  of  structure ;  tluis^  there  are  coarse 
and  fine-grained  and  steely  ores,  differing  merely  in  hardness  and  fusibility. 

It  is  difiicult  to  account  for  the  variations  in  the  character  of  the  ore  at  different  points 
along  the  line  of  the  deposit.  At  the  eastern  end  of  the  line  the  slate  and  hard  hematite 
ores  are  found  exclusively,  while  further  to  the  westward  the  specular  and  magnetic  come 
in  ;  and,  indeed,  in  every  mine  several  dissimilar  varieties  of  ore  are  found,  showing  how 
varying  and  intricate  must  have  been  the  conditions  under  which  they  were  formed.  Thus, 
in  the  Jackson,  veins  of  soft  hematite  are  found  running  through  the  main  body  of  hard 
ore ;  in  the  Champion,  a  seam  of  specular  ore  coming  in,  cuts  out  entirely  the  magnetic, 
which  had,  until  then,  formed  the  entire  body  of  the  seam,  and  the  ore  is  specular  from 
thence  westward.  At  the  point  of  junction  of  these  two  chemically  different  materials, 
many  curious  specimens,  showing  their  mechanical  admixture,  may  be  obtained. 

The  magnetic  ore  deposits  seem  to  occur  in  a  more  regular  form  than  the  others.  In 
their  ease  the  hanging  and  foot-walls  are  usually  well  defined,  and  the  seam  is  of  constant 
widtli.  The  large  hematite  deposits,  such  as  those  of  the  Jackson,  Cleveland,  and  Lake 
Superior  mines,  are  more  in  the  form  of  lense-shaped  masses,  with  "  fins  "  or  "  leaders " 
stretching  out  through  the  inclosing  rock  in  different  directions.  Some  of  these  deposits 
hold  immense  quantities  of  ore,  as  in  the  case  of  the  mines  mentioned  above,  where  they 
have  been  worked  for  years,  and  are  still  not  exhausted.  In  the  same  mines,  however,  may 
be  seen  seams  of  hematite  ore  which  are  well  defined,  having  a  regular  width,  dip,  and 
strike,  and  which  are  being  worked  downward  upon  the  incline. 

In  the  vicinity  of  JSTegaunee  and  Ishpeming,  and  at  Cascade,  about  five  miles  to  the 
south  of  them,  are  situated  the  largest  deposits  of  hard  and  soft  hematites.  At  Negaunee, 
about  13  miles  west  from  Marquette,  are  the  mines  of  the  Jackson  Iron  Company,  first 
opened  in  1846,  though  no  ore  was  shipped  from  them  iintil  ten  years  later.  They  are  lo- 
cated upon  a  series  of  lense-shaped  deposits  of  great  extent,  one  or  two  of  which  have  been 
entirely  worked  out.  The  whole  system  is  intersected  by  a  tunnel,  driven  at  the  lowest 
possible  level,  through  which  the  cars  are  drawn  from  the  railroad  by  a  small  locomotive. 
The  ore  is  loaded  into  skips,  and  hoisted  up  inclines  from  the  pits  by  engine  power,  and 
dumped  into  pockets  above  the  tunnel,  from  which  it  is  loaded  into  the  cars.  The  produc- 
tion of  these  mines  from  1856  to  the  present  time  has  reached  the  enormous  amount  of 
1,125,883  tons,  of  which  67,736  tons  have  been  shipped  during  the  present  season. 

The  Jackson  ore  is  considered  one  of  the  standard  ores  of  the  region.  It  is  a  hard 
slate  ore,  very  pure  and  rich,  yielding  about  65  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron,  and  great  pains 
are  taken  in  its  selection.  Some  veins  of  soft  hematite  traverse  these  deposits,  but  the  lar- 
gest proportion  of  ore  of  that  nature  produced  by  the  company  comes  from  their  "  south- 
side  "  mines,  located  on  a  parallel  seam  to  the  south  of  the  main  deposit.  There  are  now 
four  openings  upon  it,  and  a  large  quantity  of  the  ore  is  mined,  14,000  tons  having  already 
been  extracted.    Analyses  of  several  samples  of  it  gave  the  following  results  : 


466 


IRON  OEE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Metallic  iron   52  to  55.50  per  cent. 

Silica   5.50 

Manganese  (determined  in  only  one  sample)   10.70  " 

Sulphur   0.10  to  0.20  « 

riiosphorus   0.10  " 


The  stockholders  of  this  company  4iave  two  furnaces  at  Fayette,  Mich.,  and  two 
more  at  Sharon,  Penn.,  and  propose  hereafter  to  utilize  almost  their  entire  production  to 
them.    The  Jackson  ore  has  been  used  satisfactorily  in  the  manufacture  of  Bkssemer  iron. 

At  Negaunee,  also,  are  the  McComber  mines,  operated  by  several  of  the  stockholders 
of  the  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company.  These  are  situated  upon  the  same  range  of  ore  as 
the  south  side  Jackson,  the  ore  being  a  soft  hematite,  evidently  containing  considerable 
manganese,  as  crystals  of  the  oxide  of  that  metal  are  often  visible  in  streaks  throue-h  it. 
Over  20,000  tons  of  this  ore  have  been  sent  to  market  during  the  present  season.  It  lies  in 
lense-shaped  masses,  and  is  mined  by  open  pits. 

Between  N^egaunee  and  Cascade  are  a  number  of  soft  hematite  mines.  The  Marquette 
and  Pacific  Rolling  Mill  Company  have  one  quite  extensive  and  well-located  mine,  the  ore 
being  apparently  of  good  quality.  The  Tilden,  Ogden,  and  Foster  mines,  the  property 
of  the  Iron  Cliffs  Company,  are  all  located  upon  beds  of  soft  hematite.  Operations  at  the 
two  former  have  now  been  abandoned,  as  the  ore  proved  too  silicious,  but  the  Foster  is 
still  worked,  the  deposit  there  being  of  better  quality,  though  still  somewhat  silicious,  and 
much  mixed  with  quartz. 

The  same  company  have  a  very  large  extent  of  property  in  this  region,  over  a  consider- 
able portion  of  which  immense  deposits  of  a  hard  silicious  ore,  which  rings  like  a  bell  when 
struck,  have  been  found.  A  report  was  made  upon  these  deposits  many  years  ago  by  Fos- 
ter, upon  the  strength  of  whose  representations  extensive  preparations  were  made  by  the 
Pittsburg  &  L.  Angeline  Company  to  open  up  a  hill — -apparently  entirely  composed  of  the 
material — which  was  named  the  "  Iron  Mountain."  A  branch  road  was  built  to  it,  and  a 
large  number  of  dwellings  erected  for  the  miners,  but  the  ore  proved  too  silicious  to  be 
profitably  worked,  and  operations  have  been  discontinued.  It  was  tried  at  the  furnaces  of 
the  Iron  Cliffs  Company,  at  Kegaunee,  and  is  said  by  them  to  yield  about  40  per  cent,  of 
iron,  and  to  contain  manganese  and  cobalt.    It  required  a  very  large  amount  of  flux. 

The  ore  of  the  Cascade  region  is  a  hard  slate,  occurring  in  layers  interstratified  with  red 
quartz.  These  layers  are  usually  quite  thin,  there  being  very  few  seams  of  pure  ore  of  any 
size,  so  that  all  the  material  thrown  out  by  a  blast  has  to  be  hand-picked,  and  the  quartz 
removed  by  the  use  of  hammers.  By  this  means  it  is  possible  to  produce  a  clean  bright 
ore,  mostly  in  small  lumps,  which  is,  however,  considered  to  be  somewhat  silicious,  although 
no  analyses  of  it  have  yet  been  published.  Some  seams  of  ore  of  the  very  best  quality 
have  been  found,  but  they  are  usually  quite  limited  in  extent.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  more 
extensive  deposits  may  be  discovered  in  the  future.  The  mines  at  present  in  operation  in 
this  region  are  those  of  the  Cascade  Iron  Company,  and  the  Watson,  Pittsburg  and  Lake 
Superior,  and  Wilcox  &  Bagaley,  which,  together,  have  shipped  over  30,000  tons  during 
the  present  season.  The  ore  lays  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  easily  mined,  but  it  is  necessary  to 
take  out  about  as  much  rock  as  ore.  The  hand-picking  is  also  a  costly  process,  yet  it  pays 
to  extract  this  ore. 


IRON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  TUB  UNITED  STxVTES. 


467 


The  ores  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ishperaing  are  very  similar  in  character  to 
those  at  l^egannee,  consisting  of  hard  and  soft  hematites,  no  magnetic  ores  having  been  so 
far  discovered.  A  little  to  the  east  of  the  town  are  the  Cleveland  mines,  worked  by  the 
Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company,  which  are  located  upon  a  series  of  large  deposits  of  mas- 
sive and  slate  ores  lying  in  the  main  ore  belt.  The  ore  here  seems  to  have  been  segregated 
into  a  series  of  lense-shaped  masses  of  great  extent,  from  the  under  side  of  which  the  main 
seam  dips  off.  This  latter  is  in  many  places  as  much  as  80  feet  in  thickness,  and  will  av- 
erage nearly  50  feet,  so  far  as  it  has  yet  been  developed  in  the  main  workings,  which  con- 
sist of  five  separate  excavations,  the  main  one  being  400  feet  long,  250  feet  wide,  and  60 
feet  deep.  At  the  eastern  extremity  of  this  the  seam  makes  a  bend  to  the  north,  and 
another  large  deposit  opens  out,  which  is  several  hundred  feet  in  lengtli  and  width.  A 
main  shaft  has  been  sunk  in  the  angle  between  the  two  to  the  seam,  which  dips  toward  it 
from  the  under  sides  of  each.  The  mining  is  now  being  carried  on  down  the  incline  at 
these  points. 

Several  hundred  feet  to  the  south-west  from  the  main  workings  is  the  "  Schoolhousc  " 
opening.  Here  the  seam  varies  from  8  to  32  feet  in  thickness,  averaging  over  20  feet.  It 
dips  to  the  westward  at  a  considerable  angle,  and  the  stoping  is  being  carried  on  down  the 
incline,  leaving  pillars  in  some  places  14  feet  square,  and  25  to  30  feet  high.  A  shaft  has 
also  been  sunk  at  a  short  distance  from  this  opening,  and  a  drift  made  from  it  to  the  seam, 
so  that  in  three  or  four  years  the  workings  of  the  Cleveland  will  be  almost  entirely  under- 
ground. As  the  seam  is  in  many  parts  of  too  great  width  to  allow  of  the  use  of  the  ordi- 
nary system  of  mining,  it  is  proposed  to  leave  a  certain  thickness  of  strata  in  the  centre  in- 
tact, and  thus  to  work  it  as  two  separate  seams. 

The  ore  is  throughout  of  equal  quality  with  that  of  the  Jackson  and  Lake  Superior 
mines,  although  somewhat  differeut  in  appearance,  being  coarsely  or  finely  granular,  com- 
pact, or  of  slaty  structure  similar  to  the  Jackson.  Some  of  it  is  also  closely  intermingled 
with  diorite.  That  of  the  Schoolhouse  opening  is  of  extreme  hardness,  60  or  70  drills  be- 
ing often  dulled  whilst  cutting  a  hole  in  it  three  feet  in  depth,  the  time  occupied  being  an 
entire  dsLj.  It  is,  however,  of  magnificent  quality,  being  entirely  free  from  quartz  or  other 
impurity  throughout  the  extent  of  the  seam. 

In  the  main  workings  occasional  knobs  of  a  mixture  of  ore  and  quartz  (Ivuown  as 
"  mixed  ore "),  and  masses  of  chlorite  and  diorite,  have  been  encountered,  but  the  main 
body  is  composed  entirely  of  pure  ore.  In  the  exploitation  of  this,  the  use  of  nitro-glycer- 
ine  is  general,  a  man  being  engaged  for  the  express  purpose  of  handling  it.  At  the  Jack- 
son mine,  the  "  nitro-glycerine  man  "  was  recently  killed  by  an  unlooked  for  explosion  of 
the  material,  since  which  its  use  has  been  abandoned  there.  It  is  said  that  the  miners  sur- 
rounded and  attempted  to  kill  the  agent  who  first  endeavored  to  introduce  the  article  here, 
and  he  only  escaped  by  threatening  to  scatter  amongst  them  the  contents  of  a  flask  of  it 
which  he  held  in  his  hand.  In  spite  of  the  many  accidents  which  have  attended  its  use,  it 
is  still  in  constant  demand  here,  on  account  of  the  great  economy  with  which  it  can  be  em- 
ployed in  many  cases,  particidarly  with  hard  ores,  and  in  "  blockdioling,"  or  splitting  up 
the  large  blocks  thrown  out  by  blast,  such  fragments  as  are  too  small  for  such  treatment 
being  broken  up  with  sledges.  The  material,  thus  prepared,  after  careful  separation  from 
rock  and  inferior  ore,  is  loaded  into  skips,  and  hoisted  up  inclines  at  angles  from  45  to  90 
degrees,  dumped  automatically  into  pockets  on  the  surface,  and  from  thence  loaded  into 
59 

( 


4C8 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


the  cars  as  required.  The  hoisting  machinery  for  several  inclines  is  here,  and  at  most  of 
the  other  mines,  located  in  one  building,  the  power  being  transmitted  through  several  hun- 
dred feet  of  wire  cable  passing  over  guide  pulleys  to  the  top  of  the  incline.  Both  clutch 
and  fi'iction  gearing  are  in  use  here.  The  latter  is  now  coming  into  general  use  throughout 
the  region,  the  grooves  being  V  shaped.  All -of  the  machinery  in  use  at  this  mine  is  of  a 
good  order.  Two  new  pumps  have  been  put  in,  having  a  diameter  of  12  inches  and  stroke 
of  10  feet,  geared  on  to  the  same  engine.  A  Hall's  pulsometer  has  also  recently  been  in- 
troduced. Most  of  the  workmen  employed  here  are  Swedes.  They  work  right  along 
throughout  the  winter,  and  pile  up  an  immense  stock  of  ore  for  shipment  during  the  ensu- 
ing season.  The  shipments  of  this  company  for  1872  were  over  150,000  tons,  and  will  reach 
about  the  same  amount  for  this  year,  84,000  tons  having  so  far  been  shipped,  which  is  con- 
siderably more  than  any  other  company  has  done.  Having  their  own  ore  docks  at  Mar- 
quette, with  a  capacity  of  5,000  tons,  and  their  own  vessels  and  transports,  they  are  enabled 
to  handle  this  vast  product  with  perfect  facility.  The  total  production  of  these  mines  up 
to  the  present  time  has  amounted  to  about  1,100,000  tons. 

Upon  a  40  acre  tract  adjoining  the  Cleveland  workings,  is  situated  the  New  York 
mine.  The  deposit  of  ore  here  is  precisely  similar  in  character  to  that  of  the  Cleveland,  be- 
ing simply  a  continuation  of  the  same  seam.  The  workings  comprise  two  main  excavations,  in 
the  more  southern  of  which  the  seam  dips  to  the  southward  at  a  regular  angle,  and  in  many 
places  presents  a  face  of  clean  ore  fully  50  feet  in  width.  It  is  directly  overlaid  by  a 
stratum  of  chloritic  schist  about  three  feet  thick,  which  is  in  turn  overlaid  by  a  heavy  bed 
of  quartzite.  The  ore  at  this  point  very  much  resembles  that  of  the  Schoolhouse  opening 
of  the  Cleveland  mines,  being  an  exceedingly  fine-grained  or  steel  ore  very  difficult  to 
drill.  Many  different  forms  of  drills  have  been  tried  upon  it,  among  which  were  the  Bur- 
leigh and  Diamond,  but  the  cominon  hand-drill  proved  the  most  efficient  when  well  handled 
and  made  of  good  material.  The  seam  is  being  sloped  down  the  incline,  pillars  being  left 
for  the  support  of  the  strata  above.  In  the  north  opening  the  ore  is  softer,  and  occasional 
streaks  of  highly  crystallized  specular  iron  are  found  pervading  it,  as  well  as  cavities  or 
"  vugs,"  containing  quartz  crystals.  About  488,000  tons  of  ore  have  been  produced  at  this 
mine  since  the  opening  in  1864,  of  which  over  37,000  tons  were  shipped  during  the  present 
season. 

THE   LAKE    StTPEEIOK    IRON  COMPANY. 

This  company  contests  with  the  Cleveland  Company  alone,  for  the  supremacy  in  the  pro- 
duction of  ore,  over  all  the  other  mining  companies  in  the  region.  It  operates  a  large 
number  of  mines,  all  of  which  are  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  Ishpeming,  upon  deposits  of 
hard  or  soft  hematites. 

The  Lake  Superior  mines  proper  are  situated  in  the  western  extremity  of  the  town,  upon 
a  series  of  deposits  of  hard  ore  of  immense  extent,  which  were  opened  in  1857.  The 
workings  consist  of  a  succession  of  excavations,  the  largest  of  which  is  nearly  500  feet  in 
length  and  considerably  over  100  in  width,  and  has  reached  a  nearly  uniform  depth  of  100 
feet,  showing  a  deposit  of  wonderful  richness  and  purity — there  being  visible  at  the  100  foot 
level,  a  width  of  nearly  fifty  feet  of  pure  slate  ore.  The  other  deposits  are  also  of  very 
large  size,  and  all  arc  lense  shaped  like  those  of  the  Cleveland,  with  leaders  projecting 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


469 


into  the  encompassing  strata,  making  it  necessary  to  remove  a  large  amount  of  waste  ma- 
terial. 

The  majority  of  the  ore  is  slaty  in  structure,  similar  to  the  Jackson,  and  is  remarkable  for 
containing  crystals  of  martite,  the  octohedral  variety  of  peroxide  of  iron,  distributed  through- 
out its  mass.  It  is  very  rich  and  pure,  yielding  about  G5  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron,  and  con- 
taining but  a  small  amount  of  sulphur,  and  practically  no  phosphorus.  A  sma^l  propor- 
tion of  the  ore  is  granular  in  structure,  the  deposit  differing  in  this  respect  from  the  Cleve- 
land, where  by  far  the  largest  quantity  is  granular.  The  accompanying  rocks  are,  as  usual, 
quartzite,  diorite,  talcose  and  chloritic  schists,  and  "  mixed  ore."  The  latter  material  invar 
iably  accompanies  the  best  deposits  of  ore. 

In  the  rock  upon  the  north  side  of  the  main  workings  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  150  feet,  at  the  foot  of  which  tunnels  have  been  cut  in  different  directions  to  the  deposit, 
and  are  connected  with  the  100  foot  level  above  by  winzes  or  subordinate  shafts.  The 
greater  part  of  the  ore  mined  above  is  thrown  into  these,  falling  into  the  tunnels,  through 
which  it  is  carried  to  the  shaft.  In  due  course  of  time,  these  winzes  are  widened  so  as  to 
form  stopes,  such  being  the  system  of  mining  at  present  in  use.  Considerable  open  cpiarry- 
ing  is  done  upon  "leaders,"  at  points  above  the  100  foot  level,  the  ore  being  hauled  to  the 
surface  by  teams,  over  a  winding  road  along  the  sides  of  the  excavation.  The  ore  being 
quite  soft,  and  easily  torn  asunder,  the  use  of  the  more  powerful  explosives  is  unnecessary, 
and  ordinary  blasting  powder  is  alone  employed.  The  mining  is  apparently  done  quite 
cheaply,  as  very  large  masses  of  ore  can  be  thrown  down  with  a  single  shot,  and  in  a  large 
portion  of  the  deposit  there  is  no  rock  to  be  separated. 

During  the  entire  year  the  work  is  cari'ied  on  unceasingly  both  day  and  night,  all  shots 
being  fired  at  intervals  of  three  hours,  at  which  times  the  mines  are  deserted  by  all.  Rock 
tunnel  work  is  accomplished  by  the  use  of  BxjRLEiGn  drills,  with  an  accompanying  great 
saving  in  time  and  expense.  Seven  hundred  feet  of  tunnel  have  been  driven  with  them 
here  in  seven  months. 

Three  grades  of  ore  are  produced  by  this  company.  The  second-grade  ore,  of  which 
there  are  many  thousand  tons  in  stock,  consists  of  masses  of  slate  ore  intersected  by  seams 
of  quartz.  The  third-grade  ore  contains  a  still  larger  quantity  of  the  latter  material. 
These  ores  are  to  be  smelted  in  the  company's  furnaces  at  Marquette  and  Ishpeming.  The 
machinery  in  use  at  these  mines  is  about  the  best  to  be  seen  in  the  district.  The  hoisting 
engine  for  the  main  shaft  is  horizontal,  having  the  following  dimensions : 

Diameter  of  cylinder   20  inches. 

Length  of  stroke    36  inches. 

Diameter  of  winding  drums   6  feet. 

The  most  improved  form  of  friction  gearing  is  used  in  connection,  involving  the  use 
of  steam  levers.  A  plunger  and  bucket  pump  are  worked  by  the  same  engine.  About  450 
skip-loads,  of  from  2  to  3  tons  each,  are  hoisted  per  day. 

To  prevent  overwinding,  the  following  arrangement  is  employed :  A  line  of  wire  is 
attached  at  one  end  to  a  reel  upon  the  main  shaft,  from  thence  passing  over  a  pulley  above, 
and  being  provided  at  the  other  extremity  with  a  sinker  with  pointer  attached,  running  in  a 
vertical  groove  on  the  side  wall  of  the  room,  upon  which  points  are  marked  corresponding 


470 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


to  the  different  levels  in  the  shaft.  By  suitably  adjusting  the  arrangement,  the  pointer 
shows  wlien  the  skip  has  reached  the  top  of  the  shaft,  at  which  instant  the  druivs  are 
thrown  out  of  gear.    This  arrangement  is  in  general  use  throughout  the  region. 

But  a  short  distance  to  the  south-east  from  the  hard-ore  workings  is  a  deposit  of  soft 
hematite,  which  has  been  extensively  worked,  the  excavation  being  at  present  about  400 
feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and  100  feet  deep.  A  shaft  has  been  sunk  to  the  north  of  it,  and 
tunnels  driven  from  its  foot  to  the  seam  in  the  same  manner  as  at  the  hard-ore  workino's. 
The  deposit  is  doubtless  of  great  extent,  and  apparently  of  good  quality,  yielding,  it  is  said, 
about  55  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron,  and  so  soft  as  to  be  easily  mined  with  picks  when  loos- 
ened by  an  occasional  shot. 

About  1^  miles  to  the  south-west  from  here  are  the  Section  IG  and  Parsons  mines, 
worked  by  the  company.  The  deposit  at  both  places  is  composed  of  slate  and  granular  ore, 
considerably  mixed  with  rock,  and  usually  not  of  the  very  highest  order.  The  latter  mine 
has  only  been  opened  a  short  time,  and  will  not  produce  over  5,000  tons  this  season. 

The  Section  21  and  New  England  mines,  upon  deposits  of  soft  hematite,  adjoin  each 
other,  and  are  believed  to  be  on  the  main  range  of  that  material.  The  latter  mine  has  been 
worked  for  a  number  of  years  by  its  former  proprietors,  producing  over  100,000  tons,  a 
large  part  of  which  was  slate  ore,  of  which  there  is  a  deposit  upon  the  property,  of  like 
nature  with  the  Parsons  or  Section  16. 

Further  to  the  westward  is  the  recently  discovered  deposit  of  hard  ore  adjoining  the 
Saginaw  property,  which  has  been  named  the  "  New  Superior."  The  indications  at  this 
point  are  very  promising.  Two  good-sized  openings  have  been  already  made,  from  which  a 
large  quantity  of  first-class  ore  has  been  extracted.  Both  the  slate  and  granular  varieties  are 
found,  and  the  ordinary  quartzite  hanging  wall  is  replaced  by  a  peculiar  variety  of  quart- 
zose  conglomerate. 

The  total  production  of  the  Lake  Superior  Company  since  1858  has  amounted  to  1,349, 
G30  tons,  of  which  73,611  were  shipped  during  the  present  season  up  to  August  20th. 

Upon  the  westward  continuation  of  the  hard-ore  deposits  of  the  Lake  Superior  Com- 
pany at  Ishpeming,  and  directly  contiguous  to  them,  is  the  Barnum  Mine,  the  property  of 
the  Iron  Cliffs  Co.  The  ore  is  of  precisely  the  same  character  as  that  of  the  former  mine, 
and  fully  equal  to  it  in  qiiality.  The  present  opening  is  about  1,000  feet  long,  60  feet  wide, 
and  70  feet  deep.  The  production  to  date  has  been  158,556  tons,  of  which  31,559  tons  is 
the  product  for  1873  up  to  August  20th. 

Adjoining  the  Section  21  Mine  of  the  Lake  Superior  Co.  is  the  Wiuthrop  Mine,  of  soft 
ore,  owned  by  a  number  of  Chicago  capitalists.  The  ore  is  dark  red  and  black  in  color,  and 
considered  one  of  the  best  of  the  kind  in  the  region.  The  workings  are  quite  extensive, 
about  41,000  tons  having  so  far  been  extracted,  of  which  16,000  during  the  present  season. 
The  property  on  which  is  situated  the  Saginaw  Mine,  consisting  altogether  of  200  acres, 
was  leased  for  a  number  of  years  by  the  Cleveland  Rolling  Mill  Co.,  the  price  paid  being 
$300,000.  The  present  openings  immediately  adjoin  those  of  the  New  Superior  Mine,  the 
ore  being  of  nearly  the  same  character.  Further  to  the  westward,  on  the  same  range,  are  the 
Goodrich  and  Albion  mines,  which  are  as  yet  but  little  developed.  The  production  of  the 
Saginaw  for  1872  was  19,160  tons  ;  for  1873,  18,882  tons.  The  others  have  as  yet  made  no 
shipments. 


lEON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


471 


riTTSBURG  AND  LAKE  ANGELINE  COMPANY. 

The  mines  operated  by  this  company  are  the  Iron  Mountain  Mine,  near  ISlcgaunee, 
Avhieh  is  not  worked  at  present ;  the  hard  and  soft  hematite  mines,  at  Lake  Angeline,  near 
Ishpeming,  and  the  Edwards  Mine,  of  magnetic  and  specular  ore,  at  Iliimboldt.  The  hard 
ore  mine,  upon  the  south  side  of  Lake  Angeline,  consists  of  an  excavation  over  500  feet 
long,  with  an  average  width  and  depth  of  40  to  50  feet.  The  seam  dips  in  under  the  lake 
at  a  high  inclination,  and  the  mining  is  conducted  under  rather  unfavorable  circumstances 
at  present,  the  foot  wall  being  in  part  composed  of  a  weak  talcose  schist,  much  of  which  has 
cracked  up  and  slid  into  the  excavations.  The  ore  is  both  slaty  and  granular  in  structure, 
and  of  fair  quality,  though  not  up  to  the  standard  of  the  Cleveland  and  Lake  Superior. 

The  soft  hematite  deposit  is  but  a  short  distance  to  the  westward  from  this,  forming 
the  side  of  a  low  ridge.  In  the  opening  already  made  a  curiously  mixed  formation  is 
visible,  consisting  of  a  number  of  seams  of  different  cjualities  of  ore,  intersecting  each  other 
at  varying  angles.  Much  of  it  is  of  an  ochreous  nature,  varying  in  color  from  silvery  gray 
to  red  and  brown.  A  large  jiroportion  consists  of  the  brown  variety,  containing  consider- 
able kaolimite,  some  is  black  and  maganiferous,  and,  as  a  whole,  the  deposit  may  be  stated 
to  be  of  a  very  good  quality,  and  unusually  free  from  silica.  A  deposit  of  similar  nature 
adjoining  it  is  worked  by  the  Iron  Cliffs  Co. 

Between  Ishpeming  and  Hiimboldt,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  no  deposits  of  any  import- 
ance have  as  yet  been  discovered.  The  country  is  exceedingly  wild,  swampy,  and  difficult 
to  explore,  showing  hnt  few  surface  indications;  so  that  while  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  the  ore  belt  is  continuous  throughout  that  section  of  the  county,  it  is  probable 
that  careful  magnetic  and  geological  surveys  will  have  to  be  made  before  its  course  can  be  de- 
finitely traced. 

A  complete  change  in  the  character  of  the  ore  takes  place  at  some  point  in  the  in- 
tervening space,  for  at  LIumboldt  we  no  longer  find  the  slate,  granular  and  soft  hematites, 
nor  do  they  occur  at  any  point  to  the  westward  of  this,  being  entirely  replaced  by  specular 
and  magnetic  ores. 

At  the  Edwards  Mine  the  two  latter  varieties  occur  together — -the  deposit  consisting  of 
a  number  of  well  defined  seams  of  magnetic  and  specular  ore,  inclined  at  a  high  angle,  and 
separated  from  each  other  by  talcose  schist.  Of  these  only  the  two  middle  seams  are  at 
present  worked,  the  mining  being  now  cari'ied  on  at  a  depth  of  300  feet  from  the  surface. 
This  mine  is  peculiarly  interesting,  from  the  fact  of  its  being  really  the  only  one  in  the 
district  where  the  underground  system  is  thoroughly  carried  out.  Shafts  are  driven  200 
feet  apart  along  the  oiitcrop  of  the  seam,  and  levels  are  made  every  60  feet  as  they  go 
down.  At  each  level  a  drift  is  cut  from  the  shaft  on  each  side  for  a  distance  of  20  feet, 
connecting  with  a  winze  sunk  from  the  level  above.  When  the  connection  is  made  the 
latter  is  widened  so  as  to  form  a  stope.  That  portion  of  the  seam  between  the  two  shafts 
is  then  entirely  worked  out,  leaving  only  an  "arch  "  or  pillar,  about  10  by  15  feet,  half  way 
between  them.  This,  together  with  the  shaft  pillars  suffices  for  the  support  of  the  "  hang- 
ing." Both  varieties  of  ore  occurring  here  are  of  the  best  quality,  and  present  many  types 
of  structure.  They  are  sent  to  market  together,  owing  to  the  inconvenience  of  separation 
and  classification.  The  total  production  of  this  mine  up  to  Aug.  20, 1873,  was  144,450  tons, 
of  which  20,376  were  shipped  during  the  present  season.    The  entire  production  of  the 


472 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  TITE  imiTED  STATES. 


Pittsburg  and  Lake  Angeline  Company  during  tlie  same  year  was  478,808  tons,  and  for  the 
present  season  45,390  tons. 

A  sliort  distance  to  the  eastward  from  the  Edwards  is  situated  the  well-known  Washing- 
ton Mine,  which  has  been  worked  for  nearly  eight  years,  and  during  that  time  shipped  over 
300,000  tons.  The  deposit  is  similar  to  the  Edwards,  consisting  of  four  parallel  seams  of 
magnetic  and  specular  ore  of  varying  thickness,  having  a  general  eastern  and  western  direc- 
tion, and  separated  from  each  other  by  talcose  schist.  The  whole  formation  is  overlaid  by 
75  to  100  feet  of  quartzite,  and  underlaid  by  diorite.  This  mine  was  a  very  expensive  one 
to  open,  the  main  or  north  seam  being  covered  by  a  considerable  thickness  of  mixed  ore, 
constituting  a  sort  of  cap,  all  of  which  had  to  be  removed.  A  very  high  and  wide  tunnel 
was  also  driven  from  a  point  at  the  level  of  the  railroad  to  the  seam,  a  distance  of  450  feet, 
making  the  total  cost  of  opening  about  815000,000. 

After  reaching  the  seam  the  tunnel  follows  its  course.  That  portion  of  the  seam  abo^'e 
it  has  mostly  been  worked  as  an  open  quarry,  the  cap  of  mixed  ore  being  entirely  removed, 
but  the  workings  are  fast  being  carried  below  its  level,  and  will  eventually  assume  more  of 
a  subterranean  character.  The  Burleigh  drills  are  also  used  at  this  mine  for  drifting  and 
tunnelling.  About  200  men  are  employed.  The  magnetic  and  specular  ores  occur  together, 
as  at  the  Edwards,  and  are  not  classihed.  Pyrites,  when  present,  is  usually  segregated, 
restricted  to  certain  points  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  readily  separated.  The  Washington  is  a 
standard  ore,  and  has  a  favorable  reputation  for  cleanliness.  A  large  quantity  of  ore, 
slightly  mixed  with  quartz,  has  been  extracted,  but  none  shipped  as  yet.  The  company 
owns  1,220  acres  of  land,  and  claim  to  have  three  miles  of  iron  range.  The  total  production 
for  1873,  was  20,678  tons. 

Leading  from  Humboldt  in  a  southerly  direction,  a  branch  road,  8  miles  in  length, 
has  been  constructed  to  the  famous  Republic  Mine,  at  Smith  Mountain.  This  mountain 
has  been  for  some  time  past  a  familiar  feature  in  the  topography  of  the  country,  but  was, 
until  recently,  thought  to  be  composed  entirely  of  the  same  worthless  "mixed-ore  "  forma- 
tion which  constitutes  the  well  known  Cleveland  Knob.  It  is  situated  upon  the  south  side 
of  the  Michigamme  Piver,  at  a  point  where  it  widens  into  a  small  lake,  and  stands  out 
boldly  from  the  surrounding  scenery,  at  a  height  of  nearly  500  feet  above  the  water  level, 
its  sides  and  upper  surface  being  perfectly  bare  and  smooth,  presenting,  at  first  sight,  the 
appearance  of  a  solid  mass  of  iron  ore,  and  even  upon  a  near  approach  it  is  difficult  for  the 
ordinary  observer  to  realize  that  the  greater  portion  of  what  he  looks  upon  is  so  much 
contaminated  with  quartz  as  to  be  practically  of  no  value  at  present. 

Although  the  main  body  of  the  ridge  is  thus  constituted,  a  very  large  deposit,  entirely 
free  from  quartz,  has  been  discovered  resting  against  its  north  face,  which  in  richness  and 
purity  will  surpass  anything  of  the  kind  elsewhere  in  the  known,  world,  consisting  of  sepa- 
rate seams  of  the  purest  specular  and  magnetic  ore,  of  which  only  the  former  is  at  present 
mined. 

Entering  one  of  the  openings  now  in  operation,  one  is  confronted  by  a  face  of  this 
specular  ore,  as  glittering  and  splendid  as  a  wall  of  metallic  silver,  the  vii-gin  purity  of  its 
surface  unblemished  by  seams  of  rock  or  inferior  ores,  but  as  uniform  tliroughout  as  the 
most  carefidly  refined  metal.  Here  are  specimens  for  the  mineralogist  by  the  car-load,  and 
really  it  seems  almost  like  vandalism  to  surrender  it  to  the  insatiable  cravings  of  the  de- 
vouring furnace. 


lEON  ORE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UKITED  STATES. 


In  attempting  a  more  teclinical  description  of  the  deposit,  it  may  be  stated  that  t 
whole  accompanying  formation  dips  to  the  north,  at  a  nearly  vertical  angle,  the  overlying 
rock,  which  forms  the  bed  wall  of  the  lake,  being  a  quartzite,  below  which  comes  the  mag- 
netic ore  seam,  then  a  narrow  seam  of  talcose  schist,  next  the  specular  ore  seam,  which  is 
divided  in  the  centre  by  a  thin  seam  of  schist,  absent  in  places,  then  the  mixed  ore  forma- 
tion of  considerable  thickness,  and,  finally,  the  diorite.  A  gradual  erosion  has  carried  away 
the  upper  part  of  the  material,  from  the  margin  of  the  lake  to  the  face  of  mixed  ore,  thus 
giving  the  latter  prominence. 

At  the  western  extremity  of  the  lake  the  whole  formation  turns  sharply  around  to  the 
northward,  forming  a  horseshoe  curve,  in  the  centre  of  which  the  ore  seams  attain  their 
greatest  width,  about  75  feet  for  the  specular,  and  25  feet  for  the'  magnetic.  From  this 
point  they  narrow  rapidly  in  both  directions,  a  few  hundred  feet  to  the  eastward,  the  former 
being  only  about  6  feet  wide,  and  farther  on  apparently  thinning  out  entirely,  connecting, 
however,  at  one  point  by  a  leader,  with  a  deposit  of  the  pure  material,  some  G  feet  wide 
and  25  feet  long,  lying  in  the  mixed-ore  formation.  At  the  north-western  extremity  they 
grow  thinner  gradually,  until  the  bluff  is  entirely  cut  out  by  the  river. 

One  of  the  most  important  points  to  be  noted  in  connection  with  the  deposit  is  its  ex- 
tremely favorable  location,  by  which  its  value  is  enhanced  beyond  measure,  on  account  of 
the  little  expense  involved  in  opening  it  up.  The  ore  seams  outcrop  at  nearly  the  summit 
of  the  ridge,  at  a  height  of  200  feet  above  water-level,  or  150  feet  above  the  grade  of 
the  railroad.  By  driving  tunnels  to  them  at  various  points,  at  a  slight  elevation  above  the 
railroad,  it  is  obvious  that  they  may  be  worked  for  many  years  to  come,  with  no  expense 
for  hoisting  and  drainage.  This  is  now  being  done  at  one  point,  though  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  ore  now  cpiarried  is  taken  out  at  the  top  of  the  hill,  and  run  down  inclined 
planes  to  the  railroad  pockets. 

The  ore  can  also  be  exploited  with  great  facility.  It  lies  in  a  compact  and  well-defined 
seam,  free  from  rock,  and  is  so  soft  as  to  be  easily  drilled.  Owing  to  its  conspicuous  ap- 
pearance, it  is  readily  freed  from  foreign  material,  and  is  therefore  sent  to  market  in  a  far 
cleaner  state  than  any  other  in  the  region,  commanding  a  greater  price  on  that  account.  It 
is  also  considered  to  surpass  them  all  in  excellence  of  quality,  being  almost  perfectly  free 
from  sulphur,  phosphorus,  and  other  ingredients  of  a  deleterious  nature,  and  therefore  much 
sought  after  for  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  metal. 

The  total  shipments  up  to  October  4th,  this  season,  were  Y4,162  gross  tons,  over  1,000 
tons  having  many  times  been  shipped  in  a  single  day.  The  stock  of  this  mine  now  com- 
mands a  premium  of  500  per  cent.,  there  being  20,000  shares,  valued  at  $125  apiece. 

Across  the  river,  to  the  eastward  from  the  Republic  Mine,  and  some  distance  away,  is  the 
Kloman  property,  where  the  ore  seams  outcrop  at  the  general  level  of  the  country,  and  are 
now  being  opened  up.  The  same  ores  occur  here,  and  are  nearly  equal  in  quality  to  those 
of  the  RepubKc,  but  the  deposits  as  yet  developed  are  not  so  well  defined,  and  free  from 
admixture  with  quartz.  The  property  is,  nevertheless,  considered  to  be  a  very  valuable 
one.  The  shipments  for  the  season,  up  to  October  4,  were  16,112  tons,  mostly  consumed 
by  the  Lucy  Furnace,  of  Pittsburg. 

Going  back  to  the  main  line  of  the  M.  H.  and  O.  R.  R.,  we  travel  westward  for  a  dis- 
tance of  five  miles,  before  reaching  the  next  developed  property  on  the  belt,  that  upon 
which  the  celebrated  Champion  Mine  is  situated.    At  this  point  the  seam  outcrops  in  a 


474 


lEON  ORE  REGIONS  OP  TirE  UNITED  STATES. 


nearly  east  and  west  direction,  at  the  surface  of  an  elevated  plateau,  about  a  mile  to  the 
south  of  the  railroad,  dipping  to  the  north  at  a  nearly  Vertical  angle,  and  having  a  com- 
paratively uniform  width  of  50  to  CO  feet,  but,  like  the  Eepublic,  divided  in  places  by  a 
central  seam  of  talcose  schist. 

The  undergroimd  system  of  mining  was  at  first  attempted  here,  but  has  been  only  par- 
tially carried  out.  Four  shafts  have  been  sunk  upon  the  seam,  at  intervals  of  300  feet  or 
more,  and  levels  made  every  60  feet  in  descending,  worked  in  tlie  same  manner  as  at  the 
Edwards,  but  in  most  places  the  seam  has  been  worked  out  entirely  to  the  surface,  leaving 
arches  at  various  points,  and  timbering  where  necessary.  Some  of  the  shafts  are  now  down 
to  the  fourth  level. 

In  the  eastern  portion  of  the  workings  the  seam  is  composed  entirely  of  magnetic  ore, 
varying  in  structure  from  coarse  to  fine  grained  and  steely,  the  fine  grained  being  most 
abundant.  Recently  a  soft,  bluish  variety  of  the  latter  has  been  found.  Considerable 
bisvilphide  of  iron,  or  pyrites,  is  found  in  places  lying  near  the  foot  wall,  but  is  usually  re- 
stricted to  a  certain  well-defined  area.  Between  shafts  'Nos.  2  and  3  the  magnetic  ore  is 
entirely  cut  out  by  a  specular  seam,  or  perhaps  it  may  be  said  to  become  suddenly  changed 
in  character,  passing  into  the  form  of  specular  ore,  as  by  many  scientists  the  latter  material 
is  believed  to  be  but  a  modified  form  of  the  first,  containing  a  larger  percentage  of  iron 
than  is  justified  by  the  formula  of  tlie  hematite  class.  The  two  are  considerably  intermixed 
at  the  point  of  junction,  but  farther  on  the  specular  is  entirely  pure  and  of  the  finest  quality. 
Some  very  finely  crystallized  garnets  have  been  found  in  this  mine.  Dynamite  is  the  ex- 
plosive in  use. 

The  shipments  since  the  opening  in  18G8  have  amounted  to  288,484  gross  tons,  of  which 
53,617  tons  were  shipped  during  the  present  season,  wp  to  October  4.  The  two  varieties  of 
ore  are  sent  to  market  in  admixtvire. 

Upon  an  eastward  continuation  of  the  Champion  seam,  at  Champion  Station,  a  new 
mine,  called  the  Keystone,  is  being  opened  up,  where  the  prospects  are  quite  promising. 

We  now  travel  seven  miles  farther  to  the  westward,  through  an  exceedingly  picturesque 
region,  along  the  banks  of  Lake  Michigamme,  to  the  village  of  that  name  at  its  western  ex- 
tremity, destroyed  by  fire  last  June,  but  since  entirely  rebuilt.  The  mines  of  the  Michi- 
gamme Company,  here  situated,  are  upon  the  opposite  side  of  a  synclinal  basin  from  the 
Champion,  the  extremity  of  which  is  some  distance  to  the  westward.  The  seam  is  here  en- 
tirely magnetic,  having  an  extreme  width  of  50  feet,  with  the  same  central  division  as  at 
the  Champion.  It  outcrops  at  a  short  distance  from,  and  a  slight  elevation  above,  the  rail- 
road, lying  in  a  general  east  and  west  direction,  and  dipping  to  the  south  at  a  high  inclina- 
tion, having  been  traced  for  nearly  half  a  mile  to  the  westward.  Cuts  have  been  made  to 
it  from  the  railroad  at  seven  or  eight  different  points,  and  the  underground  system  of  min- 
ing wiU  eventually  be  adopted.  The  greater  part  of  the  ore  is  of  extremely  fine  grained  or 
steely  structure,  though  some  soft  ore  is  obtained.  Very  little  pyrites  has  been  encountered 
as  yet,  but  some  of  the  hoi'ublende  (silicate  of  iron  and  lime  or  magnesia)  minerals  occur  in 
combination. 

An  analysis  of  a  sample  of  the  ore  by  Bkiiton,  gave  : 


Metallic  iron 
Oxygen , , .  . . 


67.32 
25.70 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  TIIE  UNITED  STATES.  475 

"Water  . .  .  .57 

Silica   3.06 

Alumina   2.12 

Lime.  12 

Phosphoric  acid  05 

Protoxide  of  manganese   1.01 


99.95 

This  mine  was  opened  about  a  year  ago,  and  the  shipments  for  the  present  season,  up  to 
October  4,  were  26,4:97  tons. 

The  Spun  Mountain  Mine  is  situated  upon  a  continuation  of  the  seam,  about  one  and 
one-half  miles  to  the  westward.  The  ore  here,  as  thus  far  developed,  is  soft  and  granular, 
and  of  a  bluish  or  black  color.  The  hanging  wall  of  the  deposit  is  quartzite,  separated  from 
the  ore  by  about  two  feet  of  chloritic  schist.  The  foot-wall  is  diorite.  In  many  places 
one-half  of  the  width  of  the  seam  on  the  foot  wall  side  is  composed  of  a  mixture  of  ore  and 
quartz.  Considerable  pyrites  is  found,  but  is  mostly  segregated.  A  large  quantity  of  the 
ore  is  mixed  with  white  fibrous  hornblende,  causing  it  to  rank  as  second  grade.  The  de- 
posit is,  however,  undoubtedly  a  very  large  and  valuable  one.  There  are  four  or  five  open- 
ings now  in  operation,  work  having  been  commenced  about  a  year  ago.  The  underground 
system  will  be  used  eventually.    An  analysis  of  the  ore  by  Dr.  Chandler  gave : 


Metallic  iron   64.60 

Oxygen   24.61 

Oxide  of  manganese   trace. 

Alumina   2.67 

Lime  67 

Magnesia   .19 

Silica   6.28 

Phosphoric  acid   trace. 

Sulphur  35 


99.37. 

The  shipments  for  the  season,  up  to  October  4,  were  31,470  tons. 

To  the  westward  of  this,  in  the  neighborliood  of  L'Anse,  several  discoveries  have  been 
made  recently,  and  new  companies  organized,  but  this  completes  the  list  of  the  mines  at 
present  worked  in  the  Marquette  district,  a  district  which  contains  the  largest  deposits  of 
rich  ores  in  the  known  world,  and  in  remarkable  variety.  Their  general  characteristic  is 
the  presence  of  silica,  a  moderate  quantity  of  which  serves  simply  to  bind  ferruginous  par- 
ticles firmly  together,  but  which,  when  in  excess,  entirely  ruins  their  quality,  rendering 
them  unfit  for  smelting.  A  large  number  are  pure  enough  for  Bessemer  purposes,  and 
some,  like  the  Eepublic,  would  serve  admirably  for  use  in  the  direct  process,  such  as  those 
of  Blair  and  Siemens.  It  is  very  important  that  all  shoidd  be  analyzed  and  classified,  and 
this  has  been  done  to  a  great  extent  under  the  direction  of  Major  T.  B.  Brooks,  the  Assist- 
ant State  Geologist,  in  whose  forthcoming  report  a  more  detailed  description  of  the  region 
may  be  obtained. 

60  ,  - 


476 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  TKE  UNITED  STATES. 


In  the  neigliborhood  of  L'Anse,  the  mines  worked  are  those  of  Spurr  Mountain  and 
Michigamme.  Many  properties  have  been  purchased  in  this  vicinity  during  the  last  two 
years,  which  await  development. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  the  production  for  the  years  1872  and  1873 : 


PRODUCTION  OF  ORE  FOR  1873. 


MINES. 


Gross 
tons. 


Net 
tons. 


Value. 


Jackson  

New  York  , 

Cleveland   

Lake  Superior  , 

Champiou  , 

Lake  Angeline  

Bamum  

Washington  

Edward  

Saginaw  

New  England  , 

Cascade  

Silas  G.  Smith  

McComber  

Foster  , 

Winthrop  

Negaunee  

Marquette  

Republic  , 

Marquette  and  Pacific  Rolling  Mill 

AUen  

Grand  Central  , 

Wilcox  &  Bagley  

Mather  

Green  Bay  

Franklin  

Albion  

Pittsburg  and  Lake  Superior  

Michigan  

Quartz  

Excelsior   ... 

Wilhams  

Iron  Cliffs  Red  Ore  

Shenango  

Pcndill  

Michigamme  

Carr  

Shelden  

Total  


118.843 
68,950 
152,007 
185,070 
68,405 
35.221 
38,:]81 
38,841 
26,026 
19,100 
17,405 
35,009 
13,445 
21,153 
18,139 
14.239 
6,807 
11,934 
11,024 
6,773 
8,707 
9,025 
4,426 
2,288 
7.633 
2.007 
1,100 
1,100 
1,227 
718 
756 
447 
545 
197 
127 
141 
18 
7 


133,103 
77,224 
170,919 
207,279 
70,013 
39,407 
43,993 
43.500 
29,149 
21,401 
19,500 
39,278 
15,058 
27,051 
20,310 
15,940 
7,725 
13,355 
12,348 
7.583 
3,751 
11,616 
4,957 
2,513 
8,548 
2,248 
1,232 


,298 
,374 
804 
846 
555 
610 
217 
143 
158 
21 


I  713,053 
413,700 
914,443 
1,110,420' 
410,430 
211,326 
230,186 
233,046 
210,026 
114,960 
104,790 
210,414 
80,670 
144  918 
108,834 
85,434 
41.382 
71,544 
66,150 
40,033 
53.243 
59,950 
20,550 
13,308 
45,798 
12,043 
0,000 
0,900 
7,303 
4,308 
4,536 
2,682 
3,270 
1,183 
702 
846 
108 
43 


952,055 


1,000,297 


$5,712,330 


IKON  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


SHIPMENTS  OF  1873. 

mON  OEB. 

Previously 

Company.  reported.  Total. 

Cleveland   73,673  73,673 

Lake  Superior   125,386  125,386 

Champion   65,165  65,165 

Lake  Angeline   15,361  15,361 

Washington   37,216  37,216 

Edwards   37,348  37,348 

McComber   28,258  28,258 

Wiuthrop   6,232  6,232 

Kepublic   89,027  89,027 

Albion   1,186  1,186 

Keystone   10,372  10,372 

Shenango   7,323  7,323 

Himrod  Hematite   2,065  2,065 

RoUingMill   4,462  4,462 

Kloman   21,271  21,271 

Hungerford   56  56 

New  York   1,863  1,863 

Total   525,939  526,264 

PIG-mON. 

Champion  Furnace   3,678  3,712 

Morgan  Furnace   4,560  4,585 

Michigan  Furnace   3,083  3,275 

Greenwood  Furnace   2,440  2,642 

Bancroft  Furnace   3,313  3,927 

Grace  Furnace   5,486  5,684 

Collins  Furnace   1,830  1,830 

Iron  ClifE  Furnace   60  60 

M.  &  P.  Rolling  MiU   282  282 

Total   24,732  25,997 

Total  ore  and  pig-iron   650,671  552,261 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  shipments  of  iron  ore  and  pig-iron  from  the 
of  Escanaba  up  to  and  including  the  19th  day  of  November : 

UtON  OEE. 

Mine.  Gross  tons. 

Jackson   104,482 

New  York   61,554 

Cleveland   50,432 

Angeline   28,531 

Barnum   48,073 

Foster   27,363 

Cascade   16,241 

McComber   7,476 


478 


lEON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Mine.  Grosf  tons. 

Grand  Central   6,027 

Smith   9,328 

Green  Bay   932 

Allen   510 

Winthrop   21,952 

Bagaley   12,775 

Section  18   1,404 

Emma   7,136 

P.  &  L.  S   21,496 

Carr   1,441 

Gribben   3,541 

Saginaw   35,404 

KollingMill   7,446 

Goodrich   3,258 

Howell  Hoppock   1,239 

Home   1,091 


Total  iron  ore   479,712 


PIG-EBON. 


Pioneer   3,817 

Deer  Lake   3,256 

Escanaba  Furnace   2,175 


Total  pig-iron   9,248 


Total  ore  and  pig-iron   488,900 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  shipments  of  ore  from  the  port  of  L'Anse  for  the 
season : 

Gross  tons. 

Spurr  Mountain   31,933 

Michigan  ore   28,966 


Total   60.899 


The  amount  of  wealth  added  to  the  country  by  this  region  may  be  appreciated  from 
the  fact  that  since  1856,  when  the  production  of  ore  was  some  7,000  tons,  valued  at  $28,000, 
the  total  value  of  ore  and  pig-iron  shipped  from  Lake  Superior  ports  has  exceeded 
$50,000,000,  the  value  in  1872  being  $9,188,055,  or  a  total  of  $44,373,833  for  sixteen  years' 
development. 

The  price  of  ore  for  1872  from  the  Superior  Region,  delivered  at  Cleveland — which  is 
the  great  entrepot  and  distributing  point  for  this  mineral — was  $8  per  ton.  In  1873  the 
price  was  $12,  but  for  1874  it  is  said  it  will  not  exceed  $9  or  $10.  The  spirit  of  economy 
which  the  reverses  of  1873  created  in  all  classes  of  the  commixnity  rules  alike  here,  and 
the  general  attention  has  been  turned  toward  reducing  all  extravagant  expense,  and  to 
economically  working  the  mines.  Freights  will  also  rule  lower  than  has  been  the  case  for 
some  years  past.    Concerning  the  prospects  for  1874,  the  Marq^iette  Mininrj  Journal  says: 

So  far  as  the  Lake  Superior  miners  are  concerned,  they  not  only  have  good  stocks  of  ore 


lEOlSr  OEE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


479 


on  hand — nearly  one-third  of  that  which  was  mined  with  the  expectation  of  realizing  on  it 
this  season — but  they  are  prepared  to  take  out  and  put  upon  the  market  an  unlimited  sup- 
ply, at  a  rate  which  will  prove  tolerably  remunerative,  and  yet  be  able  to  compete  with 
other  localities.  The  financial  panic  has  developed  so  far  a  much  cheaper  means  of  mining 
than  has  before  been  practised.  Labor  and  materials  will  be  less  expensive,  whilst  the  ex- 
pense involved  in  opening  mines  has,  for  the  most  part,  been  already  paid.  So  that  all  the  old 
companies  will  be  well  prepared  to  meet  a  decline  in  prices,  and  the  contingency,  cheerfully. 

We  hope,  therefore,  that  the  ore  trade  will  not  be  compelled  to  succumb  to  the  effects 
of  the  panic.  Care,  prudence,  and  an  anticipation  of  the  facts  as  they  seem  now  to  be 
written  for  the  future,  will  set  all  these  things  right  before  the  opening  of  another  season 
of  navigation.  In  short,  there  seems  to  be  the  best  of  reasons  for  believing  that  the  ore 
trade  of  next  season  will  be  as  good,  in  the  aggregate,  as  it  has  been  this  season.  There 
will  be  sufficient  increase  in  the  shipments  to  compensate  for  all  decline  in  prices. 

Of  the  shipments  of  Lake  Superior  ore  in  1873,  Cleveland  received  334,956  tons. 
The  total  receipts  of  ore  at  Pittsburg  in  1873  were  346,380  tons,  of  which  probably  at 
least  two-thirds  were  of  Lake  Superior  ore. 

In  an  able  article  upon  the  subject  of  the  price  of  Lake  Superior  ores  in  the  Ameri- 
can Manufacturer  of  Pittburgh,  we  find  some  valuable  tables  of  the  cost  of  raising  the 
ores  in  this  region,  compared  with  production,  which  we  extract : 


TABLE  OP  EXPENDITURES. 


KAME  OP  MINE. 


AUen  

Bamum  

Champion  

Chenango  .... 

Cleveland  

Edwards  

Foster  

Grand  Central , 

Gribben  

Himrod  

Jackson  

Jefferson  

Keystone  

Kloman  

L.  Angeline . . . 
Lake  Superior. 

McComber  

Michigammi. . . 
New  York. . . . 

Republic  

Eolling  MiU. . . 

Spurr  

Washington. . . 
Winthrop  

Total  


15 
200 
300 
32 
600 
100 
100 
25 
50 
85 
250 
20 
80 
100 
110 
550 
140 
250 
850 
325 
70 
80 
200 
50 


4,032 


5  900 
12,000 
22,000 
1,800 
40,000 
7,000 
6,000 
3,000 
3,000 
1,900 
15,000 
1,200 
5,000 
7,000 
6,500 
43.000 
10,000 
17,000 
19,000 
22,000 
4,500 
6,400 
16,000 
3,500 


273,700 


.^i  *^  43 

si 

a;  ID  a 


>  1,500 
15,000 
31,000 
4,23;j 
60,000 
14,200 
7,000 
6,000 
4,000 
3,100 

"  i^SOO 
11,000 
11,000 
15,800 
60,000 
15,000 

28,566 
85,000 

6,. 500 
20,000 
20,000 

5,000 


374,633 


ESTIMATED  PnODUCTIONS. 


NAME  OP  MINE. 


AUen  

Barnum  

Champion. . . . . 
Chenango  .... 

Cleveland  

Edwards  

Foster  

Grand  Central. 

Gribben  

Himrod  

Jackson  

Jefferson  

Keystone  

Kloman  

L.  Angeline  . . . 
Lake  Superior. 
McComber  . . .  , 
Michigammi. . . 
New  York  . . . . 

Eepublic  

Rolling  Mill. . . 

Spurr  

Washington.  .  . 
Winthrop  

Total  


Tods  of  or? to 
be  produced 
in  1873. 


5,000 
50,000 
90,000 
22,000 

150,000 
35,000 
20,000 
7,000 
16,000 
15,000 

100,000 
5,000 
14,000 
25,000 
45,000 

160,000 
45,000 
33,000 
80,000 

120,000 
30,000 
40,000 
50,000 
40,000 


1,197  000 


Value  of 
same  at 
mine. 


20,000 
375,000 
585.000 
99,000 
1,100,000 
262,000 
100,000 
17,500 
80,000 
67,500 
800,000 
20,000 
92,000 
210,000 
302,500 
1,100,000 
250,000 
206,250 
520,000 
900,000 
120,000 
260,000 
325,000 
200,000 


8,012,250 


480 


lEON"  OKE  EEQIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Appended  will  be  found  a  series  of  analyses  of  the  various  cliaracteristic  ores  of  the 
Lake  Superior  region  of  Michigan. 

These  figures  are  instructive,  and  invite  close  examination.  The  time  for  which  the 
mines  are  worked  is  estimated  by  the  editor  of  the  Manufacturer  at  nine  months,  and  the 
value  of  the  ore  is  computed  at  the  mine,  no  note  being  made  of  handling  or  freight.  The 
total  disbursements  given,  and  which  include  all  the  mines  except  the  Jackson  and  Michi- 
gammi,  are  $374,633  per  month.  At  this  rate  for  nine  months,  the  total  disbursements 
would  be  $3,371,097.  The  total  value  of  the  product  at  mine,  less  the  value  of  product  of 
Jackson  and  Michigammi  mines,  whose  disbursements  are  not  given,  is  $7,006,000,  leaving 
a  profit  of  $3,634,303  for  the  nine  months'  business,  or  over  100  per  cent. 

The  following  table  of  approximative  cost  of  iron  ore  extracted  has  been  compiled  by 
Major  T.  B.  Bbooks,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  and  is  official : 


APPKOXIMATE  COST  PER  TON  OF  IRON  ORE  EXTRACTED. 


I 


Preparatory 
work. 


II. 

Milling 
proper 
(labor). 


Explorations  

SinJcing  shafts. . . 

Drifts  and  levels. 
1  Roads  

Uncovering  rock. 
1  Miscellaneous  .. . . 


III. 

Mine, 
stores  and 
tools. 

rv. 

Drawing 
ore  and 
pumping. 


yj,  . .  (  Holes  in  stopes. . . 
iiiastmg  j  jj^j^g  fragments 

{Sledging,  sorting,  etc 
Loading 
Handling  rock  . . . 
Miscellaneous. . . . 
Explo-  (  Powder  and  fuse, 
sions.    \  Nitro-glycerine. . . 


1 


\  Tools. 


(  Steel  drills. 
\  Other  tools. 


Repairs. 

Horse 
work. 


j  Blacksmith's  supplies  

(  Blacksmith's  labor  

Drivei-s  and  grooms  

Fodder   

Carts,  sleds,  harness,  etc. . . . 

Manual  labor,  loading  ore  

Steam  power,  labor,  repairs,  materials. 
Salaries  and  office  expenses  ) 
Taxes,  all  kinds  \ 


Each  item  in 
percentage  of 
total  cost  price. 


0.6 
1.5 
6.1 
0.6 
13.3 
6.1 
4.21 
4.9 


28.1 


13.3  39.8 

9.5 
7.9 
3.6 
(?) 
0.7 
1 

1.8 
4.2 
5.7 
4.2 
0.2 
1.3 
4.2  J 

4.6 


^  11.9 


15.6 


4.6 


100.0 


Cost  in  cents. 


1.5 

4.0 
16.0 

1.7 
35.0 
16.0 
11.0 
13.0 

35.0 

25.0 
21. OJ 
9.5l 

(?)  I 

1.8  1 

4.3 

4.7 
11.0 
15.0~ 
11.0 

0.6 

3.5 
11.2 

12.2!-  12.3 


$3.64 


74.2 


105.0 


31.3 


21.3 


Proportionate  cost  o( 
a  ton  in 


Labor. 


62.0 


105.0 


10.3 


27.2 


6.3 


$3,107 


stores. 


12.3 


21.0 


14.1 


6.0 


0.533 


Using  these  figures  of  cost,  viz.,  $2.64  per  ton,  as  the  multiplier  of  the  figures  of  pro- 
duction in  the  first  table,  the  result  is  $3,100,000.  The  previous  estimate  was  $3,371,697. 
By  Major  Brooks'  computation,  the  profit  on  the  season's  business  must  have  been 
$3,840,000,  an  amount  which  shows  that  Lake  Superior  ores  may  be  reduced  very  consider- 
ably in  price,  and  yet  return  a  handsome  profit  on  the  investment. 


lEON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Iron  Ore  Reg^ions  of  Missouri. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Missouri  is,  perhaps,  as  well,  if  not  better,  generally  known  to 
the  world  than  that  of  any  other  section  of  the  United  States.  The  celebrated  Iron  Moun- 
tain, probably  the  largest  single  deposit  of  ore  in  the  known  world,  has  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  geologists,  metallurgists,  and  both  scientific  and  practical  men  from  all  countries. 
The  ores  of  Pilot  Knob,  Shepherd  Mountain,  Cedar  Hill,  and  Buford  Mountain,  are  next 
in  interest,  and  present  curious  features  to  the  geologist.  The  development  of  these  ores 
has  been  going  on  for  some  years,  and  the  total  shipments  from  the  State  have  reached 
some  400,000  tons  annually.  A  newer,  but  almost  as  valuable,  ore  region  is  found  in 
Phelps,  Crawford,  and  Dent  Counties,  the  lands  of  which  have  but  lately  been  brought  into 
market,  but  have  attracted  the  investment  of  large  amounts  of  capital,  especially  from  the 
iron  manufacturers  of  the  Ohio  Valley.  Although  the  leading  deposits  of  Iron  Mountain 
and  Pilot  Knob  are  in  the  hands  of  old  and  wealthy  corporations,  opportunities  are  daily 
offered  for  purchase  of  extremely  valuable  iron-ore  lands  on  the  line  of  both  the  Iron  Moun- 
tain and  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroads,  which  latter  road  cuts  through  the  centre  of  the 
State  to  the  Western  frontiers,  and  its  chief  stations  for  ore  and  iron  are  Moselle,  Lees- 
burgh,  Iron  Eidge,  St.  James,  Taylor,  Bucklaw,  Beaver,  Kelly,  and  Hancock.  Near  all 
these  stations  fine  deposits  of  various  kinds  of  iron  ore  are  found,  and  ore  lands  may  still  be 
purchased  for  from  $5  to  $50  per  acre,  according  to  locality,  contiguity  to  railroad,  and 
amount  of  development.  The  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  traverses  the  south-eastern  portion 
of  the  State,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  celebrated  Iron  Mountain,  for  which  it  was 
built  as  an  outlet  to  the  ores.  It  also  brings  the  ore  from  the  Pilot  Knob  district,  and  the 
principal  ore  and  iron  shipping-stations  are  Carondelet,  Irondale,  Iron  Movmtain,  Pilot 
Knob,  Cornwall,  Marquant,  Belmont,  Marble  Hill,  Fort  Richtown,  and  Bessville.  Unfor- 
tunately, the  State  of  Missouri  does  not  possess  the  coal  fields  of  many  of  the  other  iron  ore 
regions.  If  she  did,  it  is  questionable  if  any  State  in  the  Union  would  equal  it  in  advan- 
tages for  iron  making.  Fortunately,  however,  there  are  large  coal  fields  in  Illinois,  the  coal 
from  which  is  now  successfully  coked,  and  furnishes  a  good  fuel  for  blast-furnace  purposes. 
There  are,  moreover,  said  to  be  large  deposits  of  anthracite  coal  in  Kansas,  from  which,  in 
time,  the  Missouri  ores  will  draw  their  fuel.  Charcoal  timber,  for  the  present  and  many 
years  to  come,  is,  however,  abundant,  and  the  industry  is  progressing  rapidly  in  all 
sections. 

Missouri  has  fully  appreciated  the  valuable  mineral  wealth  within  her  borders,  and  by 
a  liberal  expenditure  obtained  full  information  of  its  character.  Recognizing  also  the  value 
of  educating  her  youth  in  the  scientific  and  technical  knowledge  necessary  to  the  successful 
development  of  this  wealth,  she  has  established  and  supports  a  thorough  school  of  mines  at 
Rolla,  where,  under  the  tuition  of  Prof.  Ciias.  P.  Williams,  formerly  of  Philadelphia,  and 
a  metallurgist  and  analytical  chemist  of  no  little  note,  they  are  thoroughly  instructed  in  the 
duties  which  may  devolve  upon  them  as  managers  of  mines  and  fui-naces  hereafter.  Prof. 
Williams  has  also  made  some  valuable  contributions  to  the  knowledge  of  the  more  lately 
discovered  ores  of  Missouri,  analyses  of  which  are  quoted  herein. 

Prof.  Raphael  Pumpellt,  late  State  Geologist,  and  Dr.  Adolph  Schmidt,  his  assistant, 
have  each  year  added  to  the  knowledge  of  the  ores  of  the  State.    During  1873,  a  scientific 


482 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


commission  under  tlieir  auspices  lias  developed  tlie  existence  of  extremely  extensive  depos- 
its of  a  liiglilj  magnetic  specular  ore  on  tlie  Gasconade  River.  From  the  latest  reports  of 
the  officials  named  we  have  obtained  the  following  valuable  and  interesting  notes  on  the 
iron  ores  of  Missouri. 

The  following  condensation  will  give  a  very  thorough  general  idea  of  these  ores  : 

Two  principal  mineral  species  are  represented  in  the  Missouri  iron  ores,  the  hematite 
and  the  limonite  (sometimes  called  brown  hematite),  the  former  occurring  in  two  distinct 
varieties,  namely,  specular  ore  and  red  hematite.  The  first  variety  is  found  in  the  midst  of 
broken  and  partially  disintegrated  porphyry,  and  in  the  (geologically)  overlaying  lower 
Silurian  sandstone.  The  red  hematite  forms  strata  in  the  carboniferous  system.  The 
limonites  occur  chiefly  as  deposits  on  the  second  and  third  magnesian  limestones,  except  in 
the  Osage  Kiver  district,  where  they  lie  on  subcarboniferous  limestone.  Besides  these  four 
classes  of  original-deposits.  Dr.  Schmidt  recognizes  with  each  a  secondary  class  of  disturbed 
or  drifted  ores,  making  in  all  eight  distinct  classes  of  deposits. 

The  region  of  workable  iron  ore  reaches  north  of  the  Missouri  River  at  one  point  only, 
in  Callaway  County,  where  red  hematite  occurs  in  the  subcarboniferous.  South  of  the 
river,  deposits  are  frequent  throughout  the  whole  southern  part  of  the  State.  That  portion 
richest  in  iron  ores,  however,  is  comprised  in  a  broad  belt  crossing  the  State  in  a  direction 
about  parallel  to  the  course  of  the  Missouri  River,  between  the  30th  and  iOth  township 
lines.  This  belt  is  divided  into  three  distinct  regions.  The  first  and  more  easterly  em- 
braces the  dej)osits  of  limonite  in  the  counties  of  Ballinger,  ayne,  and  Madison,  and  the 
small  but  immensely  productive  Iron  Mountain  district,  with  its  two  enormous  deposits  of 
specular  ore  in  porphyry.  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob,  besides  numerous  smaller 
deposits.  The  second  or  central  region  comprises  the  deposits  of  specular  ore  in  sandstone, 
chiefly  in  the  counties  of  Crawford,  Phelps,  and  Dent.  The  third  region  contains  the 
limonite  and  red  hematite  deposits  of  the  Middle  and  Upper  Osage,  a  district  too  remote 
from  present  markets  to  add  very  much  to  the  immediate  wealth  of  the  State. 

The  oldest  as  well  as  richest  deposits  are  in  the  iron-bearing  porphyries  of  the  eastern 
district,  a  formation  regarded  as  a  near  equivalent,  in  point  of  age,  to  the  iron-bearing  rocks 
of  Lake  Superior,  New  Jersey,  and  Sweden.  The  deposits  occur  in  the  most  variable 
shapes,  and  of  every  variety  of  size.  There  are  regular  veins,  as  in  Shepherd  Mountain  and 
Iron  Mountain ;  regular  beds,  as  in  Pilot  Knob  and  in  some  localities  east  of  it ;  irregidar 
deposits,  some  of  which  approach  veins  by  their  shape,  as  in  Lewis  Mountain  ;  while  others 
have  proved  to  be  but  isolated  pockets,  as  on  Ilogan  Mountain.  In  all  cases,  however,  the 
mode  of  their  formation  is  thought  by  Dr.  Schmidt  to  have  been  practically  the  same,  that 
is,  by  precipitation  from  iron-bearing  waters,  as  ore  deposits  are  still  forming  in  numerous 
localities  from  the  waters  of  chalybeate  springs.  The  geological  history  of  Iron  Mountain 
affords  a  fair  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which  the  formation  of  all  these  beds  of  specular 
ore  may  be  interpreted. 

Originally  the  mountain  was  composed  of  porphyries,  which  also  filled  the  valley  east 
and  south.  In  process  of  time  the  porphyries  became  fissured,  by  contraction  or  otherwise, 
and  during  long  periods  these  fissures  were  kept  filled  with  constantly  renewed  chalybeate 
waters,  which  slowly  deposited  the  oxides  of  iron  which  they  contain.  As  the  fissures  were 
gradually  filled,  the  flow  of  the  iron  solutions  was  lessened,  and  finally  stopped.  Then  the 
ore  dried,  undergoing  thereby  a  small  contraction,  which  cracked  and  broke  most  of  the 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


483 


veins  witliout  displacing  the  parts.  Subsequently  the  porphyry  was  acted  on  by  atmos- 
pheric or  other  waters,  probably  containing  carbonic  acid,  which  decomposed  the  rock,  re- 
moving the  alkalies  and  leaving  a  silieious  clay.  By  the  after-erosion  of  the  softened 
masses  by  rain  and  flood  waters,  the  cracked  and  disjointed  ore  veins  lost  their  support  and 
fell  to  the  ground,  thus  forming  the  beds  of  surface  ore  which  cover  the  slopes  of  the  hill 
and  fill  a  part  of  the  valley. 

In  the  main  body  of  the  hill  the  ore  masses  remain  undisturbed,  with  more  or  less  de- 
composed porphyry  between,  the  ore  constituting  but  a  small  percentage  of  the  entire  vol- 
ume of  the  hill.  The  surface  layer  of  ore  boulders,  pebbles,  and  ore  sand,  with  very  little 
clay,  was  originally  from  four  to  twenty  feet  thick,  and  must  have  represented  a  vast  amount 
of  erosion.  The  Iron  Mountain  ore  may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  all  the  Missouri  specular 
ores.  It  is  nearly  pure  peroxide,  containing  about  seventy  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron,  and  is 
nearly  free  from  mechanical  admixture  of  foreign  matter.  Color,  bluish-black  to  steel 
gray.  The  surface  ore  is  a  little  richer  than  the  vein  ore  and  has  less  phosphorus ;  both  are 
nearly  free  from  sulphur.  Dispersed  through  all  the  Iron  Mountain  ores  are  magnetic  par- 
ticles, which  can  be  separated  from  the  mass  with  a  magnet  when  the  ore  is  reduced  to 
powder.  I^o  ore  with  active  magnetism,  constituting  a  natural  magnet  and  attracting  iron 
filings,  is  foxxnd  on  the  mountain.  The  Pilot  Knob  ore  is  slightly  peculiar ;  color,  steel 
gray  to  pearl  gray,  with  a  marked  tint  of  sky-blue.  Its  structure  is  crystalline  to  granular, 
with  a  very  fine  grain.  None  of  these  ores  affect  the  compass-needle,  though  all  are  slightly 
attracted  by  a  magnet  when  ground  fine.  The  quality  is  less  uniform  than  that  of  the  Iron 
Mountain  ores,  the  principal  impurity  being  silica.  The  proportions  of  sulphur  are  very 
small. 

The  ore  from  Shepherd  Mountain  is  a  little  more  like  a  magnetite  than  any  other  ore 
in  Missouri,  but  in  the  main  is  a  specular  ore,  very  similar  to  that  of  Iron  Mountain.  Its 
magnetic  qualities  are  much  more  pronounced  than  those  of  either  of  the  ores  above  de- 
scribed, many  specimens  being  strong  natural  magnets.  The  ore  is  very  uniform  in  chem- 
ical composition,  very  rich  in  metallic  iron,  and  almost  entirely  free  from  phosphorus  and 
sulphur.  It  is  nearly  as  rich  as  the  Iron  Mountain  ores,  and  much  purer  than  either  those 
or  the  ores  of  Pilot  Knob. 

At  Buford  Mountain  the  ore  is  rich  in  both  iron  and  manganese,  and  is  likely  to  prove 
a  very  valuable  material  for  the  manufacture  of  spiegeleisen,  now  so  extensively  used  in  the 
Bessemer  process. 

The  specular  ores  in  sandstone  differ  from  those  in  porphyry  chiefly  in  their  tendency 
to  change,  on  exposure  to  atmospheric  influences,  into  brown  and  yellow  limonites  and  red 
hematites  ;  rarely  into  spathic  ore.  Generally  these  deposits  are  of  a  lenticular  shape,  with 
circular  or  elliptical  outlines,  and  may  have  been  formed  either  by  deposition  from  chalyb- 
eate waters  in  depressions  in  the  sandstone,  or  by  a  gradual  replacement  of  lenticular  lime- 
stone deposits.    When  inclined,  the  beds  dip  with  the  slope  of  the  hill. 

The  disturbed  deposits  of  specular  ore  are  of  two  kinds  :  masses  of  ore  which  have  been 
removed  from  their  original  position  by  underwashing  or  otherwise,  and  deposited  else- 
where in  a  more  or  less  irregular  manner  ;  and  the  remaining  portions  of  original  deposits, 
from  which  other  portions  have  been  removed.  Ore  banks,  having  the  appearance  of 
di-ifted  deposits,  are  numerous  in  the  central  ore  district,  but  they  have  not  been  sufficiently 
opened  to  be  satisfactorily  studied. 
61 


484 


IKOK  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UlSriTED  STATES. 


The  red  hematites  of  the  carboniferous  formation  differ  from  all  the  other  ores  of  the 
State  in  that  they  do  not  occur  as  deposits  with  definite  limits,  Ijing  as  independent  and 
forci<^n  developments  between  and  across  other  rocks,  but  form  and  compose  in  themselves 
regular  geological  strata.  These  iron-bearing  sandstones  frequently  extend  over  large 
areas,  with  varying  richness.  None,  however,  have  been  sufficiently  opened  to  make  it 
possible  to  decide  whether  the  ore  was  formed  directly  after  and  on  the  surface  of  the 
underlying  sandstone,  or  whether  it  was  infiltrated  afterwards,  gradually  replacing  beds  of 
limestone,  or  the  sandstone  itself,  as  it  happened  to  be  more  or  less  readily  soluble. 

The  deposits  of  limonite  occur  neither  in  veins,  nor  in  beds,  nor  as  strata,  nor  in 
pockets  of  regular  shape,  but  in  irregular  cracks  and  crevices  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the 
various  limestones.  These  cavities  sometimes  have  very  large  dimensions,  both  in  depth 
and  width,  and  are  generally  near  the  present  surface  of  the  ground.  So  far  as  opened, 
these  deposits  afford  a  denser,  harder,  and  richer  ore  in  the  upper  part  than  in  the  lower, 
where  it  is  more  inclined  to  be  light,  porous,  ochrey,  and  clayish.  This  fact  and  the  inva- 
riably stalactic  structure  of  the  ore  are  proofs  that  the  solutions  from  which  the  ore  was 
deposited  was  infiltrated  from  above.  One  of  the  largest  and  most  coherent  of  these  banks 
is  the  Ford  Bank,  in  the  eastern  district.  It  extends  some  1,500  by  500  feet  along  a  low, 
flat  hill.    The  thickness  is  irregular,  ranging  from  10  to  30  feet. 

The  disturbed  and  drifted  deposits  of  limonite  have  not  been  sufficiently  opened  to 
enable  a  judgment  to  be  formed  in  regard  to  their  character.  The  more  important 
deposits  in  the  entire  list  are  as  follows,  the  most  of  them  being  described  at  length  in  the 
report : 

1.  Containing  more  than  2,000,000  tons  of  workable  ore :  Iron  Mountain,  in  St.  Fran- 
cis County  (specular  ore). 

2.  With  less  than  2,000,000  tons,  and  more  than  500,000  tons :  Pilot  Knob  (quartzose 
specular),  in  Iron  County  ;  Benton  Creek  (specular  in  sandstone),  Crawford  County  ;  and 
Simmons  Mountain  (specular  in  sandstone),  Dent  Coimty. 

3.  Estimated  to  contain  between  100,000  and  500,000  tons :  Shepherd  Mountain  (spec- 
ular and  magnetic).  Iron  County ;  Scotia  ISTo.  1  (specular  and  red  hematite  in  sandstone), 
Iron  County  ;  Cherry  Valley  No.  1  (specular  in  sandstone),  Crawford  County  ;  Laub  Bank 
(specular  in  sandstone),  Phelps  County  ;  Pomeroy  Bank  (specular  in  sandstone  and  limon- 
ite). Dent  County  ;  Iron  Eidge  No.  1  (specular  and  red  hematite  in  sandstone),  Crawford 
County ;  and  the  Meramec  Bank  (specular  and  red  hematite  in  sandstone),  Phelps 
•Jounty. 

The  Pilot  Knob  property  owned  by  the  Pilot  Knob  Iron  Company,*  includes  41,000 
acres  of  land.  Seven  ore  mountains  are  owned  by  this  company,  of  which  the  Pilot  Knob 
has  been  worked  for  25  years,  but  Shepherd  and  Cedar  Mountains  only  of  late.  The  ores 
from  Pilot  Knob,  Shepherd  and  Cedar  Mountains  are  mixed  for  furnace  uses,  and  make  a 
nearly  neutral  iron,  with  a  slightly  redshort  tendency ;  that  from  the  Shepherd  Mountain 
being  a  black  oxide,  and  of  Pilot  Knob  a  blue  specular,  11,000  tons  of  this  ore  mixture 
in  1872,  made  6,300  tons  of  pig  iron,  showing  its  richness  in  metallic  iron.  Of  the 
geological  stimcture  of  the  Pilot  Knob  region.  Prof.  Pumpelly  states  f  that  the  region  rep- 

*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Missouri, 
t  Eeport  of  Explorations  and  Surveys  of  Lands  of  the  Pilot  Knob  Iron  Company,  Missouri,  by  Prof.  RAPHAEL 
POMPELLT,  State  Geologist  of  Missouri. 


IROX  0:iE  nt:GIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

resented  by  a  topographical  map  of  Pilot  Knob  and  its  vicinity,  consists  of  a  group  of 
masses  of  porphyry  separated  from  each  other  by  valleys  of  the  lowest  silurian  limestone 
known  in  Iron  County,  Missouri.  The  porphyry  forms  the  entire  substructure  of  the  re- 
gion. It  had  been  eroded  into  hills  and  valleys  before  the  deposition  of  the  limestone. 
Generally  the  limestone  does  not  rise  above  the  200  foot  contour  line,  but  in  places,  as  in 
the  north-west  extension  of  Cedar  Hill,  there  are  heavy  deposits  of  clay  with  cist  and  mam- 
mellated  quartz  ("  mineral  blossom")  and  sandstone  lying  over  the  limestone. 

The  porphyries  are  older  than  the  silurian,  and  belong  to  the  azoic  formation  of  which 
they  are  probably  the  youngest  member  in  Missouri.  On  Pilot  Knob  the  strike  of  the  for- 
mation is  south  50°  east  from  the  true  meridian,  and  throughout  the  southern  half  of  the 
map,  the  strike  varies  between  south  40°  east,  and  south  60°  east,  and  the  dip  of  the  strata 
is  to  the  south-west.  There  are  three  well  defined  varieties  of  porphyry  within  this  area, 
viz. : 

A.  — Flesh-colored,  with  or  without  minute  grains  of  quartz,  and  only  very  isolated,  and 
small  crystals  of  pink  feldspar.  "Where  this  rock  has  been  weathered,  it  loses  its  lustre,  be- 
comes pink  and  gray,  and  continues  a  little  porous ;  it  then  also  contains  small  particles  of 
a  soft  green  mineral  (chlorite). 

B.  — Dark  brown,  with  crystals  of  light  feldspar  and  no  quartz. 

C.  — Dark  to  light  brown,  abounding  in  crystals  of  light  feldspar  and  grains  of  quartz. 
There  are  also  varieties  intermediate  between  these. 

The  ores  of  this  region,  viz.,  from  Pilot  Knob,  Shepherd  Mountain,  Cedar  Hill,  and 
Bnford  Mountain,  belong  by  their  general  mineralogical  qualities,  in  that  class  of  hematite 
which  is  known  as  "  specular,"  but  vary  considerably  in  their  mineralogical  and  chemical 
properties  within  certain  limits.  Those  from  Shepherd  Mountain  soijiewhat  approach  mag- 
netite, while  from  Pilot  Knob  and  Cedar  Hill  they  are  silicious  ;  and  those  from  Buf ord 
Mountain  are  distinctly  manganiferous  ores.  The  following  analyses  made  by  Mr.  Andrew 
A.  Blair,  of  St.  Louis,  give  valuable  information  as  to  the  chemical  composition  of  the 
Pilot  Knob  ores : 


486  IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ANALYSIS  OF  ORES  FROM  PILOT  KNOB. 


Ches 

IK  THE  M.iiN  OnE  Bed,  delow  the 
Slate  Seam. 

Ores  above  the 
Seam. 

Slate 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

7 

.  8 

87.18 
.... 

14.75 

84.33 
0.15 
0.75 
0.21 
0.14 
0.00 

trace. 

0.035 

5.57 
90  87 
1.07 
0.53 
1.76 
0.13 
0.00 
0.078 
0.009 

67.00 

0.006 
0.092 



77. 02 

62.83 

6.079 
0.101 

52.18 

100.3G5 

100.677 

01.03 

58.29 

59.15 
0.015 

64.91 
0.031 

47.16 
0.041 

58.91 

44.01 
0.044 

36.52 

Insoluble  Silicious  M.vttku. 

Alumina  (with  a  trace  of  Peroxide 

13.27 
1.44 

5.18 
0.36 

30.10 

28.16 

4.386 

5.019 

1.  Average  sample  of  ore  from  the  n^.iin  ore  bed,  below  tlie  slate  seam,  in  the  lowest 
or  western  cnt  of  the  mine. 

2.  Hard  ore  from  the  central  portion  of  the  main  ore  bed,  below  the  slate  seam,  west  of 
the  soft  ore  (analysis  3),  in  the  central  cut  of  the  mine. 

3.  Soft  ore  from  the  same  place,  a  little  east  of  the  hard  ore  (analysis  2),  and  west  of 
the  ore  (analysis  4). 

4.  Hard  ore  from  the  same  place,  west  of  the  soft  ore  (analysis  3). 

5.  Average  sample  of  ore  from  the  main  ore  bed,  below  the  slate  seam,  in  the  upper  or 
eastern  cut  of  the  mine. 

6.  Ore  in  conglomerate,  five  feet  above  the  slate  seam,  in  the  central  cut. 

7.  Average  sample  of  ore  from  the  strata  above  the  slate  seam  in  the  eastern  cut. 

8.  Average  sample  of  the  better  ore  on  the  refuse  heaps  of  the  eastern  cut.  This  ore 
is  not  smelted,  nor  shipped,  but  thrown  away  with  the  rock  refuse. 

Of  this  ore  the  principal  impurity,  as  stated  by  Dr.  Schmidt,  is  the  silica,  which  is 
either  chemically  combined  or  intimately  mixed  with  the  oxide  of  iron.  This  silica  makes 
these  ores  hard  to  smelt,  and  causes  a  silicious  pig  iron. 


IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  I     ^^87  ^-^-^ 

<k 

The  amount  of  phosphorus  present  is  smaller  than  that  of  the  Iron  Mountain\^^;i*^and'  </.  "^1 
in  this  respect  the  excellence  of  the  Pilot  Knob  ore  is  not  surpassed  by  any  ore  in  ]\lhs^iB)^ 
except  the  Shepherd  Mountain  ore.    The  siliciousness  of  these  ores  and  the  small  prop'^is; - 
tion  of  phosphorus  makes  them  highly  desirable  for  the  production  of  Bessemer  pig  metal, 
for  which  indeed  the  resulting  iron  is  already  larg-ely  used. 

The  Cedar  Mountain  ore,  while  like  the  Pilot  Knob  ore,  is  much  richer.    The  follow- 
ing analysis  from  the  same  source  gives  its  properties  : 

Insoluble  matter   5.62 

Peroxide  of  iron   93.5-i 

Sulphur   0.00 

Phosphoric  acid   00.90 

Metallic  iron   65.47 

Phosphorus   0.039 

This  is  counted  among  the  richest  and  best  ores  of  Missouri. 

The  Shepherd  Mountain  ore  is  less  dense  and  silicious  than  the  foregoing,  is  easier  re- 
duced, moi'e  uniform,  and  both  richer  and  purer  than  those  given.  The  following  series  of 
analj^ses,  by  Mr.  Blaie,  clearly  prove  the  worth  of  this  magnificent  mineral : 


Insoluble  SUicious  Matter. 

Peroxide  of  Iron  

Protoxide  of  Iron  

Alumina  

Lime  

Magnesia  

Manganese  

Copper  

Sulphur  

Phosphoric  Acid  


5.15 
94.84 
1.80 


0.00 
0.025 


G.7(i 
88.56 
2.07 
1.55 
0.B5 
0.04 
0.00 
trace. 
0.00 
0.039 


96.70 


0.00 
0.032 


79.39 
24.22 


0.00 
0.00 
0.038 


100.269 


Metallic  Iron. 
Phosphorus  . . 


Silica  

Peroxide  of  Iron. 

Alumina  

libne  

Magnesia   

Specific  gravity. . 


66.52 
0.011 


64.31 
0.017 


67.69 
0.014 


66.63 
0.017 


Insoluble  SiLicions  Matter. 


4.05 


5.98 
0.07 
0.46 
0.12 
0.05 


4.714 


488 


II^OX  ORE  RECrlONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1.  Average  sample  of  ore  from  the  upper  part  of  the  central  vein.  Magnetic.  Streak 
dark  red. 

2.  Average  sample  of  ore  from  the  lower  part  of  the  central  vein,  about  80  feet  below 
the  out-crop.    Slightly  magnetic.    Streak  dark  red. 

3.  Soft,  friable  ore  frcm  the  same  place. 

4.  Hard,  black  ore  from  the  northern  vein.    Strongly  magnetic.    Streak  black. 

An  analysis  made  of  Pilot  Knob  pig  iron,  made  from  the  admixture  of  these  ores,  fully 
demonstrated  its  value  for  Besskmek  purposes.    This  gave — 

Sulphur   0.017 

Phosphorus   0.0C2 

Silicon   2.G24 

This  sample  was  made  from  two-thirds  Pilot  Knob,  and  one-third  Shepherd  Mountain. 
While  practically,  for  manufacturing  purposes,  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus,  the 
amount  of  silicon  is  exactly  that  desired  in  Bkssemer  pig  metal. 

The  Buford  Mountain  ore  may,  however,  be  looked  upon  as  the  rarest,  and  intrinsically 
the  most  valuable,  ore  of  the  region,  in  view  of  the  demands  of  the  future. 

The  following  analyses,  made  by  Mr.  Pegis  Cuauvenet,  of  St.  Louis,  from  an  average 
sample,  give  its  peculiarities  : 

Insoluble  matter                                                                8.5-i  per  cent. 

Peroxide  of  iron                                                               G8.30  " 

Peroxide  of  manganese                                                     19. -iG  " 

Sulphur                                                                           0.011  « 

Phosphoric  acid                                                                0.102  " 

Giving : 


Metallic  iron   47.8  percent. 

Metallic  manganese   12.3  " 

Phosphorus   0.044  " 


Here  we  have  the  exact  requirements  for  spiegeleisen,  the  species  of  pig  metal  now 
largely  imported  for  the  recarbonization  of  the  Bessemer  metal,  after  the  oxidation  of  the 
carbon  by  the  pneumatic  process. 

Spiegel  is  described  as  a  pig  metal,  formerly  produced  by  charcoal  out  of  manganif- 
erous  iron  ores,  and  which  breaks  into  more  or  less  large  mirror-like  facets;  hence  the  name 
"  looking-glass  iron."  This  singular  peculiarity  is  due  to  the  presence  of  10  to  12  per  cent, 
of  manganese  (note  percentage  of  metallic  manganese  in  above  analysis,  12.3  per  cent.). 
On  this  metal  the  Bessemer  pi'ocess  depends  for  its  success,  and  this  iron  commands  always 
from  $15  to  $20  above  the  price  of  the  pig  metal  from  which  the  Bessemer  steel  is  made. 
The  only  spiegel  made  in  the  United  States  is  at  Newark,  by  the  New  Jersey  Zinc  Company, 
but  it  is  of  less  purity  than  that  imported,  which  comes  principally  from  Rhenish  Prussia, 
the  original  site  of  its  production  having  been  at  the  Musen-Stahlberg  Iron  Works.    Here  it 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

was  produced  in  small  charcoal  furnaces  35  feet  high  with  9  feet  boshes,  worked  with^^#  , 
blast  at  a  temperature  of  from  300°  to  480°  Fahr.,  the  tuyeres  being  2|-  inches  in  diameter,%^y 
and  the  blast  pressure  about  1|-  to  If  lbs.  per  square  inch'.  The  consumption  of  charcoal  was 
108  to  120  lbs.  to  the  100  pounds  of  pig  metal,  the  spathic  ores  yielding  from  38  to  40  per 
cent.  iron.  Later,  spiegeleisen  was  produced  with  coke,  and  has  since  been.  But  we  are  thus 
particular  in  speaking  of  the  earlier  production  of  spiegel  with  charcoal,  because  in  this 
locality,  here  noted,  would  appear  to  be  the  exact  site  designed  by  nature  for  the  erection  of 
Bessemek  works.  Here  are  abundant  supplies  of  ore  for  making  the  requisite  pig  metal, 
with  2  per  cent,  of  silicon  ;  here  also  are  supplies  of  the  manganiferous  ores,  only  possible 
to  be  used  in  the  production  of  this  necessary  recarbonizer,  since  the  production  of  the  alloy 
known  as  ferro-manganese,  the  only  substitute  for  spiegel,  is  costly  and  uncertain.  In  con- 
nection with  these  ores  is  also  a  general  supply  of  timber  for  charcoal ;  and  while  we  earn- 
estly call  the  attention  of  foreign  capital  to  the  grand  opportunity  here  offered  for  an 
extremely  profitable  manufacture  of  a  specialty,  we  also  note  for  the  benefit  of  the  owners 
of  these  or  similar  ores,  the  exact  dimensions  of  the  stacks  of  the  Musen-Stahlberg  Works, 
where  spiegel  was  so  successfully  made  with  charcoal,  viz.  : 

Height  of  stack  35  feet. 

Height  of  tuyeres  above  bottom  1  foot  3  inches. 

Height  of  hearth  5  feet. 

Height  of  boshes  9  feet  5  inches. 

Diameter  of  tunnel  head  3  feet. 

Diameter  of  boshes  9  feet. 

Diameter  of  upper  part  of  hearth  2  feet  8  inches. 

Diameter  of  lower  part  of  hearth  1  foot  11  inches. 

Diameter  of  tuyeres  2|-  to  2f  inches. 

No.  of  tuyeres  2. 

Temperature  of  blast  300°  to  480°  Fahr. 

Pressure  of  blast  1|-  to  If  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Consumption  of  charcoal  118  to  120  lbs.  to  100  lbs.  pig  metal. 

This  was  done  with  spathic  ores  yielding  by  furnace  working  38  to  40  per  cent  iron. 

For  the  benefit  of  other  owners  of  manganiferous  ores  in  any  section  of  the  United 
States — and  they  are  more  or  less  numerous — we  append  to  the  description  of  the  ores  of  this 
State  an  account  of  the  present  and  most  successful  method,  now  in  vogue  in  Ehenish 
Prussia,  for  the  production  of  spiegeleisen  with  coke,  including  the  dimensions  of  the  fur- 
nace and  proportions  of  the  charge  of  ore  and  flux.  If  we  can  thus  induce  our  iron  mana- 
facturers  to  engage  in  the  production,  at  home,  of  this  prerequisite  of  the  pneumatic  pro- 
cess of  steel  making,  we  shall  be  amply  repaid  for  the  labor  of  collecting  the  necessary 
information. 

The  Iron  Mountfiin  ore  is,  as  previously  stated,  a  nearly  pure  peroxide  of  iron,  contain- 
ing about  seventy  per  cent,  metallic  iron,  and  almost  free  from  any  mixture  of  impurities. 
It  is  owned  by  the  Iron  Mountain  Company,  of  St.  Louis,  the  ofiicers  of  whom  are  :  President, 
Edwaed  Haerison-;  Vice-President,  Chonteau  Maffit;  Secretary,  CnAs.  A.  Pilley.  The 
property  embraces  36,000  acres  of  land,  of  which  the  Iron  Mountain  forms  the  main  iron  de- 


490 


IKON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


posit  so  far  as  known.  The  Iron  Mountain  lias  oiglit  cuts,  and  is  worked  regularly  by  965 
men  as  miners ;  extra  hands  and  common  laborers  increase  the  force  engaged  to  1,2SG. 
Heretofore  the  shipments  from  this  deposit  have  been  made  via  the  Iron  Mountain  Rail- 
road to  Carondelet,  the  shipping  point  on  the  Mississippi  River.  Within  the  past  year  a  rail- 
road has,  however,  been  commenced,  to  run  from  a  point  on  the  river  opposite  Cheste'; 
Illinois,  to  the  Iron  Mountain.  Chester  is  sixty-five  miles  distant  from  St.  Louis  and  forty- 
seven  miles  from  Iron  Mountain,  and  the  railroad  will  furnish  additional  facilities  for  ship- 
ment of  the  ore,  which  have  been  restricted  over  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad. 

The  01  e  shipment  in  1871  from  the  Iron  Mountain  Company  was  202,44:7  tons.  In 
1872,  371,474  tons  were  shipped,  or  an  increase  of  108,997  tons  over  1871.  This  ore  in 
1872,  was  distributed  as  follows: 


Tennessee   1,660  tons. 

Missouri  143,431  " 

Illinois   5,025  " 

Indiana   32,011  " 

Virginia,  by  rail   53,626  " 

Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  by  river  135,721  " 


371,474  " 

The  product  for  1873  did  not  exceed,  if  quite  equal,  that  of  1872,  owing  to  the  falling 
off  in  demand  for  the  last  quarter  of  the  year,  caused  by  the  panic  in  September.  The 
product  of  the  Missouri  iron  mines  for  1873  is  stated  at  368,794  gross  tons.  In  1872  the 
price  of  Iron  Mountain  ore  was  $5.50  per  ton  at  Carondelet.  January  1st,  1873,  it  was  ad- 
vanced to  $10.00  per  ton  at  Carondelet,  which,  with  river  freight,  made  this  ore  cost  from  $16 
to  $17  per  ton  at  Pittsburgh.  Since  the  panic,  and  the  lessened  consumption  attendant  there- 
on, the  price  for  1874  has  been  reduced,  and  will  not,  it  is  said,  rule  above  $8  at  Carondelet. 
This  ore  is  largely  used  among  Western  rolling  mills  as  fettling  for  the  puddling  furnace, 
under  the  title  of"  cold  fix."  This  cold  fix  is  the  subject  of  a  patent  to  two  iron-workers 
of  Pittsburgh,  and  consists  in  the  ore  ground  to  a  powder  in  an  ore  mill,  and  mixed  with 
water  to  the  consistence  of  mortar.  It  is  applied  to  the  lining  of  the  puddling  furnace 
some  three  inches  thick,  generally  at  the  completion  of  the  "turn"  of  five  heats,  and  with 
slight  additions  keeps  the  furnace  in  good  fettle  for  the  next  turn.  The  quantity  used 
varies  from  800  to  1,000  lbs.  of  fix  to  the  ton  of  metal  puddled  ;  and  it  is  in  general  favor 
with  mill  men,  as  furnishing  a  reliable  body  on  which  to  puddle,  or  rather  hoil,  the  iron, 
the  former  style  of  puddling  being  no  longer  in  vogue.  The  advantages  claimed  for  it 
are  economy  of  coal  consumed,  as  against  the  method  of  fettling  with  lumps  of  ore,  and 
melting  them  into  place,  superior  duration  of  the  furnace,  owing  to  better  protected  plates 
and  a  better  quality  of  iron  compared  with  either  lump  ore  or  soapstone  lining,  the  latter 
becoming  sometimes  mingled  with  the  iron  to  its  injury.  Moreover,  it  is  claimed  that  loss  ol 
iron  is  lessened,  and  in  some  cases  a  gain  made,  as  is  natural  from  the  quantity  of  ore  used, 
and  that  the  iron  reduced  from  the  lining  during  the  boiling  process  is  more  thoroughl}' 
smelted  and  mingled  with  the  charge  than  in  lump  ore  fettling.  The  expense  is,  however,  con- 
siderable, when  as  at  Pittsburgh  the  ore  costs  $17  per  ton  at  mill,  or  say  $18  in  the  furnace,  but 


IKON  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


491 


when  properly  fettled  the  furnace  will  occasionally  stand  without  ref ettling  for  two  turns  or 
ten  heats.  Allusion  has  been  made  to  this  process  here,  since  the  subject  of  piiddling  in  ore 
has  lately  attracted  much  attention  in  Great  Britain,  where  "  cold  fix  "  has  never  yet  been 
introduced. 

In  addition  to  the  Iron  Mountain  ores  and  others  named,  some  good  hematites  are  found 
at  the  Irondale  Works.*  In  this  region,  on  the  line  traversed  by  the  Iron  Mountain  Rail- 
road, is  the  Lewis  Mountain,  owned  by  John  Hogan,  R.  Allen,  and  J.  M.  Leeds.  This  in- 
cludes 300  acres  of  land  in  Arcadia,  and  contains  specular  ore  very  similar  in  character  to 
Swedish  ore.  This  mine  is  thought  to  be  of  great  value.  'Near  it,  and  owned  by  the  same 
company,  is  Leeds  Mountain,  containing  veins  of  both  specular  and  hematite  ores. 

South  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  on  the  Arkansas  Branch,  there  are  numerous  de- 
posits awaiting  development,  and  which  are  accessible  to  the  railroad.  Many  of  them  be- 
long to  individuals,  who  would  sell  at  a  fair  price,  as  they  lack  the  means  to  work 
them. 

A  large  deposit  of  hematite  ore  lies  in  Township  36,  Range  3,  which  has  recently  been 
acquired  by  a  company  in  St.  Louis.  They  paid  only  about  two  dollars  an  acre,  and  will 
commence  work  immediately.  This  property  lies  between  Annapolis  and  Des  Arc,  south  of 
Des  Arc  and  north  of  Poplar  Bluff,  on  the  same  line  of  road,  and  sufficiently  near  to  make 
available  the  large  deposits  of  iron. 

Immense  quantities  of  ore  are  found  on  the  St.  Francis  River,  at  the  north  of  Indian 
Ford. 

Wayne  and  Bollinger  counties  in  South-eastern  Missouri  are  known  to  contain  numerous 
and  extensive  deposits  of  iron,  lead,  and  copper.  Excellent  clay  for  making  queensware 
lies  all  through  that  section  of  country,  awaiting  the  miner  and  mechanic,  labor,  brain,  and 
capital. 

On  the  main  line  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  there  are,  besides  the  great  zinc  mines 
at  La  Motte,  various  deposits  of  iron,  as  at  Frederickstown,  Marquand,  Glenallen,  Cornwall, 
and  other  places  too  numerous  to  mention. 

Along  the  line  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad,  previously  alluded  to,  there  are 
very  rich  and  abundant  although  less  known  deposits  of  iron  ore,  because  of  later  discov- 
ery. 

The  first  of  these  is  at  the  Moselle  Furnace  in  Franklin  County,  fifty  miles  from  St.  Louis. 
These  mines  produce  blue  specular  and  red  and  brown  hematites.  There  are  four  mines  in 
all  worked  in  the  Moselle  tract,  with  numerous  veins  giving  indications  of  good  ore,  but  as 
yet  undeveloped. 

At  the  Scotia  Iron  Works,*  situated  seven  miles  from  Leesburg,  there  are  red  oxide 
and  blue  specular  ores  mixed,  and  known  as  Maramec  ore,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Iron 
Mountain  ore.  This  is  taken  from  a  bank  within  1,000  feet  of  the  furnace,  and  is  said  to 
contain  66  per  cent,  metallic  iron.  Another  bank  owned  by  the  same  company,  three  miles 
distant,  indicates  a  deposit  similarly  rich. 

The  Maramec  Mines  are  one-third  of  a  mile  distant  from  Maramec  Iron  Works,  which  are 
located  six  miles  south  of  the  railroad  at  Maramec  Spring.  This  is,  the  same  as  at  the  Scotia, 
a  red  oxide  and  blue  specular.    The  same  owners  work  other  mines,  viz.,  Beaver  Mines,  120 


63 


*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Missouri. 


492 


IllOr^  OKE  REGIO^'S  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


miles  from  St.  Lonis,  on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad  ;  Buckland  Mines,  119  miles  from 
St.  Louis,  ou  same  railroad ;  Hancock  Mines,  144  miles  from  St.  Louis,  three  miles  from 
same  railroad  ;  and  Moccasin  Bend  Mines,  135  miles  from  St.  Louis,  two  miles  from  the 
railroad.  Some  50,000  tons  of  ore  are  shipped  from  these  annually,  the  character  being  the 
same  as  Maramcc.  It  makes  a  soft,  strong,  tough,  neutral  iron,  in  high  favor  for  car  wheels, 
boiler  plates,  wire,  and  steel.  The  same  owner,  Mr.  "VVm.  James,  leases  the  Benton  Creek 
and  Cherry  Valley  Mines  to  the  Maramec  Iron  Mining  Co.  These  mines  are  supposed  to 
be  next  in  importance,  as  to  quantity  of  ore,  to  the  Iron  Mountain  deposit,  and  the  iron 
made  from  any  of  these  ores  for  general  uses  is  claimed  to  be  siiperior  to  any  made  else- 
where in  the  United  States. 

The  iron  region  on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Eailroad  extends  as  far  as  Eichland,  this 
side  of  Springfield,  and  beyond  Springfield  it  sets  in  again.  The  Buckland  Mine,  which 
lies  between  Polla  and  the  Gasconade  Elver,  five  miles  from  Polla,  is  connected  with  the 
main  line  by  a  narrow  gauge  railroad.  A  track  is  now  built  to  the  Beaver  Mines,  four 
miles  from  the  road.  The  Moselle  bank  is  eight  miles  from  the  Beaver  switch.  About  30 
tons  a  day  are  now  hauled  by  wagons,  but  its  fullest  capacity  has  not  yet  been  developed. 

A  fine  deposit  of  ore,  three  miles  south-west  of  Jerome,  only  partly  opened,  indicates 
red  oxide,  which  lies  generally  in  the  same  banks  with  blue  specular.  The  Gasconade  River 
has  been  surveyed  by  the  Government,  with  the  view  of  making  it  navigable,  and  the  en- 
gineer speaks  favorably  of  the  contemplated  improvement,  as  it  would  enable  small  steam- 
ers to  bring  down  the  ore  to  the  Missouri  River,  ten  miles  above  Hermann.  As  previously 
stated,  immense  deposits  of  specular  ore,  highly  magnetic,  were  discovered  in  the  Gascon- 
ade River,  during  the  summer  of  1873. 

The  Grover  bank  is  situated  on  the  Cuba  and  Saline  branch,  and  shows  14  feet  face 
of  blue  specular. 

The  Jerome  and  Arlington  bank,  80  acres  in  extent,  is  already  opened.  The  ore  is 
brown  hematite. 

Five  miles  below  Arlington  is  another  excellent  bank,  claimed  to  contain  blue  specular. 
This  property,  40  acres  in  extent,  was  recently  sold  for  $1,000. 

One  iron  ore  mine  was  opened  in  St.  James,  in  1866,  which  yielded  62,000  tons,  but  it 
is  not  mined  now. 

In  his  exploration.  Prof.  White  found  that  the  iron  ore  in  Crawford  and  Phelps  Coun- 
ties is  more  generally  diffused  than  in  Dent,  but  the  deposits  in  Dent  (among  others  the 
Mount  Range)  are  of  larger  dimensions. 

Prof.  C.  P.  Williams,  Director  of  the  School  of  Mines,  at  Rolla,  Missouri,  has  fur- 
nished some  highly  valuable  analyses  of  ores  found  in  Phelps  County.*  Of  these  we  extract 
the  following : 

Sec.  20,  T.  37,  R.  8. 

Mixed  spathic  iron  and  limonite,  with  some  blue  specular  ore ;  powder  slightly  mag- 
netic, but  less  so  than  any  of  the  previous  specimens.    Sample  dried  at  102°  C.  yields: 

*  Contribution  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Iron  Ores  of  Missouri. 


IRON  ORE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  TJNITED  STATES. 


Ferric  oxide   45.968  per  cent.\^_^^ 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  32.177). 

Ferrous  oxide   18.988  " 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  1-1.767). 

Phosphoric  acid   0.281  " 

(containing  phosphorus,  0.122). 

Lime   0.289  " 

Magnesia   trace. 

Silicic  acid   ■  1.159  " 

Sulphur   trace. 

Carbonic  acid  and  combined  water  not  estimated. 

Total  percentage  metallic  iron   46.944: 


Sec.  30,  T.  37,  E.  7. 

Brownish-red  ore,  mixed  with  the  blue  specular,  and  containing  brown  hematite  with 
some  little  spathic  iron.    Analysis  of  the  dry  ore  (N"o.  14) : 


Ferric  oxide   76.521  per  cent. 

(containing  metallic  iron,  53.564). 

Ferrous  oxide   0.880  " 

(containing  metallic  iron,  0.684.) 

Alumina    0.857  " 

Manganous  oxide   0.569  " 

Lime   1.659  " 

Magnesia   0.183  " 

Silicic  acid   13.771  " 

Phosphoric  acid   0.121  " 

(containing  phosphorus,  0.052). 

Sxilphur   0.004  " 

Carbonic  acid   trace. 

Combined  water   5.348  " 


99.913 

Total  per  centage  of  metallic  iron   54.248 


Sec.  15,  T.  37,  R.  8  (No.  15). 


Mixed  blue  specuLar,  spathic  iron  and  limonite ;  magnetic  particles.  Specific  gravity, 
4.164.    Result  of  dried  sample : 


494 


IROX  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Ferric  oxide   82.272  per  cent. 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  57.590). 

Ferrous  oxide   6.985  " 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  4.608). 

Alumina   0.148  « 

Manganous  oxide   0.276  " 

Lime   1.782  " 

Magnesia   none. 

Silicic  acid*  •   6.316  « 

Carbonic  acid   4.356  " 

Sulphur   0.020  « 

Phosphoric  acid   0.327  " 

(containing  phosphorus,  0.142). 

Combined  water   0.881  « 


102.363 

Total  percentage  metallic  iron  62.198 


Sec.  1,  T.  35,  R.  9  {m.  16). 
Brownish-red,  soft  ore,  showing  pyrolusite.    Analysis  of  ore  dried  at  102°  C. : 


Ferric  oxide   91.705  per  cent. 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  64.194). 

Ferrous  oxide   0.492  " 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  0.383). 

Alumina   trace. 

Lime   0.881  « 

Magnesia   none. 

Manganous  oxide   0.927  " 

Silicic  acid   6.494  " 

Carbonic  acid   none. 

Sulphur   0.061  " 

Phosphoric  acid   0.376  " 

(yielding  phosphorus,  0.177). 

Combined  water   trace, 

100.936 

Total  percentage  metallic  iron   64.577 


*  The  silicic  add  in  this  analysis  is  excessive,  from  the  fact  that  the  alkaline  carbonates  used  in  the  fusion  con- 
tained a  small  amount  of  silica. 


mOlSr  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UOTTED  STATES. 


495 


Sec.  26,  T.  36,  E.  7  (N'o.  17). 

Blue  specular  mixed  with  brownish-red  hematite,  and  containing  some  limonite  and 
spathic  iron : 

Ferric  oxide   89.684  per  cent. 

(containing  metallic  iron,  62.779). 
Ferrous  oxide   0.684  " 

(containing  metallic  iron,  0.527). 

Manganous  oxide   0.252  " 

Ahmiina   0.199  " 

Lime   2.097  « 

Magnesia   trace. 

Silicic  acid   2.951  « 

Phosphoric  acid   0.249  « 

(containing  phosphorus,  0.109). 

Sulphur   trace. 

Carbonic  acid  not  estimated. 

Combined  water   "  " 

Total  percentage  metallic  iron   63.306 


Sec.  33,  T.  38,  R.  6. 

Mamillary  and  concretionary,  with  concentric  layers,  the  central  one  being  the  blue 
specular  variety,  the  second  of  the  brownish-red  hematite,  and  the  outer  one  a  thin  coating 
of  brown  hematite,  probably  limonite.    Analysis  of  the  ore  (No.  18)  dried  at  102°  C. : 


Ferric  oxide   84.463  per  cent. 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  59.124). 

Ferrous  oxide   0.783  " 

(yielding  metallic  iron,  0.609). 

Alumina   7.278  « 

Manganous  oxide   0.360  " 

Lime   trace. 

Magnesia   0.114  " 

Silicic  acid   6.686  " 

Phosphoric  acid   0.153  " 

(containing  phosphorus,  0.066). 

Sulphur   0.050  « 

Carbonic  acid   trace. 

Combined  water   trace. 


99.987 

Total  percentage  of  metallic  iron   59.733 


496  IRON  ORK  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Sec.  29,  T.  38,  E.  6  {l^o.  19). 
Finely  granular,  compact,  brownish-red  ore.    Dried  at  102°  C,  the  ore  yields  : 

Ferric  oxide   49.245  per  cent. 

(containing  metallic  iron,  34.471). 

Ferrous  oxide   1.203  " 

(containing  metallic  iron,  0.926). 

Alumina   none. 

Manganoixs  oxide   0.213  " 

Magnesia   none. 

Phosphoric  acid   0.109  " 

(yielding  phosphorus,  0.047). 

Sulphur   0.022  " 

Carbonic  acid   0.530  " 

Combined  water   0.087  " 

Silicic  acid   46.330  " 

Lime   0.374  « 


98.113 

Total  percentage  metallic  iron   35.397 


RELATION  AND  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  CONSTITUENTS. 
TEK  CEKTAGE  OF  METALLIC  IRON. 

In  the  present  undeveloped  condition  of  most  of  the  beds  furnishing  the  specimens 
which  have  been  analyzed,  no  samples  could  be  obtained  that  might  be  relied  upon  as  rep- 
resenting an  average  of  their  respective  deposits.  Necessarily,  therefore,  the  results  cannot 
be  taken  as  absolutely  safe  guides  to  the  formation  of  an  opinion  on  the  matter  of  the  fur- 
nace or  assay  yield  of  the  ores  from  the  different  beds.  But  it  should  be  stated,  that  the 
specimens  were  casual  ones — taken  irrespective  of  the  apparent  richness  or  poorness  in 
iron  ;  so  that,  bearing  this  in  mind,  the  analyses  may  be  of  some  value  as  indices  to  the 
availability  of  the  deposits  as  sources  of  ores  either  for  local  use  or  for  transportation. 

CONDITION  OF  OXIDATION,  ETC. 

All  the  ores  analyzed  are  essentially  ferric  oxide,  containing,  when  pure,  70  per  cent,  of 
metallic  iron.  The  variations  below  this  are  to  be  ascribed  to  the  admixture  or  combina- 
tion of  the  other  constituents  named.  However,  most  of  the  specimens  contained  a  small 
amount  of  ferrous  oxide  (protoxide,  containing,  when  pure,  77.77  per  cent,  metallic  iron), 
which  has  the  effect  of  proportionally  increasing  the  yield.  This  protoxide  exists  in 
combination  with  the  ferric  oxide — forming  a  chalcolite  (copper  pyrites).    In  the  superfi- 


IKON  OKS  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


497 


cial  portions  of  the  beds,  when  tlie  ores  have  been  measurably  hydrated — as  before  de- 
scribed— the  chalcolite  has  also  been  superficially  changed,  and  is  found  coated  with  azurite 
and  malachite  (blue  and  green  basic  carbonates  of  copper). 

In  one  or  two  instances  these  cupriferous  occurrences  are  of  sufficient  extent  to  promise 
a  yield  of  copper  great  enough  to  constitute  an  incidental  product  of  some  considerable 
commercial  value,  though  in  no  one  case  yet  known  are  the  deposits  of  sufficient  extent,  or 
so  promising  in  continuity  as  to  warrant  special  mining  operations  thereon. 

Fortunately  for  the  reputation  of  the  ores  from  the  district,  the  segregation  of  the  cop- 
per into  distinct  veins  or  masses  seems  to  have  been  most  complete.  In  but  one  instance 
did  the  ores  whose  characters  we  have  examined,  yield  even  a  trace  of  copper,  though  oper- 
ating in  each  case  (specifically  for  copper)  with  amounts  of  20  grammes  and  upwards.  If 
this  fact  holds  good  throughout,  hand-sorting,  somewhat  carefully  conducted,  will  be  either 
a  provision  against  the  influence  of  copper  in  the  iron  produced  from  these  ores,  or  wiU  re- 
duce the  active  effects  of  this  foreign  matter  to  a  scarcely  note-worthy  degree.  It  must, 
however,  be  borne  in  mind  that  copper  to  the  amoimt  of  0.2  per  cent,  is  generally  regarded 
as  being  not  injurious  to  cast  iron ;  while  a  limited  quantity,  even  greater  than  that,  is  said 
to  render  the  iron  stronger  and  tougher.  Puddling  does  not  remove  it,  but  even  in  malle- 
able iron,  as  is  contended  by  some,  its  injurious  effects  are  over-rated.* 

ARSENIC. 

The  limited  amount  of  time  allowed  for  these  investigations,  and  its  fragmentary  char- 
acter, prevented  any  extended  investigation  into  the  presence  or  absence  of  arsenic  in  the 
ores  analyzed.  Thus  far  only  two  samples  have  been  satisfactorily  and  carefully  examined 
qualitatively,  and  no  arsenic  was  detected.  Pyrites,  from  a  segregation  in  the  deposit  from 
which  samples  ISTos.  8  and  13  were  taken,  showed  arsenic  in  small  amounts,  and  would  war- 
rant the  expectation  of  finding  at  least  traces  of  this  metal  in  some  of  the  ores. 

The  subject  of  the  iron  ores  of  Missouri  would  furnish  material  for  an  extended  treatise, 
and  their  quality  and  characteristics  would  not  be  exhausted.  There  are  very  many  induce- 
ments in  favor  of  the  investment  of  capital  in  this  State  in  iron-making.  The  soil  is  rich 
and  fertile,  timber,  water,  and  limestone  abundant,  fire  clay  and  building  stone  also.  Great 
mineral  wealth  in  lead  and  zinc  ores,  possibly  tin  ores,  china  and  porcelain  clays,  manga^ 
nese,  etc.,  all  exist.  Most  of  these  minerals  are  profitably  worked.  St.  Louis  is  the  key  of 
the  south-western  river  navigation,  and  holds  almost  as  important  a  position  to  railroads  as 
Chicago.  The  whole  of  the  Great  Basin,  lying  this  side  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  beyond 
them,  the  territory  to  and  including  the  Pacific  coast,  is  to  be  supplied  with  iron  and  steel. 
If  better  ores,  or  as  good,  exist,  they  have  not  yet  been  discovered  further  west.  For  the 
production  of  Bessemer  steel,  it  is  not  exaggeration  to  say  that  no  similar  advantages  are 
offered  elsewhere  in  the  world,  while  the  market  for  rails  in  the  future  must  be  constant 
and  active  here  and  both  east  and  west,  at  prices  which  offer  remunerative  profits.  All 
these  advantages  combined  merit  the  attention  of  foreign  capital  desirous  of  engaging  in 
profitable  and  uninterrupted  iron-making. 


*  Consult  on  this  matter  Kerl's  "  Handbuch  der  Hullenkunde,"  Vol.  3,  pages  53  and  54  (3d  edition). 


498 


lEOX  OIIE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  SPIEGELEISEN  ■WTTn  COKE  FUEL  IX  PEUSSIA. 

In  Rhenish  Prussia  are  some  large  and  well-conducted  iron-manufacturing  establish- 
ments (in  the  vicinity  of  Diisseldorf  and  Duisberg),  where,  during  1860,  the  first  trials 
were  made  of  producing  spiegeleisen  with  coke  as  the  fuel.  These  first  trials  were  a  total 
failure,  but  by  the  skill  of  highly  experienced  men  the  problem  was  at  last  solved,  and 
there  are  at  the  present  time  some  eight  or  ten  large  blast  furnaces,  each  producing  daily 
some  30  tons  of  this  valuable  and  peculiar  pig  metal.  The  iron  ores  used  are  of  four  dif- 
ferent kinds — First :  Ked  hematite,  a  very  pure  ore  from  the  beds  existing  on  the  Lahn,  a 
large  tributary  of  the  Rhine,  in  Nassau.  Of  this  ore  there  are  two  varieties,  a  harder  and 
compact  mineral  associated  with  a  calcareous  gangue,  and  a  softer  and  pulverulent  hematite. 
Both  varieties  are  entirely  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus,  containing  from  3  to  4  per 
cent,  of  manganese,  a  small  percentage  of  alumina,  water,  and  silica.  The  presence  of  car- 
bonate of  lime  in  the  body  of  the  compact  ore  gives  it  a  pecular  character,  and  renders  it 
eminently  fitted  for  mixing  with  other  silicious  ores,  there  being  in  the  ore  50  per  cent, 
of  iron  and  from  10  to  15  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  lime.  This  ore  is  very  economic  in 
smelting,  owing  to  the  presence  of  lime  flux  in  the  most  favorable  conditions.  The  soft, 
pulverulent  ore  is  richer,  yielding  55  to  58  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron  in  the  practical  working 
of  the  furnace.  Both  kinds  are  easily  reduced.  Second :  The  products  from  decomposi- 
tion of  the  specular  ore — the  German  "  braimeisenstein  " — of  similar  favorable  constitution, 
and  equally  free  from  obnoxious  admixture.  It  contains  some  water  chemically  combined 
(2Fe''0',  3H0),  is  porous  in  structure,  yields  about  50  to  54  per  cent,  of  iron,  and  is  more 
easily  reduced  than  any  other  ore.  Third :  Excellent  spathic  iron  ore  from  the  vicinity  of 
Musen  (Stahlberg),  in  which  a  certain  proportional  part  of  the  iron — from  8  to  14  per  cent. 
— ^is  replaced  by  manganese.  All  the  spathic  ores  (FeO,  CO")  contain  a  trace  of  sulphur, 
and  therefore  require  calcination.  The  calcination  is  effected  in  kilns.  By  distributing 
it  in  alternate  layers  with  waste  coal,  the  ore  is  rendered  porous  and  easily  broken  into 
small  pieces,  whereby  it  is  more  easily  acted  upon  in  the  smelting  furnace.  The  chemical 
constitution  of  the  ore  in  the  crude  state  is  MnO,  CO' +  4  FeO,  CO''=oxide  of  iron,  49.01 ; 
oxide  of  manganese,  12.43  ;  carbonic  acid,  38.56.  The  oxide  of  iron  represents  37.85  per 
cent,  of  metallic  iron.  By  the  calcining  process  the  ore  is  changed  into — sesquioxide  of 
iron,  81.89  (representing  56.78  metallic  iron),  and  sesquioxide  of  manganese,  18.11  per  cent. 
Fourth :  An  aluminous  ore  used  for  admixture  with  the  others  to  make  a  good-natured 
slag.  These  deposits  of  ore  are  from  80  to  100  miles  distant  from  the  works,  and  are 
easily  accessible  by  navigation  and  by  rail.  The  flux  used  is  a  very  pure  carbonate  of  lime, 
obtained  in  the  vicinity  of  the  iron-works  from  the  borders  of  a  small  creek,  the  Dussell, 
the  constituents  of  which  are — carbonate  of  lime,  98.00  ;  silica,  1.50 ;  hygroscopic  water, 
0.50.  As  a  reducing  agent  coke  is  used,  the  bituminous  coals  being  purified  prior  to  theii 
application  to  the  blast  furnaces.  The  coals  are  from  the  vicinity  of  the  iron-works,  anc 
the  ores  are  brought  thither,  for  it  is  always  cheaper  to  bring  the  iron  ores  to  the  coal  than 
the  coal  to  the  ores.  They  contain  a  good  deal  of  slate,  and  from  5  to  1  per  cent,  of  sul- 
phur; and  to  eliminate  these  noxious  adherents,  they  are  subjected  to  a  very  carefui 
process  of  grinding  (to  the  size  of  a  hazel  nut)  and  separating  by  means  of  water,  there  be 
ing  a  difference  between  the  specific  gravity  of  pure  coal  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  slate  aial 

*  Manufacture  of  Spiegeleisen  (specular  or  glittering  iron'*,  by  Hugh  Hartmann. 


ORE  EEGIOXS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


499 


sulpluir  on  the  otlier — that  is,  the  coal  is  1.21  to  1.51 ;  the  slate,  2.64:  to  2.67  ;  and  the  sulphur, 
1.96  to  2.05.  Having  been  subjected  to  this  process,  the  coals  are  coked  in  closed  furnaces, 
the  charge  of  each  furnace  consisting  of  120  scheffel  (bushels),  covering  the  bottom  of  the 
furnace  to  a  height  of  18  or  20  inches.  The  coking  process  lasts  36  hours,  and  furnishes 
from  57  to  60  per  cent,  of  coke  by  weight  of  porous  cellular  character  sufficiently  firm  to  hold 
up  the  burden  of  the  furnace,  and  containing  8  to  10  per  cent,  of  ashes  of  a  reddish-white 
or  gray  color.  The  volatile  carbonic  matter  of  the  coals,  after  having  been  used  to  heat  the 
partitions  and  floors  of  the  coking  furnaces,  are  sufficient  to  heat  the  steam  boilers.  The  air 
blast  is  supplied  by  two  80  horse  horizontal  engines,  manufactured  by  the  Seraing  Works, 
maintaining  four  blast  furnaces,  and  one  vertical  100  horse  engine  for  fifth  furnace,  and  for 
reserve.  The  blast  is  regulated  by  being  passed  through  a  reservoir  200  ft.  long  and  6  ft.  dia- 
meter=4:,654  cubic  feet.  The  principal  dimensions  of  the  hoi'izontal  engines  are — diameter 
steam  cylinder,  3  ft.  3  in. ;  diameter  blast-air  cylinder,  7  ft.  6  in. ;  length  of  steam  cylinder, 
6  ft. ;  each  revohition  of  the  fly-wheel  would  therefore  give  1,060  cubic  feet  only ;  18  or 
19  revolutions  per  minute,  allowing  12  per  cent,  for  loss  b}''  leakage,  16,800  cubic  feet. 
The  vertical  engine  has — diameter  of  steam  cylinder,  3  ft.  3  in. ;  length  of  cylinder,  7  ft. 
9  in. ;  diameter  of  blast-air  cylinder,  8  ft.  By  13  revolutions  per  minute,  there  will  be  18,000 
cubic  feet  of  air,  less  10  per  cent,  for  leakage.  Before  being  forced  into  the  furnace,  the 
blast  air  is  heated  by  means  of  the  gases  escaping  from  the  mouth  of  the  furnace,  and 
collected  there  by  means  of  a  special  apparatus.  It  is  foimd  that  two  heating  apparatuses 
are  sufficient  to  heat  the  blast  air  of  each  furnace.  There  are  52  pipes  in  each  appara- 
tus of  the  shape  represented,  each  pipe  being  divided,  as  will  be  seen,  by  means  of  a  par- 
tition into  two  parts,  so  that  the  blast  air  may  ascend  and  descend  in  each  pipe.  The 
latter  are  each  from  10  ft.  to  12  ft.  long ;  the  surface  exposed  to  the  fire  is  2,420  square 
feet,  and  the  cubic  contents  of  the  52  pipes  is  460  cubic  feet.  The  dimensions  of  the  blast 
furnaces,  there  being  two  groups  of  stacks,  are: 


The  bottom  and  lower  parts  of  the  hearth  up  to  three  feet  above  the  tuyeres  are  built 
with  pudding-stone  from  Marchin,  in  the  Ardennes,  Belgium  ;  and  for.  the  upper  hearth, 
boshes,  and  tunnel  of  the  furnace,  Ardennes  fire-clay  bricks  are  used.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered— for  this  was  what  caused  so  much  trouble  and  meditation  to  the  iron  masters — that 
spiegeleisen  is  chemically  composed  of  four  parts  iron  with  one  part  carbon  (Fe4C),  and  that 
the  combination  is  only  formed  during  the  period  of  the  smelting  process  which  follows 
immediately  after  deoxidation  of  the  iron  ores.  To  fulfil  the  conditions  under  which  this 
combination  of  iron  and  carbonic  matter  can  take  place,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the 
mixture  of  ores  and  flux  be  of  the  most  fusible  nature,  so  as  to  allow  of  the  accumulation 
of  the  charge — in  proportion  to  a  fixed  amount  of  coke — to  such  a  degree  that  the  smelting 
and  separation  of  the  iron  from  the  slag  occurs  at  a  point  as  near  as  possible  to  the  tuyeres. 
It  is  safe  to  say  that  this  separation,  when  resulting  at  a  higher  place  in  the  hearth,  would 
give  too  great  an  opportunity  for  the  carbonic  acid  gas  to  carry  ofi  some  of  the  carbonic 


Height  of  furnaces.   

Diameter  of  tunnel  head 
Diameter  of  boshes  


No.  1.         No.  2. 

54  ft.  0  in.  54  ft.  0  in. 

8     8  9  6 

15     2  15  3|- 


63 


500 


ir.ON  oiiE  r.EGioxs  of  the  united  states. 


matter  from  the  iron,  changing  itself  into  carbonic  oxide,  and  reducing  at  the  same  time 
the  constitution  of  the  spiegeleisen  (Fc^C)  to  a  lower  grade  of  carbonization.  The  temper- 
ature at  which  the  specular  iron  melts  is  calculated — 3582°  Fahr.  It  is,  therefore,  found 
necessary  that  the  charges  should  be  composed  of  red  hematite,  30  per  cent. ;  spathic  ore, 
38  per  cent. ;  decomposed  brown  ore,  20  per  cent. ;  and  aluminous  ore,  12  per  cent.,  yield- 
ing 40  to  50  per  cent,  metallic  iron  in  the  practical  working  of  the  blast  furnace,  and  to 
create  the  needed  fusible  slag  there  was  added  from  32  to  40  per  cent,  of  lime.  Each, 
charge  consisted  of  1,SG0  lbs.  coke,  2,800  to  3,200  lbs.  of  mixed  ore,  and  800  to  960  lbs.  of 
carbonate  of  lime.  The  furnace  carries  35  to  40  charges  in  the  24  hours,  and  yields  an  av- 
erage of  00,000  lbs.,  or  30  tons  a  day.  For  one  ton  of  pig  metal  there  was  used  two  tons  of 
iron  ores,  nearly  13  cwt.  of  fluxing  materials,  and  1^  tons  of  coke.  The  blast  air,  with  a 
temperature  of  630°  to  660°  Fahr.,  is  forced  into  the  furnace  at  a  pressiire  of  2|-  to  3  lbs. 
per  square  inch  at  the  engine,  and  of  2.2  to  2.6  at  the  tuyeres.  Out  of  the  five  tuyeres  two 
are  on  opposite  sides,  and  one  at  the  rear  of  the  furnace,  each  one  declined  a  few  degrees 
from  the  centre  of  the  hearth,  so  as  to  force  the  blast  air  into  a  kind  of  whirlwind,  which  is 
considered  the  best  way  of  distributing  the  compressed  air  through  the  smelting  and  com- 
bustible mass. 

Owing  to  the  high  temperature  in  the  hearth,  the  tuyeres,  and  even  the  mass  of  stone 
forming  the  hearth,  would  not  endure  for  any  length  of  time,  but  for  being  provided  with  a 
circulation  of  water.  The  sii^ns  of  a  good  workinar  condition  of  the  blast  furnace  are — the 
slag  is  nearly  stony,  showing  a  superaiuount  of  lime,  only  the  edge  being  somewhat  glassy  ; 
the  color  of  the  interior  stony  part  is  a  light  green,  or  greenish  yellow,  covered  on  the  out- 
side with  a  thin  brown  coat ;  the  slag  flows  steadily  and  easily  over  the  sandstone,  even  to 
a  considerable  distance,  proving  thereby  not  only  its  own  fluidity  and  warmth,  but  also  the 
existence  of  the  desired  and  necessary  heat  in  the  hearth  of  the  furnace.  The  furnace  is 
tapped  every  eight  hours,  and  the  forepart  of  the  hearth,  as  far  as  the  tuyeres,  is  cleaned 
once  during  the  time.  The  tuyeres  are  always  clean  and  bright,  and  very  seldom  require  a 
mechanical  cleaning.  The  flame  escaping  from  the  tunnel  head  of  the  furnace  is  without 
any  smoke,  not  very  hot,  and  of  a  light  reddish-blue  color,  a  hot  red  flame  indicating  a 
change  in  the  working  of  the  furnace.  If  the  mouth  of  the  furnace  be  closed  by  means  of 
an  apparatus  for  utilizing  the  gases  to  heat  the  blast  air,  they  never  show  a  temperature 
greater  than  between  140°  and  170°  Fahr.  The  metallic  iron  runs  into  large  channels 
formed  in  sand,  which  are  covered  as  soon  as  possible  with  a  layer  of  dry  sand,  to  retard  its 
cooling,  thereby  producing  facets  of  a  larger  and  brighter  form,  sometimes  as  large  as  the 
palm  of  the  hand.  Tlie  cold  pig  metal  is  very  brittle  and  sonoroiis ;  the  surface  of  the 
casts  are  concave,  the  fracture  representing  the  silvery  facets  and  its  mean  specific  gravity 
of  1,500°  Fahr. 

If  the  slag  be  too  infusible,  there  will  not  be  heat  enough  in  the  furnace  to  produce 
Fe^C,  or  even  to  reduce  the  ores.  The  signs  of  a  coming  disaster  like  this,  are  indicated  by 
a  slag  which  bears  a  glassy  appearance  throughout  the  whole  mass.  This  crude  slag  is  at 
first  very  fusible,  cools  very  quickly,  and,  aftCT  a  few  hours,  flows  very  slowly  and  thickly 
over  the  damstone,  the  tuyeres  become  darker,  and  the  flame  at  the  tunnel  head  is  very  rod 
and  hot.  The  best  remedy  in  such  a  case  is  less  blast  air,  a  few  charges  oi  coke  only,  and 
smaller  charges  of  ore.  If  the  mixture  of  flux  and  ore  be  too  fusible,  then  the  ores  will 
melt  before  they  are  entirely  reduced ;  the  slag  cannot  protect  the  iron  from  combustion  in 


IRON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


501 


the  vicinity  of  the  tuyeres,  and  it  will,  therefore,  be  reduced  to  FeO,  which  renders  a  dark 
black  slag.  The  tuyeres  will  be  clear,  but  not  clean,  requiring  frequent  mechanical  clear- 
ing. The  forming  of  a  mass  of  unreduced  ores  and  slag  takes  place  in  the  centre  of  the 
furnace,  which  one  cannot  see  on  account  of  the  bridle  tuyeres,  but  which  can  be  easily  ob- 
served by  means  of  an  iron  bar  thrust  into  the  furnace  through  the  openings  in  the  tuyeres. 

The  first  indications  of  such  a  crude  working  state  of  a  furnace  are  found  in  a  quicker 
irregular  going  down  of  the  charges  at  the  mouth  of  the  furnace,  and  in  this  case  the  rem- 
edy is  less  blast  air,  but  at  a  higher  pressure,  forcing  the  charges  to  go  down  more  slowly 
until  there  is  found  opportunity  to  change  the  mixture  of  fluxing  materials.  The  constitu- 
tion of  the  mixture,  where  it  is  not  fusible  enough,  produces  a  black  slag,  indicating  that 
the  same  takes  up  iron  in  the  vicinity  of  the  tuyeres,  hindering  its  reduction,  the  heat  de- 
creasing in  the  furnace.  The  best  remedy  for  this  state  of  affairs  is  more  blast  air,  with  the 
same  width  of  nose  pipes,  less  ore  and  flux. 

The  first  development  of  spiegeleisen  manufacturing,  by  means  of  coke,  was  attended 
by  many  difficulties,  which  at  times  seemed  insurmountable,  and  when  at  last  it  was  defi- 
nitely known  that  the  science  of  metallurgy  had  overcome  the  greatest  obstacles,  there  still 
remained  in  the  minds  of  iron  masters  an  aversion  to  the  new  metal.  The  iron  had  to  be 
introduced  into  the  markets  and  its  merits  made  known,  and  iron  masters,  reluctant  to  ex- 
periment with  a  material  of  such  a  different  quality  from  that  which  they  had  been  accus- 
tomed to  use,  required  very  great  inducements  to  try  it.  The  first  thing  was  to  test  its 
value  and  bring  it  to  the  favorable  notice  of  the  iron  masters ;  experiments  were  made,  and 
proved  that  its  freedom  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  presence 
of  manganese  on  the  other,  produced  a  metal  unequalled  in  value  by  any  known  to  com- 
merce, except  the  small  quantity  produced  by  means  of  charcoal.  Quantities  of  the  new 
iron  were  soon  introduced  into  the  rolling-mills  and  other  works,  and  the  unanimous  ver- 
dict of  all  who  tried  it  was  to  the  effect  that  it  was  preferable  to  the  best  iron  previously 
known,  and  the  only  kind  that  would  enable  Bessemer  steel  manufacturers  successfully  to 
cany  out  that  process.    Ever  since  that  time  the  demand  has  exceeded  the  supply. 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  New  Jersey. 

New  Jersey  is  rich  in  iron  ores,  which  have  been  worked  from  pre-re volution ary  dates, 
and  still  furnish  the  main  dependence  of  the  great  furnace  companies  of  the  Lehigh  Valley 
for  admixture  with  the  hematites  of  their  region.  The  ores  of  New  Jersey  are  almost  en- 
tirely magnetic  oxides  with  some  specular  peroxide,  and  some  limonites,  but  even  these 
rather  mingled  with  the  magnetic  ores  than  as  separate  .^leposits.  The  magnetic  oxides  are 
similar  to  those  of  Lake  Champlain  but  of  finer  grain,  compact,  smooth  and  lustrous.  These 
ores  lie  in  the  counties  of  Sussex,  Passaic,  Morris,  and  Warren,  and  are  included  within  an 
area  of  less  than  four  hundred  square  miles.  Some  of  these  mines  have  been  woiked  for 
over  a  century  and  a  half,  and  formerly  furnished  the  ores  for  the  largest  proportion  of  iron 
made  in  the  United  States.  They  are  in  many  cases  still  worked  in  the  same  localities  as 
originally  opened,  with  no  sign  of  exhaustion.  The  principal  magnetic  oxides  worked  by 
the  Lehigh  Companies  of  Pennsylvania,  are  located  near  Roekaway  and  Dover.  About  three 
miles  north-east  of  Roekaway  is  the  Hibemia  Mine,  producing  some  24,000  tons  a  montli, 


502 


lEON  OEE  EEGIOKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


and  employing  some  500  men.  Tliis  mine  is  worked  at  one  part  1)j  the  Betlileliem  Iron 
Company  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  another  by  tlie  Glendon  Iron  Company,  of  East  on,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  the  Andover  Iron  Company,  at  Phillipsburg,  New  Jersey.*  The  Mount 
Hope  Mine  is  located  three  miles  north-west  of  Rockaway,  and  produces  an  average 'of 
20,000  tons  a  month,  employing  400  men.  This  mine  is  worked  by  the  Lackawanna  Iron 
Company.  ISTear  Dover  are  the  Dickerson  and  Baker  Mines,  both  worked  by  the  lien- 
town  Iron  Company.  The  Hutf  Mine  is  also  in  this  locality.  In  the  same  region  are  the 
Irondale  and  Eichmond  Mines,  formerly  worked  by  the  Sussex  Iron  Company,  now  by  the 
Thomas  Iron  Company,  of  Plokendautpia,  Pennsylvania.  Two  hundred  men  are  employed 
at  these  mines.  The  Crane  Iron  Company,  of  Catasauqna,  Pennsylvania,  works  six  mines, 
the  Randall  Hill,  Pequest,  Danville,  Schofield,  Baker,  and  Irondale.  Of  these  several  are 
very  productive  mines.  From  the  Danville  Mine  for  the  three  mouths  ending  with  Sep- 
tember, 1873,  5,700  tons  of  ore  were  taken  and  shipped  to  the  company's  furnaces  at  Cata- 
sauqna, viz. :  in  July,  2,200  ;  in  August,  1,737  ;  and  in  September,  1,759.  In  October  the 
production  was  curtailed  to  1,600  tons,  on  account  of  the  financial  troubles. 

The  Oxford  Furnace  ores  are  black  magnetic,  yielding  from  45  to  CO  per  cent.,  and  have 
been  worked  since  before  March,  1743,  at  which  date  the  old  furnace  of  this  company,  now 
a  limekiln,  was  blown  in.  Pigs  of  the  early  iron,  bearing  date  1745,  are  still  kept  at  thi.s 
furnace.  The  deposits  of  ore  here  are  very  extensive,  and  the  iron  produced  from  thccC 
ores  has  always  been  celebrated  for  quality. 

The  Andover  Mine  (specular  ore)  formerly  largely  worked  by  the  old  Andover  Iron 
Company,  is  situated  at  Waterloo.    The  ore  analyzed  : 


Peroxide  iron   76.99 

Silica   8.04 

Carbonate  of  lime   8.14 

Carbonate  magnesia   3.74 

Alumina   1.78 

Manganese   trace. 

Metallic  iron   53.89 


The  old  Andover  Company  became  broken  up,  and  this  mine  was  neglected  until 
1847,  when  Abeajvi  S.  Hewitt  and  Peter  Cooper,  of  E"ew  York,  with  Edward  Cooper, 
son  of  Peter  Cooper,  built  the  furnaces  of  the  present  Andover  Iron  Company,  at  Phillips- 
burg, to  rim  on  these  ores. 

l^ew  Jersey  contains  in  addition  to  the  ores  mentioned  here,  one  of  the  most  curious 
and  refractory  ores  of  the  coimtry  ifl  the  Franklinite  Magnetic  ore  of  the  Walkill  Mountain 

This  ore  is  a  black  ore,  with  66  per  cent,  peroxide  of  iron,  16  per  cent,  of  zinc  and  11 
per  cent,  red  oxide  of  manganese.  This  ore  has  been  a  mystery  to  many  smelters,  and  th( 
subject  of  several  patent  processes. 

The  Franklin  Iron  Company  works  a  magnetic  ore  near  here,  and  the  Franklin  or( 
above  mentioned  is  used  by  the  New  Jersey  Zinc  Company,  which  also  makes  a  grade  o 
spiegeleisen  from  it,  which  is  not  considered  as  pure  as  that  imported.    The  Franklinit< 


*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  .Tersey. 


IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


403 


iron  made  from  this  ore  is  used  for  purposes  requiring  great  strengtli  and  liardnosSv  as 
burglar  proof  safes,  etc.  ^^V^ 

New  Jersey  has  not  engaged  as  extensively  in  the  iron  business  as  would  have  be^ 
supposed  from  the  great  extent  and  purity  of  her  magnetic  ores,  but  this  is  rather  from  the 
fact  that  they  worked  better  as  admixtures  than  alone.    The  mixing  of  these  ores  has  brought 
large  amounts  of  capital  into  the  State,  and  will  continue  for  years  a  source  of  great  profit. 

The  iron  mines  of  'Ne'w  Jersey  yielded  in  1873,  070,000  tons  of  ore,  of  which  150,000 
were  manufactured  into  pig  iron  in  the  State.  The  value  of  the  product  is  about  $3,000,000. 
In  1807,  the  product  of  the  mines  was  only  300,000  tons. 

The  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  New  York. 

This  State  has  been  celebrated  for  the  variety  and  quality  of  various  ores  in  very  nu- 
merous localities,  but  especially  for  the  magnetic  and  specular  ores  of  the  Lake  Champlain 
region,  which  have  supplied  not  only  the  furnaces  of  her  own  but  other  States,  and  furnished 
to  all  of  the  rolling  mills  east  of  the  Alleghanies  the  material  I'equisite  for  fettling  or  lining 
the  plates  of  the  puddling  furnace.  So  important  have  these  ores  become  to  the  rolling- 
mill  owners  of  the  east,  that  they  are  contracted  for  at  the  opening  of  each  year,  and  orders 
not  in  the  hands  of  the  ore-bed  owners  by  a  certain  date  receive  no  attention. 

The  shipments  amounted  to  very  considerable  quantities,  as  is  shown  by  the  following 
table  of  the  production  of  1872,  viz. : 

Tons. 

"Witherbees,  Sherman  &  Co.  from  their  own  mines,  and  as  agents  of 


Port  Henry  Iron  Ore  Co   270,000 

Cheever  Ore  Bed  Co   00,000 

Witherbees  &  Co.  Q^ew  Ore  Bed)   15,000 

Mark  Smith   15,000 

Fisher  Ore  Bed  Co   10,000 

Pilfershire  Mine   5,000 


Total   375,000 


Corresponding  very  nearly  to  the  shipments  from  the  Iron  Mountain  of  Missouri  for 
the  same  year,  which  were  371,474  tons.* 

For  1873,  the  shipments  from  Lake  Champlain  were  somewhat  lighter,  the  panic  in  the 
fall  having  suspended  work  in  most  of  the  rolling  mills  and  many  of  the  furnaces  of  the 
East. 

The  price  of  this  ore  has  been  steadily  advancing  until  it  culminated  in  1873  at  $8 
per  ton  on  board  boat  at  the  mines,  costing  the  mills  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania  from  $12  to 
$14  per  ton,  and  when  it  is  considered  that  from  800  to  1,000  lbs.  of  this  ore  is  used  for 
every  ton  of  iron  puddled,  the  addition  to  the  cost  of  what  is  commercially  termed  "  manu- 
factured iron,"  may  be  imagined.  For  1874,  the  price  of  these  ores  has  been,  it  is  said, 
somewhat  reduced,  but  it  is  probable  that  with  any  new  demand  it  would  again  advance  to 


*  See  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Missouri. 


504 


lEOM  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


or  beyond  former  figures.  Having  noted  the  commercial  value  of  tlie  magnetic  ores  of 
Northern  New  York,  it  Ijecomes  necessary  to  notice  them  geographically  and  geologically. 
This  has  been  thoroughly  well  done  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,  in  whose  treatise  on  the  primary 
ores  of  New  York  *  will  be  found  a  detailed  description  of  each  vein.  To  condense  these 
we  can  only  state  the  location  and  general  characteristics  for  reference  in  a  commercial 
point  of  view. 

The  most  extensive  deposits  of  magnetic  and  specular  ores  of  New  York  are  in  Essex 
and  Clinton  counties,  but  they  are  also  foimd  in  Franklin,  Jefferson,  and  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ties. In  Essex  and  Clinton  they  occur  in  vast  cliffs  and  ledges,  in  masses  and  veins,  both  as 
a  red  powder  and,  as  now  familiarly  known  elsewhere,  as  a  steel-bright  crystalline  mass.  At 
Crown  Point,  Essex  County,  the  black  magnetic  oxide  is  40  feet  wide,  and  at  one  point  160 
feet  wide,  and  worked  in  an  open  quarry.  Extensions  of  this  bed  have  been  opened  both 
north  and  south  of  it.  The  old  Ci'own  Point  vein,  near  Cedar  Point,  has  been  worked 
for  nearly  one  hundred  years,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  iron  product. 

Near  Port  Penry  the  Craigharbor  vein  is  worked,  of  which  an  analysis  gives : 

Peroxide  of  iron . . 
Protoxide  of  iron. 
Silica  and  alumina 
Metallic  iron  

Noi'th  of  and  also  near  Port  Henry,  and  a  short  distance  from  Lake  Champlain,  are 
the  Cheever  ore  beds,  yielding  a  very  pure  magnetic  oxide.  West  of  Port  Heniy  are 
what  was  formerly  known  as  the  Sandford  Ore  Beds,  now  the  property  of  the  Port  Henry 
Iron  Ore  Company.  These  ai"e  located  in  the  side  of  a  hill  1,000  feet  above  the  lake. 
Here  the  ore  is  60  feet  thick,  and  was  formerly  worked  in  an  excavation  100  by  300  feet, 
and  100  feet  deep.  This  ore  is  mixed  with  phosphate  of  lime,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that 
works  were  once  built  for  the  manufacture  of  this  fertilizer  to  the  neglect  of  the  iron  ore.  This 
is  the  ore  which  is  the  favorite  with  the  rolling  mills,  and  besides  supplies  many  furnaces 
on  the  Hudson  and  elsewhere.  West  of  this  is  the  old  Barnum  vein,  very  soft  and  tine. 
Near  these  are  the  Hall,  Everest,  and  Green  mines,  as  originally  known,  but  in  late  years 
called  after  present  owners.  These  properties  as  may  be  readily  supposed  are  in  the  hands 
of  few  and  wealthy  capitalists,  and  have  indeed  proved  mines  of  wealth  to  their  owners. 

The  beautiful  and  romantic  scenery  of  Lake  Champlain  attracts  the  attention  of  the  tour- 
ist, while  the  foreign  metallurgist  or  iron  manufacturer  desirous  of  forming  an  intelligent 
conception  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  United  States,  should  not  fail  to  visit  these  won- 
derful ore  deposits. 

The  Adirondack  Region,  in  Wan-en  County,  formerly  a  dense  wilderness,  is  practically 
full  of  ore,  the  existence  of  which  was  revealed  to  a  Mk.  David  Hendekson,  of  Jersey 
City  in  1826,  while  at  the  Elba  Works.  Here  is  a  magnetic  ore  bed  stated  to  be  800  feet 
thick  (!),  but  in  fact  of  immense  extent.  The  discovery  of  this  ore  was  expected  to  lead  to 
great  profit,  but  difficulties  were  found  in  working  the  ore,  and  the  region  fell  into  discredit. 
Here  we  may  be  permitted  a  digression,  as  upon  the  workings  of  these  ores  in  the  future 


64.80  per  cent. 
24.50    "  " 
8.70    "  " 
05.23    "  " 


*  Iron  Mamifacturcrs'  Guide,  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,  p.  387,  etc. 


»  IRON  OEE  REGIOJSrS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  505 

depends  the  success  of  many  similar  ores  in  the  country.  Moreover,  the  region  has  within 
a  year  or  two  attracted  the  attention  of  foreign  capital,  and  it  is  said  large  purchases  have 
been  made  for  Sheffield  account,  for  steel  making. 

The  entire  bugbear  of  these  ores  has  been  the  presence  of  titanic  acid  in  varying 
quantities,  but  in  no  case  in  amount  comparable  to  the  titanic  ores  of  Norway,  which  have 
been  and  are  successfully  and  very  profitably  worked  at  the  Norton  Iron  Works,  in  England. 
The  Norwegian  ores  contain  as  high  as  -iO  per  cent,  titanic  acid,  while  no  ores  yet  foimd  in 
the  United  States  equal  this  amoimt.  The  truth  is  that  titanium  has  been  a  bogey  to  the 
American  iron  manufacturer,  because  of  ignorance  in  its  working,  and  an  idea  that  the  only 
way  to  smelt  titanic  ores  is  at  the  expense  of  the  iron.  At  the  Norton  Works,  in  England, 
under  Mr.  John  Player's  direction,  the  Norway  ores  with  their  10  per  cent,  of  titanic  acid 
were  worked  in  proportions  of  2  tons  of  coal  to  2^  tons  ore,  with  15  cwt.  of  limestone  and 
10  cwt.  of  basalt  rock,  and  with  a  blast  temperature  of  about  1,000°.  Mr.  Playek  was  not 
thoroughly  successful  at  the  Norton  Works,  and  the  conduct  of  the  smelting  was  later  in 
charge  of  Mr.  William  M.  Bowkon,  an  English  metallurgist  and  engineer  of  ability,  now 
iu  the  United  States,  engaged  in  the  introduction  and  construction  of  the  Whitwell  Fire- 
brick Ilot-blast  Stove.  This  gentleman  worked  out  a  system  of  fluxes  and  charges  by 
which  these  extremely  titanif erous  ores  were  and  are  successfully  worked  with  great  profit  at 
Norton.  He  has  frequently  expressed  to  the  writer  his  surprise  that  American  iron  masters 
shrunk  f rom  beneficiating  the  titanic  ores  of  this  country,  and  expressed  the  opinion  that  they 
could  be  worked  at  no  greater  expense  than  ordinary  ores,  with  a  resulting  iron  worth  at 
least  double  the  price  of  ordinary  pig  metals.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  irons  smelted  fPom 
the  Norway  titanic  ores  in  England  command  threefold  the  price  of  ordinary  pig,  and  are  used 
for  armor  plates  and  pui-poses  requiring  great  strength,  the  tensile  strength  being,  in  bar  sec- 
tions tested,  over  100,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch.  It  is,  moreover,  to  be  remembered  that 
titanif  erous  ores  are  always  totally  free  from  phosphorus,  and  hence  furnish  the  most  desirable 
material  for  Bessemek  pig  metal,  while  the  resulting  Bessemer  steel  from  such  a  pig  would 
probably  be  the  most  valuable  and  strongest  metal  produced  in  the  world.  Titaniferous 
ores  are  abundant  in  the  United  States,  not  only  in  New  York,  in  the  immense  masses  here 
noted,  but  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  probably  elsewhere.  Heretofore  entirely  neg- 
lected, they  present  an  inviting  field  for  the  profitable  investment  of  capital.  Hence  we 
need  make  no  apology  for  the  digression  here  made,  any  more  than  in  the  space  occupied 
in  treating  of  the  manganiferous  ores  of  Missouri  and  the  subject  of  spiegel  making. 
These  two  specialties,  that  of  working  titaniferous  ores  and  producing  spiegel,  offer  to-diiy 
the  greatest  opportunities  for  profit  of  any  branch  of  the  iron  industry  in  the  United 
States. 

To  return  to  the  magnetic  ores  of  New  York.  In  Washington  County  there  are  also 
immense  deposits  of  magnetic  ores.  Of  these  the  Fort  Ann,  or  "  Podunk  "  Mine,  as  it  is  fam- 
iliarly known,  is  very  notable.  This  mine  is  situated  about  five  miles  from  railroad  and  canal, 
but  to  connect  which  with  it,  a  branch  railroad  is  projected.  It  is  situate.d  GO  miles  nearer 
.the  market  for  ores  than  Port  Henry,  and  the  deposit  is  of  wonderful  proportions.  From 
recent  examinations  of  this  deposit  by  reliable  authority,  we  have  been  informed  that  the 
mine  presents  a  breast  of  ore  of  over  300  feet,  and  from  15  to  20  feet  in  thickness  to  work 
on,  from  which  it  is  estimated  100  tons  of  ore  can  be  taken  daily,  while  there  is  apparently 
no  limit  to  the  deposit.    Near  these  magnetic  ores  are  fine  beds  of  hematite  ores,  offering 


606 


lEON  ORE  KEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


all  the  requisites  for  admixture.  Surface  ore  is  abundant,  although  not  so  rich  as  that 
mined,  but  it  can  be  put  in  the  furnace,  if  one  were  erected  on  the  spot,  for  fifty  cents  per 
ton,  and  it  is  estimated  by  competent  parties  that  iron  can  be  made  here  for  per  ton, 
which  is  certainly  cheaper  than  can  be  done  in  any  of  the  older  regions  where  ores  of 
similar  tjuality  exist.  An  analysis  of  this  ore  by  Prof.  Chandler,  of  the  School  of  Mine, 
Columbia  College,  gave : 

Magnetic  oxide  of  iron    87.11 

Silica   6.1G 

Alumina    0.82 

Lime    1.80 

Magnesia    0.53 

Chlorine  and  fluorine   traces. 

Phosphoric  acid   0.63 

Sulphur    0.12 

Moisture    2.08 

100.00 

Equivalent  to : 

Metallic  iron   63.08 

Manganese   0.37 

Sulphur   0.12 

-     Phosphorus   0.27 

Prof.  Chandler  said  of  this  ore,  "  It  is  very  rich  in  iron  and  very  free  from  sulphur 
and  phosphorus.    It  must  be  one  of  the  very  best  ores  of  the  Champlain  District." 

Certainly  the  percentages  of  sulphur  and  phosphorus  are  so  low  as  to  indicate  value  for 
Bessemer  pig  metal,  and  as  this  district  is  about  the  only  portion  of  the  Champlain  Region 
where  such  ore  lands  can  still  be  purchased,  it  deserves  the  earnest  attention  of  foreign 
capital. 

ISTear  Westport,  in  Essex  County,  and  at  Keene,  are  veins  of  magnetic  ore. 

Clinton  County  is  extremely  rich  in  very  pure  magnetic  oxides,  which  have  been  and 
are  extensively  worked.  IS[o  less  than  twenty  different  and  distinct  localities  are  noted  in 
this  county  where  these  excellent  ores  occur  in  large  and  well-defined  veins. 

In  Franklin  County  the  magnetic  ores  are  not  so  numerous,  but  here  occurs  one  of  the 
most  peculiar  ores  of  the  country,  so  far  as  steel  making  is  concei'ned.  This  is  the  steel 
ore  bed  four  miles  east  of  Duane,  and  known  as  Duane  ore.  This  ore,  although  a  mag- 
netic oxide,  has  produced  cast-steel  tools,  chisels,  plane-irons,  knives,  etc.,  which,  tempered 
in  oil,  make  a  highly  useful  metal,  possessing  most  of  the  characteristics  of  steel,  but  not 
to  be  entirely  depended  on  like  well-made  steel.* 

In  St.  Lawrence  County  but  few  magnetic  ores  occur,  the  primaries  being  mostly 
specular  or  peroxide.  Here  are  magnificent  specular  ores  and  peroxides  nearly  pure.  Some 
nine  or  ten  localities  are  worked,  principally  red  oxides.  Nuiuerous  forges  were  rvm  on 
the  ores  of  Northern  New  York  from  an  early  day,  and  some  fine  furnaces  have  replaced 
them,  among  the  latest  of  which  are  the  Crown  Point  and  the  Cedar  Point  furnaces,  now 
just  finished. 

*  Iron  Manufaciwrers'  Guide,  page  397. 


lEON  OEE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


507 


In  Southern  Kew  York  magnetic  ores  abound  in  Putnam,  Orange,  and  Westchester 
counties,  in  the  Highlands  of  the  Hudson.  These  ores  have  every  facility  of  location, 
water  carriage,  and  abundant  timber  for  reduction,  but  have  never  been  as  extensively 
Avorked  as  they  deserve.  Of  late  years,  however,  they  have  received  the  attention  of  capi- 
ital,  and  are  in  many  cases  yet  held  idle  as  investments  or  reserves  by  furnace  companies 
owning  other  and  nearer  deposits  of  magnetites.  Some  of  these  ores  have  been  early 
worked,  and  the  ore  transported  long  distances  in  south-east  Putnam  County.  Mather 
calculated  a  million  tons  were  still  above  the  water  level  of  the  Croton  River,  after  some 
150,000  tons  had  been  taken  out.  Some  eighteen  or  twenty  different  mines  are  noted  with 
immense  deposits.  Near  Philipstown,  at  the  Gouverneur  Mine,  are  titaniferous  magne- 
tites. On  the  Harlem  Railroad,  between  Croton  Falls  and  Brewers,  is  a  splendid  deposit 
30  feet  thick,  and  analyzing : 


Protoxide  iron   26.30 

Peroxide  iron   57.00 

Silica.   13.10 

Titanic  acid   1.25 

Oxide  of  manganese  75 

Sulphur   1.20 

Phosphate  of  lime  40 

Metallic  iron   59.80 


On  the  other  side  of  the  Hudson  River,  in  Orange  and  Rockland  Counties,  are  the 
continuations  of  the  magnetic  ores,  which  extend  into  N"ew  Jersey.  These  are  found  at 
numerous  localities,  and  hare  been  worked  for  years.  Of  these,  the  Forest  of  Dean  Mine 
is  said  to  be  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  State,  as  it  supplied  a  furnace  in  1756,  and  for  twenty- 
one  years  later,  until  1777,  when  the  furnace  was  abandoned.  This  bed  is  150  feet  wide, 
and  for  70  feet  down  said  to  be  solid  ore.  40,000  tons  had  been  taken  from  it  previous  to 
1842.  Another  old  mine  lies  south-west  of  Southfield  Furnace,  in  Orange  County,  and  was 
worked  in  1761.  This  is  a  good  ore,  with  70.50  peroxide,  25.40  protoxide,  1.60  oxide  man- 
ganese, and  2.50  silica.  It  ought  to  make  good  Bessemer  pig.  Tlie  mountain  mines  in 
the  same  county  were  discovered  in  1758,  and  worked  before  the  Revolution,  the  iron 
being  sent  to  England,  where  it  was  noted  for  its  strength  and  polish.  The  Stirling  Mines 
were  discovered  in  1750,  and  named  after  Lord  Stirling,  the  owner.  A  furnace  was  erected 
in  1751  by  "Ward  and  Colton,  since  which  they  have  been  worked,  the  present  owners 
being  the  Stirling  Iron  and  Railway  Company,  of  New  York.  Mr.  A.  W.  HuMPHEErs, 
the  treasurer,  must  have  many  interesting  historical  records  in  connection  with  the  early 
workings  of  these  ores.  This  ore  was  also  used  for  years  in  casting  cannon.  In  abundance  it 
is  practically  unlimited.  The  Clove  Mine,  near  Monroe,  is  also  one  of  the  earlier  and  exten- 
sively worked  mines,  as  is  the  O'Neil  Mine,  a  tremendous  deposit  south-east  of  the  Clove, 
and  formerly  owned  by  Gouverneur  Kemble.  In  this  region  are  the  celebrated  Ramapo 
"Works,  the  successors  of  old  bloomary  forges  of  the  same  name,  but  now  entirely  devoted 
to  the  manufacture  of  railway  material.  By  reference  to  the  department  of  blast  furnaces 
in  this  work,  those  stacks  using  these  ores  will  be  found. 

The  Brown  Hematites. — Eastei-n  New  York  has  a  continuation  of  the  brown  hematite 
64 


508 


lEON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


beds  of  Connecticut  similar  to  tlie  Salisbury  ore,  while  tbere  are  also  some  particularly 
choice  deposits  in  Columbia  and  Duteliess  counties.  At  Copake,  Boston  Corners,  America, 
Hopewell,  and  other  localities,  fine  hematites  abound,  these  ores  supplying  numerous  fur- 
naces.* The  Amenia  ores  analyzed:  Peroxide,  82.90;  silica  and  alumina,  3. GO,  with  a 
trace  of  manganese. 

In  Columbia  County,  on  the  Hudson  Eiver,  at  a  point  nearly  opposite  Catskill,  is  a 
deposit  of  hematite  and  spathic  ores  closely  associated,  which  for  superior  quality  is  unsur- 
passed anywhere.  This  is  a  hill  of  ore  rising  from  the  Hudson  about  600  feet,  and  includ- 
ing some  fifty  acres,  apparently  all  ore.    An  analysis  of  surface  ore  gave  as  follows : 

Peroxide  of  iron   60.37 

Silica   21.71 

Alumina   2.19 

Lime  42 

AVater  loss   9.31 


100.00 


Subsequent  analyses,  made  late  in  1873  by  Dr.  Wengell,  chemist  to  the  Rensselaer 
Steel  "Works  of  Messrs.  John  A.  Geiswold  &  Co.,  Troy,  gave  of  sample  from  east 
opening : 

Metallic  iron,  57.42 ;  sulphur,  0.39 ;  and  phosphorus,  0.055.  Sample  from  west  open- 
ing :  Iron,  48.22  ;  sulphur,  0.033  ;  and  phosphorus,  0.042.  The  latter  is  a  spathic  ore,  and 
both  valuable  Bessemee  ores.  The  facilities  for  working  and  shipping  here  are  superior. 
The  ore  can  be  mined  and  put  on  board  boats  of  1,200  tons  capacity  for  $1.50  per  ton,  and 
either  taken  to  the  Erie  Railway  Docks,  at  Newburgh,  for  rail  transportation,  or  via  the 
Hudson  River  to  any  locality.  This  ore  commands  readily  $4  to  $5  per  ton  on  board  at 
mine,  and  the  property  offers  a  fine  opportunity  for  investment.  It  is  wonderful,  with  such 
ores  on  the  waters  of  the  Hudson,  to  see  English  Bessemee  pig  metal  passing  them  on  its 
way  to  Troy,  after  paying  the  high  cost  of  importation. 

In  Western  New  York  fossil  ores  are  found  in  St.  Lawrence  and  Wayne  counties,  but 
in  no  very  marked  abundance,  although  they  supply  furnaces  at  Ontario  and  elsewhere. 

Carbonates  are  scarcely  visible  in  New  York,  as  may  be  expected  from  the  geological 
formation,  nor  are  bog  oi'es  found. 

The  wonderful  abundance  of  magnetic,  specular,  red  oxide,  and  limonetic  ores  of  the 
localities  here  noted  are  enough  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  student  as  well  as  the  capital- 
ist. Had  the  iron  industry  occupied  more  of  the  attention  of  her  people,  New  York  would 
to-day  be  even  more  prominent  and  wealthy  than  she  is ;  or  could  but  a  small  proportion  of 
the  capital  daily  jeopardized  in  stock  gambling  in  Wall  Street  be  legitimately  employed  in 
developing  and  reducing  some  of  these  wonderful  ore  deposits,  the  material  wealth  and 
prosperity  of  the  whole  country  would  be  vastly  increased.  Although  the  ore  lands  of  New 
York  State  are  generally  owned  by  large  corporations,  and  are  not  for  sale,  instances  occur 
where  valuable  investments  may  be  made ;  and  in  evidence  of  this,  we  have  noted  the  prop- 


*  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Columbia  and  Dutchess  Counties,  New  York. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


509 


ei-ties  at  Fort  Ann,  and  in  Columbia  County,  on  the  Hudson,  both  of  whicb  are,  we  believe, 
or  lately  were,  in  the  market. 

Iron  Ore  Regions  of  North  Carolina. 

The  iron  ores  of  Jforth  Carolina  are  principally,  in  fact,  almost  exclusively,  magnetites 
and  compact  red  or  brown  hematites.  They  have  been  worked  since  and  during  the  Revo- 
lution, but  generally  iu  a  rude  way,  in  Catalan  forges  and  primitive  furnaces,  but  always 
witli  a  superior  and  highly  tenacious  iron  as  the  result.  Of  late  years  the  attention  of 
northern  capital  has  been  drawn  to  the  great  advantages  offered  by  these  ores  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  Bessemer  pig  metal,  fine  irons,  and  crucible  steel,  and  large  purchases  have 
been  made.  The  opinions  of  scientists,  experts,  and  practical  iron  manufacturers,  in  regard 
to  these  ores,  has  been  unanimous  as  to  their  great  purity  and  astonishing  similarity  to  the 
celebrated  ores  of  Sweden.  Dr.  Emmons,  Prof.  Chandler,  of  Columbia  College,  New 
York,  Prof.  Kerr,  State  Geologist  of  North  Carolina,  Profs.  Gentu,  J.  P.  Lesley,  and 
Fesquet,  of  Philadelphia,  and  J.  F.  Alexander,  M.  E.,  of  the  same  city,  all  write  enthusi- 
astically of  their  quality;  while  the  superior  tensile  strength  of  the  resulting  iron  is  attested 
by  Wm.  Rogers  Taylor,  U.  S.  Inspector  of  Ordnance,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  C.  II,  Ash- 
burner,  Vice-President  of  the  Abbott  Iron  Company,  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

We  shall  have  occasion  to  refer  to  the  statements  of  all  of  these  gentlemen  in  our 
notes  on  the  ore  regions  of  North  Carolina. 

The  central  region  of  North  Carolina  is  traversed  by  three  belts  of  magnetic  ore, 
changed  in  some  places  to  specular."'"'  The  first  passes  six  or  seven  miles  east  of  Lincoln- 
ton,  Lincoln  County,  and  is  prolonged  into  King's  Mountain,  Gaston  County,  S.  C.  The 
ore  here  is  in  a  thin  bed  of  talc  states,  and  is  usually  near  the  crest  of  a  ridge  or  of  parallel 
ridges,  or  cuts  these  ridges  obliquely,  bearing  north  20°  east.  This  ore  is  usually  fine- 
grained, soft,  readily  crushed  in  the  hand,  strongly  magnetic,  easily  smelted,  and  with  the 
upper  portions  of  the  vein  disintegrated  into  a  loose,  red  mass,  powdery,  with  the  interior 
black  and  granular.  These  ores  have  been  worked  for  many  years,  always  producing  a 
strong,  tough  iron.  In  Lincoln  County,  two  miles  from  Lincolntou,  is  a  fine  bed  of  hema- 
tite. Numerous  old  forges  and  furnaces  ran  on  these  ores,  locally  named  Leiper's  Creek 
ore.  In  Gaston  County  is  a  niekeliferous  magnetic  ore,  formerly  worked  by  the  Columbia 
Furnace.  In  Cleveland  the  gray  magnetic  ores  of  King's  Mountain  and  Ormond's  Bank 
have  been  largely  worked. 

The  second  belt  of  the  primary  ores  in  North  Carolina  begins  in  Montgomery  County, 
and  runs  through  Randolph  and  Guilford,  west  of  Greensborough.  The  strike  is  hei'e 
north  30°  east,  the  ore  silicious  at  the  surface,  with  seams  of  heavy  pure  peroxide,  breaks 
iu  angular  fragments,  and  is  non-sulphurous.  Specular  and  magnetic  ores  are  found  near 
Troy  on  the  same  range,  side  by  side. 

In  Davie  and  Stokes  counties  are  the  same  ores  as  near  Lincolnton,  and  near  Deep 
River  there  are  an  abundance  of  lieavy  black  magnetic  ores.  In  Stokes  County,  near  Dan- 
bury,  are  magnetic  ore  beds  six  feet  thick,  with  77  per  cent.  iron.    The  Dan  River  coal 


*  Dr.  Emmons'  Report  on  North  Carolina  for  1856,  in  Iron  Manufacturers'  Guide,  p.  447. 


510 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


field  is  within  ten  miles  of  these  ores,  and  is  now  nearly,  if  not  quite,  connected  Ly  rail. 
Upon  this  coal,  in  a  measure,  dejK'nds  the  future  development  of  these  ores.  Here  is  a  belt 
of  magnetic  ores,  six  miles  long  by  two  or  three  wide,  found  in  gneiss  or  micaceous  slate. 
In  Surrey  and  Yadkin  counties  black  magnetic  ores  are  abundant. 

Specular  ores  are  found  on  Trogden  Mountain,  in  Catawba  Coimty,  and  were  for  some 
time  worked.    Heavy  black  magnetic  ores,  very  valuable,  exist  in  Guilford  County. 

The  third  belt  of  the  primary  ores  in  the  State  is  locally  termed  the  Chatham  Belt,  and 
according  to  the  same  authority  is  the  least  regular.  The  ores  of  this  belt  have  been  the 
subject  of  much  late  investigation,  and  many  investments  with  great  promise.  Specular 
ores  crop  out  near  the  Deep  River,  and  near  by  is  Ore  Hill,  of  great  celebrity.  This  is  a 
hill  of  hematites  in  talc  state,  some  300  feet  high.  Here  are  the  old  jMts  worked  duiing 
the  Revolutionary  War.  In  Johnston  County,  near  Smithfield,  are  magnetic  ores,  and  in 
Wake  County,  near  Raleigh,  is  a  bluff  of  hematite  in  clay  slate.  In  the  Red  Mountain 
Range,  of  Orange  County,  are  also  extensive  ore  beds.  In  Ashe  County,  in  the  extreme 
north-west  corner  of  North  Carolina,  along  the  backbone  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains, 
there  are  numerous  hematites,  formerly  worked  in  bloomary  forges.  In  Wautauga  County, 
on  Elk  Creek,  are  superior  80  per  cent,  magnetic  ores,  with  60  per  cent,  ores  of  the  same 
class  near  them.  This  is  the  celebrated  Cranberry  Ore  Bank,  of  which  analyses  will  be 
given  hereafter.    In  Cherokee  County  are  brown  hematites  also. 

Having  traced  the  geography  of  these  ores,  and  found  the  localities  of  their  appearance 
so  numerous,  it  will  be  well  to  note  their  chemical  properties  and  characteristics. 

Of  the  Cranberry  Ore  Bed  last  mentioned,  Mr.  John  Alexandek,  M.  E.,  after  a  visit 
in  1867,  reported :  "  This  ore  is  found  lying  on  the  eastern  side  of  Yellow  Mountain,  and  in 
purity  corresponds  to  the  celebrated  Arundel  ore.  From  the  pits  formerly  worked  it  is 
seen  that  the  ore  lies  in  beds  one  above  the  other,  with  the  same  synclinal  arrangement. 
No  ore  is  purer — none  so  easily  rid  of  its  impurities."  This  ore  is  a  magnetic  oxide  of 
ii'on,  and  the  following  is  an  analysis  of  the  outcrop : 


Peroxide  of  iron   68.05 

Protoxide   25.07 

Silica   4.83 

Lime   1.01 

Waste   1.04 


100.00 

An  analysis  of  the  interior  of  ihepure  ore  taken  from  the  pits  gave : 

Peroxide  of  iron   69.02 

Protoxide   30.98 


100.00 

Representing — iron,  71.78 ;  oxygen,  28.22  ;  or  a  yield  of  nearly  72  per  cent,  pure  iron. 

This  iron  works  well,  and  if  properly  manufactured  may  be  made  to  rival  the  best 
Swedish  iron  in  quality.    From  experiments  its  tenacity  was  in  one  piece,  67,000  ll)s.  per 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


511 


square  inch  ;  in  another,  T-i,000  lbs.,  and  the  average  tenacity  from  several  lots  was  found  to 
be  71,000  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Another  analysis  of  Cranberry  magnetic  ore,  by  Professor  Chandlek,  of  the  School 
of  Mines,  Columbia  College,  New  York,  gave  as  follows  : 


Magnetic  oxide  of  iron   91.89 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese   0.33 

Alumina.  ^   1.03 

Lime   1.06 

Magnesia   0.23 

Sulphur   0.25 

Phosphoric  acid   trace. 

Silica   4.02 

Moisture   1.15 

Equivalent  to  metallic  iron   6G. 53 


Of  this  ore  Professor  Chandler  says :  "  This  is  the  best  iron  ore  I  have  ever  analyzed. 
It  is  very  rich  in  iron,  and  very  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus."  Professor  Kerk, 
State  Geologist  of  I^orth  Carolina  in  1869,  suggests  the  desirability  of  this  ore  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  Bessemer  pig  metal. 

In  addition  to  the  Cranberry  ore  beds,  Professor  Fred.  A.  Genth  states''^  that  a  number 
of  ore  beds  are  found  in  Mitchell  County,  the  most  valuable  of  which  are  about  one  and  a 
half  miles  south  of  Cranberry,  near  the  Tennessee  line.f  These  ore  beds  have  not  yet  been 
sufficiently  explored  to  show  their  geological  character  and  size,  but  appear  to  be  inclosed 
between  horneblende  slates  and  a  peculiar  micaceous  slate.  The  size  of  the  beds  is  large, 
the  outcrops  being  300  to  400  yards  wide,  and  extending  for  half  a  mile,  the  whole  side  of 
the  hill  being  covered  with  large  blocks  of  the  finest  quality  of  magnetite,  which  evidently 
exists  there  in  inexhaustible  quantities. 

An  analysis  of  an  average  specimen  showed  it  to  be  entirely  free  from  sulphur  and 
phosphorus,  and  containing  65  per  cent,  of  iron. 

A  test  of  the  iron  made  from  this  ore  of  Mitchell  County,  by  order  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ordnance  at  the  Navy  Ordnance  Yard,  Washington,  D.  C,  January  16,  1866,  by  Wm. 
Rogers  Taylor,  Inspector  of  Ordnance,  was  conducted  as  follows,  and  so  officially  re- 
ported to  the  Bureau : 

"  A  portion  of  the  bar  was  l)ent  cold  and  hammered  till  the  ends  closed,  then  opened, 
when  it  broke  in  two.    The  fracture  looks  remarkably  well.- 

"  A  piece  was  taken  and  punched  with  a  one-inch  pin,  which  is  more  than  should  be 
required  for  iron  to  stand  at  a  low  heat. 

"  Same  piece  was  made  moderately  hot,  drawn,  and  cooled  in  water,  and  bent  double 
while  cold ;  cracked,  but  did  not  break.    This  is  as  severe  a  test  as  iron  can  be  put  to. 

"  It  works  well  under  the  hammer,  and  in  my  opinion  is  of  excellent  quality. 

*  "  llineral  Resources  of  North  Carolina,"  by  Fked.  A.  Genth,  Nov.,  1871. 
f  The  prolongation  of  these  ores  into  Carter  County,  Tennessee,  is  noted  in  the  Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Tennes- 
see.—Ed.  Manual. 


512 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


"  And  a  third  piece  was  submitted  to  meclianical  tests,  and  gave  tlie  following  results  : 

"Density   7.835 

"  Tenacity,  per  square  inch   70.290." 

Yery  few  iron  manufacturers  would  care  to  submit  their  product  to  such  tests,  if  its  use 
depended  on  the  result. 

Perhaps,  however,  the  most  scholarly,  thorough,  and  interesting  contribution  to  our  in- 
formation of  the  quality  of  the  ores  of  North  Carolina  is  that  of  Professor  A.  A.  FESQrET, 
of  Philadelphia,  a  Fi-ench  metallurgist  of  great  scientific  knowledge  and  much  practical  ex- 
perience in  iron  making  in  Europe.  This  communication  was  made  to  the  writer  in  De- 
cember, 1872,  by  Professor  Fesquet,  and  published  in  the  Gazette  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Iron  Manufacturers.^^' 

This  communication,  as  it  is  of  real  value  to  all  interested  in  the  manufacture  of  Bes- 
EMER  pig  metal  from  American  ores,  is  here  republished.    Professor  Fesquet  says  : 

If  we  examine  the  history  of  the  Bessemer  process  in  America,  we  will  see  that  it  has 
passed,  and  is  still  passing,  through  the  same  stages  and  difficulties  it  had  to  encounter  in 
England. 

In  that  country,  the  first  attempts  made  with  ordinary  kinds  of  pig  iron  resulted  in  ir- 
regular working,  and  in  a  steel  of  inferior  quality.  The  first  successful  results  were  obtained 
from  imported  Swedish  metal,  high  in  price,  and  the  supply  of  which  was  insufiicient. 
Later,  when  the  requisites  of  a  suitable  pig  iron  were  better  known,  when  the  various  British 
metals  were  thoroughly  analyzed  and  tried,  and  especially  after  the  great  development  of 
the  iron  manufacture  in  the  Cumberland  District,  then  only  was  the  success  of  the  Bessemer 
process  entirely  established  in  England. 

We  might  have  profited  by  the  experience  of  the  English  iron  masters,  and  availed  our- 
selves of  the  knowledge  they  had  gained  as  to  the  metals  to  be  used  ;  but  it  would  appear 
that  the  American  steel  maker  considered  that  it  was  the  process,  the  "  Bessemer  process," 
which  was  all  that  was  essential  for  successful  results.  Therefore,  Bessemer  steel  works 
have  been  erected  in  various  localities  of  this  country,  at  great  cost,  and  perfect  in  con- 
struction, but,  to  say  the  least,  with  indifferent  success,  for  the  reason,  as  we  believe,  that 
the  proper  metal  has  not  been  employed. 

The  real  success  of  the  Bessemer  process  in  this  country  will  date  from  the  time  when 
the  purest  kinds  of  American  ores  shall  be  smelted  in  blast  furnaces  working  for  Bessemer 
pig  only.  Then  will  the  steel  manufacturers  be  certain  of  a  sufficient  supply,  constant  in 
quality,  and  the  treatment  of  which  will  not  bewilder  the  operatives. 

A  personal  examination  of  many  samples  of  iron  ores  from  North  Carolina,  and  the 
analyses  made  by  Dr.  Genth  of  similar  ores  from  the  same  State,  convince  us  that  they  are 
singularly  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  and  tool  steel,  and  also  of  Swedish 
iron.  We  base  this  belief  upon  facts  derived  from  the  composition  of  the  best  known 
qualities  of  pig  metal  used  abroad  for  the  Bessemer  process,  and  from  that  of  tiie  ores  cm- 
ployed. 

The  following  analyses  are  of  Bessemer  pig  metal,  made  at : 

*  Americcan  Pig  Metal  for  Bessemer  Steel:  A.  A.  Fesquet,  Chemist  and  Eugineer,  Philadelphia.  —  G'az^^^^ 
of  National  Association  of  Iron  Manufacturers,  January  and  Fcbmai-y,  1872. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


513 


].  Cleator  (Cumberland  District.    Ked  hematite). 

II.  Ilarringtoii  (Cumberland  District.    Eed  hematite). 

III.  Workington  (Cumberland  District.    Red  hematite). 

lY.  From  English  hematites,  mixed  with  titanium  ores  fro  m  ITorway.  This  pig  is 
said  to  answer  well  for  the  Bessejiek  process. 

V.  Askam.    Furness  Iron  and  Steel  Co.    (Red  hematite). 
YI.  Fagersta  (Sweden.  Magnetite). 
YII.  Neuberg  (Styria.    Spathic  ores). 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

93.553 

93.100 

93.850 

93.47 

93.191 

90.507 

3  082 

2.953 

2.997 

3.928 

3.537 

3.180 

1  3.31 

i.aes 

1.235 

1.134 

0.109 

1.013 

0.750 

1.389 

3.286 

2.706 

1.86 

2.640 

0.854 

1.900 

0.068 

0.075 

0.068 

0.071 

0.004 

0.010 

0.018 

0.027 

0.055 

0.038 

0.076 

0.014 

0.031 

0.040 

0.216 

0.288 

0.140 

0.50 

0.093 

1.919 

3.460 

0.006 

0.006 

0.007 

1.15 

0.085 

99,605 

99.997 

C9.930 

100.437 

99.979 

100.000 

All  of  these  samples  show  that  the  proportion  of  graphitic  carbon  largely  predominates  ^ 
over  that  of  the  combined.  Direct  experiment  in  the  converter  has  proved  the  necessity  of 
such  an  excess  of  graphite,  since  pig  metal  with  a  large  percentage  of  combined  carbon,  and 
good  for  puddling,  did  not  give  satisfactory  results  in  the  Ressemer  process.  As  the  per 
cent,  and  nature  of  the  carbon  in  pig-iron  are  especially  due  to  the  ratio  between  the  fuel 
and  the  burden,  they  depend  more  on  the  mode  of  working  the  stack  than  on  the  nature  of 
the  ores,  although  some  persons  assert  that  the  metal  from  silicious  ores  is  more  readily  per- 
meated with  graphite. 

The  proportion  of  silicium  is  also  uncommonly  large,  and  the  knowledge  of  its  effects 
is  of  comparatively  recent  date.  Like  carbon,  it  acts  as  fuel  for  supporting  the  heat  during 
the  blast ;  it  makes  the  charge  work  hot.  This  is  its  only  advantage,  because,  although  the 
greater  part  of  the  silicium  is  oxidized  at  the  beginning  of  the  blast,  and  even  before  the 
carbon,  there  still  remains  a  small  proportion  of  it  sufficient  to  render  the  metal  hot-short, 
and  requiring  the  addition  of  spiegeleisen,  to  be  entirely  eliminated. 

This  red-shortness  of  metals  made  from  silicious  materials,  and  free  from  sulphur,  has 
already  been  ascertained  several  times.  Cumberland  pig,  puddled  alone,  gives  a  red-short 
iron.  Cast  steel,  rich  in  silicium,  is  also  red-short.  We  have  ourselves  noticed  similar 
results,  in  connection  with  the  presence  of  a  slight  proportion  of  iron  oxide,  in  experiments 
made  with  the  Maktin  process,  when  all  red-shortness  disappeared  after  the  addition  of 


5U 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


spiegeleisen,  or  Frankliiiite,  wliicli  would  not  be  the  case  should  the  metal  be  sulphurous. 
Moreover,  Mr.  Caeon  has  already  observed  that,  under  the  influence  of  a  high  and  oxidizing 
heat,  manganese  aids  in  the  transformation  of  silicium  into  silica. 

The  effect  of  spiegeleisen  is  thus  manifold :  it  restitutes  to  the  decarburized  metal  the 
desired  proportion  of  carbon ;  it  cleanses  it  from  oxides  and  thick  slags,  its  manganese  tak- 
ing the  place  of  iron  and  forming  very  fluid  slags ;  and  lastly,  it  removes  all  the  silicium. 

We  need  not  dwell  on  the  pernicious  effects  of  sulphur  and  phosphorus  ;  they  are  too 
well  known.  Although  these  substances  are  foi;nd  in  all  the  samples  of  Bessemer  pig 
metal  indicated,  and  which  are  of  superior  quality,  their  proportion  is  so  small  as  to  amount 
practically  to  nothing.  Nevertheless,  in  ores,  sulphur  is  the  less  objectionable  of  the  two, 
since  by  careful  roasting  it  may  be  nearly  entirely  removed.  In  Styria,  for  instance,  four 
per  cent,  of  sulphur  in  the  ores  is  not  considered  a  bar  to  their  employment. 

Manganese,  found  in  variable  proportions  in  the  above-named  pig  metals,  is  a  valuable 
substance  ;  so  much  so,  that  spiegeleisen  may  be  dispensed  with  in  the  treatment  of  certain 
pigs  rich  in  manganese. 

To  sum  up,  we  may  say,  that  provided  the  ores  are  practically  free  from  phosphorus 
and  sulphur,  they  are  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  pig ;  and  such  is  the  case 
with  the  iron  ores  of  ISTorth  Carolina  referred  to,  which  have  the  additional  important  merit 
of  containing  a  notable  percentage  of  manganese  and  chromium. 

Red  hematites  are  not,  as  some  people  state,  the  best  or  only  ores  for  the  manufacture 
of  Bessemer  pig.  It  should  be  remembered  that  the  Bessemer  process  was  first  rendered  a 
success  in  England  through  the  use  of  Swedish  pig,  made  from  magnetic  ores ;  and  that  at 
the  present  time  Sweden  is  still  ahead  in  regard  to  the  quality  of  its  Bessemer  steel.  The 
development  of  the  red  hematites  of  Cinnberland  made  a  cheaper  metal,  good  indeed,  but 
not  better  than  the  Swedish  ore.  The  great  advantage  for  England  was  a  home  product,  of 
which  a  large  supply  could  be  had  at  a  reasonable  price.  Next  after  Sweden  in  the  quality 
.  of  its  products  comes  Styria,  with  its  metal  from  spathic  ores.  At  the  same  time,  we  do 
not  wish  to  convey  the  idea  th^t  pure  red  hematites  are  inferior  to  pwe  magnetic  or  spathic 
ores.  We  believe  that  the  superiority  of  the  Swedish  or  Styrian  products  is  due  to  a 
greater  care  in  the  roasting  process,  and  to  the  purity  of  their  fluxes  and  fuel  (charcoal). 

The  ores  which  we  have  examined  as  coming  from  North  Carolina  are  of  the  primarj 
kinds,  that  is,  principally  magnetites  and  compact  red  hematites.  In  places  as  in  Swedei 
they  become  mixed,  the  hematites  running  into  magnetites,  and  conversely. 

The  magnetites  are  either  pure  or  mixed  with  titanic  acid.  All  the  pure  magnetite; 
which  we  have  examined  are  sufficiently  rich  for  the  blast  furnace,  yielding  from  40  pe 
cent,  to  50  per  cent,  and  over  of  m.etal.  Should  it  be  desirable  to  enrich  them  further  fo 
the  bloomary  fires,  this  may  easily  be  done  by  means  of  magnetic  machines,  for,  unlike 
many  of  the  magnetic  ores  of  northern  New  York,  the  grains  of  quartz  do  not  strongly  ad 
here  to  the  magnetic  portions,  and  are  completely  separated  by  the  crushing  process.  Man; 
kinds  of  the  titaniferous  magnetites  may  be  treated  in  the  same  manner,  and  the  titani 
acid  left  behind.  Some  of  the  pure  magnetites  examined  contain  manganese,  and  they  ar 
remarkably  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus. 

The  titaniferous  magnetites  are  especially  worthy  of  consideration ;  they  arc  said  t 
exist  in  great  abundance,  and  are  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus.  They  produce  tli 
most  excellent  quality  of  tool  steel,  and  average  55  per  cent,  of  metal,  from  10  to  12  pe 


lEOlSr  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


515 


cent,  of  titanic  acid,  and  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  of  manganese  and  clironiium.  They  are 
superior  to  other  kind  of  ores  for  the  lining  of  puddling  furnaces.  They  will,  mixed  in 
proper  proportions  with  other  ores,  and  with  suitable  fluxes,  greatly  increase  the  quality 
and  toughness  of  the  metal.  The  fluxes  to  be  preferred  for  such  ores  are  the  multiple  sili- 
cates, holding  metallic  bases,  and  these  are  abundantly  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
We  have  personally  examined  metals  cast  directly  from  titaniferous  ores,  without  admixture 
of  other  ores;  and  there  are  analyses  of  slags  from  Swedish  blast  furnaces  holding  about  10 
per  cent,  of  titanic  acid.  Several  of  the  samples  of  Bessemer  pig  above  given  show  the 
presence  of  titanium  ;  one  especially,  where  the  proportion  is  quite  large.  The  per  cent,  of 
titanic  acid  in  the  ore  must  have  been  considerable,  sinc«e  it  is  well  known  that  the  greater 
part  of  that  substance  goes  into  the  slags. 

The  compact  red  hematites  of  this  part  of  JSTorth  Carolina  are  also  remarkable  for  their 
purity,  al:)undance,  and  considerable  yield  of  metal.  They  are  silicious,  like  the  Cumber- 
land hematites.  This  is  an  advantage  for  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  pig  which  requires 
silicium  ;  but  should  these  ores  be  desired  for  other  purposes,  the  excess  of  free  silica  may 
be  neutralized  with  aluminous  magnetites  found  in  the  vicinity. 

Spathic  ores,  crystallized  or  compact,  have  also  been  found,  but  their  development  has 
not  yet  been  sufficient  to  determine  their  extent. 

The  fluxes  necessary  to  the  smelting  of  all  these  varieties  of  ores  are  said  to  be  abun- 
dant. They  are  granular  limestones,  clays,  ochres,  garnets,  and  the  gangues  of  the  ores 
themselves. 

Charcoal  is  abundant  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  ores,  and  will  be  so  for  many 
years  to  come.  Moreover,  the  important  coal  fields  of  the  Dan  and  Deep  rivers  are  there 
to  supply  any  deficiency  in  vegetable  fuel. 

On  pig  metal  manufactured  from  iron  ores,  such  as  we  have  described,  in  whatever 
locality  they  may  be  found,  depends,  in  our  belief,  the  profitable  success  of  the  steel,  and  of 
the  first-class  bar  iron  manxifactured  in  this  country. 

The  titaniferous  ores  of  this  region,  as  stated  by  Prof.  Fesquet,  are  highly  desirable 
for  fettling  puddling  furnaces.  Frequent  attempts  have  been  made  to  obtain  these  ores 
from  the  North  Carolina  Central  Iron  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  but  the  difliculty  of  commimi- 
cation  owing  to  unfinished  railroads  has  prevented  their  shipment.  Trial  was  made  of  them 
in  1871  or  1872,  at  the  Kensington  Iron  "Works  of  Messrs.  James  Rowland  &  Co.,  Phila- 
delphia, and  the  report  was  that  they  "  stood  up  "  as  fettling  equal  to  the  best  magnetic 
ores  from  Lake  Champlain,  New  York,  the  exclusive  fettling  used  east  of  the  Alleghenies. 
The  amount  of  magnetic  ore  used  as  fettling  is  not  less  than  800  lbs.  to  the  ton  of 
iron  boiled,  and  in  most  cases  advances  to  1,000  lbs.  The  Lake  Champlain  ores  cost,  de- 
livered at  mill  in  Philadelphia  and  vicinity,  not  less  than  $12  per  ton,  and  a  very  consider- 
able proportion  of  the  expense  of  manufacturing  bar  iron  is  to  be  found  in  the  cost  of  ore 
used  for  fettling.  The  magnetites  of  Central  North  Carolina  ought  to  be  delivered  in  Phila- 
delphia at  a  profit  for  $7  per  ton,  and  would  thus  save  some  $7  per  ton  on  the  amount  now 
paid  for  fettling  ores,  which  in  a  rolling  mill  producing  some  20,000  tons  of  iron  yearly, 
reaches  an  enormous  figure.  The  ores  of  North  Carolina  invite  capital  both  from  their 
purity  and  contiguity  to  established  iron  markets. 
65 


516 


lEON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Iron  Ore  He^ions  of  Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania  lias  been  frequently  spoken  of  as  the  greatest  iron  producing  State  of  the 
Union,  and  in  figvu'es  of  iron  manufacture  she  is  pre-eminent,  biit  this  is  due  rather  to  the 
wonderful  wealth  in  fuel  of  this  State  and  to  the  patient  industry  of  her  people,  than  to 
any  mineral  abundance.  Indeed,  there  is  scarcely  one  of  the  States  noted  for  iron  ores  but 
which  surpasses  Pennsylvania  in  ore  wealth,  and  be  it  added,  not  one  of  them  that  has 
made  the  use  of  what  she  possesses  that  Pennsylvania  has.  In  magnetic  ores  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Missouri,  and  Michigan  far  surpass  her.  Massa- 
chusetts, Vermont,  Virginia,  and  Tennessee  far  exceed  her  in  brown  hematites.  The  fos- 
siliferous  ores  of  Pennsylvania  are  not  to  be  mentioned  with  those  of  Alabama ;  the  carbon- 
ates cannot  compare  with  those  of  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  West  Virginia,  and  yet  Pennsyl- 
vania produces  more  pig-iron  than  all  the  other  States  conjoined.  It  has  been  patient 
indnslry,  hard  work,  frugality,  and  plenty  of  coal  that  has  made  Pennsylvania  the  great 
iron-makin"'  State  she  is. 

The  magnetic  ores  of  New.  York  and  New  Jersey  almost  disappear  in  Pennsylvania, 
but  some  magnetites  were  formerly  worked  near  Easton,  mixed  in  qiiartz  and  feldspar. 
Near  the  Durham  Furnaces  are  considerable  veius  of  magnetic  oxides.  At  Bethlehem  are 
small  quantities  of  magnetites,  and  also  just  south  of  Allentown,  and  south  of  this  again  in 
Colebrookdale  they  are  found  at  the  Mount  Pleasant  Mines.  In  Berks  County  magnetic 
ores  are  found  in  numerous  localities,  though  to  no  very  great  extent.  Some  of  these  ores 
are,  however  very  pure  and  rich,  and  have  been  used  in  admixture  by  the  furnaces  of  their 
location  for  very  many  years.  Near  Morgantown,  Berks  Coimty,  on  the  lands  of  the  War- 
wick Iron  Company,  is  a  very  rich  magnetic  oxide,  analyzing  97.61  magnetic  oxide,  1.G9, 
silica,  and  only  a  trace  of  aliunina,  yielding  70.90  pure  iron,  according  to  Dr.  Pogeks. 
The  great  Cornwall  Mine  of  Lebanon  County,  which  is  to  the  furnaces  of  Pennsylvania 
what  the  Lake  Champlain  deposits  are  to  New  York,  although  in  a  lesser  degree,  lies  on 
the  south  side  of  a  hill  six  miles  south  of  Lebanon.  An  analysis  of  this  ore,  which  is  nearly 
black,  dull  surface  with  glittering  points  mixed  with  a  white  mineral,  gave,  according  to 
Dr.  PoGEKS : 


Magnetic  oxide   98.00 

Alumina   0.84 

Silica   0.24 

Metallic  iron   70.34 

Copper  ore  is  also  found  in  the  Cornwall  Mine,  but  not  mingled  with  the  iron  ore  to 
its  injury.  The  mine  is  an  open  quarry.  The  Cornwall  ores  have  been  worked  from  a 
very  early  date  in  the  settlement  of  the  region,  and  continue  to  be  the  main-stay  of  a  large 
group  of  furnaces  in  their  vicinity. 

Magnetic  ore  similar  to  that  of  Cornwall  is  found  in  York  County,  near  Dellsburg,  and 
at  Chestnut  Grove  Furnace,  in  the  South  Moimtain,  between  Carlisle  and  Gettysburg. 

Titaniferous  and  chromiferous  ores  are  found  on  the  Susquehanna  Piver  and  on  the 
Maryland  line.    The  principal  mines  are  on  the  Octarara  Creek.    Titaniferous  ore  also  oc- 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


517 


curs  ou  the  east  brauch  of  Braudywine  Creek,  near  Isabella  Furnace,  in  Chester  County, 
which  gives  76.8Gper  cent,  protoxide  iron  and  23.39  titanic  acid. 

Bkown  Hematite  Okes  are  found  much  more  generally  in  Pennsylvania  than  magnetic 
ores,  and  form  the  principal  dependence  of  the  very  numerous  furnaces  of  their  location, 
which  is  general  throughout  Eastern,  South-eastern,  and  Middle  Pennsylvania.  In  South- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  west  of  the  Schuylkill  Kiver,  several  important  beds  of  brown 
hematite  are  found.  JSTear  Yellow  Springs  these  ores  were  formerly  largely  worked.  In 
Montgomery  County,  at  Spring  Mill,  the  belt  of  ore,  about'a  mile  wide,  runs  north  of  Bar- 
ren Hill  on  the  east  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  from  here  towards  ISTorristown  is  considera- 
bly worked.  On  the  other  side  of  the  river  are  numerous  banks  that  supply  the  Merion 
and  C'onshohockon  Furnaces.  Above  Columbia,  in  Lancaster  County,  are  the  locally  cele- 
brated Chestnut  Hill  Ore  Mines.  This  ore  is  worked  to  a  depth  of  over  100  feet,  and  over 
many  acres.  In  Eastern  Pennsylvania  brown  hematites  are  worked  in  Lehigh,  Berks,  and 
Northampton  counties,  and  have  been,  and  are  still,  worked  near  Bethlehem,  Allentown, 
Emaus,  and  Millerstown.  The  Moselem  Ore  Bed  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  country,  and 
is  some  five  miles  west  and  south  of  Kutztown.  The  group  of  furnaces  here  located  in  an 
area  of  some  twenty-five  miles  all  run  on  native  ores,  and  now  make  excellent  irons.  In 
Chester  County  another  group  of  furnaces  uses  local  ores.  Between  the  Delaware  and 
Lehigh  rivers  are  the  ore  beds  noted  above  as  near  Bethlehem  and  Allentown,  and  in  the 
district  between  the  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill  rivers  are  the  ores  which  furnish  the  Catasau- 
qua,  Ilokendauqua,  and  Easton  group  of  furnaces  with  hematites.  These  beds  are  numer- 
ous, the  quality  good,  and  the  supply  abundant,  and  with  the  wonderfully  abundant  an- 
thracite fuel  and  the  neighboring  magnetites  of  ISTew  Jersey  have  made  the  Lehigh  Valley 
the  great  iron-producing  region  it  is. 

In  Middle  Pennsylvania,  west  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  in  the  Cumberland  Val- 
ley, brown  hematite  ores  are  foimd  in  abundance;  pipe  ore  is  also  found  here  near  the 
mountain.  I^ear  Shippensburg  are  also  productive  beds,  and  particular  attention  has  been 
turned  to  them  within  the  last  two  years.  Several  new  banks  have  been  opened  lately,  and 
all  promise  to  be  rich  and  productive.  The  leading  banks  at  present  are  known  by  name 
as  follows:  Clever's,  Rupy's,  Kelso's,  Selkirk's,  Ilippensteel's,  and  Calico.  They  are  all 
within  one  to  three  miles  of  three  towns,  and  the  ore  produced  by  them  is  delivered  to  the 
railroad  by  farmers'  teams  at  a  cost  of  fifty  cents  to  one  dollar  per  ton. 

It  is  said  that  wherever  in  this  valley  the  ore  is  found  in  red  clay  it  is  of  a  very  superior 
character. 

This  whole  region,  including  the  South  Mountain,  abounds  in  fine  ores  of  the  hema- 
tite and  pipe  varieties,  and  has  within  a  few  years  attracted  the  a':tention  of  capital  very 
generally,  although  always  more  or  less  worked  for  the  local  furnaces  from  a  very  early 
day.  In  Fulton  County  these  ores  occur  again,  and  near  Orbisonia,  in  Huntingdon 
County,  are  abundant,  having  lately  caused  new  furnace  construction.  In  the  valleys  of 
the  lower  Juniata,  including  the  Kishicoquilis,  ISTittany,  Morrison,  Sugar,  and  Brush  val- 
leys, brown  hematites  are  more  or  less  abundant,  though  not  to  such  an  extent  as  farther 
east.  On  the  Upper  Juniata  are  very  numerous  beds  of  good  ore,  very  generally  worked 
formerly  in  charcoal  furnaces. 

The  most  important  fossil  ores  of  the  State  are  found  in  Middle  Pennsylvania,  al- 
though extensive  deposits,  which  are  noted  hereafter,  occur  in  the  Broad  Top  region  of 


518 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Southern  Pennsylvania.  In  the  middle  portion  of  the  State  they  are  found  in  quantity 
near  Danville  and  Bloomsbury,  and  at  Milton  and  "VTilkesbarre  to  the  north.  Fossil  ores 
are  found  and  worked  in  Columbia,  Dauphin,  Perry,  Union,  Juniata,  Franklin,  Ilimting- 
■don,  and  Bedford  counties,  with  a  yield  of  metallic  iron  ascending  from  21.03  per  cent,  as 
the  poorest,  to  60  per  cent,  as  the  best,  and  averaging  about  51  per  cent.  Near  Altoona, 
Ilollidaysburgh,  and  Frankstown  they  are  also  worked,  and  from  thence  pass  nito  Maryland. 

Of  the  fossil  ores  of  Huntingdon  and  Bedford  counties,  of  the  Broad  Top  iron  and  coal 
region,  Prof.  Siliman  has  furnished  within  a  year  a  very  interesting  and  valuable  contri- 
bution to  the  general  knowledge  of  this  section  of  the  Stale.  As  this  region  has  of  late 
been  the  subject  of  close  examination  by  foreign  capital  with  a  view  to  increased  develop- 
ment, we  extract  from  the  monograph  the  following  facts  of  interest.  After  treating  the 
geology  of  the  region,  with  which  we  are  not  here  especially  concerned, Prof. SiLLiMAJsr says: 

The  chief  points  of  intei'est  in  this  section  are : 

1st.  Tusseifs  Mountain^  with,  its  iron  ores. 

2d.  The  Broad  Top  Coal  region,  with  its  excellent  fossil  fuel,  repeated  again  in  the 
Cumberland  coal  region. 

3d.  Warrior's  Ridge,  with  its  Hematites,  and  Woodcock  Valley,  in  which  are  the  Rays- 
town  branch  of  the  Juniata  River,  and  the  line  of  the  Huntingdon  and  Broad  Top  Railroad. 
In  this  valley  (and  its  congeners)  are  the  limestones  of  the  scalent  and  premeridian  number 
YI.  and  VII.,  so  important  as  the  tiux  for  the  iron  ores  of  this  region. 

TusseiJ s  Mountain  rises  for  seventy  miles  like  a  gigantic  rampart  of  these  old  sediments 
thrown  up  to  the  height  of  1,000  feet.  Its  crest  is  as  level  as  the  horizon,  and  its  structure 
as  regular  as  masonry  laid  in  courses.  The  top  of  the  ridge  is  formed  by  the  Levant  sand- 
stone (number  lY.,  equivalent  of  the  Medina  or  Caradoc  sandstone),  upon  which  rest,  in 
perfect  conformability,  the  Surgent  shales  number  Y.,  equivalents  of  the  Clinton  or  Wen- 
lock.  In  the  Surgent  shales  exist,  as  has  already  been  stated,  the  iron  ores  which  have 
given  fame  to  the  Juniata  region. 

The  twin  beds  of  the  fossil  ore  have,  in  the  Bedfoi'd  region,  an  average  thickness  of  over 
three  feet,  reaching  in  some  places  even  five  or  six  feet.  It  is,  especially  in  the  northern 
portions  of  Tussey's  and  Will's  mountains,  subdivided  into  two  beds,  giving  it  the  twin  char- 
acter. In  the  lower  portions  of  the  same  ranges,  this  twin-like  character  is  subordinated  by 
the  thinning  out  of  the  intermediate  shales,  often  bringing  the  upper  and  lower  seams 
together.  The  upper  bed  is  often  designated  as  "  soft  fossil  ore,"  when  it  has  by  percola- 
tion of  atmospheric  waters  become  hydrous.  Both  beds  abound  generally  in  various  forms 
of  organic  life,  encrintal  stems  and  fossil  shells,  but  these  sometimes  give  place  to  an  oolitic 
and  lenticular  structure,  with  miniite  grains  resembling  flaxseed  ;  where  the  atmospheric 
influences  have  been  less  prevalent,  these  beds  are  more  or  less  calcareous.  The  softer  and 
more  hydrous  forms  of  this  ore  yield  in  the  furnace  an  average  of  42  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron. 

The  "  Uarel  Fossil  Ore,^''  or  lower  stratum,  is  usually  about  one  foot  in  thickness,  and 
is  often  separated  from  the  soft  fossil  by  an  intervening  bed  of  sandstone  of  variable  thick- 
ness, from  a  foot  or  two  up  to  eight  feet.  It  has  generally  in  its  structm'e  an  abundance  of 
well-marked  fossils,  all  converted  to  hematite.  Sometimes  it  takes  on  the  form  and  appear- 
ance of  I'cd  hematite,  which  ore  is  not  to  be  confounded,  however,  with  the  so-called  hema- 

*  On  the  Fossil  Iron  Ore  and  its  Associates  in  Southern  Pennsylvania,  by  Prof.  B.  Sili.iman,  M.l). , 
F.G.S.E.,  Mew  Haven,  Conn.,  1872. 


lEO^r  OKE  REGIOJfS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  \     ^  ''  519 

tite  of  the  adjoining  limestone  beds  of  number  YI.,  wliich  is  brown  hematite,  or  wmt^ite.  /'j^ 
The  bh:>od-red  powder  of  the  hard  fossil  ore,  following  the  blows  of  the  hammer,  iimn'^Jfi|iy-  ''^ 
ately  betrays  its  true  character.    This  variety  often  has  over  GO  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron. 

Both  of  these  twin  beds  of  the  fossil  ore  are  probably  due  to  the  decomposition,  by  at- 
mospheric influences,  of  beds  of  carbonates  of  lime  and  iron.  The  lime  has  been  removed 
and  the  iron  converted  at  the  same  time  to  the  state  of  peroxide  or  red  oxide.  This  view 
was  first  suggested  by  Professor  Rogers  in  his  report  on  the  geology  of  Pennsylvania.  It 
follows,  as  a  result  of  this  view,  that  the  valuable  deposits  of  the  fossil  ore  should  be  limited 
in  depth  by  the  horizon  of  surface  drainage.  Experience  has,  however,  shown  this  view  to 
be  only  partially  true,  for  in  some  localities  these  beds  have  been  mined  much  below  water 
level.  It  is  these  twin  beds  of  fossil  ore  which  have  given  celebrity  to  the  "  Juniata  iron  " 
and  the  Clinton  ore  beds  of  New  York,  from  which  vast  quantities  of  these  ores  are  annually 
transported  to  the  furnaces  of  Northern  and  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  Wherever  this  bed  of 
ore  crops  out,  it  is  highly  esteemed  and  eagerly  sought  after.  It  is  sometimes  mined  when 
reduced  to  no  more  than  six  inches  in  thickness,  and  is  often  transported  to  great  distances. 

Brown  Hematites. — The  brown  hematite  of  this  region  occurs  in  the  limestones, 
numbers  YI.  and  YIL,  in  front  of  the  fossil  ore.  This  ore  exists  in  pockets,  or  bvmches, 
sometimes  of  large  size,  scattered  through  the  croppings  of  the  limestone,  as  is  usual  with 
hematites.  These  ores  have  been  extensively  mined  for  the  Hopewell  furnaces,  where  for 
many  years  they  have  been  used  in  connection  with  equal  parts  of  the  fossil  ore,  yielding 
about  50  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron  of  excellent  cpality. 

Levant  Iron  Ore. — The  Levant  ore,  locally  known  as  the  "  back  vein,"  exists  from  700 
to  1,000  feet  below  the  fossil  ore,  and  but  a  short  distance  below  the  white  sandstone  of  the 
Levant  series,  number  lY.,  wllicli  forms  the  crest  of  Tussey's  Mountain,  Will's  Mountain, 
Dunning's  Mountain,  etc.  This  bed  of  iron  ore,  which  sometimes  assumes  gigantic  pro- 
portions, is  also  at  times  represented  by  a  bed  of  ferruginous  sandstone.  It  has  a  tendency 
to  assume  a  lenticular  form,  now  enlarging  and  again  thinning  down  to  a  narrow  seam,  and 
while  it  is  occasionally  of  vast  proportions  and  great  value  (as  on  the  noi'th  part  of  Tussey's 
Mountain),  it  is  not  so  trustv/orthy  as  the  thinner  but  more  uniform  and  richer  fossil  ore  of 
which  Ave  have  already  spoken. 

The  Levant  ores  of  the  northern  portion  of  Tussey's  Mountain  form  a  mass  of  iron  ore 
of  most  surprising  thickness,  well  deserving  the  term  by  which  it  has  been  distinguished,  as 
the  "  Mammoth  Yein."  I  measured  it  over  20  feet  in  thickness  on  the  slopes  of  Tussey's 
Mountain,  at  an  elevation  of  300  feet  vertical  above  the  fossil  ore  openings,  and  probably 
with  about  1,000  feet  of  shales  intervening  between  them.  Its  water  line  is  fully  GOO  feet 
above  drainage.  The  dip  is  to  45°.  The  outcrop  is  completely  hidden  by  the  debris  of 
sandstone  fallen  over  it  from  the  outcrop  of  number  lY.  The  ore  mass  is  extremely  reg- 
ular in  its  bedding  at  this  place,  and  is  perfectly  conformable  to  the  including  rocks.  The 
upper  edges  of  the  ore  seams  had  been  bent  over  by  the  denuding  force  which  has  scoured 
down  the  face  of  the  mountains.  This  was  well  shown  in  a  section  ineasured  by  Mr. 
Pulton.  The  whole  ore  mass  has  a  purplish,  brick-red,  and  reddish-brown  appearance, 
sometimes  dark  brown  and  blackish.  The  upper  bed  of  about  6  feet  of  heavy  block  ore, 
of  purplish  color,  contains  over  40  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron,  while  the  middle  bed  of  soft, 
brick-red  ore,  which  is  esteemed  the  best,  yields  about  47  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  Con- 
sidering the  facility  and  economy  of  mining,  and  its  nearness  to  the  fuel,  the  whole  of  this 


620 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


great  ore  mass  will  undoubtedly  go  to  the  furnace.  The  cubic  contents  of  such  a  bed  as 
this  are  of  course  immense,  and  might  properly  be  called  inexhaustible.  As  it  is  liable  to 
open  out  at  any  part  of  this  entire  region,  it  must  always  be  sought  for  with  interest.  Its 
position  is  never  doubtful,  but  its  outcrop  is  often  so  covered  with  a  mass  of  fallen  debris 
of  white  sandstone,  from  number  IV.  of  the  Levant  series,  that  its  search  is  laborious,  and 
can  never  be  considered  complete  until  a  cross-cut  has  been  driven  through  the  superincum- 
bent masses  of  loose  material.  The  wonderful  outcrop  of  this  ore  on  the  Powel  Estate  was 
found  only  two  or  three  years  since,  as  the  result  of  a  systematic  search,  guided  by  an  in- 
strumental survey,  by  Mr.  Fulton,  to  whom  we  are  chiefly  indebted  for  our  knowledge  of 
the  Levant  ore. 

COAL. 

OTi'  THE  COALS  AVAILABLE  EOK  THE  REDUCTTOX  OF  THESE  ORES. 

The  semi-hitumhioiis  coals  of  Broad  Top,  and  of  the  Cumberland  region  in  Maryland, 
are  admirably  placed  with  reference  to  the  reduction  of  these  iron  ores.  It  is  impossible  to 
conceive  anything  in  the  order  of  nature  more  perfectly  indicating  means  to  an  end.  Here 
is  a  fuel  yielding  GO  per  cent,  of  a  hard,  sonorous,  metallic-looking  coke,  the  valne  of  Avhich, 
for  reducing  these  very  ores,  has  been  abundantly  demonstrated  by  the  operations  of  the 
Kemble  furnaces  at  Riddlesburg,  and  of  corresponding  furnaces  at  Mountain  Savage  in  the 
Cumberland  region.  The  supply  of  this  fuel  is  practically  inexhaustible,  and  obtainable  at 
a  reasonable  royalty.  It  will  be  remarked  that  the  Broad  Top  coal-field  is  about  80  square 
miles  in  area,  with  over  10  feet  of  available  coal.  Fifteen  hundred  tons  of  coal,  one  foot 
thick,  per  acre,  is  considered  by  coal  viewers  as  a  moderate  estimate  for  bituminous  coal. 
The  coal  of  Broad  Top  is  somewhat  heavier  than  ordinary  bituminous  coal.  On  this  basis 
15,000  tons  of  coal  exist  in  each  acre,  or  9,000,000  tons  per  square  mile.  But  to  provide 
for  coal  denuded  and  removed,  or  otherwise  unavailable,  it  will  be  safe  to  diminish  this  es- 
timate by  one  half,  giving  4,800,000  tons  per  square  mile,  or  in  80  square  miles  there  would 
be  on  this  basis  of  estimate  381,000,000  tons  of  coal.  Portions  of  this  coal-field  are  now 
held  by  private  parties,  as  for  example,  by  the  Kemble  Coal  and  Iron  Company,  by  the 
Powel  Estate,  and  others ;  but  much  the  larger  part  is  open  to  purchase  upon  a  royalty.  The 
chief  value  of  the  calculation  just  made  is  the  affirmative  reply  it  offers  to  the  inquiry 
very  properly  put : — "  Is  there  coal  of  the  right  quality  and  in  ample  quantity  to  smelt  all 
the  vast  reserves  of  iron  ores  existing  upon  the  flanks  of  the  mountains  of  this  region?  " 

In.  the  Camherland  region  of  Maryland  we  have  over  500  square  miles  of  the  same 
coals  which  are  found  on  Broad  Top,  and,  fortunately,  placed  conveniently  to  approach  from 
the  lower  ends  of  the  valleys  which  head  upon  Broad  Top.  No  estimate  is  attempted  of 
the  coal  reserves  of  the  Cumberland  region,  where  the  available  thickness  of  coal  is  consid- 
erably greater  than  it  is  in  Broad  Top.  If  any  doubt  yet  remained  as  to  the  supply  of  au 
adequate  quantity  of  coals,  at  a  cheap  rate  and  of  suitable  quality,  from  these  two  conve- 
niently situated  coal-fields,  we  have  only  to  turn  our  eyes  upon  the  great  western  fields  of 
bituminous  coals  in  the  immediately  adjacent  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  to  see  an  area  of 
coals  of  the  most  excellent  quality,  covering  more  than  12,000  square  miles, — an  area  con- 
siderably greater  than  the  total  coal-bearing  area  of  the  United  Kingdom. 


lEON  ORE  EEGI0X3  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


521 


Of  the  quantity  of  coal  available,  we  may,  therefore,  rest  assured  that  it  is  most  ample, 
and  at  a  moderate  cost.  Of  the  quality  we  have  the  best  evidence  possible,  in  the  good  re- 
sults of  the  actual  use  of  the  Broad  Top  coals  at  the  Kemble  Go's,  furnaces,  at  Iliddlesburg. 

The  CAEBOXATE  ores  occur  in  Perry  and  Mifflin  counties,  but  generally  of  poor  qualit}'. 
In  Huntingdon  and  Bedford  they  are  also  found.  In  Franklin  it  again  occurs,  and  in  Blair 
County.  In  I^orthern  Pennsylvania,  in  Tioga  and  Bradford  counties,  and  in  Lycoming 
County,  north  of  Williamsport  coal  measure,  ores  are  found,  and  again  near  Lockhaven.  At 
Scranton  this  ore  is  worked  for  the  Lackawanna  Iron  and  Coal  Company.  In  Bradford 
County,  at  Ealston,  on  Towanda  Mountain,  it  is  found  as  a  white,  crystalline  proto-carbonate 
of  iron.  In  Somerset  and  Fayette  counties  this  ore  is  reported,  and  in  McKean  County  bog 
ores  exist  to  great  extent,  but  are  not  worked.  On  the  east  side  of  Laurel  Hill,  and'south- 
west  of  the  Conemaugh,  carbonates  exist  in  enormous  quantities.  JN^ear  Blairsville,  in  Chest- 
nut Ridge,  it  is  found  and  worked.  l!^ear  Dunbar  Furnace,  Fairchance,  and  the  Old  Union 
Furnace,  these  ores  are  worked  to  great  advantage,  and  with  much  metallurgical  skill,  by  the 
Dunbar  Iron  Company. 

In  the  Anthracite  coal  basin  carbonate  ores  have  been  found,  and  around  Potts ville 
much  capital  has  been  spent  in  search  of  Blackband  ore,  which,  however,  was  never  found  in 
quantity  sufficient  to  be  commercially  profitable.  Blackband  ore  is  said  to  have  been  found 
in  Elk  County. 

The  foregoing  notes,  necessarily  brief  and  condensed  to  a  fault  by  want  of  space,  will 
show  that,  while  Pennsylvania  cannot  boast  of  the  extremely  rich  ores  of  Northern  'Now 
York,  or  of  Michigan,  Missouri,  or  the  South-west,  there  is  an  abundance  of  good  workable 
ore  sufficient  in  quality  and  abundance  to  thoroughly  sustain  the  very  extensive  iron  industry 
conducted.  Pennsylvania  hematites  are,  moreover,  again  coming  into  favor  with  the  large 
Pittsburg  furnaces,  formerly  debauched,  if  the  term  may  be  used,  by  the  rich  ores  of  Mich- 
igan and  Missouri,  the  extravagant  cost  of  which  has  of  late  lessened  their  popularity. 
Constant  discoveries  of  ores  are  made  in  all  sections  of  the  State,  and  the  increasing  population 
and  demand  for  ores  clearly  indicate  the  necessity  of  a  new  geological  survey.  Prof.  Lesley, 
from  whose  works  we  have  drawn  much  of  what  is  valuable  in  these  notes,  has  urged  this 
matter  upon-the  State  legislature  for  some  time ;  as  yet,  however,  without  success.  No  one 
individual  in  the  State  is  more  thoroughly  fitted  for  the  charge  of  such  a  survey  than  he  is, 
both  from  previous  experience  and  general  knowledge.  The  importance  of  the  case  requires 
prompt  action,  and  it  is  humiliating  to  confess  that  this  gi*eat  State  should  be  far  behind 
the  younger  and  poorer  States  in  the  knowledge  of  her  geological  and  mineralogical  forma- 
tions. 

Iron  Ores  of  Rhode  Island. 

Rhode  Island  has  never  been  noticed  as  an  iron  State,  but  nevertheless  contains  very 
valuable  ores.  An  interesting  account  of  these  is  the  following,  from  correspondence  of 
the  JVew  Yorh  Tribune  during  the  present  winter  : 

Rhode  Island  has  probably  more  iron,  in  proportion  to  her  population,  than  any  other 
State  in  our  Union,  and  yet,  with  some  unimportant  exceptions,  she  has  never  produced 
any,  although  ore  of  superior  quality,  both  magnetite  and  hematite  iron,  is  found  in  unlim- 


522 


IRON  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ited  quantities  in  tlie  State.  Eeccntly  George  F.  Wilsox,  of  tlie  Rumford  Clicinicl 
Works,  has  made  some  excellent  cast  steel  from  the  native  ores,  and  he  purposes,  it  is  said, 
to  extend  the  business  and  to  erect  furnaces  for  cast  iron.  Samples  of  the  steel  have  just 
been  sent  to  market.  The  process  is  an  invention  of  Mr.  Wilsok's,  whose  exertions  in  this 
direction  may  arouse  the  people  to  the  importance  of  the  subject,  though  Rliode  Island 
seems  exclusively  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods.  Cotton  spin- 
ning was  begun  in  this  State  as  early  as  1790,  and  water  privileges  being  abundant,  the 
business  has  become  a  specialty  to  such  an  extent  that  all  large  expenditures  for  other  than 
cotton  or  woollen  mills  are  usually  regarded  as  speculative,  manufacturing  being  considered 
the  only  legitimate  and  staple  business  for  this  little  State.  Tliree  miles  from  the  well- 
known  and  thriving  tov,-n  of  Woonsocket  is  "  Cumberland  Iron  Mountain,"  so  called,  one 
of  the  wonders  almost  of  the  State.  The  mine  is  three  miles  east  of  the  line  of  the  Provi- 
dence and  Worcester  Railroad,  and  about  the  same  distance  from  the  Boston  and  Erie  Road. 
A  charter  has  been  obtained  and  the  route  surveyed  for  an  independent  road  to  pass  the 
mine,  though  a  branch  road  can  be  readily  built,  or  a  tram  road  can  be  laid.  Cumberland 
Iron  Mountain  is  nearly  the  highest  land  in  the  State,  being  550  feet  above  tide-water  at 
Providence.  On  clear  days  Wachusett  Mountain  and  Mount  Tom  can  be  distinctly  seen 
from  the  top  of  the  mine.  The  rock  rises  to  the  very  vortex,  and  can  be  blasted  in  almost 
any  direction  at  a  very  trifling  expense.    The  whole  hill  is  one  vast  bed  of  ore. 

There  have  been  many  analyses  made  of  the  ore ;  that  made  by  Dr.  Chilton,  of  JTew 
York,  is  below  : 


Peroxide  and  protoxide  of  iron   58.55  per  cent. 

Silicic  acid   26.33  " 

Titanic  acid   3.66  " 

Lime  65  " 

Magnesia   6.80  " 

Manganese  ,   2.10  " 

Water  and  loss   1.91  " 


Total  100.00 


This  gives  a  rather  larger  percentage  of  iron  than  some  others ;  but  all  the  assays  have 
been  made  from  surface  rock,  and  it  seems  to  be  a  universal  rule  that  all  mines  grow  richer 
in  mineral  as  they  descend.  The  titanic  acid  has  been  considered  an  objection,  but  later 
experiences  prove  it  not  to  be  so;  and  now  we  learn  that  English  steel  makers  have  even 
imported  titanic  sand  from  Australia  to  improve  the  quality  of  their  steel.  The  mine  has 
its  history  also.  During  the  French  war,  as  early  as  1755,  the  inhabitants  of  this  colony 
made  from  the  ore  from  this  very  mine,  mixed  with  a  hematite  ore  from  Cranston,  R.  I., 
cannon  which  were  used  in  the  service  against  the  French  and  Indians,  and  thus  it  has 
aided  in  carrying  out  the  far-reaching  policy  of  the  great  Pitt.  In  1800,  also,  cannon  were 
again  cast  from  these  oi-es  at  Hope,  a  small  village  on  the  Pautuxet  River,  in  this  State,  for 
JouN  Brown,  of  Providence,  who  had  a  contract  with  government  at  this  date  to  furniah  it 
guns ;  and  what  is  singular,  the  guns  were  cast  hollow,  a  supposed  modern  invention,  and 
only  a  few  weeks  ago  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Domestic  Industry  (meaning 


IRON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


523 


cotton  and  woollen  goods),  to  whom  lias  been  presented  one  of  these  early  guns,  duly 
mounted,  had  it  on  the  fair  grounds  on  exhibition. 

At  the  foot  of  the  mine  is  a  meeting-house,  with  the  date  A.  D.  1700  over  the  door, 
the  beams  and  joists  of  which  would  to-day  be  too  unwieldy  even  for  ship  timber.  The 
gallery  of  the  building,  which  would  be  crowded  with  one  hundred  people,  is  supported  by 
oak  timbers  mortised  into  the  frame,  which  are  so  huge  that  they  occupy  nearly  half  the  in- 
terior. I  doubt  if  a  California  earthquake  could  ever  disturb  the  serenity  of  this  sacred 
edifice,  which  certainly  bids  fair  to  defy  the  tooth  of  time  for  many  a  year  to  come. 

Though  Rhode  Island  people  have  not  appeared  to  recognize  the  importance  of  this 
possession,  still  many  places,  such  as  Easton,  in  Massachusetts,  which  early  entered  into  the 
production  of  iron,  have  regularly  carted  from  this  mine  their  supply,  and  a  large  fimi  in 
Philadelphia  takes  thousands  of  tons  annually  of  this  ore. 

Iron  Ores  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  in  Virginia  was  first  essayed  at  an  early  date  upon  the  bog 
ores  and  brown  hematites,  which  were  contiguous  to  the  sea  and  the  water  courses  leading 
directly  to  it.  The  magnetic  and  specular  ores  were  little  known,  and  believed  to  exist  in 
but  small  quantities.  These  ores,  however,  were  later  worked  in  several  localities  east  of 
the  Blue  Ridge  at  an  early  date,  and  more  or  less  continuously  until  the  war.  There  have 
been  deposits  of  magnetic  ore  worked  near  Louisa  Court  House,  and  formerly  at  Elk  Creek 
Furnace,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Lynchburg,  where  an  eighty  per  cent,  ore  is  found. 
Buckingham,  Appomattox,  Campbell,  Fi'anklin,  Wythe,  Floyd,  and  Grayson  counties  all 
contain  these  ores,  as  is  witnessed  by  abandoned  furnaces  built  to  work  them  in  connection  » 
with  the  brown  hematites,  which  are  so  abundant.* 

It  is  within  a  very  brief  period  that  the  resources  of  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  have  been  explored,  but  every  effort  at  examination  has  produced  information  of  the 
most  valuable  deposits  of  magnetic  and  red  oxides,  with  similarly  rich  brown  hematites. 
This  is  especially  the  case  with  the  James  River  Valley,  near  Lynchburg,  where  large  de- 
posits of  magnetic,  specular,  and  hematite  ores,  in  close  contiguity  to  the  canal,  have  been 
found,  and  also  in  the  midst  of  charcoal  timber  sufl&cient  still  for  many  years. 

The  existence  of  an  iron  belt  through  this  section  of  the  State  is  clearly  determined, 
although  the  developments  have  been  slight.  Of  this  region,  which  is  some  ten  miles  be- 
low Lynchburg,  on  the  south  side  of  the  James  River,  and  an  average  of  a  mile  from  the 
canal,  a  report  has  been  made  by  C.  R.  Boyd,  C.E.,  which  gives  valuable  information. 
The  veins  trend  generally  from  north-east  to  south-west,  with  a  dip  of  from  80°  to  90°.  On 
the  north  a  hematite  vein  averaging  15  feet  thick  is  found,  and  south  of  this  a  vein  of  mag- 
netic ore  of  25  feet  thick,  the  two  making  40  feet.  The  elevation  of  these  is  150  feet  above 
the  waters  of  Joshua  Creek,  and  they  have  an  average  length  of  one  and  a  half  miles,  giv- 
ing for  these  two  veins  above  water  level  some  2,000,000  tons  of  workable  ore.  Near  these 
is  a  vein  of  magnetic  ore  50  feet  wide,  within  fifteen  feet  of  a  vein  of  carbonate  of  lime 
40  feet  wide.    To  the  south-east  of  these  are  beds  of  red  hematite  and  limonite,  aggregat- 

*  imt  Manufacturers^  Guide. 

66 


524 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ing  135  feet  in  width ;  and  in  the  same  locality  are  beds  of  magnetic  sand  and  well-defined 
veins  of  manganese,  thus  affording  the  requisites  for  steel  making  in  the  future.  Asbestos 
and  fire-clay  also  abound  in.  these  lands,  and  it  is  said  the  ores  can  be  mined  and  placed  on 
canal  boats  for  $1.50  per  ton,  a  price  which  would  enable  their  delivery  in  Philadelphia 
and  New  York  far  below  the  cost  of  magnetic  ores  from  sources  nearer  to  those 
markets. 

This  iron  belt  has  also  been  somewhat  developed  at  two  other  points  near  the  Lynch- 
burg and  Danville  Kailroad  in  Campbell  Coimty.  Here  the  topography  of  the  country  is 
marked  by  a  succession  of  long  high  ridges  and  narrow  valleys,  running  parallel  Avith  the 
railroad,  with  convenient  outlets  formed  by  small  streams  which  cut  across  these  ridges  and 
flow  into  Flat  Creek.  It  is  in  these  ridges  that  the  largest  deposits  of  ore  are  found,  at  dis- 
tances varying  from  a  half  mile  to  three  miles  from  the  railroad.  The  explorations  made 
here  disclose  well-defined  veins  or  ledges  of  rich  limonite  and  red  hematite  ores  from  10  to 
20  feet  and  more  in  width,  while  the  elevation  above  water  is  from  50  to  100  feet.  Excel- 
lent limestone,  sandstone,  soapstone,  fire-clay,  and  an  abundance  of  timber  are  easily  accessi- 
ble. 

Explorations  already  made  show  this  great  iron  belt  to  extend  over  a  distance  of  Y5 
miles  or  more  through  the  counties  of  Campbell,  Appomattox,  Amherst,  Nelson,  and 
Albemarle,  the  best  portion  of  which  lies  along  the  James  Eiver,  south  and  east  of  Lynch- 
burg. 

The  quality  of  the  ores  foimd  here  is  pronounced  superior,  analyses  showing  them  to 
carry  from  58  to  70  per  cent,  metallic  iron,  while  they  are  practically  free  from  sulphur  and 
phosphorus.  The  evidence  of  the  furnace  owners  of  this  vicinity  is  to  the  effect  that  a 
very  superior  charcoal  iron  is  made,  in  high  favor  for  car  wheels,  boiler  plate,  and  bridge 
,  purposes.  Gen.  Baetlett,  of  the  Powhatan  Iron  "Works  of  Richmond,  the  only  anthracite 
furnace  of  Yirginia,*  states  that  the  pig  metal  made  in  his  furnace  with  anthracite  coal  is 
extensively  used  in  New  England  mills  as  a  substitute  for  Scotch  pig.  Indeed,  the  evi- 
dence is  conclusive  that  the  iron  made  from  these  ores,  whether  with  charcoal  or  stone-coal, 
is  of  the  very  best. 

The  most  abundant  of  these  ores  are  classed  as  specular  or  peroxide,  including  red  and 
brown  hematite  ;  limonite  or  hydro  us  peroxide  ;  and  Uaok  or  magnetic  oxide. 

Some  of  these  ores  contain  more  or  less  manganese,  and  may  be  valuable  for  making 
Bessemer  steel. 

The  different  varieties  of  ore  for  mixing  in  the  furnace  can  be  obtained  here  for  from 
$1  to  $1.50  per  ton,  if  mined  by  the  furnace  owners,  or  delivered  in  Philadelphia  for  $4 
per  ton.  The  best  bituminous  coal  can  be  delivered  with  the  ores  for  $6  per  ton,  and  an- 
thracite coal  for  $7-  Charcoal  can  be  had  at  from  eight  to  ten  cents  per  bushel,  and  with  the 
completion  of  the  branch  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  down  this  valley,  or  of  the 
James  River  Canal — should  that  work  receive  national  aid — the  splint  and  cannel  coals  of 
West  Virginia  can  be  put  here  for  $1.  Labor  is  cheap,  and  furnace  hands  can  be  had  for 
less  than  $1  per  day.  Limestone  is  abundant,  and  the  region  here  noted  presents  very 
great  advantages  for  iron  making  fi'om  these  facilities,  and  from  its  contiguity  to  canal  and 
tide-water  freights. 

*  Seo  Blast  Furnaces  of  Virginia. 


lEON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


525 


Professor  E,oclgers,iu  speaking  of  the  ores  of  the  counties  of  Amherst,  Buckingham, 
Campbell,  Wilson,  and  Albemarle,  and  of  the  primitive  formations  east  of  the  Blue  llidge,* 
says: 

The  brown  and  ochreous  iron  ores  contain  the  metal  in  the  state  of  an  oxide,  and  are 
made  up  of  the  oxide  together  with  silex,  alumina,  and  water.  The  oxide  contains  TO  per 
cent,  of  metallic  iron,  so  that,  were  the  ore  composed  of  this  alone,  each  100  pounds  ought 
to  yield  70  pounds  of  metal.  In  the  ochreous  ores  as  much  as  85  per  cent,  of  the  oxide 
is  sometimes  found,  the  remaining  15  per  cent,  consisting  principally  of  water.  This  would 
correspond  to  about  60  pounds  of  iron  to  the  100  of  ore,  and  is  an  amount  scarcely  ever 
obtained  in  the  operations  of  the  furnace.  The  ores  in  question  are  uniformly  found  asso- 
ciated with  micaceous  or  talcose  slates,  or  gneiss,  in  which  the  sulphuret  is  or  has  been  pres- 
ent in  great  quantity.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  bed,  these  rocks  are  seen  in  a  de- 
composing condition  and  impregnated  with  .ochreous  matter,  which  is  the  material  of  the 
oi*e.  In  fact,  with  a  little  attention  the  various  graduations  may  be  traced  from  the  un- 
changed rocks,  at  some  distance  from  the  bed,  to  the  softened  and  decomposing  material  in 
which  the  sulphuret  has  disappeared,  and  the  dark-brown  stains  of  oxide  are  represented, 
and  thence  to  a  mixed  substance  consisting  of  matter  of  the  rock  with  a  proponderance  of 
the  oxide,  from  which  we  pass  into  the  massive  and  comparatively  pure  ore.  Of  the  stages 
of  chemical  changes  by  which  this  conversion  would  seepi  to  have  been  brought  about,  the 
first  is  obviously  the  decomposition  of  the  sulphuret  of  iron,  an  effect  continually  witnessed 
when  moistiire  and  air  have  access  to  the  sulphuret ;  and  the  second,  the  separation  of  brown 
oxide  from  the  copperas,  probably  in  some  measure  by  the  action  of  the  manganese  and 
potash  present  in  the  mica,  talc,  and  feldspar  of  the  adjacent  rocks. 

Beside  the  brown  ochreous  ores,  there  occur  also  two  other  varieties,  viz.,  the  micaceous 
oxide  and  the  magnetic  oxide.  The  former  is  not  unfrequently  associated  in  small  quantities 
with  the  ores  first  mentioned,  but  most  commonly  occurs  in  small  veins,  included  in  quartz. 
It  is  distinguished  by  its  glittering,  scaly  crystals,  not  unlike  those  of  dark-brown  mica,  but, 
unlike  those,  it  yields  a  bright  reddish  powder  when  bruised,  and  will  stain  the  fingers  of 
this  hue  when  rubbed.  Though  of  common  occurrence,  it  is  not  found  in  large  quantities. 
The  composition  of  this  ore  is  the  same  as  that  of  pure  brown  oxide,  but,  unlike  that  variety, 
it  is  never  united  with  water.  The  magnetic  oxide  when  pure  is  richer  in  iron  than  either 
of  the  preceding,  containing  within  a  small  fraction  of  72^  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron  ;  it  is 
distinguished  by  its  nearly  black  color  in  mass  as  well  as  when  reduced  to  powder,  and  its 
strong  action  un  the  magnetic  needle,  attracting  one  extremity  and  repelling  the  other. 
It  is  from  ore  of  this  description  that  nearly  all  Swedish  iron,  so  celebrated  for  its  excel- 
lent qualities  and  so  suited  for  the  conversion  into  steel,  is  extracted. 

This  variety  of  iron  occurs  at  several  points  in  the  southern  region,  in  the  form  of  heds 
or  strata  of  considerable  thickness  and  of  good  quality. 

In  Buckingham  County  an  extensive  bed  of  brown  ochreous  ore  has  been  traced  for 
many  miles  in  a  direction  south-westerly  of  the  furnace  near  New  Canton. 

Omitting  further  details  at  this  time,  I  would  merely  remark  that  from  continuity  and 
thickness,  and  from  the  general  richness  of  its  contents,  this  bed  deserves  to  be  considered 
of  high  ecoiiomical  value.  The  iron  made  from  it  is  for  many  purposes  regarded  as  of  good 
quality,  though,  like  most  of  the  metals  manufactured  from  the  ores  of  the  blue  ridge,  it  re- 

*  Report  of  Prof.  W.  B.  Rodgers. 


526 


IKON  Or.E  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


quires  the  admixture  of  a  softer  material  in  converting  it  into  bar  iron.  The  position  of 
this  bed  between  micaceous  slates  and  the  gradations  of  the  ore  in  slate  along  the  sides  of 
the  bed,  ail'ords  good  illustrations  of  what  has  been  said  in  regard  to  the  origin  of  these  ores. 

Near  Elk  Island,  in  Amherst,  is  a  vein  from  4  to  8  feet  of  this  ore. 

In  Buckingham  County,  one  mile  east  of  AVhispering  Creek,  is  a  vein  of  specidar  ore 
from  G  to  8  feet. 

Of  the  ores  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  M.  F.  Maury,  Jk.,  a  very  high  authority, 
states  as  follows :  * 

The  iron  to  be  found  within  the  Virginias  may  be  divided  into  two  classes :  first, 
those  ores  which  belong  to,  and  are  found  in,  the  Appalachian  Coal  Measures ; 
and  second,  those  which  belong  to  the  great  iron  formation  lying  between  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains  and  the  Blue  Kidge.  The  first  is  by  no  means  so  rich  or  so  abundant  as 
the  second.  It  consists  of  the  brown  oxide  and  carbonate  of  iron.  The  following  analyses, 
made  by  Prof.  Bodgeks,  indicate  the  chemical  properties  of  those  ores  pi-eviously  mentioned, 
viz.,  those  of  the  primary  formations. 

NO.  I. — KOSS  rUKNACE. 

Peroxide  iron   81.11  per  cent. 

Alumina  28  " 

Silex  and  insoluble  matter   O.S-l  " 

Water   11.10  " 

Loss  97  " 

100.00 

Metallic  iron,  50.77  per  cent. 

NO.  II. — ELK  CEEEK. 

Peroxide  iron   84.00  per  cent. 

Alumina   .85  " 

Silex  and  insoluble  matter   7.G0  " 

Water   7.10  " 

Loss  45  " 

100.00 

Metallic  iron,  58.80  per  cent. 

NO.  in. — CAEBONATE  ORES  ON  THE  KANAWHA. 

Carbonate  of  iron   82.55  per  cent. 

Alumina   1.00  " 

Lime   trace. 

Silex  and  insoluble  matter   . ,   12.05  " 

Water   3.05  " 

Loss  90  " 

100.00 

Metallic  iron,  39.88  per  cent. 
•  Resources  of  the  Coal  Field  of  the  Upper  Kanawha,  with  a  Sketch  of  the  Iron  Belt  of  Virginia,  1873. 


IRON  OEE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


527 


In  the  northern  portion  of  West  Virginia  the}' have  been  developed  to  a  certain  extent, 
but  in  the  lower  half  little  notice  has  been  taken  of  them. 

The  second  class  of  ores  mentioned  are  a  part  of  that  great  iron  belt  of  the  United 
States  which,  beginning  in  J^ew  York,  runs  through  Pennsylvania,  furnishing  many  of  the 
largest  furnaces  of  that  State  with  their  stock  ;  crosses  Maryland ;  passes  through  the  entire 
width  of  Virginia  ;  constitutes  the  iron  region  of  East  Tennessee,  Western  ISTorth  Carolina, 
and  Noi"th-western  Georgia,  and  ends  in  the  imparalleled  and  magnificent  deposits  of  Ala- 
bama. 

In  this  belt  the  ores  for  the  most  part  are  the  brown  oxides,  yielding  in  Virginia  from 
40  to  50  per  cent,  of  iron.  They  are  usually  worked  in  open  quarries,  and  though  fine  in 
the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  increase  both  in  quality  and  quantity  as  we  follow  the 
belt  in  its  south-westerly  course,  till  in  the  last  counties  to  the  south  they  are  very  rich. 

In  treating  of  the  geology  of  this  portion  of  the  State,  Professor  Rogers  says  :  "  Of 
the  twelve  rocks,  each  marked  by  certain  distinctive  characteristics,  composing  the  moun- 
tains and  valleys  of  this  region,  it  has  been  determined  that  at  least  eight  are  accompanied 
by  beds  of  iron  ore."  * 

General  HAUPT,f  in  speaking  of  the  minerals  along  the  line  of  his  road,  which  runs  in 
^  this  iron  belt  across  the  whole  State,  says :  "  The  iron  deposits  are  very  numerous  and  of 
superior  quality.  Pennsylvania,  rich  as  she  is,  is  poor  in  iron  ores  as  compared  with  Vir- 
ginia." 

Scattered  throughout  this  belt  are  many  charcoal  furnaces,  some  of  them  producing 
metal  of  such  quality  that  in  1871  it  was  bringing  $55  to  $56  per  ton  in  Philadelphia,  while 
the  Pennsylvania  iron  on  the  Lehigh  was  selling  for  $35.  On  the  eastern  edge  of  this  iron 
country,  on  both  sides  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  are  the  magnetic  and  red  hematite  ores.  In  the 
northern  part  of  the  State  I  know  at  present  but  little  of  them,  but  beginning  about  the 
line  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  they  are  good,  increasing  as  we  go  south-west. 
On  the  James  River,  in  the  counties  of  Bedford,  Amherst,  Nelson,  Buckingham,  etc.,  the 
magnetics  are  exceedingly  fine,  and  would  be  brought  into  communication  with  the  West 
Virginia  coals,  either  by  means  of  the  James  River  and  Kanawha  Canal,  or  by  what  is 
known  as  the  "  straight  shoot "  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad,  from  Clifton  Forge 
down  the  James,  on  the  short  cut  to  Richmond. 

In  Patrick  Henry,  Floyd,  Carroll,  and  Grayson  counties,  both  classes  abound,  and, 
together  with  the  rich  b^own  oxides  from  Wythe,  Smyth,  Washington,  Giles,  Tazewell, 
etc.,  would  best  come  to  West  Virginia  fuels  by  a  railroad  constructed  up  New  River  from 
the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  from  the  mouth  of  the  Greenbrier. 

Thus  there  are  in  Virginia  all  the  classes  of  iron  ores  required  to  make  metal  of  good 
quality. 

The  completion  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  has  brought  into  notice  and  also 
given  an  outlet  to  extremely  valuable  and  extensive  deposits  of  ore,  and  naturally  induced 
the  investment  of  capital  to  a  considerable  extent. 

This  railroad  X  is  the  result  of  a  consolidation  of  the  Virginia  Central  Railroad  with 
the  Covington  and  Ohio  Railroad,  authorized  by  the  legislatures  of  Virginia  and  West  Vir- 
ginia in  186G.    Its  route  is  from  Richmond  via  Gordonsville,  Charlottesville,  Staunton,  the 

*  Geolo^  of  Virginia,  1836.    W.  B.  Rogers,  State  Geologist.       \  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Shenandoah 
X  Report  of  Richmond  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Valley  Railroad. 


528 


rRON  OEE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


White  Sulpllur  Springs,  and  by  tlie  valleys  of  the  Greenbi'ier,  New,  and  Kanawha  rivers, 
to  a  point  sixteen  miles  west  of  Charleston,  and  tbence  by  a  direct  line  to  the  month  of  the 
Guyandotte,  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  which  it  follows  for  twelve  miles  to  the  mouth  of  Big 
Sandy  River,  its  chartered  western  tenninus.  This  distance  is  about  four  hundred  and 
twenty-seven  miles. 

The  company  also  have  the  right  to  construct  a  branch  road  from  near  Clifton  Forge, 
on  Jackson's  River,  the  main  fork  of  the  James,  to  Richmond,  by  the  valley  of  the  James, 
or  any  other  route  which  may  be  preferred.  Also  the  right  to  construct  a  branch  from  a 
point  not  east  of  Charlottesville,  nor  west  of  Staunton,  to  Washington  City.  Also  a  branch 
from  Richmond  down  the  Peninsula. 

The  road  runs  through  a  fine  agricultural  region,  but  is  peculiarly  endowed  with  min- 
eral resources.  It  is  stated  on  authority  considered  reliable  that  there  is  more  iron  and 
coal  which  will  be  tributary  to  this  road  than  exists  in  the  whole  of  Great  Britain,  and  the 
amount  of  coal  (about  6,000  square  miles)  exceeds  that  of  any  other  portion  of  the  United 
States.  Nor  is  this  all.  The  splint  coal  exists  in  large  quantities  along  the  line  of  the 
road — a  coal  which  is  said  to  be  superior  to  any  other  mineral  coal  for  smelting  iron,  and 
which  does  not  require  coking,  while  it  is  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus.  The  canncl 
coal  also  exists  in  exhaustless  quantities  and  of  superior  quality.  Cannel  coal  is  now  im- 
ported from  Great  Britain,  and  sells  in  New  York  at  from  $18  to  $20  per  ton.  Many  tons 
of  this  coal,  now  mined  in  Kanawha,  are  carried  in  barges  down  the  Kanawha,  and  up  the 
Ohio,  120  miles  to  Parkersburg,  and  thence  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  to  Balti- 
more, and  thence  by  water  to  New  York.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  will  save 
the  whole  of  the  river  navigation,  and  offer  a  grade  of  30  feet  per  mile  as  against  11 G  feet, 
and  also  a  shorter  portage  by  rail.  It  is  expected  that  this  coal  can  be  laid  down  in  New 
York  at  less  than  $10  per  ton. 

Iron  ores  of  excellent  quality  exist  in  exhaustless  quantities  east  of  the  Alleglianies,  and 
some  beds  have  been  found  west  of  them.  It  has  been  stated  by  practical  iron  manufact- 
urers from  Pennsylvania,  who  have  examined  the  ore  beds  along  the  line  of  this  road,  that 
iron  can  be  manufactured  there  and  delivered  in  New  York  $10  a  ton  cheaper  than  the 
same  can  be  done  from  prominent  iron  centres  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  following  analyses  show  the  quality  of  ores  and  coals  found  on  the  line  of  this 
road  : 


lEON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


529 


Analyses  op  Iron  Ores  of  ViRGraiA  found  near  to  the  line  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, IN  the  State  of  Virginia. 


Locality. 


Jackson  River. . . . 

Panther  Gap  

Peter's  Mountain. 

Kelly's  Creek  

Nicolas  County. . . 
Augusta  County. . 


35 
59 
52 
39 
56 
58 


Metallic  iron  only . 
Metallic  iron  only . 
Metallic  iron  only. 
Metallic  iron  only. 
Metallic  iron  only. 
Metallic  iron  only. 


Bluff  ore. 
Fossil  ore. 
FossU  ore. 
Carbonate. 
Carbonate. 
Bluff  ore. 


Analyst. 


J.  B.  Britton. 
J.  B.  Britton. 
J.  B.  Britton. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 
J.  Heinrich. 


Anthony's  Creek. , 
Anthony's  Creek. , 
Anthony's  Creek. . 
Anthony's  Creek. . 


Metallic 
Iron. 


Silica. 


52 
61 
57 
36 


Water, 


Phos- 
phonis. 


36 
01 
27 
51 


Sulphur. 


19 
02 


Protoxide 
of  Manga- 
nese. 


09 


Fossil  ore. 
Pipe  ore. 
Hematite  ore. 
Bluff  ore. 


J.  B.  Britton. 
J.  B.  Britton. 
J.  B.  Britton. 
J.  B.  Britton. 


Analyses  of  Bituminous  Coals  found  along  the  line  op  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad,  m 

THE  State  op  Virginia. 


Locality. 

Carbon. 

Volatile 
Matter. 

Ash. 

Water. 

Sulphur. 

Cubic  feet 
of  Gas 
per  ton. 

Coke. 

Chemist. 

Fayette  

75 

06 

23 

48 

1 

46 

34 

76 

53 

J.  B.  Britton. 

68 

50 

24 

49 

7 

01 

17 

75 

51 

J.  B.  Britton. 

Fayette  

71 

88 

26 

20 

1 

92 

W.  B.  Rogers. 

Kanawha  

60 

93 

37 

08 

2 

00 

W.  B.  Rogers. 

74 

55 

31 

13 

4 

32 

W.  B.  Rogers. 

Campbell's  Creek  .... 

64 

16 

33 

24 

3 

60 

W.  B.  Rogers. 

56 

oo 

40 

50 

1 

50 

2 

00 

Levitte. 

62 

61 

33 

26 

1 

81 

3 

14 

18 

Levitte. 

Campbell's  Creek  .... 

57 

77 

37 

67 

2 

06 

2 

09 

31 

West  Virginia 

CilNNELS. 

41 

03 

46 

05 

12 

2 

7 

96 

11.648 

Cresson. 

58 

5 

46 

05 

10 

2 

7 

96 

12.588 

41 

0 

46 

0 

13 

0 

13.300 

Manhattan  Gas  Co. 

530  IRON  OKE  REGIOlsrS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Analyses  of  Limestones  of  Virginia  near  to  tiib  line  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Onio  Railroad. 


Cnrbonatc 
of  Luiic. 

SiUca. 

Magnesia. 

Aluminum 
and  oxide 
ol  iron. 

Water. 

Near  Gordonsville  

C.arhouil'eroua  (Oolitic)  

Monroe  Countv,  near  Union  

W.  B.  Rogers. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 
W.  B.  Rogers. 

79 
73 
86 
98 
95 
83 
83 

20 
68 
52 
20 
92 
92 
96 

19 
15 
2 

1 
1 
1 

60 
60 
96 
40 
88 
76 
68 

Trace. 
9 
9 

Trace. 
2 
13 

28 
52 

80 
20 

80 
80 
52 
48 
56 
80 
48 

40 
64 
48 
24 
40 
72 
68 

Some  of  the  above  analyses  were  kindly  fumishcd  by  Prof.  M.  F.  Maury,  Jr.,  Jlincralogist,  etc.  Charles- 
ton, Kanawha,  West  Virginia. 

The  report  of  IIoii.  Howell  Fisiikr,  C.E.,  of  Pennsylvania,  also  a  practical  iron  mami- 
fiicturer,  fiirnislies  valuable  information  as  to  this  section.*    He  says  : 

The  Chesapeake  arid  Ohio  Railroad  in  its  course  west  crosses  three  distinct  belts  of 
iron  ore  before  reaching  the  coal  formation. 

Tlie  first,  that  of  the  primitive  rocks,  cast  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  containing  the  magnetic 
ores.  Tliere  arc  many  reported  beds  said  to  be  of  great  value.  The  difficulty  of  working 
this  kind  of  ore  in  the  charcoal  furnace,  and  the  want  of  a  harder  fuel,  have  prevented  at- 
tempts at  smelting  and  hindered  that  keen  search  which  demand  always  leads  to,  and  which 
will  j)robably  develop  workable  beds.  At  present  this  belt  is  simply  of  prospective  and  un- 
certain value. f 

The  second  belt  is  in  the  palfeozoic  strata,  on  the  western  slopes  and  foot-hills  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  crossed  by  the  railroad  just  after  passing  through  the  long  Blue  Ridge  tunnel. 
The  ores  are  what  are  known  as  hydrated  peroxides,  or  brown  hematites,  and  give  a  brown 
border  to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Great  Limestone  Valley  for  its  entire  length. 

The  most  persistent  bed  of  ore  is  where  the  limestone,  slates,  and  shales  meet  the  sand 
stone.  The  well-known  "  Cornwall  Bank  "  of  Pennsylvania  is  in  this  range.  In  Pennsyl 
vania  this  belt  has  been  the  chief  dependence  of  the  anthracite  furnaces,  and  two-thirds  o 
the  anthracite  iron  of  the  State  is  made  from  its  ores.  In  Virginia  it  has  supplied  a  rang( 
of  charcoal  furnaces  extending  its  length  through  the  State,  making  an  iron  which  i 
mostly  used  for  the  manufacture  of  boiler  plate,  and  for  other  purposes  requiring  excellen 
qualities. 

It  has  been  asserted  that,  notwithstanding  the  vast  deposits  of  magnetic  ore  found  a 
Lakes  Champlain  and  Superior  ;  in  Missouri,  and  at  other  points  in  the  United  States,  mor 
available  ore  exists  in  tliis  belt  than  in  those  deposits  ;  "  that  the  brown  oxides  of  the  lime 
stone  are  more  than  equal  in  quantity  and  quality  to  the  magnetic  and  specular  ores. 
While  this  assertion  seems  extravagant,  certain  it  is  that  wherever  fuel  is  available  for  th 
manufacture  of  iron  on  this  belt,  it  has  never  failed  to  furnish  any  quantity  of  ore  d' 
manded,  and  its  development  in  Virginia  sliows  it  to  be  quite  equal  in  quantity  in  tlii 

*  Report  on  the  Agricultural  and  Mineral  Resources  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  by  Hon.  Howell  Fishe 
Civil  Engineer,  Geologist  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  practical  iron  manufacturer,  1872. 

f  This  report  was  written  bciore  the  discoveries  of  the  uiaguetic  ores  of  the  Jauies  River  Valley. — COMPILE 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


531 


State  to  any  other  place  wliere  worked.  It  is  quietly  awaiting  coal  from  the  Kanawha  to 
give  growth  to  a  large  trade. 

Fifteen  miles  west  of  Staunton  the  railroad  passes  out  of  the  limestone  valley  and  ap- 
proaches the  Great  North  Moimtain,  composed  of  the  Medina  sandstone  (the  No.  4  of 
Pennsylvania  geologists),  and  gets  into  the  series  of  rocks  lying  between  the  limestone  and 
the  coal  formations.  The  rocks  of  this  series  are  broken  into  numerous  mountains  and  val- 
leys, which  run  into  each  other  in  curious  zigzags,  "  doubling  like  hares." 

At  the  Little  North  Mountain  the  railroad  meets  in  that  mountain  the  first  deposit  of 
the  third  belt,  everywhere  in  Virginia  noted  for  its  iron  ores,  which  have  been  worked 
from  before  the  Revolution.  Zanes,  Yan  Buren,  Columbia,  Newmans,  Elizabeth,  Estaline, 
Bath,  California,  Australia,  Lucy  Salina,  Catawba,  Rebecca,  Jane,  and  other  furnaces  in 
Virginia,  arc  on  the  line  of  this  deposit,  and  draw  their  supplies  from  it.  Most  of  them 
are  located  on  or  within  a  few  miles  of  the  line  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

The  railroad  from  Buffalo  Gap  to  Clifton  Forge,  a  distance  of  forty  miles,  is  almost 
within  sight  of  these  strata,  and  within  easy  reach  of  the  furnaces  located  upon  them.  The 
Estaline,  Australia,  and  Lucy  Salina  have  l^een  sold  to  Northern  men. 

At  the  Clifton  Forge  we  strike,  in  the  Rich  Patch  Mountain,  a  stratum  of  iron  ore  of 
many  miles  in  extent,  which  in  appearance  seems  to  correspond  to  the  celebrated  fossil  ore 
of  Danville,  Penn.  This  stratum  is  said  to  be  traceable  for  a  distance  of  ten  miles,  most  of 
the  time  in  sight  of  the  railroad.  At  this  point  (Clifton  Forge)  the  road  meets  Jackson's 
River,  or  the  Upper  James,  down  which  a  branch  road  of  twenty  miles  would  pass  near 
sixteen  diiferent  banks  or  deposits  of  iron  ore,  counting  only  those  near  the  river,  while 
short  laterals  would  open  as  many  more. 

Just  north-east  of  the  town  of  Covington,  about  two  miles  from  the  road,  a  vein  of  ore 
of  wonderful  development  occurs  at  the  Dolly  Ann  Furnace.  This  furnace  has  also  been 
purchased  by  the  same  party  of  Pennsylvanians  Avho  bought  the  Lucy  Salina,  and  who  re- 
gard this  bank  as  of  great  value. 

"While  the  value  of  the  first  iron  belt  or  primitive  range  in  that  part  of  Virginia 
crossed  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company  is  not  yet  known,  and  while  the 
second  or  Blue  Ridge  belt  of  brown  hematites  (the  AUentown,  Reading,  Lebanon,  and 
South  Mountain  range  of  Pennsylvania)  is  known  in  Virginia  to  be  fully  equal  in  quality 
and  quantity  to  its  condition  at  any  other  points,  the  third  belt  or  range  of  iron  ores — that 
lying  between  the  valley  limestone  and  the  coal  formations,  and  therefore  the  nearest  of 
the  three  to  coal,  and  through  and  along  which  the  railroad  runs  sixty  miles — in  its  present 
imperfectly  developed  condition,  is  known  to  be  of  far  greater  magnitude  than  the  same 
strata  in  Pennsylvania  or  elsewhere. 

After  leaving  the  White  Sulphur  Springs  the  railroad,  in  7  miles,  gets  out  of  this 
series  of  strata  into  the  valley  of  the  Greenbrier  River,  down  which  it  runs  37  miles,  most 
of  the  distance  in  the  carboniferous  limestone,  which,  from  a  seam  of  six  inches,  on  the 
borders  of  the  anthracite  coal-fields,  has  here  thickened  into  several  hundred  feet,  and  forms 
a  valley  of  12  miles  in  width  and  100  in  length. 

The  cost  of  making  pig-iron  in  Alleghany  County,  Virginia,  the  locality  of  the  Lucy 
Salina  Furnace  heretofore  named,  has  been  reliably  stated  as  follows : 
67 


532 


IROX  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  ITNITED  STATES. 


2  tons  Bhiff  ores  at  furnace,  at  $1.50  per  ton    $3.00 

2\  tons  splint  coal  on  cars  at  moutli  of  Gauley  River,  at  $1.50  per  ton  3.38 

Transportation  137  miles  via  0.  &  O.  R.  R.,  at  1\  cts.  per  ton  per  mile  3.08 

|-  ton  Limestone,  adjacent  to  furnace   1.00 

Labor  per  ton   3.00 

Interest  (calculated  on  cost  of  furnace  with  capacity  of  20  tons  per 

day)  per  ton   1,00 


Total  cost  at  furnace,  per  ton   14.46 


This  cost  is  compared  with  that  of  making  pig-iron  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  as  reported 
by  Prof.  CoxE,  State  Geologist,  January  20th,  1874,  is  as  follows,  it  being  understood  that 
the  "  block  "  coal  of  Indiana  and  Ohio  and  the  "  splint "  coal  of  West  Virginia  are  the 
only  bituminous  coals  known  in  the  United  States,  which  can  be  used  in  their  raw  state  for 
making  pig-iron : 


3  tons  block  coal  at  $2.75    $8.25 

1^  tons  Clark  County  (Ind.)  ore  at  $3   4.50 

I  ton  hematite  ore  (L.  S.)  at  $9   7.87 

Limestone   1.00 

Labor,  contingencies,  etc   4.00 


Total  cost  per  ton   25.62 

or  a  difference  in  favor  of  Yirginia  of  $11.16  per  ton,  in  the  cost  of  making  pig-iron. 

Taking  the  cost  of  the  Yirginia  stone  coal  iron  at  $14.46  per  ton,  the  cost  of  delivering 
it  to  iS'^ew  York  or  western  markets  is  as  follows : 

Cost  of  iron  at  furnace  per  ton   $14.46 

Freight  to  shipping  port  200  miles,  at  1^  cts.  per  ton  per  mile  by  rail.  2.50 

Water  to  New  York   1.50 

Cost  in  New  York    18.46 

FOK  WESTERN  DELIVERY. 

Freight  to  Huntington,  west  200  miles  by  rail,  at  1^  cents  per  ton  per 

mile   $2.50 

Boat  to  Cincinnati  or  Pittsburg  per  ton   1.50 

Cost  of  iron  in  Yirginia  at  furnace   14.46 

Cost  in  Pittsburg  per  ton   18.46 


No  grade  of  good  stone  coal  pig  metal  can  be  bought  at  this  writing,  February,  1874 
either  in  Eastern  or  Western  markets  at  less  than  $30,  while  $35  is  the  quotable  price  foi 
No.  1  foundry  iron. 


lEOK  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


533 


The  following  estimate  of  the  cost  of  making  charcoal  iron,  both  hot  and  cold  blast,  in 
this  locality,  was  furnished  by  an  experienced  iron  master,  the  owner  of  seven  charcoal 
furnaces  in  Ohio,  and  who  has  thoroughly  examined  the  Virginia  localities  named,  and  pur- 
chased largely  of  ore  and  coal  lands,  with  a  view  to  immediate  development : 

Cost  of  a  charcoal  furnace  vsdth  a  capacity  of  16  tons  daily : 


With  water  to  run  blast   $30,000 

With  steam  to  run  blast,  $8,000  more,  or   38,000 

COLD-BLAST  CHARCOAL  IKON. 

21  tons  ore  at  furnace,  at  $1.00   $2.25 

130  bushels  charcoal,  at  6c   7.80 

Limestone,  adjacent   1.00 

Labor   3.00 

Interest,  contingencies,  etc.,  per  ton   1.00 


Cost  at  furnace  per  ton   15.05 

HOT-BLAST  CHAECOAL  IKON. 

2^  tons  ore  at  furnace,  at  $1.00   $2.25 

180  bushels  charcoal,  at  6c   10.80 

Limestone,  adjacent   1.00 

Labor  '.   3.00 

Interest,  etc   1.00 


Cost  at  furnace  per  ton   18.05 

This  estimate  is  made  for  a  furnace  six  miles  from  railroad. 

FKEIGHTS  TO  EASTERN  DELIVERIES. 

Hauling  six  miles  to  railroad  per  ton   $1.50 

Freight  to  Alexandria,  Ya   4.00 

Freight  thence  to  Philadelphia,  Penn   1.50 

Cost  of  iron  at  furnace  (cold  blast)  ,   18.05 


Cost  of  cold-blast  charcoal  iron  in  Philadelphia   25.05 


Cold-blast  charcoal  iron  suitable  for  car  wheels  is  quoted  in  Philadelphia,  in  February, 
1874,  at  $55,  and  during  1873  ruled  at  $60  to  $65  per  ton,  the  decline  having  been  due  to 
the  restriction  of  consumption  caused  by  the  panic  of  the  fall  of  1873. 

It  would  be  unfair  to  the  valuable  iron  ores  of  Virginia  to  close  the  account  of  them 
without  mentioning  the  splendid  fuels  supplied  by  nature  for  their  development,  in  the 
coal-fields  of  the  New  River  and  Kanawha  Valleys.  Of  these,  the  report  of  Hon.  Howell 
Fisher,  before  quoted,  says : 


534 


IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  coal  area  naturally  depending  upon  the  ]Srew  River  and  Kanawha  valleys  for  its  out- 
let (in  fact  hy  its  contour  inaccessible  by  other  passable  outlets)  embraces  a  territory  of  over 
six  thousand  square  miles,  the  extent  of  which  is  more  readily  comprehended  when  the 
fact  is  stated  that  it  is  quite  equal  in  superficial  extent  to  the  whole  productive  coal  area  of 
Great  Britain,  from  which  is  now  mined  over  one  hxmdred  million  tons  per  annum. 

Tlie  great  variety  and  fine  quality  of  the  coal  of  the  middle  section  of  this  field  arc 
well  known,  and  frequently  tested. 

The  fine,  fatty  bituminous,  the  splint,  and  the  cannel  are  the  principal  varieties.  The 
work  "  Coal,  Iron,  and  Oil,"  by  Daddow  &  Bajstnan,  edition  of  ISGO,  page  340,  speaking  of 
this  location  and  its  coal,  says :  "  Coal  River,  Elk  River,  and  Gauley,  diverge  from  the  Great 
Kanawha  and  spread  their  branches  over  one  of  the  richest  and  most  magnificent  coal 
regions  in  the  world,  and  bring  down  their  wealth  to  one  common  centre  on  the  Great 
Kanawha.  The  coals  of  this  region  generally  are  hetter,  purer,  and  more  available  for  all 
the  requirements  of  trade  and  maniifacture  than  the  coal  from  any  other  portion  of  the 
Alleghany  coal-field.  The  seams  of  coal  are  more  numerous  and  their  thickness  greater 
than  in  any  other  portion  of  this  coal-field ;  it  can  be  mined  cheaper  and  with  more  econ- 
omy generally,  under  the  same  rates  of  labor,  than  in  any  other  region  in  this  country 
without  exception.'''' 

The  peculiar  splint  coal  of  this  section  is  a  superior  fuel  in  its  raw  state  for  tlie  manu- 
facture of  pig-iron. 

The  coal  of  the  eastern  edge  of  this  basin  is  also  of  remarkable  purity.  In  Taylor's 
"  Statistics  of  Coal "  (edition  of  1855),  in  which  the  analysis  of  over  four  hundred  speci- 
mens of  American  coal  is  given,  there  is  on  page  G04  an  analysis  of  the  "  Deem  Bed," 
opened  on  the  south-east  flank  of  Big  Sewell  Mountain,  in  which  the  impurities,  or  earthy 
matter  and  ashes,  are  put  at  1.14  per  cent.,  or  less  than  that  of  any  other  American  coal  of 
which  an  analysis  is  given,  not  excepting  the  best  Lehigh  anthracite,  the  finest  of  which 
from  the  Summit  Mines  of  the  Lehigh  he  gives  at  1.28  per  cent.,  and  another  specimen  from 
Beaver  Meadow  1.28  per  cent.  The  other  two  veins  on  the  Big  Sewell  Mountain  that  were 
analyzed,  the  "  Rogers'  Seam  "  and  "  Tyner's  Bed,"  show  almost  equal  purity. 

The  number  of  workable  beds  is  variously  stated  at  from  seven  to  fourteen.  The  last 
is  the  number  given  in  "  Coal,  Iron,  and  Oil." 

There  are  four  items  that  affect  the  value  of  a  coal-field : 

First — Quality  of  the  coal. 

Second — Quantity. 

Third — Accessibility  of  the  coal  itself. 
Fourth — Market. 

The  last,  one  of  the  most  essential,  will  be  given  to  this  region  by  the  railroad. 
The  facts  already  stated  have  demonstrated  its  value  in  the  first  and  second  of  the  above 
conditions. 

In  respect  to  the  third  item,  the  most  essential  to  cheap  and  profitable  working,  this  re- 
gion stands  unrivaled. 

It  has  been  stated  before  that  the  chasm  of  the  river  renders  its  most  peculiar  service  in 
its  relation  to  the  coal.  Cutting  all  the  coal  strata  for  nearly  its  whole  length  entirely 
through,  and  getting  down  among  the  shales  under  the  coal,  the  river  has  caused  the  num- 
erous streams  which  pierce  this  whole  coal  region  to  cut  down  through  inor,t  of  tlie  coal- 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  TTOTTED  STATES. 


535 


bearing  strata  on  their  courses,  leaving  tlie  coal  entirely  above  water-level,'  accessible  at 
Imndreds  of  points  by  simply  scraping  off  the  surface  soil;  so  that,  so  far  as  the  mere  get- 
ting of  the  coal  is  concerned,  two  thousand  dollars  will  open  a  mine  ready  to  ship  one 
thousand  tons  per  week.  There  is  no  region  in  the  world  where  less  physical  labor  will  pre- 
pare a  mine  for  delivery  of  coal  at  the  drift's  mouth. 

This  will  be  made  clearer  by  a  comparison  of  the  position  of  coal  hei-e  and  in  Great 
Britain  in  this  respect. 

In  Great  Britain,  and  in  fact  in  almost  all  of  the  European  coal-fields,  the  coal  is  deep 
below  the  water-level.  To  reach  the  seams  requires  the  expenditure  of  years  of  labor  and 
vast  sums  of  money  in  sinking  shafts  or  pits,  and  in  erecting  pumping  and  hoisting  ma- 
chinery, to  be  maintained  and  renewed  at  heavy  annual  expense.  It  is  authoritatively  stated 
that  the  cost  of  sinking  shafts  in  the  Newcastle  region  of  England  to  the  depth  of  one  thou- 
sand feet  has  been,  in  many  instances,  one  thousand  dollars  per  yard.  In  the  great  north- 
ern coal-field  of  Great  Britain,  producing  twenty  million  tons  per  annum,  there  are  two 
hundred  pits  or  shafts,  costing,  in  first  outlay,  for  sinking  and  machinery,  fifty  millions  of 
dollars,  to  which  must  be  added  the  necessary  expense  of  constructing  and  maintaining 
proper  air-courses  and  their  accessories  requisite  to  the  safety  of  the  employes. 

There  is  now  invested,  simply  in  pits,  and  machinery  for  pumping  and  hoisting  the  one 
hundred  million  tons  produced  in  Great  Britain,  two  hundred  million  dollars;  and  this 
vast  sum  is  destined  to  utter  destruction  in  serving  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  used. 

These  pits  and  machinery  being  constructed,  they  involve  a  certain  amount  of  labor 
for  every  ton  of  coal  got,  in  addition  to  their  cost  and  renewal. 

'Now,  in  this  great  coal-field,  crossed  by  the  Chesajyeake  and  Ohio  Railroad,  Xature  has 
already  sunk  all  the  necessary  pits  and  shafts,  which  need  neither  repair,  renewal,  nor  labor 
to  work  them.  The  laws  of  gravity  have  provided  the  most  perfect,  permanent,  and  cost- 
less pumping  machinery ;  and  the  most  perfect  ventilation  of  the  mines  and  safety  of  the 
employes,  instead  of  requiring  scientific  knowledge  and  anxious  thought,  is  simply  a  mat- 
ter of  the  most  ordinary  care,  the  ahnost  perfect  freedom  from  noxious  gases  being  the  nat- 
ural resi;lt  of  the  position  of  the  coal  strata. 

In  Pennsylvania  there  has  occasionally  been  found,  between  the  carboniferous  limestone 
and  the  coal  conglomerate,  a  vein  of  iron  ore  of  workable  thickness  and  qiiality. 

On  the  JS^ew  River,  just  before  reaching  the  coal,  evidences  of  the  presence  of  this  vein 
exist,  and  the  amount  of  ore  which  it  sometimes  leaves  on  the  surface  is  considerable  ;  but 
there  has  been  no  opening  which  demonstrates  its  permanent  value. 

The  buhrstone  ore  lying  above  the  first  workable  coal  vein — the  Johnstown  ore  of 
Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania — is  known  to  exist  in  its  proper  geological  level,  and  is  said 
to  be  opened  in  many  places  in  its  best  condition. 

Higher  up  in  the  series  a  second  seam  of  ore  is  found,  which  can  occasionally  be  profita- 
bly worked,  furnishing  a  fine  argillaceous  ore,  but  it  is  much  more  uncertain  in  its'  yield 
and  thickness  than  the  other.  While  furnaces  should  not  be  erected  to  depend  entirely 
upon  these  ores,  they  are  a  most  valuable  and  desirable  addition  to  the  richer  and  difEerently 
constituted  ores  of  the  .East. 

With  the  facts  now.  at  hand,  a  fair  consideration  of  the  prospects  of  the  line  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad,  as  an  iron  manufacturing  centre,  can  be  had. 


536 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Analyses  of  Coal. 

The  following  analyses  of  the  coal  of  Virginia,  by  Prof,  Rodgees,  give  an  evidence  of 
its  value  as  a  fuel : 

NO.  I. — FKOM  LITTLE  SEWELL  MOUNT AIN. 

Carbon   80.24  percent. 

Volatile  matter   17.48  " 

Ash   2.28  " 

100.00 

NO.  n. — FROM  BIG  SEWELL  MOUNTAIN. 

Carbon   75.88  per  cent. 

Volatile  matter   22.32  " 

Ash   1.80  " 

100.00 

NO.  m.  FROM  MILL  CREEK,  FAYETTE  COUNTY. 

Carbon   71.88  per  cent. 

Volatile  matter   26.20  " 

Ash   1.92  " 

100.00 

NO.  TV.— FROM  STOCKTON  MINES,  KANAWHA  COUNTY. 

Carbon   74.55  per  cent. 

Volatile  matter   21.13  " 

Ash   4.32  " 


100.00 

NO.  V. — FROM  Campbell's  creek,  fayette  county. 

Carbon   G5.64  per  cent. 

Volatile  matter   .  31.25  " 

Ash   3.11  " 


100.00 

In  his  report  on  the  iron  belt  of  Virginia,  M.  F.  Maury,  Jr.,  thus  summarizes  the  natu- 
ral resources  for  iron  making,  and  the  investment  of  capital,  as  follows : 

1st.  A  very  large  area  of  nearly  horizontal  coal-bearing  deposits  of  unusual  regularity, 
great  thickness,  and  excellent  quality. 

2d.  There  are  in  this  coal  field  numerous  seams  of  splint,  cannel,  and  bituminous  coal 
which  rank  with,  and  sometimes  excel,  the  best  coals  of  the  United  States. 

3d.  It  has  railroad  connection  with  the  Eastern  markets,  as  well  as  communication  with 
40,000  miles  of  Western  river  navigation  and  railroads,  along  which  are  many  large  and 
manufacturing  towns. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


537 


4th.  Coal  can  be  shipped  to  the  "West  for  many  months  in  the  year,  when  that  from 
Pennsylvania  and  Northern  Ohio,  which  now  supplies  by  far  the  largest  part  of  this  market, 
is  kept  back  by  the  difficulties  of  navigation  on  the  Ohio,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Kanawha. 

5th.  Much  of  this  area  is  covered  by  virgin  forests,  containing  nearly  all  the  principal 
American  trees. 

6th.  It  has  the  advantage  over  Pittsburg,  the  chief  coal-shipping  port  of  Pennsylvania, 
of  being  nearer  Cincinnati,  and  the  other  "Western  cities,  by  about  240  miles. 

7th.  The  deposits  of  iron  ore  are  of  fine  quality,  in  great  profusion,  and  of  all  the 
varieties  necessary  for  the  manufacture  of  first-rate  iron. 

The  iron  belt  and  coal-field  are  within  less  than  100  miles  of  each  other. 

In  addition  to  these  statements  it  is  only  necessary  to  add  that  iron-ore  lands  in  Yir- 
ginia  can  be  bought  for  from  50  cents  to  $25  or  $50  per  acre,  according  to  contiguity  to 
railroad,  and  amount  of  development.  Coal  lands,  including  the  best  gas,  cannel,  and 
splint  coals,  on  the  Gauley  and  New  rivers,  for  from  $10  to  $25  per  acre,  and  charcoal  lum- 
ber rights,  covering  the  coaling  right  to  all  lumber  for  charcoal,  at  $1.00  per  acre.  No  one 
of  the  older  States  with  such  contiguity  to  the  large  markets  of  the  East  offers  any  such 
advantages  for  the  profitable  production  of  iron. 

West  Virginia. 

In  this  State,  according  to  the  best  authority,*  two  prominent  seams  of  iron  ore  exist ; 
one,  in  its  proper  geological  level,  as  found  and  worked  at  Johnstown,  Cambria  County, 
Pennsylvania,  and  which  exists  in  variable  quantity  and  quality  wherever  this  seam  of  coal 
is  found.  In  some  places  it  is  rich  and  productive,  while  in  others  it  is  lean  and  wortldess. 
Here,  however,  it  appears  at  the  surface  as  a  brown  oxide  of  great  richness,  yielding  60  per 
cent,  of  metal  in  the  furnace ;  but  the  bed  is  naturally  a  calcareous  ore  where  not  oxidized, 
yielding  here  from  40  to  45  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  Its  size  is  from  3  to  4  feet  when  in 
its  best  condition,  accompanied,  however,  by  leaner  shales  or  argillaceous  ores. 

On  the  banks  of  the  New  River  the  brown  oxides  of  the  limestone,  are  found,  as  also 
the  red  and  brown  oxides  of  the  copper  region  are  penetrated  by  this  stream.  It  runs  for 
fifty  miles  through  the  rich  limestone  valley  abounding  in  iron  and  lead,  and  then  eaters  the 
azoic  formations  to  the  east  where  immense  masses  of  red  and  brown  ores  exist.  Below 
the  valley  or  west  of  the  valley  limestones,  the  river  enters  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  for- 
mations overlying  the  Matinal.  These  mountain-ranges  are  made  up  of  heavy  sandstones, 
slates,  and  limestones,  and  contain  numerous  masses  of  brown  ores,  as  developed  in  Giles, 
Craig,  Monroe,  Alleghany,  Mercer,  and  Tazewell  counties. 

These  ores  may  not  be  of  any  great  value  for  the  production  of  iron  locally,  because 
the  timber  to  produce  charcoal  will  not  be  adequate  or  in  proportion,  though  the  mountain 
or  azoic  region  in  Floyd,  Carroll,  and  Grayson  counties  is  almost  an  unbroken  primeval 
forest,  and  the  counties  before  named,  to  the  west  of  the  valley,  also  possess  an  abundance 
of  timber ;  but  these  resources  are  insignificant,  when  compared  with  the  resources  of  this 
region  in  iron  ores. 

But  the  Alleghany  coal-field  is  in  available  proximity,  and  the  coals  of  the  Great  Kan- 
*  "  Coal,  Iron,  and  Oil :  "  Daddow  &  Bannan. 


538 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


awha  and  the  ores  of  the  New  Eiver,  in  Virginia  and  I^orth  Carolina,  are  both  on  a  scale  of 
.equal  magnitude.  We  will  not  exaggerate  if  we  compare  the  resources  of  the  Kanawha  in 
this  respect  to  the  most  favored  localities  in  Pennsylvania,  not  even  excepting  the  Lehigh 
region,  with  its  coal  and  iron.  The  only  requirements  are  enterprise  and  capital  to  develop 
these  resources  and  to  combine  the  coal  and  the  ores  by  rail.* 

The  principal  site  of  the  iron  industry  in  West  Virginia  is  at  Wheeling  on  the  Oliio 
River,  and  here  the  facilities  for  obtaining  the  rich  ores  of  Lake  Superior  by  rail  and  water 
and  the  iron  mountain  ores  of  Missouri  by  all  water  freight,  have  been  so  great  that  com- 
paratively little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  development  of  the  native  ores  of  the 
region. 

With  the  influx  of  capital  and  the  higher  prices  of  the  ores  now  used,  prices  which 
must  advance,  owing  to  increased  consumption  at  the  point  of  exportation  of  these  ores,  the 
native  ores  of  West  Virginia  will  come  into  market.  The  State  has  everything  to  be  de- 
sired in  climate,  fertile  soil,  and  fuels  and  fluxes,  and  only  needs  population  and  capital 
to  thoroughly  develop  its  capabilities. 

The  following  interesting  correspondence  of  the  Iron  Age,  in  December,  1873,  gives 
valuable  information  of  the  Kanawha  coal-field  and  the  ii'on  ore  region  of  Putnam 
County : 

The  Great  Kanawha  River,  running  off  at  right  angles  from  the  Ohio,  traverses  the 
richest  portion  of  the  great  Alleghany  coal-fields,  cutting  the  coal  measures  of  the  region, 
2,000  feet  thick,  to  their  base,  and  developing  their  exhaustless  mineral  treasures  in  the 
most  available  manner  for  practical  production.  Although  the  coal  beds  are  too  far  below 
the  surface  for  immediate  working,  the  iron  deposits  more  than  doubly  make  this  section  of 
the  great  coal-field  valuable.  The  exact  depth  of  the  coal  in  this  country  I  am  not  pre- 
pared to  state,  but  should  judge  it  to  be,  from  the  general  dip  of  the  Alleghany  coal-fields, 
some  00  feet  below  low-water  mark  of  the  Kanawha  River. 

'There  crop  out  in  several  parts  of  this  country,  about  230  feet  above  low  water  of  the 
Kanawha,  several  veins  of  coal,  which  are  commonly  known  as  the  "  Raymond  seam." 
The  thickness  of  the  several  openings  which  I  have  seen  do  not  exceed  24:  to  30  inches, 
rendering  it  not  a  profitable  business  to  work  it.  The  quality  is  of  a  very  superior  splint 
nature,  and  I  understand  it  to  be  the  intention  of  parties  located  here,  who  contemplate  a 
stone-coal  blast  furnace,  to  entirely  use  the  coal  of  their  property,  they  having  several  out- 
crops of  the  seam  above  mentioned  lying  immediately  under  a  large  bed  of  iron  ore.  In 
this  case  I  should  judge  it  would  pay  to  mine,  but  otherwise  coal  mining  in  this  county 
would  not  allow  of  large  outlays  in  developing.  It  is  too  near  the  great  coal  deposits  in 
Kanawha  County,  only  some  fifty  miles  up  the  river  from  this  point.  There  exist  in  the 
highest  hills  of  Patnam  county  four  prominent  seams  of  iron  ore,  consisting  of  brown  and 
red  hematite,  yielding  by  analysis  50  to  58  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  The  seams  vary  in 
thickness  from  2^  to  4  feet,  and  are  easily  mined,  as  they  command  such  a  position  in  the 
hills  as  to  render  stripping  possible  at  a  trifling  expense.  And  when  drifting  is  necessary 
there  is  no  rock  to  contend  with.  These  heavy  deposits  are  three  to  four  miles  from  the 
Kanawha  River,  at  an  elevation  of  350  feet  for  the  highest  vein. 

[*  The  completion  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  across  this  belt  of  mineral  territory  supplies  the 
medium  desired  for  the  most  extensive  interchange  of  ores  and  fuel ;  and  at  the  same  time  opens  these  wonderful 
deposits,  and  their  manufactured  products,  to  the  markets  both  East  and  West. — Ed.] 


IKON  ORE  EEGIONS  OE  THE  UNITED  STATES.  V^-  ^39  *zS 

Chaeles  Whittlesey,  an  eminent  geologist  from  Ohio,  has  examined  the  or'^s^iftjKjy  ^ 

"The 


lie  in  this  county,  and  conchides  his  report  with  the  following  remarks:  "  rne  ore 
ready  known  in  Putnam  County  are  abundant  in  quantity,  and  more  beds  will,  on  examina- 
tion, be  brought  to  light.  As  to  quality,  the  analyses  show  they  are  equal  to  the  Ohio  fur- 
nace district,  in  Lawrence,  Jackson,  and  Yinton  counties,  known  as  the  '  Hanging  Rock- 
Region,'  and  that  the  percentage  of  iron  is  greater."  By  permission,  I  am  allowed  to  copy 
the  following  analysis,  made  by  Mr.  WHrrrLESEY,  of  the  ores  of  this  region  known  as  the 
brown  hematites  of  Putnam  County,  West  Virginia  : 


mSOLUBLE  MATTER. 


Bed 

Bed 

Bed 

No.l. 

No.  2. 

No.  3 

16.35 

8.84 

7.42 

none. 

6.08 

0.20 

none. 

none. 

none. 

given. 

0.90 

0.17 

0.25 

2.50 

0.42 

given. 

9.Y1 

10.56 

58.10 

50.15 

56.80 

The  Number  1  ore  has  been  used  by  Cyrus  Mendenhaxl,  of  Cincinnati,  and  in  re- 
porting upon  it  he  states  : 

"  The  ore  you  refer  to,  brown  hematite,  we  used  with  Iron  Mountain,  Missouri,  one- 
third  West  Virginia,  without  any  marked  effect  on  the  working  of  the  furnace,  or  in  qual- 
ity of  iron  produced.  It  was  evidently  very  easily  smelted,  and  the  most  desirable  native 
ore  we  tried.  We  used  it  without  calcining,  having  too  limited  furnace  area  to  do  it.  The 
amount  of  phosphoric  acid  is  certainly  too  small  to  be  any  injury  to  foundry  metal,  and  for 
bars  can,  by  He:n^derson's  new  process,  long  being  successfully  practised  near  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  be  entirely  removed." 

The  parties  who  are  now  in  possession  of  the  best  portion  of  these  deposits  are  pushing 
the  railroad  connecting  the  mines  with  the  Kanawaha  River  with  all  possible  speed ;  and  I 
look  for  grand  results  when  these  ores  shall  be  generally  worked  by  the  furnaces  of  Ohio 
and  Pennsylvania.  There  also  exist  throughout  Putnam  County  large  quantities  of  what  is 
commonly  known  as  kidney  ore,  yielding  by  analysis  85  to  90  per  cent,  metallic  iron.  So 
far  no  discovery  of  a  regular  deposit  of  this  ore  has  been  brought  to  light,  it  being  found  in 
large  quantities  on  creek  bottoms,  and  imbedded  in  the  clays  throughout  the  hills.  No 
doubt  there  exists  somewhere  a  deposit  of  this  extraordinary  rich  ore,  but  it  remains  to  be 
discovered  whether  this  is  a  fact.  It  is  the  present  intention  of  the  parties  who  own  these 
valuable  tracts  to  erect  a  charcoal  cold-blast  furnace  on  the  banks  of  the  Kanawha.  There 
is  timber  enough  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  to  run  a  20  ton  furnace  thirty  years.  It 
has  been  carefully  estimated  that  car-wheel  and  foundry  iron  can  be  manufactured  here 
at  a  figm-e  not  exceeding  $20  per  ton.  The  same  metal  is  worth  to  day  in  Cincinnati  $60 
to  $65  per  ton.  This  seems  almost  incredible,  but  it  is  undoubtedly  a  fact,  as  it  has  been 
estimated  by  numbers  of  experienced  iron  men,  that  pig-iron,  without  doubt,  can  be  made 
68 


540 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


at  such  a  low  figure,  wlien  such  special  advantages  are  offered  in  f[uality  and  quantity  of 
ore,  cheapness  of  mining,  and  almost  the  entire  original  growth,  yet  standing,  of  timber. 
I  should  be  pleased  to  devote  yet  more  space  and  time  to  this  subject,  and  will  state  in  con- 
clusion that  Putnam  County  presents  finer  openings  for  enterprise  and  capital  than  the  best 
of  the  Kanawha  Valley,  or,  in  fact,  than  any  of  the  other  imdeveloped  mineral  regions  of 
our  whole  country.  I  omitted  to  mention  the  great  advantage  it  possesses  over  many  other 
localities  for  shipment  in  all  directions.  It  is  distant  from  Cincinnati  by  river  226  miles, 
and  from  Pittsburg  219  miles.  The  cost  of  transportation  should  also  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration, as  it  is  so  far  below  that  of  other  iron  manufacturing  centres.  Pig  metal  or  ore 
can  be  shipped  to  Cincinnati  for  from  50  to  75  cents  per  ton,  and  to  Pittsburg  for  $1.00 
per  ton. 

Iron  Ore  Reg^ious  of  Tennessee. 

The  iron  ore  regions  of  Tennessee  have  been  the  siibject  of  very  considerable  investi- 
gation and  of  large  investment  of  foreign  capital  within  the  past  few  years.    The  advan- 
tages are  mimerous.    Extensive  deposits  of  brown  hematite  (limonite)  ores,  ranging  from 
38  to  50  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron,  in  the  great  valley  of  East  Tennessee,  have  invited  the 
manufacture  of  charcoal  irons  for  years,  as  is  attested  by  the  numerous  furnaces  of  this 
region.    Farther  west  are  equally  extensive  deposits  of  red  fossil  ores,  lying  in  strata  of 
from  30  to  50  feet  down  to  a  few  inches  in  thickness.    "While  highly  silicious,  and  in  some 
cases  so  much  so  as  to  render  them  difficult  of  reduction  with  the  charcoal  fuel  of  the  region 
alone,  they  are  notably  free  from  phosphorus,  the  average  being  not  over  five  hundredths 
of  one  per  cent.    When  mixed  with  other  local  ores,  and  smelted  with  coke,  these  fossi' 
ores,  however,  make  an  excellent  quality  of  metal.    Specular  and  magnetic  ores  also  exisi 
in  considerable  quantities  on  the  line  of  the  Selma,  Eome  and  Dalton,  and  the  Western 
and  Atlantic  railroads.    These  are  extremely  rich  in  iron,  and  very  free  from  phosphorus 
To  supply  these  ores  with  fuel  there  is,  in  addition  to  the  very  heavy  timber  of  the  coun 
try,  an  unlimited  endowment  of  bituminous  coal.    The  principal  deposits  of  fuel  are  th( 
Cumberland,^  Sand  Mountain,  and  Walden  Ridge,  with  beds  running  from  20  to  100  feet  ir 
thickness,  without  an  intervening  stratum  of  slate  or  rock.    This  coal  is  both  coked  anc 
used  raw,  and  in  about  equal  admixtures  of  both  forms  is  found  to  be  a  highly  satisfactory 
fuel.    Chattanooga  is  the  natural  as  well  as  the  geographical  centre  of  these  ores  and  fuels 
being  the  terminus  of  five  finished  railroads  traversing  these  fields  of  ore  and  fuel,  and  wil 
very  shortly  have  thi'ee  more  railroads,  now  building,  in  addition  to  the  above.    A  ver 
extensive  iron  industry  is  conducted  in  Tennessee,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  blast 
furnace  and  rolling-mill  departments.    The  cost  of  iron  making  in,  and  the  chemical  prop 
erties  of  the  ores  and  fuels  of,  Tennessee  will  be  hereafter  noted.    The  objection  made,  tha 
the  ores  of  some  portions  of  the  State  produce  cold  short-irons,  is  entirely  overruled  by  th 
excellent  rail  and  water  facilities  for  transportation  of  suitable  admixtures.    For  the  pre 
duction  of  charcoal  irons  Tennessee  has  offered  superior  facilities,  and  actual  figures  of  th 
year  1872  show  that  cold-blast  charcoal  wheel  iron  made  in  East  Tennessee,  after  pay  in 
a  freight  of  $15.75  per  ton  from  the  point  of  production  to  Philadelphia,  paid  a  profit  c 
$25.25  per  ton  at  the  current  prices  of  that  quality  of  iron  at  that  date. 

The  brown  hematite  ores  of  the  great  valley  of  East  Tennessee  occur  in  the  J  owe 


IRON  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


541 


Silurian,  wliile  the  uovtli-west  border  of  this  valley  contains  the  red  hematite  fosoil  ore  of 
the  upper  Silurian  limestone  formation.  Tkoost  says  that  the  richest  and  purest  of  the 
brown  hematite  ores  of  Eastern  Tennessee  were  at  one  time  rejected  by  the  miners  under 
the  impression  that  it  was  the  Black  Jack  of  the  Englisli,  a  sulphuret  of  zinc."  These  ores 
are  found  in  J olmson  County,  where  formerly  some  ten  or  twelve  bloonuiry  forges  were 
run  on  them.  In  Carter  County  there  are  banks  of  red  and  brown  hematite  on  Stony  Creek 
and  vicinity,  averaging  40  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  ]S^umerous  old  forges  were  worked 
here  at  an  early  date,  and  succeeded  by  the  blast  furnaces  of  the  present.f  In  Sullivan 
County  there  are  brown  hematites  and  fossiliferous  ores,  which  have  been  worked  for  sixty 
or  seventy  years.  Very  old  forges  and  furnaces  exist  here,  and  an  admixture  of  these  ores 
yielded  01  per  cent,  of  iron. 

In  Washington  County,  on  the  Nolichucky  River,  there  are  immense  deposits  of 
limonite.  Of  these  ores  in  the  vicinity  of  Embreeville  further  notice  will  be  made.  In 
Green  County  both  brown  and  red  hematites  occur,  and  were  worked  in  bloomary  forges 
at  an  early  date.  Cook  County  has  honeycomb  hematites  of  from  50  to  60  per  cent.  iron. 
Sevier,  Blount,  and  Munroe  counties  likewise  all  indicate  by  the  old  forges  the  presence  of 
the  same  ores. 

The  fossil  or  dyestone  ores  of  Tennessee  lie  on  the  west  side  of  the  great  valley,  and 
flanking  the  Cumberland  Mountains  a  portion  of  the  Alleghauies.  These  ores  were  called 
dyestone,  from  the  fact  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  regions  where  they  are  found  using  them 
as  dyes ;  and  as  will  be  seen  hereafter,  run  from  the  extreme  north  along  a  well-defined 
belt,  with  branches  north-west,  from  New  York  to  Alabama. 

In  Claiborne  County,  Tenn.,  is  the  celebrated  Cumberland  Gap,  a  passage  into  Ken- 
tucky through  the  Cumberland  Mountain,  by  which  all  the  early  settlers  from  Virginia  and 
the  Carolinas  penetrated  to  the  then  western  wilderness.:}:  Here,  near  the  Cumberland  Gap 
rurnace,§  is  an  extensive  deposit  of  fossil  ore,  while  within  five  miles  are  great  quantities 
of  bituminous  coal.  In  Campbell  County,  near  Fincastle,  are  fossil  ores,  generally  ranging 
from  25  to  35  per  cent.  Many  old  and  abandoned  forges  and  furnaces  are  here,  and  others 
in  operation.  In  Union  County  the  same  ores  are  found,  and  in  Koane  County  this  ore 
runs  along  the  south  side  of  the  Tennessee  River  in  generally  large  deposits,  yielding  GO 
per  cent.  iron.    An  analysis  by  Prof.  Tkoost  gives  for  this  ore : 


Peroxide  of  iron   93 

Carbonate  of  lime   3.5 

Alumina   2 

Silica   2 


The  advantages  of  the  region  of  Roane  County  have  been  fully  set  forth  by  General 
J.  T.  Wilder,  of  the  Rockwood  Furnaces,  whose  statements  are  given  in  full  hereafter. 

In  Rhea  County  the  fossil  ores  occur  in  large  deposits,  and  were  formerly  worked  in 
numerous  forges.  English  capital  has  been  invested  largely  here  in  1873.  In  Meigs, 
McMinn,  and  Hamilton  counties,  the  latter  the  county  in  which  Chattanooga  is  located, 
50  per  cent,  fossil  ores  are  abundant,  and  cost  generally  not  to  exceed  $2  at  the  furnace. 

*  Iron  Manufacturer^  Ouide^  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,  p.  593.       \  See  Charcoal  Furnaces  of  East  Tennessee . 
X  Iron  Manufacturers'  Ouide,  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,  p.  G30.       §  See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Tennessee. 


542 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


It  has  been  frequently  doubted  whether  there  were  magnetic  ores  in  East  Tennessee 
suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  pig  metal,  and  in  some  cases  entirely  denied.  In 
Carter  County  there  are  quite  extensive  deposits  of  magnetites,  which  are  a  continuation  of 
the  famous  Cranberry  ore  beds  of  Mitchell,  formerly  Yancy,  County,  Worth  Carolina. 
These  ores,  while  of  superior  quality,  are  very  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus,  as  witness 
the  analyses  appended.  The  iron  made  from  these  ores  in  Korth  Carolina  has  been  pro- 
noxmced  by  high  authority  showing  an  average  tenacity  of  71,000  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Of  this  ore.  Prof.  Chandler,  of  the  School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College,  who  made  the 
accompanying  analysis,  says  :  "  This  is  the  best  iron  ore  I  have  ever  analyzed.  It  is  very 
rich  in  iron,  and  very  free  from  sulphur  and  phosphorus."    This  ore  gave  by  his  analysis : 


  91.80 

per  cent. 

  0.32 

u 

  1.03 

l( 

  1.06 

i( 

  0.23 

i( 

  0.25 

(( 

  4.02 

(( 

  1.15 

a 

Equivalent  to  metallic  iron,  G6.53. 

Of  a  sample  of  this  ore  from  Tennessee,  in  Carter  County,  now  in  the  cabinet  of  the 
writer.  Prof.  Wuth,  of  Pittsburg,  made  the  following  analysis  : 


Peroxide  of  iron   5.71 

Magnetic  oxide  of  iron   73.49 

Alumina  ,   5.92 

Protoxide  of  manganese   .16 

Lime   1.64 

Magnesia  82 

Silica   11.17 

Phosphoric  acid  ,  057 

Water   1.03 

Metallic  iron,  57.21. 


This  sample  was  taken  from  the  surface,  and  fairly  averaged.  Taken  from  the  soli<l 
vein,  the  ore  yields  over  GO  per  cent. 

Of  this  ore  Dr.  Wuxn  said :  "  It  will  produce  a  splendid  iron  for  the  Bessemer  pro- 
cess." Blooms  made  from  this  ore  have  been  analyzed  and  worked  by  competent  parties, 
and  found  equal  to  the  best  Swedish  iron.  The  magnetic  ores  of  "Western  North  Carolina 
and  Eastern  Tennessee  indicate  by  their  purity  that  they  will  be  soon  sought  for  the  manu- 
facture of  fine  irons  and  steels.  In  1872,  20,000  acres  containing  this  character  of  ore  in 
abundant  quantity  was  sold  for  $2  per  acre,  and  many  similar  properties  are  yet  offered  at 
no  gi'eat  advance  on  these  figures. 


IRON  OEE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


543 


^  The  brown  hematite  or  limonite  ores  of  Washington  Connty,  in  the  vicinity  of  Em- 
breeville,  on  the  ]S[olichiicky  River,  a  stream  navigable  for  boats,  are  not  only  in  great 
quantity,  but  possess  many  characteristics  of  interest.  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,  in  a  report  made 
on  this  region  in  1873,  says:  *  "The  brown  hematite  or  limonite  deposits  of  Bumpass  Cove 
exactly  resemble  those  of  Morrisson's  Cove,  Nittany  Valley,  Kishicoquilis,  and  other  lower 
Silurian  limestone  valleys  of  Penns3dvania  and  Virginia;  and  those  of  the  long  line  of  the 
north  flank  of  the  South  Mountain,  Blue  Ridge,  Smoky  Mountain  Range,  from  the  Hudson 
River  to  Alabama." 

These  ores  are  irregular  masses  of  ochreous  clays  and  loose  sands,  full  of  shot  and  balls 
and  pipes  of  the  hydrated  sesquioxide  of  iron ;  with  coatings  of  the  black  oxide  of  man- 
ganese, and  traces  of  the  original  sulphide  of  iron,  sulphide  of  lead,  and  sulphide  of  zinc, 
held  by  the  limestone  strata  before  these  were  dissolved  and  made  cavernous  by  the  drain- 
age waters  which  have  packed  the  clay  sand  ore  into  all  the  holes  and  crevices,  caverns  and 
water-courses,  thus  made. 

There  must  he  many  millions  of  tons  of  iron  ore  in  tlie  more  central  pa/rt  of  the  cove, 
in  the  low  hills  composed  of  the  almost  horizontal  ore-bearing  limestone  strata,  which  every- 
where shows  the  dissolving  action  of  the  ore-collecting  waters,  and  are  covered  in  many 
places  with  ore  ground. 

The  books  of  the  furnace  show  that  after  the  ore  has  been  washed  and  the  large  lumps 
roasted,  to  make  them  more  easily  broken  to  pieces,  the  lowest  percentage  of  ore  to  pig 
metal  is  49,  and  the  highest  59.  Y^iq  practical  average  of  pig  iron  obtained  from  the  thus 
prepared  ore  is  55  per  cent. 

The  weight  of  the  washed  ore  when  dry  is  \\  tons  to  the  cubic  yard.  The  weight  of 
the  lump  ore  is  about  \  ton  to  the  cubic  yard. 

An  analysis  of  this  limonite  from  Bumpass  Cove,  by  Prof.  FisnEK,  of  the  U.  S.  Naval 
Academy,  Annapolis,  Md.,  gave  as  follows : 


Water  and  organic  matter   13.15 

Phosphoric  acid  09 

Silica   3.05 

Alumina   1.28 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese  27 

Sulphur  203 

'  Peroxide  of  iron   82.27 


100.313 

82.27  peroxide  of  iron  equals  57.6  per  cent,  pure  iron. 

As  the  cost  of  iron  making  in  this  vicinity  is  a  matter  of  great  interest,  from  the  fact 
that  it  is  a  locality  prominently  before  capital  for  investment  in  ore  lands,  the  following 
particulars  are  given.  Profs.  Maynakd  and  Van  Rensselaer,  of  New  York,  state  on  these 
points,  after  an  examination  of  the  region,  as  follows :    The  mountains  f  are  for  the  most 

*  Report  on  the  Embreeville  Iron  Property,  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,  1873. 
t  Report  on  the  Embreeville  Iron  Property,  Maynard  and  Van  Rensselaer,  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engi- 
neers, New  York  City,  1873. 


644 


IRON  OKE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


part  covered  with  heavy  growths  of  timber  to  their  summits.  The  average  yield  of  timber 
to  the  acre  is  80  cords,  and  the  average  yield  of  all  woods,  coaled  without  selection,  is  33 
bushels  to  the  cord,  or  2,G40  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  charcoal  costs,  delivered  at  furnace, 
6^  cents  per  bushel,  contract  price.  Wood  is  cut  at  50  cents  per  cord;  colliers  receive  1^ 
cents  per  bushel,  including  setting,  covering  and  firing  pits,  burning  down,  and  drawing  the 
coal  ready  to  load  into  wagons,  the  coaling  ground  "  boss  "  receiving  $1.50  per  day. 

Limestone,  quarried  and  delivered,  costs  10  cents  per  ton  of  iron  made.  The  analysis 
of  this  flux  shows  it  to  contain : 

Carbonate  of  lime  

Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Insoluble  matter  

100.00 


01.20  per  cent. 
3.40    "  " 
5.40    "  " 


A  very  refractory  sandstone  abundant  in  the  vicinity,  and  which  stands  remarkably  for 
furnace  lining,  presents  the  following  properties  by  analysis  made  by  Prof.  Persifek  Fkazee, 
J E.,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania : 

Silica   7G.98  per  cent. 

Alumina  and  iron  (tlie  latter  under  2  per  cent,  sesquioxide 

of  iron)  !   16.12   "  " 

Magnesia   2.63   "  " 

Lime   1.44   "  " 

Undetermined   2.83   "  " 


100.00 


The  ore  is  delivered  at  furnace  by  contract  at  $1.00  per  ton,  made  up  of  one-third  lump 
and  two-thirds  washed  ore.  The  washed  ore  is  washed  in  sluices  at  small  cost,  two  men  at 
$1.00  to  $1.25  per  day  being  able  to  wash  25  tons.  Transporting  ore  from  the  washer  to 
the  furnace  is  45  cents  per  ton.    Roasting  the  lump  oro  costs  15  cents  per  ton. 

The  furnace  has  the  following  dimensions,  and  owing  to  insufficient  blast  and  bad  man- 
agement, makes  but  five  or  six  tons  of  iron  daily,  although  of  capacity  for  greater  product : 

Height  of  stack   32  feet. 

Diameter  of  bosh   8  feet     3  inches. 

Diameter  of  hearth  at  bottom . ,   22  " 

Diameter  of  hearth  at  top   30  " 

Diameter  of  tunnel  head   30  " 

Diameter  of  tuyeres  at  nozzle   2|-  " 

The  blast  is  furnished  by  two  wooden  blowing  cylinders  of  36  inches  diameter  and  4 
feet  stroke,  which  are  actuated  by  an  overshot  water-wheel  with  a  speed  of  17  revolutions 
per  minute.  A  more  primitive  plant  cannot  well  be  cited.  The  following  figures  show  the 
workings  of  this  furnace  for  the  months  of  November  and  December,  1872: 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
NOVEMBER. 

Iron  made   135.67  tons. 

Charcoal  per  ton  iron   143.25  bnshels. 

Limestone    "        "    345  pounds. 

Average  yield  of  ore   53  percent. 

DECEMBER. 

Iron  made   130.67  tons. 

Charcoal  per  ton  iron   144  bushels. 

Limestone    "        "    329  pounds. 

Average  yield  of  ore   58.5   per  cent. 


The  product  is  a  superior  cold-blast  car-wheel  iron,  formerly  used  by  the  Tredegar 
Works  of  Richmond,  Virginia,  for  that  jjurpose,  and  since  entirely  contracted  for  by  Messrs. 
A.  Whitney  &  Sons,  of  Philadelphia,*  at  $57  cash  per  ton.  The  iron  is  said  to  possess 
superior  strength  and  chilling  properties.  The  cost  of  this  iron  at  furnace  is  $16  per  ton, 
and  it  is  hauled  to  Jonesborough  at  $3.25  per  ton,  and  thence  goes  by  rail  via  East  Ten- 
nessee and  Virginia  R.  R.  to  Norfolk,  Virginia,  and  thence  by  steamer  to  Philadelphia  at 
$12.50  per  ton,  or  a  total  f  reight  of  $15.50.  The  total  cost  of  the  iron  laid  down  in  Phila- 
delphia is  $31.75,  and  at  the  conti'act  price  above  stated,  $57  per  ton,  it  leaves  a  profit  of 
$25.25  per  ton,  or  a  net  profit  of  $45,000  per  year,  on  an  average  yield  of  but  5  tons  daily. 
We  have  been  thus  particular  in  quoting  the  workings  of  this  furnace  and  cost  of  the  iron 
produced  as  a  type  of  charcoal-iron  production  in  the  Southern  States.  It  may  be  above  or 
below  the  average  cost ;  of  this  we  have  no  information.  The  figures  are,  however,  beyond 
controversy,  being  actual  transcripts  from  furnace  books  made  by  the  gentlemen  on  whose 
authority  we  quote,  and  it  is  certain  that  the  States  of  Virginia,  Korth  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Tennessee,  and  Alabama  afford  numerous  locations  where  iron  of  equal  quality  can  be  made, 
at  least  at  the  same  cost.  The  property  embraced  with  this  furnace,  some  50,000  acres  in  all, 
has  passed  into  the  hands  of  English  capitalists  by  purchase  in  1873,  so  that  we  are  further 
saved  from  the  possible  accusation  of  advertising  it.  Lands  in  this  vicinity  have  been  bought 
from  10  cents  to  50  cents  per  acre  by  thousands  of  acres,  and  can  still  be  bought  for  from 
60  cents  to  $10  per  acre  as  to  character  and  location.  It  is  quite  evident  to  any  one  that  if 
this  iron  will  pay  a  profit  to  the  car-wheel  manufacturer  after  adding  a  freight  of  $15.50  to 
its  cost  of  $16  at  furnace,  and  a  profit  of  $25.25  per  ton,  or  $40.75  more  than  its  cost  at 
furnace,  that  a  car  wheel  works  in  the  vicinity  connected  with  the  furnace,  and  with  proper 
facilities,  could  realize  this  profit  of  $40.75  per  ton  with  whatever  additional  gain  the 
market  price  of  car  wheels  would  legitimately  give.  In  view  of  the  abundant  railroad  fa- 
cilities here  foimd,  it  would  appear  rather  more  business  like  to  pay  freight  on  the  finished 
car  wheel  to  its  market,  even  the  same  distance,  than  on  the  pig  metal.  And  right  here  is 
the  opportunity  for  capital.  The  south-west  will  in  a  few  years  increase  in  population  and 
trade  as  rapidly  as  the  north-west  has,  and  the  raw  material,  be  it  pig  metal,  ore,  charcoal, 
coke,  or  coal  fuel,  can  be  had  or  made  at  prices  which  cannot  be  competed  with  at  the  older 


*  See  Car  Wheel  Works  of  Pennsylvania. 


546  IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

and  more  densely  settled  localities.  Capital  and  energy  are  alone  needed  to  obtain  re- 
sults which  shall  satisfy  the  demands  of  even  the  most  ambitious. 

Of  the  cost  of  stone-coal  iron  (hot  blast,  of  course)  in  Tennessee,  Mr.  Geo.  i.  Lewis 
furnished  a  very  accurate  account  in  1869,  for  which  he  was  taken  greatly  to  task;  his 
fiaurcs  of  cost  having  been  used  by  the  free-trade  party  in  Congress  as  an  argument 
against  the  protective  system.     Mr.  Lewis  has  contributed  greatly  to  the  information  we 
have  of  south-western  ores,  and  should  not  be  decried  because  his  statements  show  that 
iron  can  be  made  cheaply  in  favored  localities.    The  protective  system  m  the  United 
States  has  developed  the  iron  industry  and  supported  the  high-priced  labor  and  dear  capital 
incident  to  the  organization  and  development  of  any  trade.    It  did  the  same  m  earlier 
days  for  Great  Britain.    As  we  take  it,  the  object  of  protection  is  to  protect  an  industry 
while  it  needs  it ;  when  the  necessity  shall  have  passed,  the  protection  will  die  with  it  from 
the  nature  of  business  laws.    Great  Britain  outgrew  the  necessity,  and  proclaimed  free  trade 
with  possibly  a  little  too  much  moral  unction  and  unneighborly  business  greed,    i  he  U  nited 
States  will  shortly  outgrow  the  necessities  of  protection-will  in  turn  proclaim  free  trade, 
and  if  South  America  or  Tasmania  become  iron-producing  regions,  they  m  turn  wiii  de- 
mand protection  from  our  cheaper  labor  and  low-priced  iron,  just  as  Great  Britain  would 
now  thankfully  accept  protection  against  Belgium,  and  assuredly  will  in  the  near  future 
propose  it  against  the  United  States.    Mankind  may  progress  in  education,  moral  and  re- 
ligious character,  but  the  nerves  which  centre  in  the  pocket-book-and  they  form  the  most 
sensitive  ganglion  in  the  body  politic— throb  the  same  responses,  under  certam  conditions, 
century  after  century.     Mr.  Lewis  says,  in  several  very  interesting  letters  published  at 
different  dates,  that  Tennessee  has  abundant  hematite  and  fossil  ores  yielding  from  40  to 
65  per  cent,  of  iron,  equally  abundant  coals  showing  by  analysis  from  55  to  70  per  cent 
carbon,  with  less  sulphur  or  earthy  matter,  as  shown  by  tables,  than  the  furnace  coals  of 
Eno-land,  Wales,  Scotland,  Western  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio.    These  minerals  he  directly  on 
fini^'shed  railroads.    He  tabulates  the  cost  of  making  one  ton  of  hot-blast  stone-coal  iron  at 
this  point  at  $16.95  per  ton,  presuming  a  furnace  located  where  coals,  flux  and  ores  are 
contiguous,  of  a  capacity  of  6,000  tons  per  annum,  and  to  cost  $100,000.    Having  been 
attacked  as  incorrect,  he  quotes  the  following  letter  from  General  J.  T.  Wildek  of  the 
Koane  Iron  Co.,  Rockwood,  Tennessee,  in  1872,  to  the  editor  of  the  American  Manufac- 
turer, of  Pittsburgh,  giving  the  actual  workings  of  his  furnace :  which  letter  we  give  as 

follows:  ^         T,     ,  J  rn 

EOANE  Iron  Co.,  Rockwood,  Tenn., 
November  22d,  1872. 

Joseph  D.  Weeks,  Editor : 

Deae  Sm— Your  favor  of  November  14th  reached  me  here.  In  answer  I  have  tc 
say  that  the  paper  spoken  of  has  not  come  to  hand  ;  as  soon  as  received  it  shall  receive  at 
tention.  We  are  working  here  a  vein  of  dry  semi-bituminous  coal,  varymg  in  thickness 
from  10  to  40  feet,  and  in  some  places  much  thicker.  The  vein  is  very  much  disturbed- 
one  entry  is  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long.  We  work  the  lump  coal  raw,  and  coke  the 
slack.  Have  been  running  four  years  with  one  twenty-ton  furnace ;  will  blow  in  our  seconc 
stack  in  February,  of  forty-live  tons  capacity. 

The  vein  of  coal  lies  on  top  of  the  conglomerate  sandstone  of  the  lower  coal  measures 
Will  only  coke  when  pulverized  and  wet;  works  splendidly  in  the  furnace  when  raw 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  IJlSnTED  STATES. 


547 


"We  use  the  red  fossiliferous  ore  without  mixture.  It  is  found  in  a  ridge  running  parallel  to 
and  close  at  the  foot  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains ;  have  two  veins,  one  varying  from 
two  to  five  feet  thick,  and  the  other  from  three  to  fifteen  feet  thick.  The  limestone  for 
flux  is  between  the  ore  and  coal,  and  is  two  hundred  feet  thick,  sub-carboniferous.  Ores, 
cold  short ;  coal  and  lime  very  pure.  Coal  costs  at  furnace  $1.50  per  ton ;  ore,  $1.00  to 
$2.00  per  ton  ;  lime,  85  cents  per  ton.  It  required  last  year  2.85  tons  coal  mined  for 
each  ton  of  pig  made.  Ore  at  surface  yields  about  42  per  cent. ;  underground  or  mine  ore, 
62  to  66  per  cent.  We  use  20  per  cent,  of  lime  for  flux  ;  these  are  the  working  results  in 
the  furnace  by  the  year.  The  ore  veins  begin  down  in  Central  Alabama,  and  run  contin- 
uously up  through  Chattanooga  into  Virginia.  In  Alabama  they  yield  from  35  to  45  per 
cent.  There  is  also  another  vein  of  ore,  not  so  rich  as  these  used  by  us,  near  here,  varying 
in  thickness  from  six  to  twenty  feet.  The  company  are  running  a  narrow-gauge  road  to  it. 
For  four  hundred  miles  from  Central  Alabama,  up  through  Tennessee  into  Virginia,  the 
ore,  coal,  and  limestone  are  contiguous  and  persistent — som.e  sections  of  it  better  and 
thicker  than  others.  "With  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  finished  to  Chattanooga  via 
Emory  Gap,  Pittsburgh  can  get  her  cheapest  supply  of  ores  from  this  region,  as  the  road 
will  run  along  the  ore  beds  for  eighty  miles  of  its  southern  end.  Mr.  Delvin,  of  the  firm 
of  Delvin  &  McCulla,  of  Pittsburgh,  went  over  a  large  section  of  this  country  in  Sep- 
tember last,  and  can  verify  these  statements. 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

J.  T.  WiLDEK, 

Superintendent  R.  I.  Go. 
The  actual  cost  of  hot-blast  stone-coal  pig  metal  per  ton,  at  the  Roane  Iron  Works,  is 


as  follows : 

Two  tons  iron  ore  at  $1.50  per  ton   $3  00 

2.85  tons  coal  (79  bushels)  at  $1.50  per  ton   4  27^ 

Limestone  per  ton  of  iron   85 

My  estimate  of  superintendence  and  labor  per  ton  is   4  00 

My  estimate  of  incidentals  per  ton  is   50 

My  estimate  of  interest  on  investment  per  ton  is   1  00 

My  estimate  of  wear  and  tear  per  ton  is   50 


$14  12| 

Or  less  than  my  estimate  in  1869  per  ton   2  82| 

Or,  according  to  the  cost  of  labor  as  estimated  in  Central  Pennsylva- 
nia by  W.  E.  S.  Bakek,  Secretary  of  Iron  Masters'  Association, 

ore,  coal,  and  limestone  at  Roane  Iron  Works,  per  ton  of  metal.  8  12|- 

Labor  per  ton,  according  to  Mr.  Bakek's  figures   3  54 

All  other  contingencies,  interest,  etc   2  77 


$14  43^ 

The  actual  copy  from  furnace  books  of  Roane  Iron  Co.  will  be  found  in  another  part 
of  this  work,  and  is  not  here  republished.* 

*  See  introduction  to  Blast  Furnaces  of  Tennessee. 

69 


548 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


In  commenting  on  tliis  letter  the  editor  of  tlic  American  Manufacturer  of  Pittsburgh 
says :  "  These  facts  are  worthy  of  consideration  by  our  iron  men.  Iron  can  be  produced 
in  Tennessee  at  from  $5  to  $6  per  ton  less  than  Lake  Superior  ore  is  selling  for  in  this 
market.*  In  other  words,  iron  can  be  produced  and  delivered  in  this  city,  including  the 
cost  of  transportation,  at  the  ruling  price  of  this  kind  of  ore.  "We  do  not  mean  that  it  can 
be  done  at  a  profit,  but  simply  that  the  cost  of  the  iron  to  the  manufacturer  here  would  be 
the  same  as  he  is  now  paying  per  ton  for  the  ore.  *  *  *  Further,  if  a  good  quality  of 
ore  can  be  mined  and  delivered  by  the  railroads  at  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  and  Charlestown, 
"West  Virginia,  for  ^2  per  t^n,  we  ought  not  to  pay  $20  here." 

Mr.  Lewis,  in  a  later  communication  to  the  Iron  Age,\  expresses  the  conviction  that 
these  ores  can  be  shipped  for  export  to  Great  Britain  at  a  profit  in  the  near  future,  and  for 
this  he  has  been  derided  by  other  iron  manufacturers.  We  can  only  agree  with  Mr.  Lewis. 
During  the  whole  of  the  winter  of  1873-4  coal  has  been  shipped  at  the  rate  of  100  tons 
per  day  to  the  Atlantic,  at  Port  Royal,  S.  C,  for  the  supply  of  the  British  naval  vessels 
in  the  West  India  Station.  If  coal  can  bear  this  freight  in  competition  with  more  northern 
bituminous  coals,  ores  costing  $1  on  the  cars,  and  at  a  rail  freight  of  1^  cents  per  ton  per 
mile,  and  an  ocean  freight  of  not  over  $4  per  ton,  can  be  shipped  to  England  now  and 
leave  a  margin  of  profit  to  the  shipper.  But  neither  the  laws  of  political  economy,  busi- 
ness prudence,  nor  common-sense  make  ore  shipments  desirable.  The  ores  of  Tennessee  de- 
mand the  surplus  capital  and  labor  of  Great  Britain  to  come  to  them,  and  that  accom- 
plished, the  product  may  be  exported  when  the  home  demand  is  supplied.  We  have 
devoted  this  much,  perhaps  too  much,  space  to  the  valuable  minerals  of  this  State,  because 
satisfied  of  its  great  advantages  for  iron  making,  and  because  it  is  the  locality  of  large  in- 
vestments of  foreign  capital  already.  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Virginia  offer,  no  doubt, 
equal  facilities  with  Tennessee  for  cheap  and  profitable  iron  making.  In  either  of  these 
States  purchases  can  now  be  made  at  prices  which  within  five  years  will  have  advanced 
five-hundred-fold,  and  yet  not  represent  the  value  of  the  land.  One  point  in  defence  o1 
Tennessee  ores  from  the  charges  made  against  them.  Silicious  irons  are  not  necessarih 
cold-short  irons,  as  witness  the  silicon  steel  rails  now  coming  so  generally  into  favor,  anc 
if  one  Tennessee  furnace  makes  cold-short  iron  to  be  used  in  rails  or  for  admixture  witl 
red-short  pig  in  the  puddling  furnace,  this  does  not  necessarily  stamp  the  ores  of  a  Stat( 
as  "  cold-short." 


Iron  Ore  Regions  of  Vermont. 


Vermont  contains  magnetic  ores  in  small  quantities  in  the  talcose  and  chlorite  slates  o 
the  Green  Mountains.  Mixed  magnetic  and  specular  ores  are  found  in  Plymouth,  and  ii 
Brandon  a  vein  of  magnetic  ore  in  hornblende  is  found.  Specular  ores  have  been  fouiK 
also  in  Crittenden,  Brandon,  Middlebury,  and  Lincoln.  Red  oxide  was  formerly  miiie( 
in  Milton,  and  chrome  iron.  Titaniferous  magnetic  ores  occur  in  veins  four  feet  wide,  tw 
miles  east  of  the  Misisco  River,  and  are  traceable  for  two  miles.    This  ore  analyzed  : 


*  This  was  in  1872. 


f  .Tannary,  1874. 


lEON  OKE  EEGIONS  OF  THE  UKITED  STATES. 


549 


Peroxide  iron  

Protoxide  iron  

Titanic  acid  

Silica  

Equivalent  to  metallic  iron,  66.62 

This  is  a  rich  ore,  and  with  the  small  percentage  of  titanium,  and  the  present  knowl- 
edge of  utilizing  titaniferous  ores,  ought  to  make  an  iron  of  superior  strength  and  quality. 

The  brown  hematites  of  Vermont  occur  in  Chittenden,  Addison,  and  Rutland  counties, 
in  the  latter  of  which  is  the  Brandon  deposit,  and  all  more  or  less  highly  manganiferous. 

At  Brandon  there  is  mingled  with  the  ore,  manganese,  kaolin,  and  lignite.  This  ore 
was  formerly  used  for  car-wheel  iron,  the  kaolin  made  into  fire-brick,  and  the  lignite  con- 
sumed for  generating  steam  in  the  works,  for  which  it  was  found  satisfactory. 

At  Pittsford,  in  Rutland  County,  are  large  beds  of  hematite,  formerly  worked  in  a 
furnace.  In  Chittenden  County  45  per  cent,  ore,  injured  by  manganese,  was  formerly 
mined.  Near  this  bed  was  a  vein  of  manganese  nearly  two  yards  wide.  In  North  Dorset, 
Bennington  County,  is  a  vein  of  ochreous  ore  associated  with  manganese  deposits.  Efforts 
were  made  to  reduce  this  manganese  in  the  furnace,  but  in  casting  it  created  such  quanti- 
ties of  flame,  consuming  the  iron,  that  the  experiment  was  quickly  abandoned. 

These  manganiferous  deposits  should  attract  the  attention  of  the  votaries  of  ferro-man- 
ganese,  Mushet's  alloy  of  iron  and  manganese,  as  a  substitute  for  spiegel  in  steel  making. 
The  alloy  could  here  be  made  economically,  and  a  market  found  for  it,  if  suitable,  at  the 
Troy  Bessemee  Steel  Works. 


Iron  Ore  Re§^ions  of  Wisconsin. 

The  ores  of  "Wisconsin  were  imtil  a  comparatively  recent  date  very  much  underrated, 
or  rather  possibly  misunderstood. 

The  State  is  extremely  rich  in  ores  of  good  quality  and  average  richness,  including 
magnetic  oxides  as  found  in  Northern  Wisconsin  in  the  Pinokee  Range ;  some  brown 
hematites,  fossiliferous  ores  in  quantity  in  the  Iron  Ridge  region,  and  bog  ores  in  extraor- 
dinary abundance  in  Wood,  Portage,  and  Juneau  counties.  The  iron  industry  is  well  and 
thoroughly  established,  profitably  conducted,  and  advancing  rapidly.  Like  most  of  the 
North-western  States,  the  people  are  fully  alive  to  the  value  of  their  mineral  resources,  and 
both  by  State  appropriations  for  geological  surveys,  and  personal  effort,  have  induced  the 
investment  of  large  amounts  of  capital  in  their  development.  Moreover,  an  excellent  ele- 
ment of  Scandinavian  labor  is  abundant  in  Wisconsin,  and  constantly  added  to  by  immi- 
gration. 

The  future  of  this  State  must  undoubtedly  be  highly  prosperous,  and  although  it  does 
not  offer  the  opportunities  for  investment  presented  by  the  south-western  ore  field  of  the 
United  States,  there  are  numerous  inducements  to  attract  capital,  while  large  profits  have 
invariably  attended  judicious  purchases  of  ore  lands  in  this  State. 

The  magnetic  oxides  of  the  Pinokee  Range,  in  Northern  Wisconsin,  were  described 


550 


IKON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


as  long  ago  as  1852,  by  Col.  Chaijles  Whittlesey.  These  ores  are  found  in  metamorphic 
slates,  and  are  in  very  great  extent,  and  analyzing : 


Peroxide  of  iron   51.5 

Protoxide  of  iron   27.1 

Silica   20.8 

Magnesia   00.6 

Alkali   0.02 

Flnoric  acid   trace. 


Equivalent  to  56.3  metallic  iron. 

The  limonite  ores  on  Tower's  Creek  are  found  in  the  form  of  a  hydrated  brown  oxide, 
quite  pure,  generally  massive,  but  frequently  stalactite  and  mammillary,  and  yield  about  45 
per  cent,  metallic  iron. 

The  fossil  ores  of  "Wisconsin,  or  the  Iron  Ridge  ores,  as  they  are  locally  termed,  are  in 
enormous  quantities,  practically  unlimited.  When  first  used,  these  ores  were  pronounced 
worthless  from  cold-shortness,  but  since  they  have  come  into  high  favor  and  are  extensively 
worked.    An  analysis  of  this  ore  gave  : 


Peroxide  of  iron   75.20 

Alumina   8.40 

Silica   7.75 

Oxide  manganese   1.40 

Magnesia   .64 

Lime   5.60 

Water   0.75 


These  ores  occur  in  Dodge  County,  near  Mayville,  40  miles  from  Lake  Michigan,  and 
on  the  line  of  the  Chicago  and  North-western  Railroad  at  Hubbard  and  other  localities. 
Here  is  a  bed  10  feet  deep,  over  500  acres,  and  estimated  to  contain  27,000,000  tons.  In 
Washington  County,  at  Hartford,  beds  6  to  7  feet  thick,  and  15  feet  below  the  surface, 
are  found.  Near  De  Pere,  Brown  County,  are  large  deposits  utilized  by  several  fur- 
naces ;  also  near  Green  Bay,  where  developments  of  great  magnitude  are  projected  for  the 
near  future. 

Prof.  MuKRisH,  State  Commissioner  of  the  Survey  of  the  Mineral  Regions  of  Wisconsin, 
reported  in  1872  that  he  finds  rich  ore  of  excellent  quality  in  Vernon,  Richland,  Sauk, 
Juneau,  and  Wood  coimties.  At  Ironton,  in  the  north-west  part  of  Sauk  County,  is  a  mine 
from  which  at  that  date  27,000  tons  of  excellent  hematite  ore,  yielding  from  50  to  55  per 
cent,  of  iron,  had  been  taken.  In  Richland  County,  near  Richland  Centre,  he  found  ore  of 
good  quality,  and  also  at  Reedstown,  Vernon  County.  At  Black  River  Falls,  and  above, 
he  found  unlimited  supplies  of  ore.  Of  Wood  Coimty  he  says  :  "  I  know  of  no  place  on 
earth  where  there  are  more  favorable  conditions  combined  to  produce  extensive  deposits  of 
rich  bog  ore  than  here."  He  found  beds  of  it  there  extending  into  Portage,  and  also  in 
Juneau  County.  From  the  Iron  Ridge  and  the  Trenton  mines  93,500  tons  of  ore  were 
taken  in  1872. 


IRON"  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


551 


Iron  Ores  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  of  the  Facific  Coast. 

There  has  been  little  exploitation  of  the  ores  of  iron  west  of  the  Missouri  River,  but 
they  are  known  to  exist  in  large  quantities  and  of  great  purity.  The  mining  of  the  pre- 
cious metals  so  abundant  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  have  here- 
tofore absorbed  the  attention  alike  of  metallurgist  and  capitalist.  As  in  California  the 
value  of  the  agricultural  productions  have  far  surpassed  those  of  the  gold  mines,  since  atten- 
tion has  been  turned  in  that  direction,  so  will  in  time  the  development  of  the  iron  ores  of  this 
section  assume  its  true  proportions  when  properly  conducted.  At  the  prices  paid  for  iron 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the  extraordinary  demand  for  mining  and  other  machinery  which 
must  exist  there,  the  intelligent  prosecution  of  iron  manufacture  could  not  fail  to  be  highly 
profitable.  Passing  westward  from  the  Missouri  River,  the  first  notice  we  have  of  ores  is  in 
Colorado,  a  region  where  great  enterprise  and  capital  are  combined,  and  which  cannot  long 
remain  undeveloped  as  to  its  iron  ores.  Of  this  region,  Mr.  Robekt  H.  Lamboen,  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Steel  Co.,  writes  in  1873,  in  a  letter  descriptive  of  the  coal-fields  of  Colorado 
and  the  superiority  of  the  fuel  as  tested  for  locomotive  uses,  the  following  in  regard  to  vast 
ore  deposits  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region : 

"  I  wish  I  had  the  time  to  describe  to  you  a  wild  journey  that  I  made  among  the  red  gran- 
ite peaks  of  the  first  range  of  Rocky  Mountains,  to  explore  a  new  iron  region  about  twenty 
miles  west  of  this  coal-field.  Suffice  to  say  that  I  found  a  mass  of  ore  inexhaustible  in 
amount,  more  abundant  than  at  the  Iron  Mountain  of  Missouri,  the  Iron  Mountain  of  Mar- 
quette, or  the  Cornwall  Hills  of  this  State,  all  of  which  deposits  I  have  carefully  examined, 
and  which  show  by  analysis  made  by  an  experienced  chemist  scarcely  a  trace  of  sulphur  or 
phosphorus. 

"  This  Iron  Mountain  is  but  twenty-five  to  thirty  miles  from  the  coal,  by  a  route  a  por- 
tion of  which  I  examined  on  horseback  and  found  entirely  practicable  for  a  railway.  It  costs 
fifteen  dollars  per  ton  to  transport  iron  from  tlie  nearest  manufactory  to  Denver,  and  the 
railway  iron  used  on  the  numerous  roads  being  built  on  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  charged 
with  from  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  dollars  per  ton  in  freights.' 

"  A  thousand  miles  of  railway  is  already  much  nearer  this  point  than  any  other  so  weU 
adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  iron,  and  by  the  time  works  could  be  erected  here,  over  a 
thousand  additional  miles  would  be  ready  to  consume  the  material  of  the  pioneer  furnaces 
and  rolling  mills,  while  a  population  that  is  doubling  every  three  or  four  years  already  fur- 
nishes a  local  market  where  high  prices  are  gladly  paid  for  the  luxuries  as  well  as  the 
necessities  of  life." 

In  Utah  there  are  iron  ores  in  considerable  quantities  hitherto  overslaughed  by  the 
greater  attractions  of  the  silver  mines,  but  reported  as  about  to  be  developed  by  private  cap- 
ital, which  has  been  associated  for  the  establishment  of  an  iron  works  at  Ogden,  on  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad.  In  the  summer  of  1872,  A.  B.  Stone,  Esq.,  President  of  the 
Cleveland  Rolling  Mill  Company  of  Ohio,  informed  the  writer  that  he  had  received  car- 
load samples  of  iron  ores  from  Utah,  which  he  should  test  in  the  furnaces  at  Newburg, 
with  the  view  of  erecting  an  iron  works  for  their  development,  if  satisfactory  results  were 
attained.  Prof.  Raymond  notes  the  existence  of  iron  ores  in  Utah  in  his  reports  on  the 
mining  region  of  this  section,  and  Beigham  Young  has  frequently  alluded  to  extensive  de- 


552 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


posits  in  his  addresses  to  the  Mormon  people,  without,  however,  specifying  localities  for  the 
information  of  the  "  Gentiles." 

Since  the  foregoing  was  in  type,  we  find  the  following  interesting  information  relative 
to  the  ores  of  Utah,  contributed  to  the  American  Manufacturer^  of  Pittsburgh,  by  J.  Blod- 
GETT  Beitton,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia.  This  information  includes  extracts  from  a  letter  from 
Mr.  E.  D.  Wassell,  general  superintendent  of  an  iron  manufacturing  company  recently 
fonned  in  Utah.    Mr.  Wassell  says : 

Utah  Territory  is  abundantly  rich  in  mineral  wealth.  "We  have  the  ores  of  gold, 
silver,  lead,  zinc,  copper,  and  iron ;  but  it  is  of  those  of  iron  I  wish  to  speak  particularly. 

So  far  as  the  quantity  of  this  mineral  is  concerned,  it  probably  equals,  and  maybe  sur- 
passes all  discoveries  yet  made.  The  principal  deposits  are  found  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  territory,  where  they  form  some  twenty-eight  mountains,  the  largest  of  which  covers  an 
area  of  three  miles  in  length,  by  about  one  mile  in  width,  and  reaches  an  altitude,  as  near 
as  I  can  recollect,  of  4,700  feet,  and  the  smallest  covers  an  area  ascertained  by  actual 
measiirement  to  equal  that  of  the  Iron  Mountain,  of  Missouri.  The  ore  on  the  sides  of  the 
mountain  is  in  broken  masses,  from  the  size  of  a  man's  fist  to,  as  near  as  I  could  judge, 
from  10  to  15  feet  through,  the  size  of  the  fragments  increasing  as  the  mountains  are  as- 
cended. The  ore  on  the  top  is  found  in  vast  ledges,  and  has  a  glossy  appearance  on  the 
surface,  bearing  evidence  of  having  been  formed  by  volcanic  action  ;  the  large  broken 
masses  lie  piled  up  one  upon  another. 

There  is  no  one  at  this  time,  perhaps,  who  can  give  more  than  a  mere  outline  of  the 
vast  iron  mineral  wealth  of  this  region.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  it  is  only  a  matter  of  time 
for  Utah  to  equal  any  other  iron  manufacturing  district  on  this  continent,  or  any  other 
in  the  world.  The  principal  deposits  are  in  Iron  County,  about  300  miles  south  of  Salt 
Lake  City,  but  between  these  points  there  are  also  large  quantities  of  ore.  The  kinds 
found  are  the  magnetic,  specular,  red  hematite,  pipe  ore,  etc.,  and  are  variously  rich,  yield- 
ing from  a  low  per  cent,  up  to  68  of  metallic  iron. 

The  writer  states  that  coal,  both  bituminous  and  anthracite,  has  also  been  found  in 
Southern  Utah,  in  seams  from  7  to  25  feet  in  thickness,  running  into  the  mountains. 
Nothing  but  the  outcropping  is  now  used.  It  is  not  of  uniform  quality,  but  will  probably 
improve  as  the  mining  is  carried  farther  inward.  Also  is  found  in  abundance  for  all  pur- 
poses, limestone,  sandstone,  and  fire-clay. 

Utah,  it  is  claimed,  has  all  the  elements  for  manufacturing  iron,  and  the  company  with 
which  Mr.  "Wassell  is  connected  has  been  formed  for  that  purpose.  A  small  blast  furnace 
has  been  erected  at  Iron  City ;  it  is  now  undergoing  repairs,  and  will  be  in  blast  some  time 
this  month.  The  company  have  also  erected  a  foundry  and  machine  shop  to  be  carried  on 
in  connection  with  the  furnace,  and  are  now  making  arrangements  for  the  erection  of  an- 
other furnace  and  a  rolling  mill,  for  the  manufacture  of  rails,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  100 
tons.    The  works  are  to  be  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  Southern  Kailroad. 

In  order  to  ascertain  the  true  metallurgical  value  of  the  ores  and  limestone  to  be  used, 
various  samples  were  forwarded  to  Philadelphia  for  analysis,  and  subjoined  is  a  statement 
of  the  results  that  were  returned. 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Iron-Masteks'  Labok? 
Philadelphia,  Marcli  30th,  ^..^ 
Results  of  analyses  of  five  samples  of  massive  magnetic  iron  ore,  and  one  of  liula^l(^te  ^ 
marked  "  from  Utah  Territory." 


1. 

3. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

G6.96 

64.53 

68.79 

67.48 

53.18 

25.77 

25.06 

26.74 

26.19 

30.16 

.20 

1.37 

.23 

.13 

.70 

5.48 

4.71 

2.25 

4.37 

25.51 

none. 

none. 

none. 

none. 

none. 

.27 

.44 

.21 

.31 

.37 

.56 

.60 

.16 

.84 

.86 

.38 

2.09 

.73 

.31 

.16 

.22 

.47 

.56 

.51 

.04 

trace. 

.44 

.20 

trace. 

trace. 

.10 

.30 

.04 

.16 

.13 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

.13 

.19 

.09 

.09 

.12 

Results  of  analysis  of  a  sample  of  limestone  labelled  "  Utah  Limestone  "  : 


Carbonate  of  lime   80.35 

Carbonate  of  magnesia   3,51 

Insoluble  silicious  matter   10.92 

Alumina   2.86 

Protoxide  of  iron   1.82 

Water,  matter  not  searched  for,  and  loss  54 


100.00 

The  ores  were  labelled  respectively :  No  1,  "  Duncan  Ledge ; "  No.  2,  "  Blow  Out 
Mountain  ;  "  No.  3,  "  Pot  Metal  Mountain ; "  No.  4,  "  Chesapeake  Mountain,"  and  No.  5, 
"  Brown."  It  will  be  seen  by  the  oxygen  determination  that  the  mineral  was  nearly  theo- 
retical magnetite.  J.  Blodgett  Beitton. 


In  Oregon  are  to  be  found  very  superior  ores,  and  in  some  considerable  quantities  near 
Salem,  and  in  the  bed  of  the  Tualaton  Canal.  Prof.  Chandler,  of  the  School  of  Mines,  of 
Columbia  College,  New  York,  is  reported  to  consider  the  finest  specimen  of  the  mineral- 
ogical  collections  of  that  college,  which  is  said  to  be  the  finest  collection  of  American  ores 
in  the  world,  a  piece  of  iron  ore  from  Oregon.  In  California  there  are  abundant  evi- 
dences of  the  existence  of  iron  ore.  These  exist  in  quantity  in  Mendocino  County, 
near  the  coast,  and  also  near  Santa  Cruz,  South  of  San  Francisco,  between  the  Coast 
Range  and  the  Pacific.  Other  localities  contain  ores  in  greater  or  less  quantity,  which 
will  be  soon  brought  before  the  public.  An  iron  mining  company,  lately  organized  in 
Sacramento,  has  secured  a  large  deposit  of  ore  near  Silverthorn's  Bridge,  on  the  McCloud 
River,  Shasta  County.  They  have  worked  on  Iron  Mountain,  above  Shasta,  enough  to 
entitle  them  to  hold  the  land,  and  soon  expect  to  ship  and  work  the  ore. 


554 


IRON  ORE  REGIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Two  furnaces  are  now  being  constructed  in  Philadelphia  to  be  shipped  to  California 
and  erected  there,  which  will  be  run  on  California  ores  with  charcoal  fuel,  the  ores  of  the 
locaUty  designed  being  adapted  to  the  production  of  a  hard,  white  iron  highly  desirable  for 
the  ore-crushing  machinery  of  the  silver  mines. 

So  little  is  definitely  known  of  the  iron  ores  of  the  Pacific  section,  beyond  the  valuable 
contributions  made  by  Prof.  Ra.yjiond,  U.  S.  Mining  Commissioner  for  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains and  Pacific  Coast,  that  any  notes  made  here  are  not  to  be  considered  as  at  all  full, 
the  mere  fact  of  the  existence  of  ores  being  quoted  as  inviting  further  investigation. 

Of  the  region  near  Santa  Cruz,  the  Santa  Cruz  (Cal.)  Sentinel  sjvys :  On  the  coast  clifEs 
north  of  Laguna  Creek  may  be  seen  large  bodies  of  magnetic  iron  ore  cropping  out  amid 
shale  and  chalk  rock,  as  if  blistered  by  the  hot  sun.  We  have  never  seen  better  indications 
of  a  good  iron  mine  than  in  that  vicinity,  especially  inside  the  creek  basin  on  the  northern 
bluff.  There  are  also  beds  of  bog  ore  in  the  basin,  as  indicated  by  the  ochre-yellow  or 
dense  red-iron  rust  scum  which  oozes  up  through  the  boggy  soil.  We  noted  several  of 
these  springs.  The  whole  coast  along,  above  and  below  Pebbly  Beach,  is  veined  with  rich 
iron  ores.  At  the  Yellow  Bank  dairy  the  sulphurets  of  iron  have  discolored  the  rocks  and 
clay — Whence  the  name.  We  believe  that  there  is  iron  enough  in  the  San  Vincente  Ranch 
to  build  all  the  railroads  required  in  the  State,  if  worked  up  into  rails,  ties,  frogs,  and 
spikes.  Prof.  Blake  reported  the  existence  of  chromic  iron  ore  near  the  mission  of  San 
Juan,  and  in  considerable  quantities. 


DIRECTORY 

OP  THE 

STEAM  ENGINE  AND  MACHINE  WORKS, 

IRON  FOUNDRIES  AND  GENERAL  IRON  WORKS 

OF  THE 

UNITED    S  TAT  E  S. 

ARRANGED  BY  STATES,  COUNTIES,  AND  TOWNS. 


a 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  carrying  out  the  design  of  tlie  Ikon  Trade  Manual,  which  shall  furnish  to  all  branches  of 
the  trade  a  means  of  information  and  communication,  it  becomes  necessary  to  add  to  the  departments 
already  noted  in  this  work  some  notice  of  the  Steam  Engine  and  Machinery  Builders,  the  Iron 
Founders,  and  that  large  class  of  consumers  which,  without  naming  each  specialty,  can  only  be  included 
as  General  Iron  Workers.  This  can  only  be  done  in  the  limits  of  an  ordinary  publication  as  a 
Directory,  in  which  the  various  works  shall  be  classified  by  States,  counties,  and  towns,  and  which  in 
individual  cases  shall  give  a  concise  statement  of  the  owners,  location,  and  character  of  product  of 
each.  This  has  been  done  as  thoroughly  and  completely  as  time  and  space  would  permit,  and  while 
it  is  not  pretended  to  be  absolutely  full  or  to  take  the  place  of  local  directories,  it  embodies  most  of 
the  works  in  the  specialties  named.  In  future  editions  the  editor  hopes  to  be  able  to  give  the  exact 
capacity  and  value  of  product  of  each  works  enumerated,  and  from  these  data  to  compile  statistical 
tables  of  the  consumption  of  iron  in  the  country,  which  cannot  fail  to  be  of  great  value.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  in  this  Directory  of  Steam  Engines  and  Machine  Works,  Iron  Foundries,  and  General  Iron 
Works  of  the  United  States,  the  names  of  manufacturers  only  are  given,  and  in  no  case  those  of 
dealers  or  simply  vendors  of  the  manufactured  article.  In  the  large  cities  the  addresses  of  the  agents 
of  the  various  works  are  appended  for  the  convenience  of  those  seeking  their  services.  The  informa- 
tion here  furnished  cannot  fail  to  meet  an  openly  expressed  want,  and  completes  the  work  which 
conducts  the  reader  from  the  ore  regions  of  the  coimtry  in  which  the  oxide  is  mined  through  the  vari- 
ous stages  of  blast  furnace,  rolling  mill,  and  machine  works,  to  the  finished  tool  or  article  of  hard- 
ware, including  the  various  branches  connected  with  Railroad,  Locomotive,  Car,  Bridge,  and  Ship 
construction,  into  all  of  which  iron  enters  as  the  chief  article  of  consumption. 


DIRECTORY  OF  THE  STEAM  ENGINE  AND  MACHINE  WORKS, 
IRON  FOUNDRIES,  AND  GENERAL  IRON  WORKS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


stationary  Engine  Builders. 

ALABAMA. 
J3a/rhour  County. 
EuFAULA  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  J.  W. 
Young.     Location  of  works,  Eufaula,  Barbour 
County.    Steam  engines,  circular  saw-mills,  etc. 

Dallas  County. 
Central  City    Iron    Works. — Proprietors, 
Gregory  &  Coe.    Location  of  works,  Selma,  Dal- 
las County.    Steam  engines,  boilers,  saw  and  grist 
mills,  iron  and  brass  foundry. 

.  ARKANSAS. 

None. 

CALIFOENIA. 

Sacramento  County. 
Sacramento  Iron  Works. — Horace  Adams. 
Location  of  works,  Sacramento.     Engines  and 
foundry. 

Union  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Williams  & 
Co.  Location  of  works,  Sacramento.  Engines, 
iron  and  brass  foimdry. 

San  Francisco  County. 

Pacific  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Goddard  & 
Co.  Location  of  works.  First  and  Fremont 
Streets,  San  Francisco.  Specialty,  the  "  Hart- 
ford "  steam  engine. 

Deacon  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  120  Main 
Street,  San  Francisco.  Specialty,  steam  engines 
and  machinery. 

Etna  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Hanscom  &  Co. 
Location  of  works,  Fremont  and  Tehama  Streets, 
San  Francisco.  Specialty,  steam  engines,  and 
mining  machinery,  iron  founders. 

Geo.  T.  Pracy. — Location  of  works,  109  Mis- 
sion Street,  San  Francisco.  Specialty,  steam  en- 
gines and  machinery. 

Thomas  H.  Selby  &  Co.— Location  of  works, 
116  California  Street,  Sau  Francisco.  Specialty, 


steam  engines,  boilers,  machinery,  general  iron 
work.    1,000  hands. 

Vulcan  Iron  Works. — Location,  137  Fremont 
Street,  San  Francisco.  Established  1850.  Spec- 
ialty, engines,  boilers,  mining  machinery. 

San  tToaquin  County. 

Stockton  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Farring- 
ton,  Hyatt  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Stockton. 
Engines  and  iron  foundry. 

Globe  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Kelp  & 
Bargion.  Locationof  works,  Stockton.  Engines, 
machinery,  and  foundry. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Ansonia,  JSFeio  Haven  County. 

Farrel  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — F.  Par- 
rel, President.  Location  of  works,  Ansonia. 
Engines,  chilled  rolls,  genei'al  rolling-mill  machi- 
emy,  cartridge  machinery,  etc. 

Pacific  Iron  Works.^ — Proprietors,  Skidmore 
&  Morse.  Established  1853.  Steam  engines  and 
general  machinery. 

Danbury,  Fairfield  County. 

John  H.  Fanton. — Location  of  works,  Dan- 
bury,  Fairfield  County.  Engines,  machinery,  and 
iron  foundry. 

F.  A.  Hull  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Dan- 
bury.  Specialty,  "The  Danbury"  Universal 
Jaw  Drill  Chuck. 

Hartford,  Hartford  County. 

Pitkin  Bros. — Location  of  works,  Hartford. 
General  iron  work  and  machinery.  Product  val- 
ued at  $300,000  per  annum. 

Billings  &  Spencer  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Hartford,  Conn.  Specialty,  machinery,  forgings, 
dies,  sewing  machine  attachments,  etc. 

This  firm  are  manufacturing  dies  for  the  Prus- 
sian needle  gun. 


4 


DIEECTORY  OF  GEKERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Nathan  Beniiam. — Location  of  works,  Hart- 
ford.   Engines  and  machinery. 

Woodruff  Iron  Works. — Location  of  works, 
Hartford.  Office,  223  State  Street.  Steam  en- 
gines, machinery,  boilers,  and  general  iron  work. 

Phoenix  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  George  S. 
Lincoln  &  Co.    Machinery  and  machine  tools. 

The  Pratt  &  Whitney  Co. — Location  of 
•works,  Hartford.  Lathes,  presses,  machinists' 
tools,  organ  blowing  machinery. 

Mkldletown,  3liddlesex  County. 

W.  &  B.  Douglas. — Pumps  and  hydraulic 
machinery.  Established  1832.  New  York  of- 
fice, 87  John  Street. 

Finkle  &  Lyon  Manufacturing  Co. — W.  S. 
White,  Treasurer.    Sewing  machines. 

Hubbard  Hardware  Co. — C.  C.  Hubbard, 
President;  F.  W.  Hubbard,  Treasurer.  Chisels, 
plane  ii-ons,  etc. 

MiDDLETOWN  TooL  Co. — T.  B.  Cowles,  Treas- 
urer.   Plane  irons,  etc. 

Sanseer  Manufacturing  Co. — C.  F.  Brown- 
ing, President.    Butts,  and  builders'  hardware. 

Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co. — Malleable  iron. 

Warnock  Tool  Co. — C.  C.  Hubbard,  Treas- 
urer.   Tools,  drills,  and  light  machinery. 

Meanus,  Fairfield  County. 
Greenwich  Iron  Works. — Location  of  works, 
Meanus,  Fairfield  County.    Engines  and  general 
iron  work. 

N'augatucJc,  ITew  Haven  County. 
Naugatuck    Machine    Co. — President  and 
Treasurer,  John  L.  Isbell ;  Secretary,  Eli  Smith. 
Engines  and  machinery.  Naugatuck. 

iVcio  Haven,  New  Haven  County. 
HoBART  B.  Bigelow. — (Successor  to  Bigelow 
Manufacturing  Co.)     Location  of  works.  New 
Haven.     Engines,  boilers,  tools,   and  machin- 
ery. 

McLagan  &  Stevens. — Established  1848.  Lo- 
cation of  works,  New  Haven.  Machinery  and 
iron  foundry.    50  hands. 

Panel  Machine  Co. — Location  of  works,  New 
Haven.    Machinery,  etc. 

Milo  Peck  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  New 
Haven.    Machinery,  drop  presses,  etc. 

Yale  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  M.  &  T. 
Sault  Co.  Location  of  works.  New  Haven,  Conn. 
President,  M.  Sault.  Treasurer,  W.  B.  Pardee. 
Established  1848.  Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  general  iron  work. 

E.  Stannard  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  New 
Haven.    Engines  and  iron  foundry. 

RiMMON  Iron  Works  Co. — C.   S.   Bushnell, ' 


etc.  Location  of  works,  New  Haven.  Engines, 
machinery,  and  iron  work, 

New  London,  New  London  County. 
Albertson  &  Douglass  Machine  Co.  Pres- 
ident and  Treasurer,  E.  F.  Morgan.  Engines, 
boilers,  machinery.     Location   of  works,  New 
London. 

NorwalJc,  Fairfield  County. 
Arnold  &  Hauschildt. — Riverside  Foundry. 
Location  of  works,  Norwalk,  Conn.  Machinery 
and  foundry. 

Norwalk  Machine  Shop. — Location  of  works, 
Norwalk.    General  machinery. 

Norwalk  Iron  Works. — E.  Hill,  President. 
Location  of  works,  Norwalk.  Engines,  portable 
and  stationary,  steam-pumps,  boilers,  etc. 

Norwich,  New  London  Co. 
John  E.  Barber  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Norwich.    Engines,  machinery,  etc. 

Norwich  Iron  Foundry. — Proprietor,  A.  H. 
Vaughn.  Location  of  works,  Norwich.  Foun- 
dry and  general  machinery. 

Pequot  Machine  Works. — C.  B.  Rogers  & 
Co.  Store,  109  Liberty  Street,  N.  Y.  Machin- 
ery, foundry,  etc. 

N.  Upham  &  Son — Location  of  works,  Nor- 
wich,   Cotton  machinery,  specialty. 

Portland,  Middlesex  County. 
Pickering  &  Davis. — Location  of  works,  Port- 
land,   Machinery,  foundry,  etc. 

Rockville,  Tolland  County. 
Rockville  Machine  Works. — Proprietor,.  J. 
J.  Synger.    Silk  machinery,  specialty. 

Seymour,  New  Haven  County. 
Douglas  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of 
works,  Seymour,  Conn.    Machinery,  tools,  etc. 

Waterbury,  New  Haven  Coimty. 
Blake  &  Johnson  Machine  Co. — Location  of 
works,  Waterbury.    C.  H.  Stevens,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer.    General  machinery. 

Farrell  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — F. 
Farrell,  President.  ■  Rolls,  rolling-mill  machinery. 
Also  at  Ansonia. 

West  Meriden,  New  Haven  County. 
Parker  Bros. — Location  of  works.  West  Mer- 
iden.    Engines,  boilers,  iron  foundry,  and  ma- 
chinery, guns,  etc. 

Willimantic,  Windham  County. 
Atwood  Machine  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Willimantic.    Shafting  and  silk  machinery. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


5 


Smith,  Winchester  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Windham.    Paper  mill  machinery. 

Windsor  Locks,  Hartford  County. 

Geo.  Glover  &  Son. — Location  of  works, 
Windsor  Locks.    General  machinery. 

E.  Horton  &  Sons. — Location  of  works,  Wind- 
sor Locks.    Tools,  screw-chucks,  and  machinery. 

Winsted,  Litchfield  County. 
WiNSTED  Iron  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — 
Established  1851.    Charles   Alvord,  Treasurer. 
General  machinery. 

DELAWARE. 

Wilmington,  Newcastle  County. 

R.  H.  Barr  &  Co. — Steam  engines. 

HiLLEs  &  Jones. — Location  of  works,  Wil- 
mington. Engines  and  machinists'  tools.  100 
hands. 

E.  &  A.  Betts. — Location  of  works,  Wilming- 
ton. Machinists'  tools,  etc.  This  works  covers 
six  acres,  and  employs  near  100  hands. 

Harlan  &  Hollingsworth  Co. — Location  of 
works,  Wilmington.  Machinery.  (&e  also  Car 
Works  of  Delaware  and  Iron  Ship  Yards.) 
Works  very  extensive. 

LoBDELL  Car  Wheel  and  Machinery  Co. — 
Geo.  G.  Lobdell,  President ;  P.  W.  Brennan,  Super- 
intendent. Paper  mill  and  other  chilled  rolls 
and  machinery.  Car  wheels  the  specialty.  {See 
Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  Delaware.) 

Chas.  'E.  Marchand. — Location  of  works,  Wil- 
mington.   General  machinery. 

PusEY,  Jones  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Wil- 
mington. Engines,  paper  and  rolling-mill  ma- 
chinery, general  machinery,  iron  ships.  {See 
Iron  Ship  Yards  of  Delaware.) 

M.  B.  Stotzenberg  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Wilmington.    General  machinery, 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Washington  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Gray 
&  Noyes.  Location  of  works,  Washington. 
Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

GEORGIA. 
Athens,  Clarke  County. 
Athens  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — Location 
of  works,  Athens.    Iron  foundry  and  cotton  ma- 
chinery. 

Atlanta,  Fulton  County. 
Atlanta    Machine    Works. — Proprietors, 
Porter  &  Biitler,    Location  of  works,  Atlanta. 
Engines,  cotton-presses,  grist  and  saw  mUls.  75 
hands  employed. 


WiNSHip  Brothers. — Location  of  works,  At- 
lanta.   Machinery,  cotton  gins  and  presses. 

Withers  &  Jones. — Location  of  works,  At- 
lanta.   Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Brunswick  Foundry. — Proprietors,  P.  Hurtel 
&  Co.  Location  of  works,  Brunswick.  Machin- 
ery and  iron  foundry. 

West  Point  R.  R.  Machine  Shops. — Location 
Atlanta,  Ga.    Locomotive  and  car  repairs. 

Western  &  Atlantic  R.  R.  Machine  Shops. 
— Location,  Atlanta. 

Augusta,  Richmond  County. 
Central  R.  R.  Machine  Shops. — Location, 
Augusta. 

Brunswick  &  Albany  R.  R.  Machine  Shops. 
Columbus,  Muscozeo  County. 

Columbus  Iron  Works  Co. — W.  R.  Brown, 
President.  Engines,  iron,  and  machinery.  Loca- 
tion of  works,  Columbus. 

Georgia  Iron  Works. — Pater  &  Tell.  Loca- 
tion of  works,  Columbus.  Machinery  and  iron 
work. 

Dalton,  Whitefield  County. 
Dalton  Machine  Co. — L.  B.  Crosby,  Presi- 
dent and  Treasurer.  General  machinery.  Location 
of  works,  Dalton. 

Macon,  Bibb  County. 

E.  Crockett. — Location  of  works,  Macon. 
Engines  and  iron  foundry. 

FiNDLEY  Bros. — Location  of  works,  Macon. 
Established  1832.  Engines,  boilers,  circular  saws. 
Very  large  works. 

E.  Nesbitt. — Location  of  works,  Macon.  En- 
gines, boilers,  iron  foundry. 

ScHOPiELD  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  John 
S.  Schofield  &  Son.  Established  1859.  Cotton- 
presses  and  machinery. 

Savannah,  Chatham  County. 

Central  Machine  Shop  &  Boiler  Works. — 
Proprietor,  Paul  J.  Bulger.  Boilers,  engines,  and 
machinery.    Location  of  works,  Savannah. 

S.  W.  Gleason. — Location  of  works.  Savannah. 
Engines  and  iron  foundry. 

IOWA. 
Hellevue,  Jackson  County. 
William  Wilson. — Location  of  works,  Belle- 
vue.    Specialty,  steam-engines,  sorghum  machin- 
ery, etc. 

Birmingham,  Van  Buren  County. 
Moses   Sholt  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Birmingham.    A  gricultural  machinery  and  imple- 
ments. 


6 


DIEECTOEr  OF  GENEEAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


Hoonshoro,  Soon  County. 
CuMMlNGS  h  Fox. — Location  of  works,  Boons- 
boro.    Agricultural  implements,  wagons,  etc. 

BooNSBOKO  Manufacturing  Co. — Location 
of  works,  Boonsboro.  Agricultural  macliinery, 
wagons,  etc, 

Hurlington,  Des  3foines  County. 

Barker  &  Fawcett. — Location  of  works, 
Burlington.    Boilers  only. 

W.  A.  Brannagan.  — Location  of  works,  Bur- 
lington.   Boiler  maker. 

Burlington  Iron  Works. — Location  of  works, 
Burlington.    General  and  car  machinery. 

Murray  Iron  Works  Co. — Geo.  H.  Higbee, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer.  S.  K.  Bartlett,  Super- 
intendent.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

C.  Snowden. — Location  of  works,  Burlington. 
Iron  foundry, 

James  Whittaker. — Location  of  works,  Bur- 
lington.   Iron  foundry. 

Cedar  Falls,  Slack  Hawh  County, 

Elias  Overman. — Location  of  works,  Cedar 
Falls.  Iron  foundry  and  general  machinery. 
Established  1868. 

Vansawn  &  Benjamin. — Location  of  works, 
Cedar  Falls.  Iron  foundry  and  miscellaneous 
castings. 

Cedar  Rapids,  Lynn  County. 

Patterson  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cedar 
Eapids.  Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Star  Wagon  Factory. — Location  of  works. 
Cedar  Falls,  Capital,  $100,000.  Specialty, 
wagons. 

Tisdale  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  Cedar 
Falls,    Specialty,  carriages. 

Clinton,  Clinton  County. 

F.  G.  Noyes. — Location  of  works,  Clinton. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery.  Number  of  hands 
employed,  40, 

Chicago  and  Northwestern  B.  R.  machine  shops 
employing  over  50  hands,  are  also  located  at 
Clinton, 

Council  Sluffs,  Pottawottamie  County. 

Council  Bluffs  Agricultural  Works, — 
President,  E.  R.  Paige;  E,  L.  Shugart,  Treas.; 
C.  B.  Wait,  Secretary,  Agricultural  machinery 
and  implements. 

Council  Bluffs  Iron  Works, — C.  F,  Hend- 
rie.  Superintendent ;  R.  J.  Cory,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Steam-engines,  boilers,  saw  and  grist 
mill,  and  general  machinery.    Capital,  $75,000. 


Davenport,  Scott  County. 
J,  S,  Davis. — Location  of  works,  Davenport. 
Iron  foundry  and  thresliing  machinery.  Cajjital, 
$100,000. 

Leclair  Foundry, — Proprietor,  Michael  Dona- 
hue,   Iron  foundry  and  threshing  macliinery. 

C.  Hennermann. — Location  of  works,  Daven- 
port. Threshing  and  other  agricultural  ma- 
chinery. 

Raff,  Cock  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Daven- 
port. Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  machinery. 
Miscellaneous  castings,  etc. 

Decorah,  TVinneshieck  County. 
Decoraii  Agricultural  Works, — Proprie- 
tors, Ammon,  Greer  &  Co,  Agricultural  and  gen- 
eral machinery.  Number  of  hands,  45,  Capital, 
$100,000.  John  Ammon,  President ;  George  W. 
Scott,  Secretary ;  James  Hunter,  Treasurer. 

Des  Jloines,  Polk  County. 

Ainesworth  &  Bonwright, — Location  of 
works,  Des  Moines,  Agi-icultural  implements 
and  machinery, 

Enswinger  Bros. — Location  of  works,  Des 
Moines,    Boilers  only. 

Brooks,  Lendman  &  Wilson. — Location  of 
works,  Des  Moines.  Iron  foundry,  miscellaneous 
castings. 

Des  Moines  Iron  Works, — Proprietors,  Wald- 
ron  Brothers,    General  iron  work, 

LouGHRAN  &  Hilles, — Location  of  works, 
Des  Moines,    Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

McDonald  &  Ward. — Location  of  works,  Des 
Moines.    Boilers  only. 

C.  D,  Platt, — -Location  of  works,  Des  Moines. 
Agricultural  implements. 

Skinner  &  Bro, — Location  of  works,  Des 
Moines,    Ploughs,  etc.    Established  1868. 

East  Des  Moines  Iron  Works, — General  iron 
work, 

Dewitt,  Clinton  County. 
A,  B.  Cumming, — Iron  foundry,  miscellaneou! 
castings, 

Dubuque,  Dubuque  County. 

Iowa  Iron  Works, — Proprietors,  Rouse  i 
Dean,  General  iron  works  and  machinery 
Number  of  hands  emjiloyed,  100, 

J,  L,  Dickinson  &  Co, — Location  of  works 
Dubuque,  Steam-engines. 

Wm.  Marshall. — Location  of  works,  Dubuqu( 
Boilers. 

The  machine  shops  of  the  Dubuque  &  Siou: 
City  R.  R.  Co.,  are  also  located  at  Dubuque, 

JEadyville,  Wapello  County. 
Calvin  Homaday. — Eadyville,    Iron  foundry, 


DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


James  R.  Thompson. — Eadyville.  Boilers 
only. 

Eldora,  Hardin  County. 
Machine  shops  of  Central  R.  R.  of  Iowa. 

Fairfield,  tTefferson  County. 
Anthony  Demaree. — Location  of  works,  Fair- 
field. Steam-engines,  boilers,  sorghum  machinery. 

J.  C.  Keck  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Fair- 
field. Iron  foundry,  threshing  and  general  ma- 
chinery. 

Farmington,  Van  JBuren  County. 
C.  G.  Dibble. — Location  of  works,  Farming- 
ton.  Machinery. 

Fort  Dodge,  Webster  County. 
N.  N.  Smith  &  Bro. — Location  of  works,  Fort 
Dodge.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Fort  Ifadison,  Lee  County. 

John  Hoemer. — Location  of  works,  Fort  Madi- 
son.   General  iron  woik. 

Soule,  Davis  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Fort 
Madison,  Agricultural  machinery  and  imple- 
ments. 

S.  D.  Morrison  &  Son. — Location  of  works. 
Fort  Madison.    Specialty,  ploughs. 

Guttenhurgh,  Clayton  County. 
Tuester  &  Bro. — Location  of  works,  Gutten- 
hurgh.   General  and  agricultural  machinery. 

Independence,  Suchanan  County. 
James  Rogers  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  In- 
dependence.    Iron  foundry,  miscellaneous  cast- 
ings. 

G.  B.  Rogers. — Location  of  works,  Independ- 
ence.   Iron  foundry. 

Iowa  City,  lohnson  Cou/nty. 

Alfred  Jones. — Location  of  works,  Iowa  City. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Barn's  Harvester  Co. — J.  Borland. — Loca- 
tion of  works,  Iowa  City.  Agricultural  ma- 
chinery. 

Keokuk,  Lee  County. 
Comstock  Bros.  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Keokuk.    Iron  foundry. 

J.  O.  Humble. — Keokuk.    Iron  foundry. 

H.  R.  Miller  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Keokuk.    Boiler  makers. 

Sample,  AnsnTAGE  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Keokuk.    Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

C.  P.  Westcott. — Location  of  works,  Keokuk. 
Iron  foundry  and  general  machinery. 

Le  Claire,  Scott  County. 
Kaltenbracker  &  Weith. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

h 


Lyons,  Clinton  County. 

J.    C.    Heule. — Location   of  works,  Ly 
Iron  foundry. 

C.  Moesinger. — Location  of  works,  Lyons. 
Iron  foundry. 

3IcGregor,  Clayton  Cownty. 

John  Hellwig. — Location  of  works,  McGregor. 
Iron  foundry. 

Geo.  Keene. — Location  of  works,  North  Mc- 
Gregor,   Iron  foundry. 

Marshalltovm,  Marshall  Cownty. 
Frederick   &  Weber. — Location  of  works, 
Marshalltown.    Iron  and  brass  founders. 

Monticello,  tTones  Counl/y. 

Henry  Carne. — Location  of  works,  Monticello. 
Agricultural  machinery. 

G.  S.  Eastman. — Location  of  works,  Monticello. 
General  and  agricultural  machinery. 

Dexter  &  Gage. — Location  of  works,  Monti- 
cello.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

S.  P.  Warner. — Location  of  works,  Monticello. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Mt.  Pleaieard,  Henry  County. 
Charles  Prince. — General  machinery. 

3fuscatine,  3Iuscatine  County. 

Arment  &  Bro. — Location  of  works,  Muscatine. 
Agricultural  implements,  ploughs,  wagons,  etc. 

Baker  &  Purcell. — Location  of  works,  Musca- 
tine.   Boilers,  tanks,  and  general  ii-on  work. 

J.  Kleinfelder  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Muscatine.    Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

John  Ziegler  &  Son. — Location  of  works, 
Muscatine.    Iron  foundry. 

JVevinville,  Adams  County. 
Ira  a.  Sprague." — Location  of  works,  Nevin- 
ville.    General  machineiy. 

Osage,  Mitchell  County. 
Kelly,  Morgan  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Osage.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery.  Established 
1855. 

Osage  Foundry  and  Machine  Shops. — Spec- 
ialty, ploughs,  mill  and  agricultural  machinery. 
Capital,  180,000. 

Oskaloosa,  3fahaska  County. 

Harvey  Hunt. — Location  of  works,  Oskaloosa. 
General  machinery. 

Robert  Rose. — Location  of  works,  Oscaloosa. 
General  machinery. 

Oskaloosa  Foundry. — J.  C.  Harrington. — 
Machine  and  stove  castings. 


8 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


"Wallace  &  Lewis. — Location  of  works,  Oska- 
loosa.    Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Ottumwa,  Wajpello  County. 

Drake  &  Spivey. — Ottumwa.  Iron  foundry 
and  machinery. 

Sigourney,  Keokuk  County. 

A.  CoBY. — Location  of  works,  Sigourney. 
General  machineiy. 

Vinton,  Hcnton  County, 

Crandall  &  Fulton. — Location  of  works, 
Vinton.    General  iron  work. 

JVasJd7igton,  WasJdngton  County. 

Chas.  McPherson. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

0.  &  J.  Oghngemach. — General  iron  works. 
Wilde  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

Waverly,  J3remer  County. 

J.  Q.  A.  Russell. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

ILLINOIS. 

Alton,  3Iadison  Cowity. 

DuNFORD  &  Co.— Location  of  works,  Alton. 
Macliinery  and  iron  foundry. 

John  Seaton. — Location  of  works,  Alton. 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Philip  M.  Grindlack. — Location  of  works, 
Belleville.  Machinexy  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments.   50  hands. 

Cairo,  Alexander  County. 

D.  A.  Reutan. — Location  of  works,  Cairo. 
Marine,  stationary,  and  locomotive  boilers  and 
machinery. 

John  T.  Rennie  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Cairo.    Steam-engines,  marine  and  stationary. 

Carrollton,  Greene  County. 
Carrollton  Machine  Shop. — Proprietors,  G. 
W.  Winn  &  Bro.    Location  of  works,  Carrollton. 
General  machinery. 

Champaign,  Champaign  County. 
Champaign  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  L.  C. 
Chaddon  &  Co.    Engines  and  machinery. 

Chester,  Randolph  County. 

Chester  Foundry  &  Machine  Shop. — Propri- 
etors, Pelton  &  Muerer.  General  machinery,  and 
iron  foundry. 

J.  Baronowsky  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Chester.    Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 


Chicago,  CooJc  County. 
Vulcan  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Atkins  & 
Burgess.    Location  of  works,  Chicago.  Engines, 
machinery,  mill  gearing,  steam  shovels,  dredges, 
etc. 

H.  &  F.  Blandy.— Location  of  works,  Chicago. 

Engines,  portable  and  stationary,  saw  mills,  etc. 

Wm.  Baragwanath.  —  Location  of  works, 
Chicago.    Engines,  boilers,  etc. 

Excelsior  Machine  Works. — Burkhardt,  Van 
Seyck  &  Co.  General  machinery.  Product, 
$400,000.    IGO  hands. 

Chicago  Steam  Boiler  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Proprietors,  A.  E.  Bush  wick.  Boilers  only.  Prod- 
uct, $200,000.    70  hands. 

Eagle  Works  Manufacturing  Co. — Presi- 
dent, P.  W.  Gates.    Engines,  etc.  70  hands. 

Trust  &  Bradley. — Location  of  works,  Chicago. 
Agricultural  machinery.  20,000  plows,  8,000 
cultivatoi's,  besides  general  machinery. 

Franklin  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  G.  Charl- 
ton. Location  of  works,  Chicago.  General  iron 
work  and  machinery. 

American  Steam  Engine  Works. — Propri- 
etors, E.  &  J.  Good  &  Co.  Engines  and  machinery. 
Product  $90,000.    Hands,  45. 

Marine  Engine  Works. — R.  Tarrant,  proprie- 
tor. Location  of  works,  Chicago.  Engines,  etc. 
Product,  $140,000.    55  hands. 

J.  G.  Merriman. — Location  of  works,  Chicago. 
Engines,  etc. 

Clinton  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  A.  Plaim- 
ondon.    General  machinery. 

William  Smith. — Location  of  works,  Chicago. 
Engines,  etc. 

Walworth,  Brooks  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Chicago.    Machinery  and  wrought-iron  pipes,  etc. 

Crane  Brothers  Manufacturing  Co. — Loca- 
tion of  works,  Chicago.  President,  R.  T.  Crane, 
Albany,  N.  Y. ;  Vice-President,  C.  S.  Crane, 
Paterson,  N.  J. ;  Secretary,  S.  W.  Adams.  Chi- 
cago ofEce,  10  North  Jefferson  Street. 

This  company  has  a  capital  of  $600,000,  and 
produces  work  to  the  value  of  $2,000,000  annually. 
The  number  of  hands  is  over  700.  The  firm  was 
established  in  1855,  with  only  five  hands,  and 
now  has  a  trade  extending  over  the  entire  Nortli- 
west,  and  as  far  east  as  Cleveland,  Ohio,  with  fr(3- 
qi;ent  orders  from  Boston,  New  York,  and  otlicr 
eastern  cities.  The  products  manufactured  in- 
clude elevators,  hoisting  engines,  steam  warming 
and  ventilating  apparatus,  steam  and  gas  fittmgs, 
brass  goods  and  wrought-iron  pipe,  the  latter  a 
specialty,  and  of  which  they  manufacture  over  300 
tons  per  month.  The  latter  branch  of  their  trade 
is  rapidly  increasing  and  will  extend  the  Eastern 
business  of  the  company  largely. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHIKE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


9 


A    NEW    COAL    SHAFT    AND    BLAST    FURNACE  ELE- 
VATOR. 

After  miicli  study  and  numerous  experiments, 
the  Crane  Brothers  Manufacturing  Company  of 
Chicago  lias  designed  aud  perfected  a  new  Coal 
Shaft  and  Blast  Furnace  Elevator,  a  thorough  ex- 
amination of  which  has  convinced  us  of  its  great 
practical  value  and  unquestionable  superiority 
over  all  others  heretofore  used  for  like  purposes. 
The  leading  advantages  secured  by  this  Elevator 
are  :  reduced  expenses  of  operating,  more  perfect 
safety,  greater  facility  of  operation,  economy  in 
space  occupied,  and  its  adaptation  to  any  position 
from  which  it  may  be  desirable  to  work. 

This  Elevator  dispenses  entirely  with  the  ser- 
vices of  an  engineer,  and  at  the  same  time  pro- 
vides with  the  most  perfect  and  absolute  certainty 
against  over-winding  or  falling  of  the  cage,  even 
if  the  cable  is  entirely  broken  or  cut  away.  Oper- 
ating expenses  are  here  reduced  to  the  extent  of 
the  pay  of  an  engineer.  The  entire  space  occu- 
])ied  by  the  machine  is  only  seven  by  four  feet, 
and  as  before  stated,  it  can  be  worked  in  any  po- 
sition, and  at  any  distance  from  the  shaft  desired. 

Tlie  machine  consists  of  two  vertical  engines, 
having  ten  inch  diameter  of  cylinder  and  twelve 
inch  stroke.  The  cylinders  and  steam  chest  are 
cast  in  one  piece,  and  securely  bolted  to  the  top 
of  a  heavy  iron  frame,  which  is  secured  to  a  mas- 
sive iron  bed ;  the  winding  drum  is  also  adj  usted 
to  this  iron  bed.  The  girders  or  slides  for  cross 
head  are  cast  in  the  frame  to  which  the  cylinders 
are  bolted,  thus  securing  all  in  a  firm  and  compact 
position.  Both  cylinders  and  guides  are  bored 
with  a  machine  especially  constructed  for  the  pur- 
pose, giving  the  most  perfect  exactness. 

Power  and  Motion  are  communicated  to  the 
winding  drum  by  means  of  a  full  crank  with 
very  heavy  bearings  on  either  side,  at  the  end  of 
which  is  a  nine-inch  pinion  with  two-inch  pitch, 
running  in  an  internal  gear  of  fifty-five  inches 
diameter,  which  is  cast  as  a  part  of  one  of  the 
drum  heads.  The  outward  crank  is  located  at 
right  angles  in  the  usual  manner  of  double  en- 
gines. The  Winding  Drum  is  fifty-five  inches  in 
diameter,  and  to  prevent  unnecessary  wear  of 
cable  is  lagged  with  hardwood,  grooved  to  corres- 
pond with  size  of  cable ;  it  is  held  firmly  in  posi- 
tion by  means  of  heavy  bearings  secured  to  the 
iron  bed-plate. 

The  Valve  3Iotion  is  an  original  and  ingenioiis 
device.  The  main  valves  in  appearance  resemble 
the  plain  slide  valve,  but  in  construction  they  are 
different;  while  they  combine  all  the  advantages 
of  the  plain  slide  valve,  in  point  of  wear,  they 
have  this  important  superiority :  that,  simply  by 


means  of  the  throttle  or  operating  valve  the  mo- 
tion of  the  engine  can  be  immediately  reversed, 
thus  dispensing  with  all  links,  hooks  and  other  old 
appliances  in  reversible  engines.  But  one  eccen- 
tric is  used  with  each  engine.  To  the  stem  of  the 
throttle  or  operating  valve  is  adjusted  a  sheave, 
with  which  is  connected  a  small  cable,  which  can 
be  conveyed  through  the  hatchways  by  means  of 
other  sheaves  to  any  desired  distance.  At  certain 
points  or  distances  upon  the  cable  are  formed 
stops  or  buttons  to  act  as  safety  stops,  so  arranged 
that  the  slides  attached  to  the  cage  and  sliding  on 
the  cables,  will  at  the  point  of  elevation  desired, 
come  in  contact  with  the  stops  or  buttons,  and  by 
force  of  the  contact  act  upon  and  close  the  throt- 
tle valve  and  apply  the  brakes,  instantly  stopping 
the  engine. 

27ie  Automatic  Stop,  another  and  independent 
arrangement  to  secure  perfect  safety,  is  original 
and  unique.  This  provides  for  stopping  the  en- 
gine and  cutting  off  steam  at  any  point  desired. 
A  disk  is  formed  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  with 
a  surrounding  flange  pi'epared  to  receive  an  out- 
er plate.  Upon  the  inner  face  of  the  disk  is  cut  a 
worm,  or  scroll,  surrounded  by  the  flange ;  be- 
tween the  threads  of  the  worm  or  scroll,  runs  a 
steel  traveller,  which  easily  slides  in  a  slot  upon 
a  plate  arranged  to  fit  inside  the  flange.  The 
motion  of  the  disk  is  positive  with  that  of  the 
drum,  both  turning  upon  the  same  axis.  The  re- 
volution of  the  drum  revolves  the  disk,  and  the 
revolution  of  the  disk  carries  the  worm  or  scroll 
over  the  traveller ;  this  slides  in  the  slot  on  the 
inner  plate,  until  the  traveller  has  arrived  at  the 
end  of  the  scroll,  in  the  direction  for  which  it  is 
adjusted ;  then,  of  necessity,  it  stops,  and  locks 
the  plate  containing  the  traveller  to  the  disk  con- 
taining the  scroll,  thus  uniting  the  plate  and  disk 
and  locking  them  firmly  togethei- ;  then  the  mo- 
tion of  the  disk  acts  upon  the  throttle  lever  and 
automatic  cam,  which  instantly  applies  the  brake 
and  shuts  off  the  steam.  The  Automatic  Stop  can 
be  adjusted  at  pleasure,  and  so  arranged  that  there 
shall  be  a  perfect  stop  at  any  point  desired. 

The  Tri'[Ae  Tooth  Safety  Fawl  differs  very 
materially  from  the  old  appliance  of  the  single 
tooth.  The  old  arrangement  consisted  of  a  spring 
and  cranks  in  the  centre  of  the  cage,  giving  mo- 
tion to  the  horizontal  bars  and  forcing  the  teeth 
into  the  rack.  This,  in  many  instances,  has 
proved  unreliable,  and  serious  accidents  have  oc- 
curred from  the  failure  of  the  spring  to  force  the 
teeth  firmly  and  securely  into  the  rack.  The 
Safety  Pawl  instantly  shoots  three  teeth  instead 
of  one  into  the  rack  upon  either  side,  and  the 
force  of  the  spring  is  sixteen  times  greater  in  its 
application  through  the  Safety  Pawl  than  thro\igh 


10 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


the  horizontal  bars.  This  acklitional  force  is  se- 
cured from  the  jieculiar  construction  of  the  Safety 
Pawh  The  spring  in  the  centre  of  the  cage, 
under  the  beam,  is  applied  to  two  levers  con- 
nected with  the  Safety  PaAvls,  and  the  point  of 
connection  is  so  far  below  the  axis  of  the  Pawl, 
on  which  it  swings,  that  the  least  catching  of  the 
fii'st  or  upper  tooth  near  the  axis  of  the  Pawl 
(the  distance  being  but  three  and  a  half  inches 
from  a  vertical  line  drawn  through  the  axis, 
and  a  parallel  line  drawn  from  the  outer 
«dge  of  the  upper  tooth)  turns  the  Pawl 
and  forces  all  the  teeth  into  their  proper 
places  in  the  rack,  operating  as  a  rolling  cam. 
Thus  the  least  action  of  the  spring  at  tlie  centre 
of  the  cage  gives  a  power  at  the  Pawl  equal  to 
sixteen  times  the  power  communicated  through 
the  old  direct,  horizontal  motion.  In  experiment- 
ing with  this  Pawl,  8,000  lbs.  was  placed  upon  the 
cage,  and  tlie  cables  cut,  but  the  loaded  cage  was 
secui-ely  held. 

The  machine,  as  now  constructed,  will  lift  4,000 
lbs.  at  a  speed  of  250  feet  per  minute,  allowing 
for  friction,  etc.,  with  a  speed  of  piston  of  216 
feet  per  minute,  or  108  revolutions.  The  com- 
pact and  neat  appearance  of  the  machine  is  at 
once  noticeable,  and  it  can  be  used  in  iron  and 
other  mines  as  well  as  in  coal  mines  and  blast 
furnaces,  for  which  it  was  first  constructed. 

Excelsior  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Carlisle, 
Mason  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Chicago.  Pro- 
duct valued  at  $600,000.  Number  of  hands  em- 
ployed, 160.  Character  of  product,  marine  and 
stationary  engines,  grain  elevators,  pumps, 
quartz  crushers,  tanks,  smoke-stacks,  blast  fur- 
naces, gas  and  water  valves,  etc. 

U.  S.  Brick  Machine  Works.— T.  C.  Wells. 
Location  of  works,  116  South  Clinton  Street, 
Chicago.  Value  of  product,  $1,500,000  annually. 
Number  of  hands  em])loyed,  150.  Specialty, 
brick  machines  only. 

J.  Schneider  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Chi- 
cago. Specialty  boiler-making.  Value  of  pro 
duct  $250,000.    Number  of  men  employed  75. 

Liberty  Iron  Works.- — Fraser,  Chalmers  & 
Co.  Location  of  works,  Chicago.  Specialty, 
engines,  boilers,  etc.  Value  of  product,  $200,000. 
Number  of  men  employed,  1 40. 

Washington  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. 
— Proprietors,  Holmes,  Pyott  &  Co.,  19  &  21 
North  Jefferson  Street,  Chicago.  S[)ecialty, 
ai-chitoctural  iron  work.  Annual  product,  $350,- 
000.    200  liands  employed. 

Chicago  Architectural  Iron  Works. — Pro- 
prietor, J.  McArthur.  Manager,  D.  M.  Ford, 
70  Erie  Street,  Chicago.  Architectural  iron  and 
castings  for  gas  and  water  works,  bridges,  etc. 


Capital,  $100,000.  100  hands.  Annual  product, 
$200,000. 

Etna  Iron  Works. — Clarke  &  Paffeen,  Pro- 
prietors, Ohio  and  Kingsbury  Streets.  Architec- 
tural castings.  Capital,  $75,000.  130  hands. 
Annual  product,  $260,000. 

J.  K.  LivESAY. — 34  West  Quincy  Street.  Iron 
foundry.    Specialty,  jackscrews.    25  hands. 

W.  Inness. — Iron  foundry.    General  castings, 

Columbian  Iron  Works. — Elmes,  Thurber  & 
Co.,  Proprietors,  Twenty-third  and  Paulina 
Streets,  and  65  South  Clinton  Street.  Iron  foun- 
dry and  machine  shop,  steam  engines,  sliafting, 
rolling-mill  work.  Annual  product^  $125,000. 
75  hands. 

Globe  Foundry. — R.  M.  Eddy,  Proprietor,  76 
Illinois  Street.  Architectural  castings.  Annual 
product,  $100,000.    25  hands. 

Union  Foundry  Works. — N.  S.  Bouton,  Pres- 
ident ;  E.  F.  Hurlburt  Vice-President  and  Super- 
intendent ;  C.  B.  Bouton,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
Fifteenth  and  Dearborn  Streets,  Chicago.  Cast 
and  wrought  iron  buildings.  Annual  product, 
$1,000,000.  400  hands  employed.  Works  cover 
5  acres. 

Columbian  Iron  Foundry. — J.  Featherstone. 
Specialty,  railroad  castings.  36  Front  Street. 
Annual  product,  $200,000.    70  hands. 

Chicago  Iron  Works. — Letz  &  Co.,  Proprie- 
tors, Desplaines  and  Carroll  Streets,  Cliicago. 
Building  work.  Annual  product,  $300,000.  190 
hands. 

Chicago  Novelty  Foundry. — Kurtz  Bros.  & 
Buhrer,  Proprietors,  828  Hubbard  Street.  Light 
castings,  shelf  hardware,  etc.  Annual  product, 
$50,000.     30  hands. 

Mason  &  Davis. — 347  Illmois  Street.  Iron 
foundry,  light  castings. 

Illinois  Iron  Works. — A.  Bolter,  Proprietor, 
Fifth  Avenue  and  Van  Buren  Streets.  Iron  safes, 
vaults,  etc. 

Alling  &  Elliott. — 86  Wayman  Street.  Mill 
machinery,  and  brick  machines.    20  hands. 

Wm.  Haythorn  &  Co. — 25  Michigan  Street. 
Steam  engines,  piimps,  etc. 

Richards  Iron  Works. — J.  C.  Richards,  Su- 
perintendent, 47  South  Jefferson  Street.  Steam- 
engines,  portable  and  stationary,  fire-engines,  ele- 
vators, and  foundry.  Annual  i)roduct  $250,000. 
100  hands. 

A.  V.  Pitts  &  Co.— 11  South  Jefferson  Street. 
Harris  rotary  engines,  agricultural  implements, 
printing  presses,  etc. 

Variety  Foundry. — E.  B.  Gardner,  Proprietor, 
24  North  Jefterson  Street.  Light  castings  and 
Diamond  hay  forks. 


DIUECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACniNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


11 


Savage  Brothers. — 42  Michigan  Street  Es- 
tablished 1854.    General  castings.    25  hands. 

Novelty  Steam  Boiler  Works. — 114  North 
Jefiei'son  Street.  Boilers,  tanks,  plate  and  sheet 
iron  work. 

National  Boiler  Works. — Josejih  Bell,  Pro- 
prietor, 56  Fulton  Street.  Boilers,  tanks,  etc.  30 
hands. 

Americajt  Steam  Boiler  Works. — McFarland, 
Hamler  <fe  Co.,  Proprietors,  895  South  Halsted 
Street.    Boilers,  tanks,  etc. 

P.  Devine. — 63  Polk  Street.  Boilers  only. 
75  hands.    Annual  product,  |150,000. 

ScoviLLE  Iron  Works. — H.  H.  Scoville,  Pro- 
prietor, 173  Sovith  Clinton  Street.  Steam-en- 
gines, shafting,  mining  machinery,  etc.    20  hands. 

Conan  &  Braumeller. — 149  Van  Buren  Street. 
Iron  railing,  etc. 

Globe  Iron  Works. — H.  A.  Streeter  &  Co.,  80 
Illinois  Street.  Wrought  iron  building  work, 
jacks,  etc.    Annual  product,  600  tons. 

Chicago  Steam  Forge. — Pinchon  &  Willard, 
Proprietors.  OfBce,  200  La  Salle  Street.  Car 
axles,  heavy  forgings,  etc.  50  hands.  Annual 
product,  $250,000. 

Illinois  Steam  Forge. — E.  P.  Woodruff,  Sec- 
retary, (late)  North  Avenue,  and  North  Branch. 
Car  axles,  forgings,  etc.  Kemoved  to  South 
Chicago. 

Barnum  &  Richardson  Manufacturing  Co. 
— W.  H.  Barnum,  President,  Salisbury,  Connect- 
icut; A.  Ailing,  Manager  and  Treasurer;  R.  H. 
Mason,  Secretary.  Specialty,  car-wheels.  Works 
on  Madison  and  South  Jefferson  Streets,  new 
works  building.  (See  also  Car  Wheel  Works  of 
Illinois. ) 

Chicago  Car  Wheel  Co. — N.  S.  Bouton,  Pres- 
ident ;  J.  J.  Simmons,  General  Manager ;  C.  B. 
Bouton,  Secretary.  Specialty,  car  weeels.  40 
hands  employed.    Annual  product,  $200,000. 

North-western  Horse  Nail  Co. — N.  Corwith, 
President ;  A.  W.  Kingsland,  Secretary.  Van 
Buren  and  Clinton  Streets.  Annual  product, 
750  tons  horse  nails,  valued  at  $300,000.  75 
hands  employed. 

Western  Chain  Works. — C.  H.  Lane  &  Co., 
Proprietors,  54  North  Franklin  Street.  Specialty, 
chain.  Annual  product,  $100,000.  35  hands. 
Increasing  capacity. 

Chicago  Chain  Works. — S.  G.  Taylor,  Propri- 
etor, 98  Indiana  Street.  Chains  of  all  kinds.  20 
hands. 

Chicago  Vise  and  Tool  Co. — II.  A.  Warner, 
President ;  Z.  S.  Mastiu,  Superintendent.  Spec- 
ialty, vises.    Annual  product,  $100,000. 

M.  Klein. — 237  Dearborn  Street.  General 
iron  work. 


Continental  Bolt  Works. — Cregier,  Clarke, 
&  Co.,  Market  and  Hunn  Streets.  Bolts  and 
screws.    Annual  product,  $80,000. 

Chicago  Bolt  Works. — Locke  &  Co.,  Propri- 
etors, 29  North  Jefferson  Street.  Bolts  and  bolt 
machines. 

C.  E.  Roberts  &  Co. — 7  and  9  South  Jefferson 
Street. 

KiRKWooD  &  Dunklee. — 303  South  Canal 
Street.    Wood  working  machinery.    50  hands. 

Greenlee  Bros.  &  Co.— 229  West  Twelfth 
Street.  Wood-working  machinery.  25  hands. 
Specialty,  blind  clamps. 

Excelsior  Works. — 372  South  Canal  Street. 
Wood-working  machinery. 

L.  B.  Walker.— 67  South  Canal  Street.  Saw- 
ing and  slitting  machinery. 

J.  W.  Reedy. — 83  Illinois  Street.  Elevators, 
and  hoisting  machinery.  70  hands.  Annual 
product,  $200,000. 

J.  Kennedy. — 188  Illinois  Street.  Platform 
hoisting  machines. 

Brown  &  VanArsdale  Manufacturing  Co. 
— C.  B.  Brown,  President;  T.  F.  Brown,  Seci-e- 
tary.  28  Kingsbury  Street.  Thimble  skeins  for 
wagons,  sad  irons,  etc.  Annual  product,  $510, 
000.    150  hands. 

S.  H.  Harris. — 23  Randolph  Street.  Safes, 
vaults,  etc. 

Herring  Safe  Co; — Fourteenth  and  Indiana 
Streets.    Safes.    75  hands. 

M.  Y.  Cady  &  Co.— 70  West  Monroe  Street. 
Safes.    25  hands. 

Chicago  Cutlery  Manufacturing  Co. — D. 
Simon,  Superintendent,  157  Market  Street.  Cut- 
lery.   Annual  product,  $175,000.     125  hands. 

G.  Kneuht. — 190  Madison  Street.  Table  and 
pocket  cutleiy. 

Vaughan  &  BusHNELL. — 11  South  Halsted 
Street.  Tools  and  shelf  hardware.  Specialty, 
post  hole  augers. 

J.  McWade  &  Son. — 115  West  Monroe  Street. 
Grates. 

N.  W.  Spauldings  &  Bros.— 20  South  Canal 
Street.    Saws.    Under  Spauldings'  patent. 

J.  H.  Harris. — 103  South  Canal  Street. 
Saws. 

H.  Diston  &  Sons.— 261  East  Randolph  Street. 
Branch  of  Philadelphia  works.     Saws  of  all  kinds. 

Chicago  Scale  Co. — W.  W.  Nutting,  Proprie- 
tor. Scales  of  all  kinds.  Annual  product, 
$150,000.    30  hands. 

Chicago  File  Works. — C.  M.  Smith,  Presi- 
dent, 114  West  Van  Buren  Street. 

Mechanics  File  Manufacturing  Co. — 32 
West  Quincy  Street.  Files. 


12 


DIRECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACnrC^E  WORKS,  ETC. 


North-Western  File  Works. — C.  Eades,  Pro- 
prietor, 55  North  Desplaines  Street. 

Chicago  Galvanizing  Works. — Benton  & 
Cook,  Proprietors,  Lake  and  Francisco  Streets. 

Boomer  &  Jenks. — 771  South  Clark.  Galvan- 
ized iron  work.    52  hands. 

A.  Kinsely  &  Co.— 72  West  Monroe  Street. 
Galvanized  iron.    40  hands. 

Dewey,  Jones  &  Co. — 140  North  Desplaines 
Street.  Galvanized  cornices,  etc.  40  hands. 
Annual  product,  ^100,000. 

R.  Griffiths. — Nineteenth  and  Grove  Streets. 
Galvanized  iron. 

Phcenix  Galvanized  Iron  Works. — McFar- 
land  &  Price,  87  North  La  Salle  Street.  20  hands. 

Turnhold  &  Preske. — 1G4  North  Clark  Street. 
Galvanized  iron. 

Kaltenbach  &  Wagner. — 91  West  Eandolijh 
Street.    Galvanized  iron. 

A.  Friedly.— 337  North  Clark  Street.  Gal- 
vanized iron. 

National  Wire  Cloth  Mills. — 281  East  Mad- 
ison Sti-eet.  Steel  wire  cloth  for  locomotives,  wire 
fencing,  etc. 

Jones  &  Booth. — 41  La  Salle  Street.  Wire 
cloth,  etc. 

J.  R.  Palmenberg. — 200  East  Madison  Street. 
Wire  works.    40  hands. 

Illinois  Wire  Works.— W.  Starke,  Proprie- 
tor, 206  West  Randolph  Street.  Sjirings  and 
wire  work. 

Great  Western  Wire  Works. — T.  Spargen- 
bei-g,  102  West  Madison  Street. 

George  Mitchell. — 39  South  Canal  Street. 
Wire  work. 

M.  C.  Isaacs  &  Co.— 49  Congress  Street.  Steel 
wire  brooms,  etc. 

Chicago  Wire  Works. — H.  McManus,  Propri- 
etor, 78  State  Street. 

Illinois  Wire  Works. — W.  R.  Boerm^r,  310 
West  Randolph  Street. 

A.  W.  Oberman. — 89  West  Randolph  Street. 
Wire  woi'k. 

P.  Graff  &  Co.— 23  Nortli  Jefferson  Street. 
Steel  brooms,  etc. 

South  Chicago,  Cook  Covnty. 

Chicago  Iron  &  Steel  Works.^ — J.  D.  Decreet, 
Manager.  Annual  product,  1,000  tons  steel  bars, 
etc.    30  hands. 

Nes-Silicon  Steel  Rolling  Mills. — J.  W. 
Hilmer,  Superintendent.  Works  also  at  Rome 
and  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  and  Sandusky,  Ohio.  Works 
here  building  will  emplov  250  hands.  Capital, 
$400,000. 

Redfield,  Sargent  &l  Co. — Mill  machinery, 
/and  smut  mills. 


Illinois  Steam  Forge  Co. — E.  P.  Woodruff, 
Secretary.  40  hands.  Removed  from  Chicago  in 
1873.  Capital,  $75,000.  40  hands.  Specialty, 
heavy  forgings. 

Kent,  Baldwin  &  Co. — Woollen  and  cotton 
mill  machineiy.  20  hands.  Aiuiual  product, 
$200,000. 

Chicago  has  127  manufactories  of  every  kind  in 
iron,  with  an  aggi-egated  capital  of  $13,500,000, 
and  which  give  employment  to  9,t)23  operators, 
who  receive  in  wages  annually,  $7,250,000.  The 
value  of  the  aniuial  product  of  these  works  is 
about  $32,003,000.  But  20  of  these  works  were 
in  operation  in  18G0,  while  41  have  been  estab- 
lished since  the  beginning  of  1870. 

Aurora,  Jvane  Co. 
HoYT  &  Brother  Manufacturing  Company. 
— Location  of  works,  Aurora,  111.    Foundry  and 
machine  shop.    Specialty,  wood-workiug  machin- 
ery.   Number  of  hands  employed,  40. 

Clayton,  Adams  County. 
Curry,  Davis  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Clay- 
ton.   General  machinery. 

Danville,  Verm  illion  County. 
Western    Machine    Works. — Location  of 
works,  Danville.    Engines,  ]>ortable  and  station- 
ary, machinery,  etc. 

Decatur,  3Iarion  County. 

C.  C.  Burroughs  &  Co.  Location  of  works, 
Decatur.    Engines  and  iron  foundry. 

Wilson  &  Drake. — Location  of  works,  Decatur. 
Boilers,  etc. 

Dixon,  Dee  County. 
Brown  &  Edwards. — Location  of  works,  Dixon, 
General  machinery. 

Duqnoin,  Perry  County. 
Blakeslee  &  Bro. — Location  of  woi'ks,  Du- 
quoin.    Engines  and  iron  foundry. 

Elgin,  Kane  County. 

Elgin  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Marcus  Mal- 
lory.    General  machinery. 

Phojnix  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Philo  Sylla 
&  Son.  Foundiy  and  general  machinery.  Loca- 
tion, Elgin. 

Frankfort  Station,  Will  County. 

D.  &  E.  C.  Stevens  k  Co. — Location  of  worlcs, 
Frankfort  Station.    General  machinery. 

Precport,  Stephenson  County. 
John  Westwick. — Location  of  works,  Free- 
port.    Engines  and  iron  foundry. 

Galena,  Jo.  Daviess  County. 
G.  D.  CoLTON  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Galeua. 
General  machinery. 


DIEECTOKY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


13 


Dillon  &  Mentzeimer. — Location  of  works, 
Galena.    General  machinery. 

Galesburg,  Knox  County. 

Frost  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  P.  Frost,  Pres- 
ident. Engines  and  machinery.  100  hands. 
Location  of  works,  Galesburg. 

Stewart,  Geer  &  Bro. — Location  of  works, 
Galesburg.    General  machinery. 

Highland.,  Madison  County. 
Casper  Bircher. — Location  of  works,  High- 
land,   General  machinery. 

Jonesborough,  Union  County. 
Ignatius  Brooks. — Location  of  works,  Jones- 
borough.    Carding  machinery. 

Kankakee,  Kankakee  County. 

Ley  &  Hansen. — Location  of  works,  Kankakee. 
General  machinery. 

Peter  Webber. — Location  of  works,  Kankakee. 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Kewanee,  Henry  County. 
Anderson  Universal  Steam  Boiler  Manu- 
facturing Co. — Location   of  works,  Kewanee. 
Boilers  and  macliinery. 

Litchfield,  Montgomery  County. 
H.  H.  Beach  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Litch- 
field.   General  machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Marseilles,  La  Salle  County. 

Marseilles  Manufacturing  Co. — H.  A.  Til- 
lotson,  Secretary.  Location  of  works,  Marseilles. 
Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  machinery. 

H.  A.  Pitts  &  Son. — Location  of  works,  Mar- 
seilles.   Threshing  machines.    Employ  150  hands. 

MoUne,  Mock  Island  County. 

Barnard,  Leas  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Moline.    Mill  machinery,  etc. 

James  &  White. — Moline  Iron  Works.  En- 
gines, etc. 

Ottawa,  La  Salle  County. 

Ottawa  Machine  Shop  and  Foundry. — W. 
H.  W.  Cushman,  Proprietor.  Engines,  portable 
and  stationary.    Location  of  works,  Ottawa. 

Beid  &  Gibson. — Location  of  works,  Ottawa. 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Wm.  Stormont. — Location  of  works,  Ottawa.. 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Schillinger  k  Trumbull. — Location  of  works, 
Ottawa.    Boilers,  etc. 

Peoria,  Peoria  County. 
Hall,  Burr  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Peoria. 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 


Forbes,  Owen  &  Kilpatrick. — Location  of 
works,  Peoria.    Boilers,  etc. 

John  Shield. — Location  of  works,  Peoria. 
Boilers,  etc. 

Samuel  Voris  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Peo- 
ria.   Steam-engines  and  mill  work. 

Peru,  La  Salle  County. 
FooTE  &  Brunner. — Location  of  works,  Peru. 
Macliinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Pontiac,  Livingston  County. 
S.  O.  PiLLSBURY. — Location  of  works,  Pontiac. 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Quincy,  Adams  Comity. 

Gardner  &  Robertson. — Location  of  works, 
Quincy.    Governors,  low-water  detectors,  etc. 

M.  F.  Greenleaf. — Location  of  works,  Quincy. 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

John  H.  Michelman. — Location  of  works, 
Quincy.    Boilers,  etc. 

John  Williams  &  Co. — City  foundry  and  ma- 
chine shop.  Quincy.  General  machinery  and 
iron  foundry, 

Rockford,  Winnebago  County. 

Jacob  Behel.— Location  of  works,  Rockford. 
Mill  machinery. 

W.  D.  Trahern. — Location  of  works,  Rockford, 
Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Rock  Island,  Rock  Island  County. 

Babcock,  Bready  &  Fleming. — Location  of 
works.  Rock  Island.    Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Vulcan  Foundry. — William  H.  Thompson  & 
Co.  Location  of  works.  Rock  Island.  Mill 
machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

St.  Charles,  Kane  County. 
John  Lloyd  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  St, 
Charles.    General  machinery. 

Sandwich,  DeKalb  County. 

Sandwich  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of 
works.  Sandwich.  Threshing  machines  and  heavy 
agricultural  machinery.    150  hands. 

Sandwich  Enterprise  Co. — Location  of  works. 
Sandwich.    Mill  machinery, 

Springfield,  Sangamon  County. 

Berryman  &  RiPON. — Location  of  works, 
Springfield.    Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

John  C.  Lamb. — Etna  Foundry.  Location  of 
works,  Springfield.    Engines  and  iron  foundry, 

Wenona,  Marshall  County. 
Wenona   Foundry. — Proprietors,    Patch  & 


14 


DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACIUNE  ^YORKS,  ETC. 


Swift.  Location  of  woi-ks,  Wenoua.  General 
machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Wilmington,  Will  County. 
Irving  Barker. — Location  of  works,  Wilming- 
ton.   Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Young  America,  Warren  County. 
Henry  Criswell  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Young  America.    Steam  engines,  machinery,  etc. 

Woodstock,  IIcHenry  County. 
H.  EcKERT. — Location  of  works,  Woodstock. 
Iron  foimdry  and  agricultural  implements. 

Sycamore,  De  Kalh  County. 
Marsh    Manufacturing    Co. — Location  of 
works,  Sycamore,  De  Kalb  County.  Specialty, 
agricultural  implements.    Number  of  hands  em- 
ployed, 100. 

INDIANA. 

Anderson,  Madison  County. 
MicHENER  Machine  Works. — Proprietors,  S. 
E.  Strattou  &  J.  B.  Michener,  Character  of  pro- 
duct, steam-engines,  flouring  and  saw  mill  machin- 
ery, castings,  etc.  Location  of  works,  Anderson, 
Madison  County. 

Angola,  Steuben  County. 

Day  &  Pierce. — Location  of  works,  Angola, 
Stueben  County.  Chai-acter  of  product,  iron 
castings  and  machinery. 

Freygang,  Phelps  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Angola,  Steuben  County.  Iron  founders  and  ma- 
chinists. 

Attica,  Fountain  County. 
A,  B.  Couse. — Attica,  Fountain  County.  Iron 
foundry  and  machuiery. 

Aurora,  Dearborn  County. 
Cochran  Machine   Shop. — William  Loffcus, 
Proprietor.     Location  of  works,  Aurora,  Dear- 
born County.    Character  of  product,  general  ma- 
chinery. 

Stedman  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Aurora, 
Dearborn  County.  Character  of  product,  iron 
foundry  and  steam-engines. 

Brazil,  Clay  County. 

McBeth,  Crawford  k  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Brazil,  Clay  County.  Iron  foundry  and  general 
machinery. 

Butler,  De  Kalb  County. 
E.  Leonard. — Location  of  works,  Butler,  De 
Kalb    County.    Iron   foundry   and  machinery. 
Specialty,  iron  planers  and  lath  machines. 

Cannellton,  Perry  County. 
William  Hackett. — Location  of  works,  Can- 


nellton, Perry  County.  Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chine shop. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew  County. 
Columbus  Machine  and  Millwright  Co. — Lo- 
cation of  works,  Columbus,  Bartholomew  County. 
President,  B.  F.  Jones ;  Treasurer,  John  Story ; 
Secretary,  Nerval  Wilson.  Specialty,  mill  ma- 
chinery. 

Elkhart,  Elkhart  County. 
Ellis  S.  Conley. — Location  of  works,  Elkhart, 
Elkhart  County.    Machinery  and  agricultxiral  im- 
plements. 

N.  Lighthall. — Location  of  works,  Elkhart. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

O.  T.  NiLEs  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Elk- 
hart.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

The  machine  shops  of  the  INIichigan  Southern 
and  Northern  Indiana  R.  R.  Co.  are  also  located 
at  Elkhart,  and  are  supplied  with  good  water 
power. 

Evansmlle,  Vanderburgh  County. 

City  Foundry. — Proprietor,  William  Heilman. 
Location  of  works,  Evansville,  Vanderburgh 
County.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Christian  Kratz. — Location  of  works,  Evans- 
ville. Steam-engines,  boilers,  agi'icultural  imple- 
ments and  general  machinery. 

F.  Leichner. — Location  of  works,  Evansville. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

J.  P.  Laurent. — Location  of  works,  Evans- 
ville.   Specialty,  boilers. 

Reitz  &  Haney,  Crescent  Foundry. — Loca- 
tion of  works,  Evansville.    Engines  and  boilers. 

SCHULTZE,  ThURMAN  &  Co.,  MECHANICS  FOUND- 
RY.— Location  of  works,  Evansville.  Engines  and 
boilers. 

Thomas  Scantlin  &  Sons. — Location  of  works, 
Evansville.    Sugar  machinery. 

Evansville  k  Crawfordsville  R.  R.  Machine 
shops  are  also  located  at  Evansville. 

Fort  Wayne,  Allen  County. 
L.    Barsteller. — Location   of  works,  Fori 
Wayne,  Allen  County.    Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

John  H.  Bass,  Fort  Wayne  Machine 
Works. — Location  of  works.  Fort  Wayne.  {Set 
also  Car  Wheel  Works  of  Ind.)  Specialty,  car 
wheels,  steam-engines,  and  machinery.  Works 
cost  near  $500,000,  and  the  largest  in  the  State. 

J.  C.  Bowser  k  Co. — Location  of  works.  Fori 
Wayne.  Steam-engines,  boilers,  and  general  ma- 
chinery. 

Murray  k  Baker. — Location  of  works,  Fori 
Wayne.  Steam-engines,  iron  foundry,  and  ma- 
chinery. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERA] 

ScHULTZE,  Thurman  &  Co. — Location  of  woi-ks, 
Fort  Wayne.  Engines. 

The  extensive  shops  of  the  Pittsbnrg,  Fort 
Wayne  and  Chicago  JR.  E.  are  also  located  at  Fort 
Wayne,  as  well  as  the  machine  shops  of  the  Tole- 
do, Wabasli  and  Western  R.  K.  Co. 

Goshen,  Elkhart  County. 

William  A.  Barnes  &,  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Goshen,  Elkhart  County.  Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 

V.  &  J.  GoRTNER. — Location  of  works,  Goshen. 
Specialty,  thresliing  machines. 

D.  Krepo. — Location  of  works,  Goshen.  Ma- 
chinery and  agricultural  implements. 

Allen,  Smith  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Gosh- 
en.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Hagerstown,  Wayne  County. 
Teetor  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Hagers- 
town, Wayne  County.    Steam-engines,  portable 
and  stationary. 

Huntington,  Huntington  County. 
Lees  &  Wallace.— Location  of  works,  Hunt- 
ington, Himtington  County.    Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

MoFFiT  &  Roche. — Location  of  works,  Hunt- 
ington.   Steam  engines,  plows,  stoves,  etc. 

Indianapolis,  Marrion  County. 

BuTSCH,  Dickson  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Indianapolis. 

Capital  City  Iron  Works. — Specialty,  car 
works  and  general  machinery. 

Phosnix  Machine  Works. — Proprietors,  Chan- 
dler &  Taylor.  Iron  foundry  and  general  machin- 
ery. 

American  Governor  Works. — Proprietors,  C. 
A.  Conde  h  Co.    Steam  governors. 

Cox  &  Roberts. — Location  of  works,  Indian- 
apolis.   Boilers  only. 

Dean  Bros. — Location  of  works,  Indianapolis. 
Iron  foundry  and  machraery.  Wood-working 
machinery,  specialty. 

Eagle  Machine  Works.— Location  of  works, 
Indianapolis.  F.  Rusliaupt,  President.  Specialty, 
portable  and  stationary  engines  and  boilers.  Es- 
tablished 1848. 

Greenleaf  Machine  Works  Co. — C.  A. 
Greenleaf,  President.  Moriis  Roes,  Secretary. 
Steam-engines,  iron  foundry,  and  machinery. 

Linker  &  Davis.— Location  of  works,  Indian- 
apolis.   Steam  engines  and  boilers. 

A.  W.  McAllister. — Location  of  works,  In- 
dianapolis.   Boilers  only. 

Russell  h  Son. — Location  of  works,  Indianap- 
olis.   Iron  foundry  and  machineiy. 


,  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC.  /'''''^'~ 

Western  Machine  Works. — Pro]4^ors,  Sj^- 
ker,  Davis  &  Co.    Thos.  Davis,V^sia0^_  Ai, 
D.  Sinker,  Secretary.    Capital,  $2|ftkft00.  '  ^ban-  ^ 
ber    of   men    employed,    150.  S*^56i-engine's,', 
boilers,  mill  machinery,  and  circular  saws.    Es-  .  ' 
tablished  1850. 

Union  Machine  Works. — Location  of  works, 
Indianapolis.    Boilers  and  machinery. 

The  machine  shops  of  the  Indianapolis,  Peru 
and  Chicago  R  R.,  and  Bellefontaine  R.  R.  car 
shop,  are  located  at  IndianapoKs,  and  employ  a 
large  force  of  hands. 

Jeffersonville,  ClarJc  County. 
Charles  Anderson. — Location  of  works,  Jef- 
fersonville,  Clark   County.    Iron   foundry  and 
machinery. 

Ohio  Falls  Car  Company. — {See  also  Car 
Works  of  Indiana.)  President,  James  W. 
Sprague ;  W.  Cruchton,  Jr.,  Secretary.  Steam- 
engines.  Car  building  the  specialty,  in  which  the 
works  is  the  largest  in  the  country. 

The  machine  shops  of  the  J efFersonville,  Madison 
and  Indianapolis  R.  R.  are  located  at  Jeffersonville. 

Kcndalville^  Noble  County. 
Flint,  Walling  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Kendalville,  Noble  County.    Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Lafayette,  Tippecanoe  County. 

Union  Machine  Works. — Proprietor,  John 
Barnett.  Location  of  works,  Lafayette,  Tippe- 
canoe Co.    Steam  engines,  machinery,  etc. 

Lafayette  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of 
works,  Lafayette.  Specialty,  agricultural  machin- 
ery. 

Wabash  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — Pro- 
prietoi's,  R.  M.  McGrath  and  Co.  Location  of 
works,  Lafayette.  Iron  foundry  and  general 
machinery. 

La  Grange,  La  Grange  County. 

Wm.  M.  Bullock. — Location  of  works,  La 
Grange,  La  Grange  Co.  Mill  machinery.  Spe- 
cialty, turbine  wheels.  • 

DuRAND  &  Cutting. — Location  of  works,  La 
Grange.  Steam  engines,  agricultural  implements, 
and  miscellaneous  castings. 

La  Porte,  La  Porte  County. 
James  N.  Brooks. — Location  of  works,  La 
Porte,  La  Porte  County.    Mill  machinery  and 
turbines. 

J.  W.  &  S.  A.  Brooks. — Location  of  works, 
La  Porte.    Iron  foundiy  and  machinery. 

E.  B.  Brooks. — Location  of  works,  La  Porte. 
Turbine  water-wheels. 


16 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEISTERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


M.  &  J.  RuMELY. — Location  of  works,  La  Porte. 
Specialty,  steain-engiiies  and  threshing  machinery, 
with  genej'al  castings.    Number  of  hands,  25. 

The  machine  shops  of  the  Chicago,  Cincinnati 
and  Loxiisville  R.  R.  are  situated  at  La  Porte. 

Lima,  La  Grange  County. 
Taylor  &  Keith. — Location  of  works,  Lima, 
La  Gi-ange  County.   Iron  Foundry  and  machinery, 

Logansport,  Cass  County. 

W.  S.  &  E.  Lincoln. — Location  of  works,  Lo- 
gansport, Cass  County.  Steam-engines,  plows,  etc. 

Knowlton  &  DiKEMAN. — Location  of  works, 
Logansport.  Steam-engines,  turbine  water-wheels, 
iron  foundry. 

A.  N.  McAllister. — Location  of  works,  Lo- 
gansport.   Boilers  only. 

Madison,  J'efferson  County. 

Cobb,  Stribling  <&  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Madison.  Iron  foundry  and  machineiy.  Num- 
ber of  hands,  50. 

McKenna,  Walsh  &  Co.,  Indiana  Foundry. 
— Location  of  works,  Madison.  Steam  engines 
and  mill  machineiy. 

N.  Winter  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Madi- 
son. Boilers. 

3Tilton,  Wayne  County. 

HoosiER  Drill  Co. — Location  of  works,  Mil- 
ton. Specialty,  grain  drills,  plows,  and  general 
machinery.    Number  of  hands  employed,  50. 

3fishaivaJca,  /St.  J'oseph  County. 

P.  C.  Perkins  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Mishawaka.  Wind-mill  machinery,  pumps,  etc., 
also  edge  tools. 

St.  Joseph  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of 
works,  Mishawaka.  Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Number  of  hands,  130. 

Muncic,  Delavjare  County. 

Phelps  &  Budd. — Location  of  works,  Muncie. 
Specialty,  steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

Wilson,  Jackson  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Muncie.  Specialty,  plows  and  agricultural  ma- 
chinery. 

A.  R.  Morrison  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Muncie.  Steam  engines,  boilers,  saw-mill  ma- 
chinery, and  hedge  trimmers. 

ITew  Albany,  Floyd  County. 
D.  C.  Hill  &  Co. — Location  of  works.  New 
Albany.    {See  also  Car  'Wheel  Works  of  Indi- 
ana.^   Boiler  makers,  general  machinery,  and  car 
wheels. 

J OHNSON  &  Webster. — Location  of  works,  New 
Albany.  Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  iron 
foundry. 


New  Albany  Steam  Forge  Co. — Jacob  Losey, 
President ;  Seth  Woodruff,  Secretary ;  Sam'l  K. 
Duff,  Superintendent. 

Newville,  Le  Jxalh  County. 

Miller  &  Gibson. — Location  of  works,  New- 
ville.   Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  machinery. 

Orland,  Steuben  County. 

Morse  &  Huntly. — Location  of  works,  Orland. 
Iron  foundi-y  and  agricultural  implements. 

Angola  Manufacturing  Works. — Location 
of  works,  Orland.  Steam  engines,  portable  and 
stationary,  and  agricultural  impalements. 

Peru,  Miami  County. 

Day  &  Pierce. — Location  of  works,  Orland. 
Agricultural  machinery. 

Howe  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Peru.  Specialty,  the  Howe  sewing  machine.  Num- 
ber of  hands  employed,  195. 

F.  S.  Hackley. — Location  of  works,  Peru. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Richard  Thompson. — Location  of  works,  Peru. 
Iron  foundiy  and  machinery. 

The  machine  shops  of  the  Peru  and  Indianap- 
olis R.  R.  Co.,  employing  40  hands,  are  also  located 
at  Peru. 

Richmond,  "Wayne  County. 

Bayless,  Vaughan  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Richmond.  Portable  and  stationary  engines,  saw- 
mills, etc.  Established  1855.  Number  of  hands 
employed,  40. 

Empire  Plow  Works. — Proprietors,  S.  Homey 
&  Co.  Specialty,  plows,  cultivators,  and  agricult- 
ural machinery.  Established  1856.  Number  of 
hands  employed,  50. 

Robinson  Machine  Works. — Location  of 
works,  Richmond.  Saw-mill  and  threshing  ma- 
chinery.   Number  of  hands,  80. 

A.  N.  Hadley  &  Co.,  Quaker  City  Machine 
Works. — Location  works,  Richmond.  (About  to 
remove.)    Specialty,  saw  mills,  steam  engines,  etc. 

Oran  Perry. — Location  of  works,  Richmond. 
Iron  foundry  and  general  machinery. 

S.  SiNix. — Location  of  works,  Richmond. 
Boilers  only. 

Yeo  &  Shoemaker. — Location  of  works,  Rich- 
mond. Iron  foundiy  and  general  machineiy.  Es- 
tablished 1847.    Number  of  hands  employed,  60. 

Rochester,  Fulton  County. 
Rochester  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Proprietor,   F.   Oilman.     Location   of  works, 
Rochester.    General  machineiy. 

Salem,  Washington  County. 
C.  W.  MoBLEY. — Location  of  woi-ks,  Salem. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 


DIRECTOET  OF  GENEEAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


17 


South  Send.,  St.  >Toseph  County. 

BiRDSELL  Manufa(.'tubixg  Co. — Location  of 
works,  South  Bend.  Specialtjj  agricultural  ma- 
cliineiy  and  implements. 

E.  J.  Beach  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  South 
Bend.    Manufacturers  of  machinery. 

Jacob  Strayer.- — Location  of  works.  South 
Bend.    Agricultural  machinery  and  implements. 

South  Bend  Iron  Works. — Location  of  works, 
South  BcikI.  Iron  foundry  and  machinery,  agri- 
cultural implements. 

Singer  Manufacturing  Co. — Location  of 
works.  South  Bend.  Specialty,  the  Singer  sew- 
ing machine. 

South  Bend  also  has  one  of  the  largest,  if  not 
the  largest,  ~Wa(jon  Factory  in  the  country,  of 
which  Studebaker  Bros,  are  proprietors,  and 
which  employs  300  men,  turning  out  a  complete 
wagon  every  twenty  minutes. 

Tdl  City,  Perry  County. 
Tell   City  Agricultural   Machine    Co. — 
Location  of  works.  Tell  City.    Specialty,  as  j^ei" 
title. 

ZiNS  &  Happeler. — Location  of  works.  Tell 
City.    General  machineiy. 

Widmer  k  Obonssier. — Location  of  works. 
Tell  City.    Iron  foundry  and  general  machinery. 

Terre  Saute,  Vigo  County. 

J.  A.  Parker. — Location  of  works,  Terre 
Haute.    Steam  engines  and  general  castings. 

Wm.  Clift  &  Son. — Location  of  works,  Terre 
Haute.    Boiler  makers. 

Phcenix  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  McEl- 
pest  &  Barnard.  Location  of  works,  Terre  Haute. 
General  iron  work  and  machinery. 

Seath  &  Hager. — Location,  Terre  Haute. 
Iron  foundry  and  machineiy.  {^See  also  Car 
Wheel  Works  of  Ltd.) 

Spracklen  &  BoiiBERG. — Location  of  works, 
Terre  Haute.  Specialty,  boilers  ;  also  gas  meters 
aud  machinery. 

Union  City,  Randolph  County. 
A.  White. — Location  of  works,  Union  City. 
Iron  foundry  and  general  machinery. 

Valparaiso,  Porter  County. 

Kellogg  &  Sons. — Location  of  works,  Valpa- 
raiso.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

The  National  Pin  Co. — President,  Geo. 
Powell ;  Secretary,  A.  Waring ;  Treasurer, 
William  Powell ;  Superintendent,  E.  Fontaine. 

This  is  a  new  industry  in  the  West  in  1873,  and 
notable  as  the  only  pin  factory  west  of  Con- 
necticut, except  a  small  one  at  Cohoes,  N.  Y. 
Tlie  pins  made  here,  and  which  are  said  to  be  fully 


equal  to  those  of  Eastern  or  English  manufacture, 
amount  to  1,500,000  per  day.  This  amount  con- 
sumes 450  lbs.  of  brass  wire  daily,  which  is  made 
in  Connecticut.  All  the  machines  used  were 
made  in  the  works  by  the  company  themselves, 
and  each  machine  will  make  120  pins  a  minute. 
The  capacity  of  the  works  is  shortly  to  be  doubled. 

Vernon,  tTenning.i  County. 

Vernon  Foundry  &  Machine  Shop. — Pro- 
prietors, 3.  H,  &  N.  Wagner.  Location  of 
works,  Vernon.  Specialty,  plows  and  agricultu- 
ral machinery. 

Vincennes,  Knmx  Cownty. 

Wabash  Valley  Foundry. — Proprietors, 
Clai'k  &  Buck.  Location  of  works,  Vincennes. 
Mill  machinery,  architectural  iron  work,  etc. 
Number  of  hands  employed,  25. 

Ensminger  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Vin- 
cennes. Boilers. 

Warsaw,  Kosciusko  County. 

Joseph  Carty. — Location  of  works,  Warsaw. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

C.  Sjiith. — Location  of  works,  Warsaw.  Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

Washington,  Daviess  County. 

Hartness,  Bruner  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Washington.  Agricultural  machinery  and  wag- 
ons. 

Spink  &  Veale. — Location  of  works,  Washing- 
ton.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Waterloo  City,  De  Kalh  County. 

J.  BoAG. — Location  of  works,  Waterloo  City. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

J.  B.  Taylor  k  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Waterloo  City.    Safes,  etc. 

Sinclair  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Waterloo 
City.     Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

W.  Williams. —  Location  of  works,  Waterloo 
City.    General  machinery. 

Winaniac,  Pulaski  County. 

Hock,  Ginkins  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Winamac.    Iron  foimdry,  general  castings. 

Wolcotts  Mills. 
E.  EwiNG. — Location  of  works,  Wolcott's  Mills. 
Iron  foundry. 

Wolcottville,  La  Grange  County. 
Cochrane  &  Hutchinson. — Location  of  works, 
Wolcottville.     Iron  foundry,  general  castings, 
etc. 


18 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works  and 
Iron  Foundries  of  Kansas. 

Atchison,  Atchison  County. 
P.  PiiAMONDON  &  Co. — Mill  and  general  machin- 
ery. 

N.  H.  Maher. — Mill  and  general  machinery. 
J.  HiGLEY. — General  machinery. 
The  shops  of  the  Kansas  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road Co.  are  located  at  Atchison. 

Baxter  Springs,  Cherokee  County. 
B.  F.  Crowell. — General  and  jobbing  machin- 
ery. 

■  H.  Palmer  &  Co. — General  and  jobbing  machin- 
ery. 

Elwood,  Doniphan  County. 
St.  Joseph  and  Denver  City  Railroad  machine 
shops. 

Fort  Scott,  Bourhon  County. 

Fort  ScoTr  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Proprietor,  Geo.  A.  Crawford.  Superintendent, 
F.  J.  Nutz.  Steam-engines,  wind-mills,  saw-mills, 
and  general  machinery. 

Eagle  Foundry.— Proprietor,  Henry  Bowen. 
Stove  and  general  castings. 

Lawrence,  Douglass  County. 

Lawrence  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Kimbal  Bros.,  Proprietors.  Steam-engines,  gen- 
eral machinery,  etc. 

Wilder  &  Palin.— Agricultural  imiilements. 

Miller  &  Stevens.— Stove,  furnace,  and  gen- 
eral castings. 

Leavenworth  City,  Leavenioorth  County. 

P.  C.  Farrister  &  Son.— General  machinery. 

Great  Western  Manufacturing  Company. — 
President,  E.  P.  Wilson;  Vice-President,  P. 
Estes;  Secretary,  D.  F.  Fairchild ;  Treasurer, 
John  Wilson.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

The  works  of  this  company  is  situated  on  the 
corner  of  Second  and  Choctaw  Streets,  Leaven- 
worth, and  was  established  by  E.  P.  Wilson  and 
P.  Estes  in  1858.  These  gentlemen  commenced 
with  a  small  iron  lathe,  a  wood  lathe,  and  a  drill, 
and  claim  to  have  made  the  first  steam  engine  and 
to  have  cast  the  first  stove  in  Kansas.  They  now 
manufacture  Estes'  patent  steam  engines,  which 
have  the  advantages  of  the  Corliss  engine,  Tre- 
main's  balance  valve,  flour  and  quartz  mill 
machinery,  and  have  a  special  trade  for  the  gold 
machinery  of  Colorado  and  Montana,  iron  frame 
saw-mills,  water-wheels,  pumps,  architectural  iron, 
and  general  machinery,  besides  stoves  and  hollow- 
ware.  Their  works  occupies  an  area  of  250  by 
300  f  ^ct,  and  includes  a  machine  foundry,  stove 


foundry,  machine  shop,  millstone  filling  room,  forge 
with  seven  fires,  and  two  store-houses.  The  works 
employs  200  hands,  with  a  pay-roll  of  $10,000 
monthly,  and  uses  forty  horse-power  to  drive  the 
machinery,  which  consists  of  nine  lathes,  three 
planers,  three  drill  presses,  one  punch,  one  shearer, 
one  screw  cutter,  and  two  cupolas.  The  capital 
is  $200,000  with  a  product  of  from  $400,000  to 
$450,000,  and  a  consumption  of  2,000  tons  of  iron. 
They  have  lately  built  a  fifty  horse-power  steam 
engine  for  the  St.  Joseph  Flouring  Mill,  and  built 
the  large  engines  for  the  Leavenworth  coal  mines, 
besides  saw-mills  for  Salt  Lake  City,  and  the  archi- 
tectural iron  work  for  the  Leavenworth  court 
house.  The  success  of  this  company  shows  what 
enterprise  and  energy  may  accomplish  in  our  far 
Western  States. 

Joseph  Newsome. — Boilers  only. 

Ottawa,  Franklin  County. 
Machine  shops  of  Lawrence  and  Galveston 
Railroad. 

Topeka,  Shaionee  County. 
C.  P.  King  &  Son. — Iron  foundry,  bridge  and 
general  castings. 

J.  M.  Conelly. — General  machinery. 
Atchison,   Topeka  and   Santa    Fe  Railroad 
machine  shops. 

The  King  Iron  Bridge  Manufactory  and  Iron 
Works  of  lola,  finding  their  orders  increasing 
beyond  their  capacity  to  manufacture,  and  also 
that  the  facilities  for  transportation  at  lola  were 
inadequate,  reorganized  the  past  summer  by  incor- 
porating the  King  Bridge  Company,  of  Topeka, 
and  immediately  commenced  the  construction  of 
shops  on  a  grand  scale.  The  foundry  is  7GxT4G 
feet,  is  22  feet  high  in  the  clear,  contains  two 
cupolas  with  stack  80  feet  high,  and  will  run 
twelve  tons  of  iron  per  day.  Adjoining  this  on 
the  north  is  the  machine  shop,  80x158  feet  and 
two  stories  high,  the  second  story  to  be  used  for 
a  pattern  shop.  The  lower  story  will  contain  two 
steam  engines  of  forty  horse-power  each.  Imme- 
diately beyond  this  is  the  blacksmith  shop,  of  same 
size  as  foundry ;  while,  otf  the  machine  shop,  to 
the  east,  giving  the  whole  building  the  shape  oi 
the  letter  T,  is  the  arch  shop,  125x300  feet,  through 
which  crosses  a  railroad  track,  running  over  two 
of  Fairbanks'  scales  of  the  capacity  of  35  tons 
each.  This  shop  will  contain  all  tlie  machinery 
for  completing  the  bridges,  including  heavy  shears, 
punches,  etc.  It  is  proposed  to  build  the  King 
Patent  Bridge,  used  for  highways  only,  which  is 
made  entirely  of  iron  ;  the  Pratt  Truss  Bridge 
(iron)  for  highways  and  railroads;    the  Howe 


I 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Truss  Combination,  which  is  of  wood  and  iron, 
all  the  members  that  bear  strains  of  compression 
being  of  wood,  while  those  tliafc  bear  strains  of 
tension  are  made  of  iron  ;  and  in  short,  any  re- 
quired pattern,  besides  iron  piers,  both  cast  and 
wrought,  and  all  kinds  of  heavy  castings  generally. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works  of 
Kentucky. 

Howling  Green,   Warren  County. 

J.  EsPER  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Bowling 
Gi'een.    lion  foundry  and  general  machinery. 

Graham  &  Davy. — ^Location  of  works.  Bowling 
Green.  Iron  foundry  and  general  machine  cast- 
ings. 

Covington,  JTenton  County. 

Ignatius  Dorge  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Covington.    Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

G.  W.  Ball  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Cov- 
ington.   Ii-on  foundry,  general  castings. 

FouLDS  &  Wright. — Location  of  works,  Cov- 
ington. Machinery. 

Charles  Wirsing. — Location  of  works,  Cov- 
ington.   General  and  jobbing  machinery. 

Kentucky  Central  Railroad  Machine  Shops 
are  also  located  at  Covinjiton. 

Lexington,  Fayette  County. 

Brown  k  Timming. — Location  of  works,  Lex- 
ington.   General  machinery. 

SoNCKART  &  Mentell. — Location  of  works, 
Lexington.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Staehl  &  SiMcox — Location  of  works,  Lexing- 
ton.   Steam  engines. 

Louisville,  tTefferson  County. 

Louisville  Axle  Works. — Proprietors,  Aiken 
&  Druminond. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Specialty,  axles.    Number  of  hands  employed,  50. 

AiNSLiE,  Cochrane  &  Co. — Location  of  works, 
Louisville.    Iron  foundry,  and  boiler  makers. 

B.  F.  Abery  &  Son. — Location  of  works, 
Louisville.    Specialty,  plows. 

Billings,  Wayjian  &  Co.— Location  of  works, 
Louisville.    Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Brennan  &  Co.— Proprietors  South-western 
Agricultural  Works. —  Loca-tion  of  works,  Louis- 
ville.   Agricultural  machinery  and  implements. 

J.  B.  Davis. — Location  of  works,  Louisvilie. 
Iron  froundry,  general  castings. 

Fisher,  Leap  k  Co.,  High  Street  Foundry. 
— Location  of  works,  Louisville.    Iron  foundry. 

_  Ferguson  k  Son. — Location  of  works,  Louis- 
ville.   General  machinery. 


Herman  Fletcher. — Location  of 
ville.    General  machinery. 

Fulton   Machine    Shop. — ProprieJ 
Keyt.    Location  of  works,  Louisville, 
machinery. 

Ford,  Warren  k  Co. — Location  of  works," 
Louisville.    Iron  foundry.    General  castings. 

Gra^tger  &  Co. — Location  of  works,  Louis- 
ville.   Steam  engines,  iron  foundry,  etc. 

Hydraulic  Foundry. — Proprietors,  J.  Bar- 
broux  k  Co.  Location  of  works,  Louisville. 
Iron  foundry,  pipes,  etc. 

Kentucky  Machine  Works. — Proprietors,  J. 
O.  Campbell  &  Co.  Location  of  works,  Louis- 
ville.    General  machinery. 

Louisville  Architectural  Foundry. — Spe- 
cialty, architectural  iron. 

Market  Street  Architectural  Foundry. — 
Proprietors,  Snead  k  Co.  Architectural  iron 
work. 

G.  Martin  &  Son. — Bolts  and  nuts. 
J.  Meikly  &  Co. — Bolts  and  nuts. 
Metropolitan  Forge  &  Iron  Works.- — Forg- 
ings  and  castings. 

F.  W.  Merze. — Iron  foundry  and  safe  manu- 
facturer. 

Philip  Metzer. — Machinery  and  jobbing. 

Joseph  Mitchell. — Boilers  only. 

Patterson  k  Rice. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

John  Pearce. — Boiler  maker. 

R.  W.  Ramsey.— Boiler  maker. 

Charles  F.  Schleicher. — General  machinery. 

Crescent  Foundry.— Proprietors,  Sneed,  Sayre 
k  Co.    Iron  foundry. 

Maysville,  Mason  County. 
W.  H.  Baldwin  &Co. — Plows  and  agricultural 
machinery.    Number  of  hands  employed,  50. 
Thomas  K.  Ball. — Plow  manufactory. 

G.  S.  JuDD. — Steam  engines  and  machinery. 

J.  H.  Hall  k  Co. — Plows  only.  Number  of 
hands  "employed,  100. 

Newport,  Camphell  County. 

E.  Beecher. — General  machinery. 

Gaylord  Iron  and  Pipe  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Office,  Cincinnati,  O.  Specialty,  pipes.  {See 
Pipe  and  Tube  WorTis  of  Kentucky?) 

Paducah,  McCrachen  County. 

Jones  k  Leniiard. — Boilers  only. 

J.  H.  Johnson. — General  machinery. 

MoRAN,  Love  k  Co. — Boilers  only. 

Jordan,  Linning  k  Co. — General  iron  work 
and  machinery. 

Southern  Iron  Works. — L.  S.  Trimble,  Pres- 
dent;  W.  C.  Gates,  Secretary. 


20 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Paris,  JSourbon  County. 
E..  C.   Stewakt. — Ii-on   foundry.  Specialty, 
railings. 

B.  F.  Shaw. — General  machinery. 

Providence,  Webster  County. 
Leland  Woodson. — General  machinery. 

Steam  Engine  and   Machine  Works 
of  Louisiana. 

Algiers,  Orleans  Parish. 
J.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry.     General  cast- 
ings.   Machine  shops  of  Louisiana  and  Texas 
Railroad  Co. 

Amity  City,  St.  Helena  Parish. 
D.  B.  Gullet  &  Co. — Cotton  gin  machinery. 
Paton  Pouge,  East  Paton  Pouge  Parish. 
J.  &  O.  Arbouk  &  C©. — Iron  foundry  and  gen- 
eral machinery. 
Hart,  Arbour  &  Co. — Plows. 

Prashear  City,  St.  3fary''s  Parish. 
John  P.  Walter. — General  machinery. 
Henry  Watkins. — General  machinery. 

Carrollton,  Pefferson  Parish. 
George  Brooks.  \ 

John  Duman.  v    General  machinery. 

George  Pursglove.  ) 

Pefferson  City,  tTefferson  Parish. 
W.  H.  Phelan. — General  machinery. 
Henry  Satchell. — General  machinery. 

Jtladisonville,  St.  Tammany  Parish. 
Miles  B.  Hand. — Ii-on  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

JVapoleonville,  Claiborne  Parish. 
John  Fuller. 

E.  Gould.  I   General  and  jobbing  machin- 

D.  W.  Kelly.      [  ery. 
Horace  Mayn.  J 

JVew  Iberia,  Iberia  Parish.  . 
D.  Erdewan. — Iron  foundry.  Miscellaneous 
castings. 

N'ew  Orleans,  Orleans  Parish. 
W.  J.  J.  Armstrong. — Steam  engines  and  iron 
foundry. 

J.  Baumtlle.r. — Iron  foundry  and  railings. 
James  Carton. — Pumps. 

John  Clark. — Iron  foundry  and  general  ma- 
chinery. 

D.  Chonan. — Iron  foundry.    General  castings. 
W.  L.  Gushing. — General  machinery,  and  ma- 
chinery agent. 


D.  II.  Coleman. — Mill  machinery. 

L.  Duffy. — Iron  foundry.    General  castings. 

Southern  Iron  Works. — W.  T.  Ebert.  Gen- 
eral iron  work. 

D.  &  J.  D.  Edwards. — Iron  and  brass  foundry. 

Shakespeare  Foundry'. — Proprietors,  Sliakes- 
peare,  Smith  &  Co.  Iron  foundry,  miscellaneous 
work.    50  hands. 

D.  Graham. — Boilers  only. 

Novelty  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  William 
Golding.    General  ii^on  work. 

J.  W.  Harrison  &  Co. — Cotton-press  machin- 
ery. 

L.  Johnson. — Iron  fouudiy  and  machinery. 
Lagan  &  Mackison. — Steam  machinery  and 
boat  work. 

Leeds  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  sugar 
machinery  of  all  kinds,  saw-mills,  gins,  grate 
bars,  and  ordinary  castings.  Established  in 
1825.    Employ  250  hand.s. 

D.  McCann  &  Son. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery.   Number  of  hands  employed,  50. 

Mahan  &  Bro. — Boilers  only. 

M.  &  J.  Meagher. — Boiler  makers. 

Reynolds  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  W.  H. 
Reynolds.    General  machinery  and  iron  work. 

John  Ward. — Steam  engines  and  boilers. 

James  Walker. — General  machinery. 

Wynne  &  Tarr. — Steam  engines  and  boilers. 

Shrewcport,  Caddo  Parish. 

O.  L.  Chamberlain. — General  machinery. 

Shreveport  Foundry. — Proprietor,  T.  W. 
Jones.    Iron  foundry. 

J.  A.  Montgomery. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Tldhodeaux,  lafourche  Parish. 
T.  B.  Bodley. — General  machinery. 
Byrne  &  IIogan.— Iron  foundry  and  boilers. 
Beattie  &  Hare. — Iron  foundry,  miscellane- 
ous castings. 

Geary  &  McNeire. — Iron  foundry. 
M.  GuiLLOT. — General  machinery. 
Larken  &,  Grissmore. — General  machinery. 

'Vermillionville,  Lafayette  Parish. 
E.  GuiON. — General  machinery. 

Washington,  St.  Louis  Parish. 
John  McNichols. — Machinery. 
Leigh  McNichols. — Machinery. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machinery  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Maine. 

Augusta,  Kennebec  Coutity. 
Allen,  Small  &  Co. — Stationary  engines,  and 
planers,  and  shafting.    Established  18G7. 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENEKAL 


MACHESTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


21 


"Wm.  Gage. — Shingle  machinery,  etc, 

Thos.  Lombard. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

{See  also   Car  Works^  of  3Iaine.)     Number  of 

hands,  50. 

MooRLEN  &  Nurse. — Steam  engines,  shafting, 
etc. 

Sangor,  Penobscot  County. 

Samuel  Clement. — General  jobbing  machinery. 
D.  M.  Dunham  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

DiNSMOBE  &  Brackett. — General  machinery, 

Hinckley  &  Egeby  Iron  Co. — Steam  engines, 
saw-mill  machinery,  and  boilers.  Established 
1831.    50  hands  employed. 

Hinckley  &  Holt, — Iron  foundry,  miscellan- 
eous castings. 

Muzzy  Iron  Works. — Iron  foundry,  steam 
engines,  saw-mill  machinery.  Established  1842, 
Employ  50  hands. 

C.  V,  &  J,  W.  Ramsdell. — Fire-arms. 

I.  W.  Strange. — Machinery,  Dies  princi- 
pally. 

M.  Schwartz. — Iron  foundry  and  saws. 

Bath,  Sagadahoc  County. 

Bath  Iron  Foundry. — Proprietor,  T.  W. 
Hyde.    Iron  foundry. 

Crooker  &  Lilly. — Heavy  forgings,  anchors, 
etc. 

G.  Moulton  &  Co. — Machinery.  15  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Helfast,  Waldo  County. 

Belfast  Foundry  Co. — President,  J.  P.  White  ; 
Treasurer,  J.  C.  Abbott.  Ship  and  mill  work. 
Established  1819. 

Howard,  Thorndike  &  Co. — General  machin- 
ery. 

Hiddeford,  York  County. 

Andrews  &  Son. — General  iron  work, 

Cocheco  Loom  Picker  Manufacturing  Co, — 
Cotton  mill  machinery. 

Everett  Sewing  Machine  Co. — C.  A.  Shaw, 
President;  T.  Shaw,  Jr.,  Treasurer,  Capital, 
$100,000.    Sewing  macliines. 

Hardy  Machine  Co. — C.  Hardy,  Agent  and 
Treasurer.  General  and  mill  machinery.  Estab- 
lished 1865,    Capital,  $75,000, 

Wm.  T.  Harrolin  &  Co.— Machinery. 

Perkins  k  Emery. — Machinery. 

Saco  Water  Power  Machine  Shop. — S.  W. 
Richardson,  Treasurer;  J.  H.  McMullan,  Agent. 
Cotton  and  woollen  machinery.  Capital,  $300,000. 

Pepperill  Manufacturing  Co.'s  Machine 
Shops.  ^ — Mill  machinery. 

Thos.  Woodman. — General  machinery. 


Uridgeton,  Cumberland  County. 

Bailey  &  Miller. — Works  at  Forest  Mills. 
Iron  foundry  and  machineiy. 

L.  Cannon  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Wm.  Canon. — Iron  foundry. 

J.  Fogg. — Agricultiiral  implements. 

Burlington,  Penobscot  County. 

B.  Fox. — Machinery. 

Calais,  Washington  County. 

Wm.  McDonald. — General  machinery. 

Peabody  &  Crangle  Bros. — General  machin- 
ery. {See  also  Car  Works  of  3Iaine.)  Hands  em- 
ployed, 25. 

Wm.  E.  Stayton. — Iron  foundry. 

Machine  shops  of  St.  Croix  and  Penobscot 
Railroad  Co. 

Camden,  Knox  County. 

H.  E.  &  W.  G.  Allen. — Anchors  and  forgings. 
20  hands  employed. 

Geo.  U.  Barston  &  Sons. — Patent  heading  ma- 
chines. 

D.  Knowlton  &  Co. — Railroad  Spikes.  {See 
also  Car  Works  of  Maine). 

Canton,  Oxford  County. 
A.  &  R.  A.  Barrows. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  B.  Fuller. — Machinery. 

Dennuwk,  Oxford  County. 
L.  A.  Berry. — General  machinery. 

Dexter,  Penobscot  County. 

C.  Fitzgerald. — General  machinery. 
Thomas  E.  Rogers  k  Co. — Shingle  and  drill 

machinery. 

Dexter  Mills  Corporation  Machine  Shop. — 
Cotton  mill  machinery  for  the  Dexter  Mills. 

V.  S.  Palmer. — Iron  foundry,  principally 
stoves. 

Dover,  Piscataquis  County. 
Piscataquis  Iron  Foundry. — General  castings. 

Eastport,  Washington  County. 
Standish  &  Pierce. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Falmouth,  Cumberland  County. 
3.  G.  Leighton. — Machinery. 
Presumpscott  Iron  Co, — Iron  foundry. 

Farmington,  Franldin  County. 
R.  J.  Morton. — Plows. 
A.  G.  Wheeler. — Machinery, 
Machine  Shops  of  Androscoggin  Railroad  Co. 


22 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEKEEAL  MACniNE  WORKS,  ETC, 


Foxcroft,  Piscataquis  County. 
Piscataquis  Foundry  Co. — Shingle,  clapboard, 
water-wheel,  mill,  and  agiicultural  machinery. 
Stove  and  general  castings.     B.  B.  Vaughan, 
Treasurer. 

Ga/rdiner,  ITennebec  Cownty. 

W.  E.  Atwood. — General  machinery. 

Eldridge  Drake. — General  machinery. 

Gardiner  Spring  Works. — Specialty,  springs. 

Philip  C.  Holmes  &l  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery.    Established  1830.    Large  works. 

J.  E.  Ladd  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Kennebec  Steam  Iron  Works. — Proprietors, 
C.  A.  Robbins  &  Sons.  Established  1832.  Foun- 
dry and  general  machinery. 

H.  Scribner,  Jr. — General  machinery. 

Hallowell,  Jvennehec  County. 

Hallowell  Iron  Foundry. — General  castings. 

Eagle  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Geo.  B.  Mc- 
Glinch.  Steam  engines,  boilers,  iron  and  brass 
castings. 

Harrison,  Cumberland  County. 

S.  H.  Dawes. — Machinery. 

T.  H.  Picker  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry,  miscel- 
laneous castings. 

C.  C.  W.  Sajipson.— General  machinery. 

P.  ToLMAN  <fe  Co. — Wire  mills.  Long  estab- 
lished, and  with  large  prodvicts. 

IKennebunk,  York  County. 
J.  H.  Ferguson. — General  machinery. 
J.  &  G.  Varney. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Lewiston,  Androscoggin  County. 
Lewiston  Machine   Co. — J.  W.  Danielson, 
Treasurer. 

E.  H.  Cummings,  Agent.— Capital,  $100,000. 
Cotton  and  woollen  mill  machinery. 

E.  E.  Wheeler. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

J.  A.  Whiteman. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Liberty,  Waldo  County. 
R.  H.  GiLMAN. — Iron  foundry.  Agricultural 
implements. 

John  N.  Gilman. — Machinist. 

Lisbon,  Androscoggin  County. 
Androscoggin  Water  Power  Co. — General 
iron  work. 

Machias,  Washington  County. 
Getchell  &  Sargent. — Iron  foundry  and  ma 
chinery,  ship  and  mill  work. 


North  Berwick,  York  County. 
T.  B.  Hussey. — Agricultural  implements. 

Norway,  Oxford  County. 
R.  Evans. — General  machinery. 
J.  J.  Hayden. — Iron  foundry. 

Old  Town,  Penobscot  County. 
Thos.  M.  Chapman. — Machinery. 
Bangor    and    Piscataquis    Railroad  machine 
shops. 

European  and  North  American  Railroad  ma- 
chine shops. 

Paris,  Oxford  County. 
F.  C.  Merrill. — Machinery. 

Pembroke,  Washington  County. 
Alex.  McFall. — Machinery. 

Portland,  Cumberland  County. 
John  E.  Coffin.— Bookbinders'  machinery. 
Kendall   &  Whitney. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

E.  M.  Lang. — Machinery. 

Portland  Co. — Jacob  McClellan,  Treasurer. 
General  machinery  and  iron  work.  400  hands  em- 
ployed.   Capital,  1300,000. 

Presumpscott  Iron  Co. — F.  McDonald,  Presi- 
dent. G.  E.  B.  Jackson,  Treasurer.  Works  at 
Dening.  Forgings  and  iron  work.  Hands  employed, 
40. 

QuiNN  &  Co. — Machinery  and  boilers. 
Reidey   &  Kelly. — Iron  foundry.  General 
castings. 

Chas.  Staples  &  Son. — Iron  foundry.  General 
castings. 

John  Stinchcomb. — Iron  foundry. 

D.  Winslow  &  Son. — General  machinery. 

Rockland,  ITnox  County. 
C.  W.  Milliken. — Machinery. 
Philo  Thurston  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Sacarappa,   Cumberland  County. 

J.  R.  Andrews. — Machinery. 

Knowlton  Brothers. — Machinery,  iron  foun- 
dry, etc.  Knowlton's  improved  turbine  water 
wheels. 

Warren  &  Pennel. — Wire  drawers. 
O.  B.  Walker. — Iron  foundry. 

Saco,  York  County. 

Saco  Water  Power  Machine  Shop. — S.  W. 
Richardson,  Superintendent.  Machinery. 

York  Manufaturing  Co. — Iron  and  machiu- 
ery. 

Jas.  Freeman. — Machinery. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


23 


H.  Woodman. — Machinery. 

Skowhegan,  Somerset  County. 

M.  Willis. — Water  wheels,  agricultural  and 
general  machinery. 

Skowhegan  is  also  a  celebrated  axe  manufactur- 
ing town,  having  three  axe  factories  of  large  pro- 
duct. 

Spriiigjield,  Penobscot  County. 
Lombard  &  Johnson. — Machinery. 
M.  S.  ScRiBNEK. — Machinery. 

Thomaston,  I^nox  County. 
Wm.  E.  Crawford. — Iron  foundry.  General 
castings. 

Union,  ITnox  County. 
Geo.  E.  Gay. — Machinery. 
Jones  Brothers. — Iron  foundry.  Miscellan- 
eous castings. 

Unity,  Waldo  County. 
J.  B.  HusSEY. — Specialty,  plows. 
T.  B.  HussEY  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry.  Agricul- 
tural castings. 

Waldoborough,  Lincoln  County, 
J.  P.  Boyd. — Iron  and  brass  foundry. 

Warren,  I^nox  County. 

Marstin  Huse. — Machinery. 
G.  W.  TiNKEN. — Machinery. 

Waterford,  Oxford  County. 
Wm.  Douglas. — Machinery. 
S.  A.  Miller. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Waterville,  I^ennebec  County. 
Benjamin  &  Allen. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Joseph  Percival. — Iron  foundry. 

Webber  &  Haviland. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Maine  Central  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Waterville  is  also  celebrated  for  scythes  and 
axe  factories  located  here. 

TFayne,  Kennehec  County. 
L.  W.  Filebrown. — General  machinery. 

Welton,  Franklin  County. 
A.  HoBBS. — Agricultural  implements. 
L.  C.  Stockin. — Machinery. 

-  ■  Winthro}),  Kennebec  County. 

Luther  Whitman. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Yarmouth,  Cumberland  County. 
G.  P.  Thompson. — General  machinery. 
d 


Steam  Engine  and   Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Maryland. 

JSaltimorc,  IBaltimore  County. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Machine  Shops. 
Build  and  rejjair  locomotives,  cars,  general  iron 
work,  etc. 

Bartlett,  Bobbins  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  mis- 
cellaneous castings. 

Baltimore  Steam  Boiler  Works. — Boilers 
only. 

James  Bates. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

F.  L.  Bates. — Machinery. 
B.  S.  Benson. — Machinery. 

J.  N.  Blake. — Iron  foundry,  miscellaneous 
castings. 

Brockmeyer,  Waltz  &  Co. — Iron  foiindi-y. 
Caroline  Iron  Works. — H.  C.  Larrabee,  jiro- 
prietor.    General  iron  work. 

Clark,  Cahill  &  Co. — Machinery  and  boilers. 

James  Clauk  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Joseph  Clarkson  &  Son. — Machinery. 

E.  G.  Codd  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  boilers. 

Colman  &  Taylor. — Boiler  makers. 

Denmead  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

G.  W.  Depew  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
DuFUR  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  railings. 
Duvall  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  iron  foun- 
dry. 

Flinn  &  Emerick. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

E.  H.  Frazier. — Machinery,  nuts  and  washers. 
Griffith  <fe  Marquette. — Machinery. 

F.  W.  Heath. — Iron  foundry. 
Geo.  W.  Irwin. — Machinery. 
J.  Jones. — Spikes. 

KiLGUM  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

J.  G.  Kreamer. — Machinery. 

Lacy  &  Co. — Iron  foundiy.  . 

T.  J.  Lapslevt. — Steam  engines. 

Litchfield  &  McMillan. — Machinery. 

Murray,  Clark  <fc  Co. — Machinery. 

MuRRELL  &  Keizer. — Machinery. 

Northern  Central  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Geo.  Page  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

Poole  &  Hunt. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

Chesapeake  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Amos 
Price.    General  iron  work. 

Chas.  Reeder  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Casper  Riegg. — Machinery. 

James  Russell. — Iron  foundry,  iron  and  brass 
castings. 

Schultz  &  Wilson. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Herman  Schultz. — Iron  foundry. 


24 


DERECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACHmE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


S.  B.  Sexton  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  mis- 
cellaneous castings. 

Isaac  Shepard  &  Co.^ — Iron  foundry.  Spe- 
cialty, stoves.  {See  Stove  Works  of  3Iaryland.) 
Number  of  hands  employed,  150.  Consumption 
of  iron,  0,000  tons  annually. 

Sno\toon  &  CoNOMAN. — Irou  foundry,  mis- 
cellaneous castings. 

Samuel  G.  Taylor. — Machinery. 

W.  H.  Thomas  &.  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Monumental  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Towers 
Bros.  &  Co.  Iron  foundry,  miscellaneous  cast- 
ings. 

Union  Manufacturing  Co. — D.  B.  Banks, 
President.    General  machinery. 

A.  Weiskettel. — Iron  foundry. 

Geo.  H.  Whitney. — General  machinery. 
"Wm.  Wood  &  Co. — Steam  heating  apparatus. 

JBoonsborouffh,  Washington  County. 
D.  McGinley  — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Cambridge,  Dorchester  County. 
W.  Fountain. — Machinery. 
T.  E.  Wright. — Agricultural  implements. 

Cumberland,  Alleghany  County. 
Hill,  Gephart  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  iron 
foundry. 

W.  W.  McKaig  &  Son. — Steam  engines  and 
iron  foundry. 

Cumberland  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Proprietors,  Mill,  Oliphant  &  Co.  Machinery 
and  castings. 

Easton,  Talbot  County. 

T.  J.  Jones. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Tutthill  &  Avery. — Agricultural  implements 
and  iron  foundry. 

•Maryland  and  Delaware  Railroad  Machine 
shops. 

Elkton,  Cecil  County. 
McCullough  &  Co. — Iron  and  machinery. 
P.  J.  Smith  &  Co. — Elkton  steam  engine  works. 
Steam  engines  and  machinery. 

EUicott  City,  Howard  County. 
John  Gaw  &  Co.— Machinery. 

B.  Gamboil  &  Son.— Agricultural  implements. 
R.  H.  Reynolds. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Emmettsburgh,  Frederick  County. 
Thos.  Fraley  &  Son. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

Nathaniel  Row. — Machinery. 

Frederick,  Frederick  County. 
H.  Panipler. — Iron  works  and  machinery. 


Calvin  Page. — Iron  woi'ks  and  machinery. 
Stewart  &  Price. — Agricultural  implements. 

Frosthurg,  Alleghany  County. 
R.  Paul. — Machinei-y. 
T.  H.  Paul. — Iron  foundry. 
Consolidation  Coal  Co. — Foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Galena,  Kent  County 
W.  A.  Hyland   &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machineiy. 

Sagerstown,  Washington  County. 

Batchel,  Cochrane  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Hagerstown  Agricultural  Implement  Co. — 
John  H.  Cook,  Superintendent.  Agricultural 
implements  and  machinery. 

Hall  &  Rollins. — Agricultural  implements. 

Jones  &  Miller.- — Machinery. 

Port  Deposit,  Cecil  County. 
Armstrong  &  Co. — Iron  foundiy  and  machiu' 
eiy,  plows  and  hollow  ware. 

S.  R.  Carson. — Agricultural  implements. 

liising  Sun,  Cecil  County. 
J.  T.  Bowden. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

E.  Hanes. — Machinery. 
B.  C.  &  R.  Reynolds. — Iron  foundiy. 
Jackson  &  Davis. — -Iron  foundry. 
J.  M.  Hunt. — Machinery. 

Union  Bridge,  Carroll  County. 
T.  W.  Russell. — Machinery. 
Western  Maryland  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Westminster,  Carroll  County. 
W.  H.   Harman  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  an( 
threshing  machinery.     Numl)er   of  hands  em 
ployed,  22. 

Wagner  &  Mathews. — Iron  foundry,  genera 
castings. 

Steam  Engines,  Machine  Works,  an< 
Iron  Foundries  of  Massachusetts. 

Abington,  Plymouth  County. 

E.  A.  Kimball  &  Co.— Machinery,  principall 
shoe  machinery. 

J.  K.  Young. — General  machinery. 

Abington  is  also  celebrated  for  the  manufactui 
of  nails  and  tacks,  having  four  establishments  d( 
ing  a  large  business. 

Adams,  Berkshire  County. 
D.  D.  Allen. — Machinery. 
James  Allen. — Machinery. 
Burlingham  &  Darbys.— Machinery. 


DIRECTOEY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


25 


James  C.  Ciiampney. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

J.  B.  &  E.  P.  Sakgent.— Machinery. 

D.  Wheeler. — lion  foundry  and  machinery. 

Ameshury,  Essex  County. 
Wadlin  &  Pettengill. — Machinery. 
J.  B.  Sargent. — Axles. 

jl7nherst,  Hampshire  County. 
P.  Dickenson. — General  machinery. 
Nathan  Olney.— General  machinery. 

E.  W.  Osgood. — Machinery. 

A.ndover,  Essex  County. 
John  R.  Loring. — General  machinery. 

Arlington,  Middlesex  County, 
J.  C.  IIoBBS  &  Son. — Machinery  and  edge  tools. 

Athol,  Worcester  County. 
Athol  Machine  Co. — J.  P.  Parmenter,  Treas- 
\irer ;  L.  S.  Starrett,  Agent.    Meat  and  vegetable 
chopping   machinery.    Number   of    hands  em- 
ployed, 40. 

D.  W.  Houghton.— Iron  foundry.  Product 
valued  at  $25,000.  Specialty,  small  castings  and 
novelty  printing  presses. 

J.  &  A.  Oliver. — Machinery. 

C.  F.  Richardson. — Machinery  and  jobbing. 

Attleboro,  Bristol  County. 
T.  Blakley. — Machinery. 
Bosvvorth  Machine  Shop. — General  macliinery. 
W.  M.  Stone. — Machinery. 
Wilcox  &   Burnett. — Jewellers'   lathes  and 
tools. 

H.  West. — Hat  and  bonnet  pressing  machin- 
ery. 

Ayre,  Jliddlesex  County. 
Ames  Plow  Co. — Office,  Worcester.  Capital, 
$400,000.  Hands  employed,  350.  President, 
Oliver  Ames ;  Treasurer,  E.  K.  Simon.  Ware- 
houses, Beekman  Street,  New  York,  and  Quincy 
Hall,  Boston.    Plows  and  agricultural  machinery. 

Jialdwinsville,  Worcester  County. 
James  Sampson. — Machinery. 

Barre,  Worcester  County. 
Stephen  Heald  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery.    Planes,  screws,  carriage  and  match- 
ing machines,  keg  machinery,  turbine  wheels,  iron 
fences,  etc. 

Bedford,  Middlesex  County. 
MosES  Page. — General  machinery. 

Bellingltam  Norfolk  County. 
Emery  B.  Cook. — General  machinery. 


Beverly,  Essex  County. 
B.  Raymond. — General  machinery. 

Bernardston,  Franlclln  County. 
E.  S.  HuLBERT. — Agricultural  implements  and 
tools. 

Blackstone,  Worcester  County. 

American  Twist  Drill  Co. — Machineiy  and 
lathe  tools. 

E.  S.  Hall. — General  machinery. 
J.  C.  Scott  &  Co.^ — Macliinery. 

Boston,  Suffolk  County. 
Engine  and  Machine  Works. 
Allen  &   Endicott. — Steam   engines.  Cam- 
bridgeport. 

American  Steam  Safe  Co.- — President,  A.  Jack- 
son ;  Treasurer,  S.  J.  Ballon ;  General  Superin- 
tendent, G.  L.  Damon.  Specialty,  steam  fire-proof 
safes.    51  and  53  Sudbury  Street. 

American  Tool  and  Machine  Co. — H.  B.  Cobb, 
Treasurer,  84  Kingston  Street;  B.  F.  Radford, 
Superintendent.  Lathes,  pulleys,  hangers,  shaft- 
ings, etc. 

M.  M.  Ammidown.- — Drill  press  machineiy  and 
machine  tools. 

American  Steam  Gauge  Co. — A.  N.  Clark, 
Treasurer,  38  Cliardon  Street.  Steam  engines  and 
gauges. 

Atlantic  Works. — Marine  and  stationary  en- 
gines, boilers,  etc.  Works,  72  Border  Street, 
East  Boston.  This  works  has  now  in  hand  a 
government  contract  for  steam  engines  for  rev- 
enue  cutters,  amounting  to  $600,000. 

E.  H.  AsHCROFT. — Steam  gauges  and  low  water 
detectors.    55  Sudbury  Street. 

Bates,  Hyde  &  Co. — Cotton  gin  manufacturers. 
136  Washington  Street. 

George  Baynton. — Machinery.  Sanford,  near 
Cedar  Street.    Works,  Milton  Lower  Falls. 

L.  L.  Barber. — Sewing  machines.  9  Green 
Street. 

Baldwin  &  Clark. — Elevators  and  hoisting  ma- 
chinery. 

George  M.  Bird  &.  Co. — 70  Lewis  Street,  East 
Boston.  Marine,  stationary,  and  jiortable  engines, 
hoisting  machinery,  and  boilers.   Established  1850. 

George  B.  Brayton. — Specialty,  gas-engines. 
1  Pemberton  Square. 

George  F.  Blake  &  Co. — Causway  and  Friend 
Streets.    Specialty,  steam  pumps  and  meters. 

Braman,  Dow  &  Co. — 3  Haymarket  Square. 
Steam  heating  apparatus,  valves,  etc. 

Boston  Machine  Co. — Steam  engines  and  gen- 
eral machinery  of  all  kinds.  W.  H.  Oliver, 
Treasurer ;  8  Oliver  Street,  and  Granite,  corner 
of  West  First  Street. 


26 


DIRECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Boston  <fe  Maine  R.  R.  Machine  Shop.  Em- 
ploy 100  hands. 

Boston  &  Lowell  R.  R.  Machine  Shop. 

Boston  Forge  Co. — James  Smith,  Treasurer. 
Railroad  work,  locomotive  frames,  anchors,  axles. 
Number  of  hands,  50.  Established  1856.  Foot 
of  Maverick  Street. 

Cable  Screw  Wire  Machine  Manufacturing 
Company. — 133  Summer  Street.    50  hands. 

Campbell,  Whittier  &  Co. — Steam  engines, 
boilers,  steam  heating  machinery  and  pipe.  1176 
Tremont  Street. 

F.  P.  Canfield. — Hoisting  machinery,  96 
Utica  Street. 

S.  E.  Chubbuck  &  Sons. — 971  Tremont  Street. 
Steam  hoisting  apparatus  and  pipe. 

Cook,  Rymes  &  Co. — 17  Court  Street.  Steam 
portable  engines  and  boilers.   Works,  Charlesto  wn. 

Chemical  Fire  Engine  Co. — 75  Kingston 
Street.  L.  M.  Child,  President ;  C.  Blacke,  Treas- 
urer. 

J.  M.  Duncan. — Millwrights'  and  general  mill 
machinery.    3  Eastern  Avenue. 

Deane  &  Co. — Steam  and  screw  presses. 

Fearing,  Bodman  &  Swift. — Anchors,  chains, 
cranes,  and  heavy  forgings.  23  and  25  Commercial 
Street. 

Charles  M.  Field. — General  machinery.  19 
Plympton  Street. 

C.  E.  Gibbs. — Dies  and  punches,  steel  rolls,  etc. 

Hide  &  Leather  Machine  Co. — C.  Guild,  Jr., 
Treasurer.  Established  18G7.  Leather  dressing 
machinery.    198  Congress  Street. 

G.  C.  Hawkins. — Engines  and  shoe  machinery. 
Hershey  Bros. — Steam  engines  and  machin- 
ery.   2d,  corner  E  Street. 

HiNKLEY  &  Williams. — 439  Albany  Street. 
{See  Locomotive  Works.')  Iron  foundry,  machin- 
ery, boilers,  tanks,  etc.  President,  Adams  Ayer ; 
Treasurer,  F.  L.  BuUard ;  Superintendent,  H.  L. 
Leach.    Harrison  Avenue. 

Holmes  &  Blanchard. — 35  Haymarket  Square. 
Portable  mills  and  mill  gearing. 

C.  &  G.  HoLLis. — Garden  and  portable  (small) 
engines. 

Hydraulic  Meter  and  Motor  Association. 
— H.  F.  Wheeler,  Treasurer.  71  Lincoln  Street. 
Hydraulic  machinery. 

Gear  Machine  Co. — A.  S.  Gear,  56  Sudbury 
Street. 

W.  P.  Hunt. — Vises  and  tools. 
T.  H.  Leavitt.— 27  Central   Street.  Peat 
mills  and  stone  cutting  machinery. 

H.  Loring. — City  Place.  Engines,  boilers  and 
machinery.    Works,  South  Boston. 

Aug.  J.  Lynch  &  Co. — 8|  Oliver  Street.  Hun- 
toon  govei-nor  for  stationary  and  marine  engines. 


George  McLauthlin. — 120  Fulton  Street. 
Mill,  water  wheel,  elevator  machinery,  safes  and 
boilers. 

Charles  R.  McLean. — Engines  and  mill  ma- 
chinery.    100  Lewis  Sti-eet,  East  Boston. 

A.  G.  Mead. — Light  machinery,  jewellers' 
lathes,  etc.    90  Utica  Street. 

James  A.  Maynard. — East  Boston.  Boilers, 
valves,  engines,  tanks,  car  wheel  hubs,  etc. 

J.  S.  Newell  &  Co. — General  machinery.  53 
and  55  Haverhill  Street. 

New  England  Pump  Manufacturing  Co. — 
J.  M.  Tarbox,  Secretary.    24  Friend  Street. 

Louis  OsBORN. — 74  Lewis  Street.  Stationary 
and  portable  engines,  boilers  and  boiler  fittings. 

Old  Colony  &  Newport  R.  R.  Machine  Shop. 

Parker  &  Gannatt. — Agricultural  implements. 
40  New  Market  Street. 

Platt  Bros.  &  Co. — Cotton  gin  manufactur- 
ers.   60  Devonshire  Street. 

R.  W.  Pratt  &  Co. — Engines,  elevators,  and 
boilers. 

S.  H.  Roper. — Roper's  Caloric  engines  and  ma- 
chinery.   82  Hampden  Street. 

Rawson  &  Hittinger. — Cambridgeport.  Ma- 
chinery. 

N.  B.  Sherman. — Agricultural  implements. 
38  Old  State  House. 

H.  N.  Stone. — Machinery,  vises,  and  ship  work. 
132  Commercial  Street. 

S.  F.  Summers  &  Co. — Boilers  and  machinery. 
63  Beverly  Street. 

Spaulding  &  Staples. — Light  machinery,  work- 
ing models,  etc. 

B.  F.  Surtevant. — Sturtevant  blower  machin- 
ery.   72  Sudbury  Street. 

C.  Tufts  &  Co. — Elevator  manufacturers.  37 
Foundry  Street. 

S.  A.  Woods  &  Co. — Plauuig  machinery.  67 
Svidbury  Street. 

C.  WooLEY  &  Co. — Dredging  machines.  92 
Commercial  Street. 

John  Wooley. — Vises  and  machinery.  37 
Salutation  Street. 

Peet  Valve  Co. — Steam,  water,  and  gas  valves. 
152  Hampden. 

Dearborn,  Robinson  &  Co. — Shafting,  R.  R. 
work,  etc. 

Boston  Iron  Foundries. 

{See  also  Stove  Foundries  of  3fassachuseUs  / 
Cast  and  Wrought  Pipe  Works  o  f  3Iassachusetts.) 

Bird  &  Green.— General  castings. 

Besbee,  Endicott  &  Co. — General  castings. 

Bay  State  Moulding  Mills,  J.  F.  Paul  & 
Co. — Miscellaneous  castings. 

GoRHAM,  Blake  &  Co. — Malleable  and  general 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


castings,  sewing  macliine  works,  etc.  "Works  at 
Dedham. 

Central  Iron  Foundry. — Dyer  &  Guruey. 
202  Border  Street. 

Chelmsford  Iron  Foundry  Co. — Gr.  T.  Shel- 
don, 48  Beverly  Street. 

City  Iron  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Vance  & 
Co.,  198  Second  Street,  South  Boston.  Number 
of  hands  employed,  50.    Established  1866. 

Eureka  Iron  Foundry. — J.  D.  Howard,  Earl 
near  Dorr  Street.    Number  of  hands  employed,  30. 

Fulton  Iron  Foundry  Co. — C.  A.  Thacher, 
Treasurer,  39  Broad  Street,  South  Boston.  These 
works  are  extensive,  and  cover  an  area  of  over  two 
acres.  There  are  three  cupola  furnaces,  consum- 
ing over  3,000  tons  of  iron  annually,  and  employ 
over~100  hands. 

Alonzo  Josselyn. — General  castings.  164 
Buggies  Street. 

Joseph  L.  Roberts  &  Co. — Ornamental  iron 
work. 

Shawmut  Iron  Works. — H.  L.  Dalton,  Presi- 
dent ;  W.  J.  Bride,  Ti-easurer.  Office,  24  Oliver 
Street.  Works,  Cambridgeport.  Steam,  gas,  and 
lead  pipes,  and  light  iron  castings. 

South  Boston  Iron  Co. — Cannon  and  heavy 
castings,  statuary,  etc.,  of  iron  and  bronze.  Works 
South  Boston.  W.  P.  Hunt,  Treasurer.  55 
Foundry  Street. 

Tremont  Iron  Foundry  Co. — Hampshire  and 
Culvert  Streets. 

Walworth  Manufaotubing  Co. — J.  J.  Wal- 
worth, Treasurer ;  M.  S.  Scudder,  Secretai-y  ;  C. 
C.  Walworth,  Manager.  Iron  and  brass  foundry 
and  machinery.  Employ  over  300  men.  Works, 
Cambridgeport.  Specialty,  wrought  iron  pipe, 
valves  and  fittings,  gas  and  steam  fitters'  tools. — 
{See  also  J'ijje  Works  of  llassachusetts).  Chi- 
cago office,  243  and  245  Lake  Street. 

Whiting's  Iron  Foundry. — L.  F.  Whiting, 
Proprietor;  B.  E.  Whiting,  Agent.  Miscellan- 
eous castings.    Kemble,  near  Hampden  Street. 

Iron  Fences  and  Fronts. 

BuBiER  ife  Co. — Ornamental  iron  work,  fences, 
builders'  hardware,  etc.    23  Exchange  Street. 

E.  A.  Babb  &  Co. — 130  Harrison  Avenue. 

Otis  Bramhall. — 56  Cove  Street. 

A.  E,.  Chadwick. — Fences,  railings,  etc. 

Goldie  Bros. — Fences,  railings,  etc. 

R.  Graves  &  Co. — Fences,  railings,  e+c. 

L.  M.  Ham, — Iron  fronts,  pillars,  bridge  work, 
etc.    158  Portland  Street. 

L.  Mason. — Iron  fences,  railings,  etc. 

A.  E.  Robinson. — Iron  fences,  railings,  and 
carriage  work.     185  West  Second  Street. 

Smith  &  Van   Norden. — Iron  fronts,  bank 


vaults,  steel  safes,  iron  doors,  shutters,  eic.>,^«p-jrj 
tablished  1850.    394  Harrison  Avenue.  ^'sXK 

J  AS.  W.  Wilson  &  Co. — Iron  fences,  railings, 
etc.    100  Lowell  Street. 

Boston  Corrugated  Iron  Co. — 5  Pemberton 
Square. 

Boiler  Makers. 
[See  Steam  Engine  Works  aud  3Iaehinery.) 
Atlantic  Works. — 72  Border,  East  Boston. 
Campbell,  Whittier  &  Co. — 1176  Tremont 
Street. 

S.  E.  Chubbuck  &  Sons. — 971  Tremont  Street. 
T.  S.  Clogston  &  Co.— 80  and  82  Sudbury 
Street. 

Cook,  Rymes  &  Co. — Corner  Water  and  Cham- 
ber Streets,  Charlestown. 

T.  Cunningham. — 29  Water  Street,  Charles- 
town. 

Exeter  Machine  Works. — 76  Portland  Street. 
M.  Hanford. — 8  Oliver  Street. 
Hill,  Clark  &  Co. — Corner  Milk  and  Oliver. 
E.  Hodge  &  Co. — 160  Liverpool  Street,  East 
Boston. 

J.  W.  Lally. — Fii'st  and  Granite  Streets. 

Harrison  Loring. — City  Point. 

G.  T.  McLauthlin  &  Co.— 120  Fulton  Street. 

Mellen,  Williams  &  Co.- — 55  Sears  Building. 

Geo.  Miles. — First,  near  B. 

L.  OsBORN  &  Co. — 74  Lewis  Street,  East  Boston. 

Robinson  Boiler  Works. — New  Street,  East 
Boston.    Office,  28  State  Street. 

Robinson  Boiler  Works.— New  Street,  East 
Boston.    Office,  28  State  Street. 

John  Souther  &  Co. — Foot  of  A  Street. 

Hinckley  Locomotive  Works. — 439  Albany 
Street. 

S.  A.  Woods   Machine    Co. — 67  Sudbury 
Street. 

JBridgewater,  Plymouth  County. 

Bates,  Hyde  &  Eagle. — Cotton  gin  machinery. 
Office,  Boston. 

Bridgewater  Iron  Manufacturing  Co. — {See 
also  Pipe  and  Tube  Works.)  N.  Stetson,  Treas- 
urer and  Agent.  Castings,  machinery,  forgings, 
tubes,  tools,  tacks,  and  general  iron  work. 
Established  1810.  Works  very  extensive,  em- 
ploying 500  hands. 

Lazell,  Perkins  &  Co. — General  machinery 
and  nails.  Connected  with  Bridgewater  Iron 
Manufacturing  Co. 

Henry  Perkins. — Iron  foundry.  General  and 
special  castings. 

Southern  Cotton  Gin  Co. — J.  E.  Carver, 
Agent.  Cotton  gin  and  other  machinery,  and  iron 
foundry.  t 

Silas  Burgess. — General  machinery. 


28 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


E.  Carver  &  Co. — General  and  specialty  ma- 
chinery, tools,  etc.  Very  heavy  work  and  large 
trade. 

Samuel  Kenn  &  Co. — General  macliinery. 

Urookfield,  Worcester  County. 
J.  &  M.  HoBBS. — General  machinery. 
J.  MouLTON. — Iron  foundry.  Miscellaneous 
castings. 

Cambridge,  3Tiddlesex  County. 

Allen  &  Endk  ott. — Iron  foundry  and  boilers. 

Boston  Car  Wheel  Co.— Iron  foundry.  {See 
Car  Wheel  Works.) 

O.  S.  Bullock. — General  machinery. 

Broadway  Iron  Foundry.— H.  M.  Bird,  Pro- 
prietor.   General  castings. 

Kendall  &  Roberts. — Iron  foundry  and  boil- 
ers. 

Rawson  &  HiTTiNGER. — Steam  engines  and  iron 
foundry. 

SiiAWMUT  Iron  Works. — [See  Pipe  and  Tube 
Works  of  Mass.) 
Amos  WniTMORE.—Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Canton,  Norfolk  County. 

Thos.  Blanchard. — Machinery. 

C.  Belcher. — Iron  foundry.    Small  castings. 

Kinsley  Iron  and  Machine  Co. — Oliver  Ames, 
President;  E.  R.  Eager,  Treasurer.  Forgings, 
axles,  and  castings.  Works  employs  over  300 
hands.    {See  Holling  3IiUs  of  3Iass.) 

Franklin  Reed. — Machinery  and  hardware 
manufiicturers. 

L.  R.  Wattles  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Charlestown,  Middlesex  County. 

Codding  &  Davis. — Iron  foundry.  General 
castings,  steam-engines,  etc. 

Cook,  Rymes  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  General 
castings.    80  hands. 

T.  Cunningham. — Boiler  maker.  Hands  em- 
ployed, 50. 

Fitch  burg  R.  R.  Machine  Shop. 

E.  Kelly. — Boilers  only. 

Chelmsford,  Middlesex  County. 

Roby  Manufa(jturing  Co. — .J.  W.  Abbott, 
Treasurer;  C.  Cobwen,  Agent.  Agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Silver  &  Gay. — Machinery. 

Chelsea,  Suffolk  County. 

Chelsea  Iron  Foundry. — General  castings. 

Magee  Furnace  Co. — S.  Bowman,  President; 
W.  E.  Smith,  Treasurer.  Warehouse,  Boston. 
{See  also  Stove  Works  of  Mass.)  Iron  foundry. 
Specialty,  stoves  and  furnaces. 


Chicopee  Falls,  Hampden  County. 

Belcher  &  Taylor. — Proprietors  Agricultural 
Tool  Co.    Agricultural  imjilcments. 

This  establishment  was  founded  by  Mr.  Bildad 
B.  Belcher  in  1852,  wlio  at  that  time  purchased 
of  an  ingenious  Vermont  mechanic  the  right  to 
make  and  sell  a  feed-cutter ,known  as  the  "  Yankee 
Blade."  Mr.  Belcher  commenced  improving  the 
machine  from  the  first,  and  soon  brought  out  the 
remodelled  machine  as  "  The  Self-sharpening  Feed 
Cutter,"  so  named  from  the  fact  that  it  wovdd 
sharpen  itself  on  reversing  the  motion  and  ap{)ly- 
ing  oil  and  emery.  At  first  a  room  was  liii-ed  of 
the  Massachusetts  Arms  Compan}^,  and  a  force  of 
five  men  employed. 

Mr.  B.  determined  to  produce  the  very  best 
feed-cutter  in  the  mai-ket,  and  so  well  did  he 
succeed  that  it  soon  led  all  others  in  the  trade. 
His  tools  were  so  neatly  finished  that  dealers  in 
agricultural  implements  took  all  the  cutters  he 
could  make,  and  called  on  him  to  extend  his  busi- 
ness and  furnish  them  other  tools  of  like  finish 
and  workmanship.  Accordingly  he  began  the 
manufacture  of  his  Improved  Clinton  Sheller, 
which  culminated  in  the  Right  Hand  Sheller,  now 
very  favorably  known.  In  1859  he  built  a  sliop 
104  feet  long  and  one  story  high,  on  the  site  now 
occupied  by  the  company's  works,  and  p\irchased 
of  Mr.  Armsby,  of  Worcester,  all  his  jiatterns  for 
his  improved  jilows.  The  business  now  grew 
rapidly,  and  in  18G1  Mr.  Belcher  associated  with 
himself  Mr.  Taylor,  under  the  name  of  Belcher  & 
Taylor.  In  1864  the  firm  found  it  necessary  to 
obtain  more  extended  accommodations,  and  the 
present  extensive  works  wei-e  erected  and  a  stock 
company  organized  with  $50,000  capital,  wlien 
the  shop  was  lengthened  to  260  feet  and  a  foundry 
and  smith-sliop  built.  The  list  of  manufactured 
articles  was  gradually  extended,  until  now  it  com- 
prises almost  everything  needed  in  carrying  on 
farm  operations.  In  1867  Mr.  Belcher,  who  up 
to  this  date  was  Agent,  retired  from  connection 
with  the  company,  and  Mr.  Geo.  S.  Taylor  was 
elected  Treasurer  and  Agent,  which  position  he 
has  filled  ever  since.  Mr.  John  Wells  is  Presi- 
dent, and  Mr.  Jas.  E.  Taylor,  Secretary. 

The  present  foi"ce  of  men  employed  is  70. 
Their  illustrated  catalogue  contains  58  octavo 
pages,  descriptive  of  their  agricultural  implements, 
comprising  30  patterns  of  feed-cutters,  over  70 
patterns  of  plows,  a  large  number  of  corn  shcUcrs, 
harrows,  cultivators,  mowers,  rakes,  tedders, 
hand-threshers,  store  and  warehouse  trucks,  gar- 
den barrows,  tobacco  cultivators  and  ridgers,  and 
the  like.  Prominent  among  the  implements  made 
is  tlie  Lion  plow,  first  manufactured  by  Mr.  Rob- 
inson, in  Concord,  N.  H.,  30  years  ago.  Some 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


29 


time  since  they  purchased  of  the  Greenfield  Cylin- 
der Plow  Co.  the  patents,  patterns  and  stock  of 
their  plows,  and  supply  the  "Cylinder  plow,"  or 
parts  for  the  same. 

They  have  lately  brought  out  a  new  feed-cutter 
called  "  Gale's  Copper  Strip  Junior."  It  is  self- 
feeding,  does  not  clog,  cuts  straw,  corn  stalks, 
shucks  or  butts,  pea  vines,  etc.,  either  wet  or  dry, 
faster  and  easier,  by  hand  or  power,  than  any  other 
of  like  piice  cutting  short  as  this.  This  company 
has  the  exclusive  right  to  make  the  Coi)per  Strip 
Jvinior  for  the  United  States,  and  the  exclusive 
right  for  New  England  for  every  kind  of  copper 
strip  feed-cutter,  and  sole  control  of  tlie  Gale 
patents.  Not  only  are  their  goods  sold  in  New 
England,  but  to  quite  an  extent  in  the  West  and 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Numerous  fine  castings 
are  made  at  the  fouudi-y  for  outside  parties,  includ- 
ing all  used  by  Lamb  Knitting  Machine  Co.  and 
Chicopee  Manufacturing  Co.  This  company  has 
kept  steadily  in  view  the  principle  adopted  by  its 
founder, — to  make  the  veiy  best  agricultural  tools 
to  be  found  anywhere.  We  need  more  manufac- 
tories, not  only  in  this,  but  in  other  lines  of  pro- 
duction, that  will  carry  out  a  like  principle. 

Lamb  Knitting  Machine  Manufacturing  Co. 
— E.  O.  Carter,  Treasurer.    Knitting  machines. 

Chicopee,  Hampden  County. 

Ames  Manufacturing  Co. — Machinery,  ma- 
chine tools,  cannon  and  statuary  of  bronze,  swords, 
and  steel  work,  water-wheels,  turbines,  etc. 
Hands  employed,  over  200.  President,  Emerson 
Gaylord ;  Manager  and  Agent,  Geo.  Arms ;  Treas- 
iirer,  T.  W.  Carter ;  Superintendent,  Albert  S. 
Alden. 

The  following  interesting  description  of  these 
works  appeared  in  the  American  ]\Ianufacturer, 
of  Pittsbui-g,  Penn. : 

AMES  manufacturing  COMPANY. 

This  establishment  has  stood  for  many  years  as 
the  representative  and  exponent  of  American  art 
in  the  production  of  elaborate  and  tasteful  bronze 
statues  that  rival  the  choicest  pieces  from  the 
foundries  of  Germany,  France,  and  Italy.  So, 
too,  may  it  justly  claim  a  national  reputation  from 
being  one  of  the  two  only  concerns  ever  employed 
by  our  government  to  cast  its  bronze  cannon,  and 
the  first  to  manufact^ire  and  furnish  to  our  army 
and  navy  American  made  swords.  Besides 
bronze  statuary  and  swords,  the  manufactures  of 
the  Ames  Company  embrace  machinery,  of  the 
heaviest  and  strongest  kind  (which  has  recently 
been  greatly  improved),  and  a  variety  of  elegant 
silver-plated  ware. 

The  history  of  this  establishment,  which  has 


become  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  imjjortant 
of  its  kind,  not  only  in  the  United  States  but  in 
the  world,  begins  in  1829,  when  Mr.  Nathan  P. 
Ames,  then  a  young  man  of  twenty-six,  started  a 
small  cutlery  in  the  blacksmith  shop  of  the  Chi- 
copee IMauufacturing  Compan)',  at  Chicopee  Falls, 
employing  at  the  outset  nine  workmen.  The 
next  year  he  commenced  to  make  swords,  which 
had  until  this  time  all  been  imported,  under  the 
impression  that  they  could  not  be  made  in  this 
country,  and  secured  contracts  at  once  to  supply 
them  to  our  army  and  navy.  What  was  the  sur- 
prise of  our  English  cousins  to  find,  in  a  short 
time,  that  Chicopee  blades  surpassed  the  best  of 
their  own  production  in  practical  value,  and  to  see 
it  repeatedly  demonstrated  in  the  severest  tests. 

This  branch  of  the  business  grew  rapidly,  and 
in  1833  three  times  the  original  force  of  workmen 
were  employed.  During  that  year  a  new  shop 
was  built  at  Cabotville,  and  in  1834  the  Ames 
Manufacturing  Company  was  organized  with 
$30,000  capital,  and  opened  business  in  the  new 
works  with  thirty-five  men.  The  first  ofiicers 
were:  Edmund  I) wight.  President;  N.  P.  Ames, 
Treasurer  and  Agent. 

Gradually  the  business  increased,  and  new  de- 
partments were  added,  until  1841,  when  the  cap- 
ital stock  was  enlarged  to  $7-5,000,  and  the  work- 
ing force  to  100  men.  They  also  bought  at  the 
same  time  from  the  Chicopee  Falls  Company  the 
shops,  machinery,  dwelling-houses,  and  water 
power  at  Chicopee  Falls,  and  at  once  removed  the 
business  to  that  location.  In  184.5,  having  sold 
this  property  to  the  Massachusetts  Arms  Com- 
pany, and  further  enlarged  its  capital  to  $200,000, 
the  Ames  Company  bought  the  property  of  the 
Springfield  Canal  Company,  at  Cabotville  (now 
Chicopee),  where  their  works  have  ever  since  been 
located.  In  1849  the  capital  stock  was  increased 
to  its  present  proportions,  $250,000. 

Mr.  Ames  made  a  visit  to  England  in  1840,  in 
connection  with  a  board  of  officers  appointed  by 
the  government,  and  after  gaining,  ficmi  careful 
examination,  all  possiljle  information  regarding 
armories  and  manufactures  of  general  machinery 
and  cutlery,  returned  in  1841  and  immediately 
made  effective  use  of  the  results  of  his  visit.  In 
1845  Mr.  Ames  was  obliged  by  contimied  ill 
health  to  give  up  his  active  agency  of  the  company, 
which  he  had  held  since  its  organization.  He 
was  succeeded  as  agent  by  his  brother,  Mr.  James 
F.  Ames,  who  was  connected  with  the  company 
until  January,  1872,  either  as  president  or  agent, 
when  he  retired  on  account  of  failing  health.  In 
1845  the  iron  foundry  was  erected,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  heavy  machinery  of  all  kinds  begun, 
and  has  steadily  increased,  until  from  4   to  12 


30 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACIimE  WORKS,  ETC. 


tons  Pennsylvania  and  Scotch  pig  are  now  con- 
sumed every  day.  A  large  amount  of  machinei-y 
has  been  turned  out  for  cotton  combing  and  silk 
combing  ;  also  machinery  for  the  manufacture  of 
plate  glass,  paper-collar  machines,  machinery  for 
the  construction  of  sewing  machines,  fire  arms, 
and  for  various  other  purposes.  Many  light-house 
lanterns  have  been  made  here.  One  specialty  is 
the  manufacture  of  the  Boy  den  turbine  wheel, 
large  numbers  of  which  have  been  sent  out. 

Prior  to  1853  every  gun  made  in  England  had 
been  made  by  hand,  and  there  was  great  doubt  ex- 
pressed as  to  the  possibility  of  making  them  by 
machinery.  The  royal  commissioners  visited  Chi- 
copee  with  specimens  of  the  Turkish  wood  from 
which  their  gun-stocks  were  made,  and  the  Ames 
company  quickly  showed  them  that  the  same 
work  which  had  cost  eleven  shillings  sterling  by 
hand  could  be  done  in  twenty-two  minutes  by  ma- 
chineiy.  And  not  only  that,  but  a  stock  once 
turned  out  would  fit  any  one  of  ten  thousand  bar- 
rels instead  of  the  single  one  to  which  under  the 
English  system,  it  had  been  laboriously  fitted  by 
hand.  The  commissioners  were  satisfied  that 
there  was  something  in  the  interchange  system 
worth  availing  themselves  of,  and  an  order  was  at 
once  given  to  the  Ames  company  for  the  mamifac- 
ture  of  a  full  outfit  of  stocking  and  interchange 
machinery  for  the  Enfield  armory.  Similar  ma- 
chinery was  also  soon  ordered  for  several  private 
arms  manufacturing  establishments  in  England. 

The  Spanish  and  Russian  governments  wefe  al- 
so furnished  with  this  machinery.  During  the 
])ast  year  a  set  of  stocking  machinery  was  made 
for  Greenwood  &  Batley,  Leeds,  England. 

For  two  years  preceding  the  rebellion  the 
works  were  run  to  their  fullest  capacity  day  and 
night,  making  arms  for  the  South.  At  the  out- 
break of  hostilities  orders  came  rushing  in  from 
our  government  for  swords,  bronze  cannon,  shot, 
shell,  and  gun  making  machinery.  Orders  could 
not  be  filled  fist  enough,  and  to  meet  the  exigency 
the  capacity  of  the  arms  department  was  doubled. 
The  force  was  augmented  to  from  700  to  900 
men.  When  the  company  were  approached  by  a 
party  who  desired  to  contract  for  all  the  swords 
they  could  make  for  a  year  with  a  view  of  mono- 
polizing and  controlling  the  market,  they  firmly 
refused  to  entertain  any  such  proposition,  or  to 
advance  their  prices.  The  home  demand,  of 
course,  fell  off  since  the  close  of  the  war,  but 
some  large  orders  for  swords  have  recently  been 
filled  for  foreign  powers. 

An  important  part  of  their  business  is  the 
casting  of  bronze  statuary.  The  first  successful 
casting  of  bronze  statues  in  the  United  States 
was  done  by  this  company  in  1851.   It  was  a  bas- 


relief,  called  Instruction,  for  the  Appletons,  New 
York.  Among  the  most  expensive  and  important 
statues  that  have  been  cast  here  are  the  statue  of 
Benjamin  Franklin,  in  front  of  the  Boston  City 
Hall ;  the  colossal  statue  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  in 
Greenwood  Cemetery,  Brooklyn ;  the  colossal 
equestrian  statue  of  George  Washington,  in  Union 
Square,  New  York ;  the  colossal  equestrian  statue 
of  Washington,  in  the  Public  Garden,  Boston  ;  the 
doors  of  the  Capitol  building  at  WashiTugton  ;  the 
bronze  work  for  the  large  fountain  in  Central 
Park,  New  York,  and  a  large  number  of  monu- 
mental and  memorial  statues  for  cities  and  towns. 
The  work  for  the  National  Lincoln  monument  at 
Springfield,  111.,  now  imder  way,  will  be  one  of 
the  grandest  productions  ever  made  in  bronze. 
The  colossal  figure  of  Lincoln  is  now  comjileted. 
It  represents  him  holding  in  one  hand  the  Eman- 
cipation Proclamation,  and  wreathed  with  laurels. 
There  will  be  three  emblematic  gi'oups,  represent- 
ing the  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery  branches  of 
the  land  service,  and  a  fourth  representing  the 
naval  service.  The  modelling  of  the  whole  is 
done  by  Mr.  Larkin  G.  Mead.  It  will  require 
considerable  time  to  complete  this  monument. 
The  casting  of  a  colossal  bronze  has  to  be  done  by 
very  skilful  hands,  and  not  less  than  a  year  is 
required  to  complete  one.  They  are  now  at  work 
on  a  beautiful  statue  for  Cedar  Hill  Cemetery, 
Hartford,  designed  by  Conrads  of  that  city. 

The  silver  plating  department  of  the  Ames 
Company's  works  was  started  in  1851,  and  in  this 
department  a  specialty  has  been  made  of  ware 
designed  for  hotels  and  steamers.  The  plating  is 
all  done  upon  German  silver,  rather  than  upon 
britannia,  and  the  ware  turned  out  is  heavy  and 
durable. 

Gayloed  Manufacturing  Co.— E.  Gaylord, 
President ;  A.  T.  Gaylord,  Treasurer.  Machinery, 
locks,  iron  and  brass  castings.  Number  of  hands 
employed,  100. 

L.  B.  Taylor  &  Co. — Hardware  manufacturers. 

Whittemore,  Belcher  &  Co. — Agricultural 
implements. 

Clinton,  Worcester  County. 
G.  M.  Palmer. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Joseph  B.  Packer  &  Co. — Machinery.  Speci- 
alty, carpet  looms. 

Clinton  Wire  Cloth  Co.— C.  A.  Whiting, 
Treasurer;  C.  H.  Waters,  Agent.  Capital,  $300,- 
000.  Specialty,  iron  and  brass  wire  cloth,  net- 
ting, fencing,  &c.  These  works  make  over  300 
difiereut  varieties  of  wire  work,  employing  200 
hands  and  building  its  own  machinery.  Estab- 
lished in  1856. 


DIRECTOKY  OF  GENEEAL 


MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


3i 


Coleraine,  Franklin  County. 
A.  L.  Thomas. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 
Barber  Bros. — General  machinery. 

Cohasset,  Norfolk  County. 
Samuel    Bates. — Iron    foundry.  Specialty, 
stoves  and  hollow  ware.    New  York  office,  86 
Beekman  Street. 

Cummington,  Hampsliire  County. 

Chas.  p.  Brown. — Iron  foundry,  tires,  mis- 
cellaneous castings. 

Gilbert  Richards. — Iron  foundry,  general 
casting  s. 

Dunlap  &  Lyman  Manufacturing  Co. — Pres- 
ident, J.  Anno ;  A.  E.  Lyman,  Treasurer  ;  B.  F. 
Sears,  Secretary ;  C.  W.  Dunlap,  Agent.  New 
York  office,  118  Chambers  Street.  Works  here 
and  at  Northampton.  Tools,  handles,  machine 
tools,  and  agricultural  implements. 

Curtisville,  Jjerkshire  County. 
BuRGHAET  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Dalton,  Jjerkshire  County. 
E.  N.  Phillips. — General  machinery. 

Dighton,  Uristol  County. 
Albert  Briggs. — Agricultural  implements. 
N.  Leonard  &  Sons. — Tacks  and  brads. 

Dorchester,  Norfolk  County. 
Geo.  Boynton — General  and  mill  machinery. 
Dearborn,  Robinson  &  Co. — Heavy  forgings 
and  machinery. 

Fast  JBridgewater,  Flymouth  County. 

Dean  &  Perry,  Proprietors,  Old  Colony 
Foundry. — General  and  special  castings. 

E.  Cakver  &  Co. — Cotton  gin  manufacturers. 

Mount  Hope  Iron  Company. — J.  A.  Leonard, 
Treasurer.    Heavy  forgings  and  drop  work. 

Standard  Chain  Works. — L.  Rodway,  Pro- 
prietor. 

Fast  Broohfield,  Worcester  County. 
M.  Carey. — Shingle  machinery. 
M.  &  J.  Hobbs. — Leather  cutting  and  general 
machinery. 

J.  MouLTON. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 
Fast  Hampton,  Fampshire  Comity. 

Valley  Machine  Company.— Specialty,  steam 
piamps.  Wright's  Bucket  Plunger  Steam  Pump. 
Woi  ks  lately  enlarged  by  addition  of  a  brick 
building,  162  by  36  feet,  with  an  L  25  by  30  feet, 
and  supplied  with  new  machinery.  Some  forty 
men  are  now  employed,  and  the  establishment 
avei-ages  one  lai'ge  steam  pump  daily. 


East  Pepperell,  Middlesex  County. 
Blake,  Bros. — Machinists. 
Old  Colony  Iron  Company. — Shovels,  forks, 
&c.  Specialty,  nails. 

Faston,  Bristol  County. 

D.  Belcher. — Iron  foundry  and  malleable  iron 
works. 

Drake  Lincoln  Iron  Foundry. — Specialty, 
school  furniture  castings. 

E.  G.  GiLMORE  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  mal- 
leable iron  works. 

Easton  is  also  the  location  of  the  celebrated 
Oliver  Ames  Shovel  Works,  employing  500  hands. 

Fast  Wareham,  Plymouth  County. 
Agawam    Iron  Foundry. — J.   F.  Sherman, 
Agent. 

Fdgarstoim.,  Drake  County. 
W.  Bradley. — Machinery. 
W.  P.  Chadwick  &  Sons. — General  machinery. 
Chas.    Mayhew. — Iron  Foundry.  Specialty, 
stoves. 

Fairhaven,  Bristol  County. 
Boston  and  Fairhaven  Iron  Works. — Pres- 
dent,  Reuben  Nye  ;  Treasurer,  J.  C.  Tripp.  Iron 
foundry  and   machinery ;    principally  printing 
jiresses  and  nail  machines. 

Fall  Fiver,  Bristol  County. 

R.  Ashworth. — Mill  and  general  machinery. 

Fall  River  Furnace  Co. — R.  Borden,  Treas- 
urer ;  L.  Ripley,  Superintendent.  Castings  and 
machinery. 

Fall  River  FouNDRYi  Company. — L.  K.  Eddy, 
Treasurer  and  Agent.  Specialty,  stoves  and 
hollow  ware. 

Gifford  &  Houghton. — Steam  engines  and 
general  machineiy. 

Wm.  M.  Hawes  &  Co. — General  machinery 
and  machine  tools. 

Kay  Bros.  &  Co. — Mill  machinery. 

Kilburn,  Lincoln  &  Co. — Mill  and  general 
machinery. 

Marvol,  Davol  &  Co. — Mill  and  general  ma- 
chinery. 

A.  G.  Thurston. — Mill  and  general  machinery. 

Mechanics  Foundry  and  Machine  Company. 
— Works,  Bowenville.  President,  James  T. 
Westgate  ;  Treasurer,  W.  F.  Warner. 

Fiskdale,  'Worcester  County. 

N.  D.  Ladd. — Shoe  machinery  and  tools. 

Snell  Manufacturing  Co. — E.  L.  Bates, 
Agent.    Augers,  bits,  tools,  etc. 

Chas.  Varney. — Pegging  machines,  shoe  tools, 
etc. 


32 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEKERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Fitchburff,  Worcester  County. 

C.  H.  Brown  &  Co. — Steam  engines  only. 
Bay  State  Machine  Co. — General  machinery. 

D.  M.  Dillon  &  Co. — Boilers  only. 

Boston  &  Clinton  Railroad  machine  shops. 

FiTcniNG  Machine  Co. — S.  C.  Wright,  Presi- 
dent; A.  Whitman,  Treasurer;  J.  Chapman, 
Secretary.    Specialty,  machinists'  tools. 

FiTCHBURG  Novelty  Works. — Tobacco  cutters, 
light  machinery,  etc. 

W.  Haywood  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

New  England  Machine  Co. — Sewing  machines, 
etc.    Number  of  hands,  30. 

New  England  Vise  Co. — C.  Hastings,  Treas- 
urer.   Vises  and  chvicks. 

•Putnam  Machine  Co. — S.  W.  Putnam,  Presi- 
dent ;  B.  Snow,  Treasurer.  General  machinery, 
and  machine  tools. 

RoLLSTONE  Machine  Works. — E.  G.  Miles, 
President ;  C.  T.  Crocker,  Treasurer.  General 
machinery,  planers,  etc.  Works  has  large  orders, 
and  ran  full  time  during  the  panic. 

SiMONDS  Manufacturing  Co.— G.  F.  Simonds, 
President ;  A.  A.  Simonds,  Supeifintendent ;  H. 
W.  Page,  Treasui-er.    Agricultural  im^ilements. 

Smith,  Page  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

H.  P.  Tyrell.— General  machinery. 

Union  Machine  Co. — F.  Sheldon,  President; 
R.  R.  Conn,  Treasurer;  G.  F.  Sabin,  Secretary. 
Specialty,  steam  fire-engines.    Established  1867. 

Vermont  &  Massachusetts  Railroad  machine 
shops. 

A.  D.  Waymouth  &  Co. — General  machinery. 
L.  D.  Wheeler. — Sjiecialty,  fans  and  blowing 

machinery. 

Whitman  &  Miles  Manufacturing  Co.^ — A. 
Whitman,  Treasurer ;  J.  K.  Miles,  Secretary. 
Specialty,  mowing  and  reaping  machine  knives. 

Florence,  Hampshire  County. 
Florence  Sewing  Machine  Co. — W.  B.  Hale, 
President;    Sidney  Strong,   Treasurer.  Sewing 
machines.    300  hands. 

Frectoion,  Jiristol  County. 
Assonet  Machine  Co. — General  machinery. 
Elisha  Basset. — Specialty,  drills  and  nails. 

Gloucester,  Essex  County. 

Cape  Ann  Auchor  Works, — G.  R.  Bradford? 
Treasurer.    Anchors  only. 

N.  Richardson. — Machinery  and  steam  en- 
gines. 

Greenfield,  FranJdin  County. 

B.  N.  Baxter  &  Co. — Light  iron  work  and 
hardware. 


J.  J.  Grant  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Greenfield  Tool  Co. — Edge  tools,  planes  and 
jilane  machinery. 

Miller's  Falls  Manufacturing  Co. — Edge 
tools  in  great  variety,  and  light  machinery. 

R.  N.  Porter. — Bolt-cutting  machinery. 

J.  RussEL  Manufacturing  Co. — F.  Clapp, 
President;  M.  Chapman,  Superintendent.  Es- 
tablished 1835.  Specialty,  edge  tools  and  cut- 
lery. 

S.  Simonds. — Rakes,  etc. 
Thompson  Manufacturing  Co.— Specialty,  tools 
and  hardware. 

Hanover,  Plymouth  County. 
E.  M.  Barstow. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
M.  S.  Bates. — General  machinery. 
G.  Curtis. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Sartsville,  Berkshire  County. 
Hartsville  Machine  Shop. — G.  L.  Sheldon. 
Mill  machinery. 

Hinyham,  Plymouth  County. 

John  C.  Gardiner. — General  machinery. 

Chas.  Howard  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  gen- 
eral iron  works. 

Wm.  Thomas. — Iron  foundry,  miscellaneous 
castings. 

Wm.  Leavitt. — General  machinery. 
Weston  &  Thomas. — Iron  fovmdry. 

Hinsdale,  Berkshire  County. 
A.  &  M.  A.  Watkins. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Jordan. — Machinery. 
Silas  Bingham. — Agricultural  implements. 

Holyoke,  Hampden  County. 

IIoLYOKE  Steam  Boiler  Works. — Proprietors, 
Coughlan  and  Mullin.    Boilers  only. 

Holyoke  Machine  Co. — S.  Holraan,  Treas- 
urer ;  S.  F.  Stebbius,  Agent.  General  machinery 
and  castings.  Product  valued  at  $300,000  an- 
nually. 

Hopedale,  Worcester  County. 

Geo.  Draper  &  Son. — Cotton  machinery,  etc. 
EstabUshed  1820. 

Dutcher  Temple  Co. — Loom  temples  and 
cotton  machinery. 

Hopedale  Furnace  Co. — W.  F.  Draper,  Treas- 
urer; J.  A.  Presb,  Agent.  Iron  castings.  30 
hands  employed. 

Hopedale  Machine  Co. — Wm.  F.  Draper, 
Treasurer.  Lathes  and  cotton  machinery.  Hands 
employed,  125. 

Hudson,  Middlesex  County. 

J.  G.  Bashfield. — Steam  engines  and  boot 
and  shoe  machines. 


DIEECTOET  OF  GENEEAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


33 


F.  S.  Dawes. — Dies  for  boots  and  shoes,  edge 
tools,  etc. 

Geo.  O.  Bradley.— Iron  foiindry.  Specialty, 
stoves. 

H.  A.  Stone. — Boot  and  shoe  machinery. 
Towers  Bros. — Boot  screw  and  pegging  ma- 
chines. 

Hyde  Park,  Norfolk  County. 

Union  Vise  Co.— C.  T.  Chikl,  Treasurer; 
A.  IT.  Braiuurd,  Agent.  Vises  and  milling  ma- 
chines. 

Hy minis,  Barnstable  County. 
Geo.  W.  Bent. — Iron  foundry. 
■  Cape  Cod  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Lawrence,  Essex  County. 
A.    Blood    &   Co. — Pulleys,    shafting,  mill 
gearing  and  heavy  machinery.    25  hands  em- 
jjloyed. 

Flier  Spindle  Works. — H.  P.  Chandler, 
Superintendent.  Flier  spindles,  cotton  mill  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

Bee  Hive  and  Spindle  Works. — Proprietor, 
K.  Hall.    Cotton  mill  fliers,  etc. 

HoADLY  Steam  Engine  Works. — J.  C.  Hoadly 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.  Portable  steam  engines.  Es- 
tablished 1856.    Number  of  hands  employed,  50. 

JosLYN  ife  King. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Lawrence  Steam  Boiler  Works. — Boilers 
only. 

Lawrence  Flier  and  Spindle  Works. — J.  P. 
Battles,  Treasurer.  Fliers,  spindles,  cotton  mill 
machinery. 

McKay  Sewing  Machine  Co. — Geo.  McKay, 
Treas\ii"er;  T.  A.  Dodge,  Agent.  Sewing  ma- 
chines. 

McCabe  k  Co. — Boiler  makers. 

Merrimack  Iron  Foundry. — M.  A.  Bennett, 
Treasurer ;  E.  Joslyn,  Agent.  General  foundry 
work.    30  hands. 

Merrimack  Machine  Shop.— A.  Blood,  Pro- 
prietor.   Mill  shafting,  gearing,  wheels,  etc. 

C.  P.  &  J.  P.  Pillsbury. — Shafting  and  mill 
machinery. 

Sladen  &  Lord. — Mill  harness  machines. 

S.  M.  Steadman  &  Co. — Mill  machinery,  card 
clothing,  etc. 

J.  E.  Walls. — Patent  steam  traps  and  valves. 

Williams  &  Wilson. — Mill  machinery. 

WooDWORTH  &  Booth. — Sjiindles  and  mill 
work. 

Lowell,  Middlesex  County. 

A.  G.  Batchelder  &  Co. — Hardware  and  mal- 
leable iron. 

D.  C.  Brown. — MUl  machinery. 


Carey  &  Harris. — Wood  working  machinery, 
water  wheels. 

CoLBURN  Shuttle  Co. — D.  Churchill,  Treasurer. 
Shuttle  irons. 

A.  Davis. — General  and  mill  machinery. 
Lowell  Steam  Boiler  Works. — Boilers  and 

steam  press  plates,  rotary  bleachers,  tanks,  etc. 

Elliott  &  Smith. — Machinery  and  lag  screws. 

J.  P.  Grosvenor. — Wood-working  machinery. 

Geo.  W.  Huntoon. — Machine  wrenches  and 
tools. 

American  Bolt  Co. — Hope,  Butcher  &  Co. — • 
Bolts  and  nuts. 

Lowell  Machine  Shops. — J.  T.  Stevenson, 
Treasurer ;  Geo.  Richardson,  Superintendent. 
Captal,  ^600,000.  This  works  includes  six  large 
shops,  besides  blacksmith  shops  and  foundry^  the 
machinery  in  all  of  whicli  is  driven  by  three  turbine 
water-wheels  and  one  breast  wheel.  The  number 
of  hands  employed  is  800,  and  the  pi-oduct  in- 
cludes turbine  wheels,  shafting,  mill  gearing,  ma- 
chinists' tools,  boilers,  hydraulic  presses,  and 
cotton  and  paper  mill  machinery.  The  works  was 
established  in  1845. 

David  Lane. — Woollen  machinery  of  all  kinds. 

D.  LovEJOY  &  Son. — General  machinery  and 
edge  tools. 

S.  G.  Mach. — Iron  railings  and  fences. 
W.  MurklainD. — Mill  machinery,  looms,  etc. 
Pevey  Bros. — Iron  foundry,  light  machine 
castings. 

Peabody  &  Co. — Machinery  and  lag  screws. 
F.  S.  Perkins. — Machine  tools.    40  hands. 
W.  Robinson  &  Co. — Planing  machines. 
Mt.  Vernon  Bolt   Works — T.   C.  Smith, 
— Bolts,  nuts,  screws. 

B.  F.  Stevens. — Saw  mill  and  other  machinery. 
Joseph  Turner.- — Machinery  and  ship  screws. 

C.  H.  &  D.  Weston.- — Machinery,  press  plates, 
etc. 

S.  H.  V/ RIGHT. — General  machinery. 
Whitehead  k  Athebton.- — General  mill  ma- 
chinery. 

Lynn,  Essex  County. 
Excelsior  Power  Co. — Proprietors,  Brown  & 
Co.  Machinery. 

HoLEROOK  k  Glazier. — Shoe  machinery. 

E.  Holmes  k  Son. — General  machinexy. 
Amos  Holbrook,  Jr. — General  machinery. 
P.  Lenox  k  Co. — Shoe  and  leather  machinery. 
Tripp  &  Eddy. — Shoe  and  leather  machinery. 
S.  A.  Woods. — Engines,  general  machinery. 

Ilarlborough,  Middlesex  County. 
S.  F.  Draper. — General  machinery. 
Sandiford   &  Watson. — Steam  engines  and 
shoe  machinery. 


34 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACIimE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Parsons  A  Exley. — Greneral  machinery. 

3Iillhury,  Worcester  County. 

B.  &  J.  Brierly. — General  machinery. 
Chapman,  Humphrey  <Si  Flagg. — Machinists' 

tools,  etc. 

John  Martin  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Miller'' s  Falls,  Franklin  County. 

Backus  Vise  Co. — H.  L.  Pratt,  President ;  L. 
J.  Gunn,  Secretary ;  M.  Newton,  Treasurer  and 
Agent ;  Q.  S.  Backus,  Superintendent.  New  York 
office,  78  Beekman  Street.    Vises,  etc. 

Miller's  Falls  Manufacturing  Co. — H.  L. 
Pratt,  President ;  L.  J.  Gunn,  Agent.  Bitts, 
braces,  and  tool  hardware.  75  hands. 

ITew  Bedford,  Bristol  County. 
Acushnet  Iron  Foundry. — Proprietor,  W.  A. 
Greene.    General  foundry  work.    Employ  100 
hands. 

J.  Durfee. — Iron  fences,  railings,  etc. 
J.  G.  Grinnell. — Iron  foundry. 
Industrial  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  S.  T. 
Vial. 

Morse  Twist  Drill  and  Machine  Co. — E.  S. 
Faber,  President.  Established  1864.  Chucks, 
drills,  and  machinery.  Number  of  hands  em- 
ployed, 80. 

New  Bedford  Machine  Shop. — Proprietor, 
John  A.  Gilford.    General  machinery.    20  hands. 

Union  Boiler  Co. — J.  C.  Bradford,  Agent. 
Boilers  only. 

Faber  Plane  Co. — J.  P.  Knowles,  President. 
Patent  planes. 

Taunton  Branch  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Newhuryport,  Essex  County. 

Brown  Manufacturing  Co. — G.  Merrill,  Treas- 
urer; J.  Balch,  Agent.  Warehouse,  136  Cham- 
bers Street,  New  York.  Rifles,  guns,  and  pistols. 
Number  of  hands,  500. 

Geo.  a.  Cheney. — General  machinery. 

Merrimac  Arms  and  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Fire-arms  and  machineiy. 

A.  Russell. — Iron  foundry. 

C.  R.  Sargent. — General  machinery. 

Newton  {Lower  Falls),  Middlesex  County. 
Eaton,  Molton  &  Beck. — Machinery. 
Otis  Pettee  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery.   150  hands. 

North  Adams,  Berkshire  County. 
Jas.  Hunter  &  Son. — Woollen  and  cotton  ma- 
chinery. 

Hodge  Machine  and  Furnace  Works. — Saw 
mills  and  water-wheels. 


Northampton,  Ilaynpshire  County. 

Bay  State  Hardware  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Cutlery  and  hardware. 

Wm.  R.  Clapp. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Clements  &  Hawkes  Manufacturing  Co. — W. 
T.  Clement,  President;  C.  A.  Maynard,  Treas- 
urer.   Hoes,  rakes,  and  machinery. 

DuNLAP  &  Lyman  Manufacturing  Co. — i^Set 
also  Cumnington.) 

Hayden  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — Proprie- 
tors, Munn  &  Miller.  Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

W.  Herrick. — Circular  saw  mills. 

International  Screw  Co. — J.  Hedden,  Treas- 
urer.   Screw  manufacturers. 

A.  E.  Lyman  <fe  Son. — Garden  implements. 

Northampton  Pegging  Machine  Co. — D.  C. 
Rogers,  Treasui-er. 

Riverside  Cutlery  Co. — J.  Stone,  Treasurer. 

WiLLisTON  &  Arms  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Hardware  and  malleable  iron. 

North  Andover,  Essex  Counly. 
Davis  &  Furber. — Woollen  machinery. 

North  Chelmsford,  Middlesex  County. 

Silver  <fe  Gay. — Worsted  machinery. 

Chelsmford  Foundry. — G.  T.  Pheldon,  Agent. 
General  castings. 

Swain  Turbine  Co. — A.  T.  Nichols,  Treasurer. 
Turbine  wheels. 

North  Easton,  Bristol  County. 

E.  W.  A.  Gilmore  Co. — Wrought-irou  straps 
and  T  hinges.  Mill  employs  60  hands,  and  pro 
duces  500  dozen  pair  daily. 

Orange,  Franklin  County. 

Gold  Medal  Sewing  Machine  Co. — J.  W 
Wheeler,  Treasurer;  Stephen  French,  Agent 
Sewing  machines. 

Hunt,  Waite  &  Flint. — Wool  machinery  anc 
turbine  wheels. 

W.  &  A.  J.  Johnson. — General  machinery. 

Orange  Iron  Foundry. — Rodney  Hunt,  Presi 
dent ;  A.  J.  Clark,  Treasurer.  Light  and  heav] 
castings.    35  hands. 

Turbine  Water  Wheel  Co. — L.  Kilburne 
Treasurer.  Turbine  wheels  and  machinery.  2( 
hands. 

Otter  jRiver,  Worcester  County. 
Nichols  &  Adams. — Chair-making  machinery. 
Albert  T.  Young. — Chair-making  machinery. 

Pittsfield,  Berkshire  County. 

F.  A.  Brown. — Iron  foundry. 

Boston  and  Albany  Railroad  machine  shops. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


/35 


Clarey  &  RusSEL. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  ma- 
chinery, and  iron  foundry.    40  bands  employed. 

W.  Clakk. — General  machinery. 

DucKWOaa'H  &  Sons. — Loom  and  cotton  ma- 
chinery. 

A.  Long. — Boilers  only. 

May,  Chapel  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Pittsfield  and  North  Adams  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Rice,  Robbins  &  Co. — Steam-engines,  boilers, 
etc. 

Plymouth,  Plymouth  County. 
Manten  &  Blackmer. — Hardware  manufac- 
turers. 

Morton  &  Whiting. — Hardware  manufactur- 
ei-s. 

Plymouth  Iron  Foundry. — W.  R.  Drew, 
Treasurer.  Specialty,  stoves  and  hoUowware.  Em- 
ploy 100  hands. 

Plymouth  Hammer  Works. — Hammers  and 
hardware. 

Plymouth  Mills. — J.  Farris,  Treasurer.  Rivets 
and  water  wheels. 

Quincy,  Norfolk  County. 
Badger  Bros. — General  machinery. 

Randolph,  Norfolk  County. 
Littlefield  Bros. — General  machinery. 

Peadville,  Norfolk  County. 
MosELEY  Iron  Building  Works. — F.  E.  Hat- 
ton,  Superintendent.    General  iron  works,  fronts, 
girders,  etc. 

New  England  Iron  Co. — Wrought-iron  bridges, 
trusses,  girders,  etc.  Has  contract  for  Gilbert 
Elevated  Railway  of  New  York.  Number  of  men 
employed,  400. 

Rochdale,  Worcester  County. 
A.  Hankey  &  Co. — Paper-mill,  and  splitting, 
veneer,  etc.,  machinery.    Hands  employed,  20. 

Roxbury,  Norfolk  County. 

American  Nut  and  Arms  Co. — Geo.  H.  Fox, 
Superintendent.    Iron  foundry. 

Campbell,  Whittier  &  Co. — Boilers  only. 

E.  Chubbock  &  Sons. — Boilers  only. 

A.  JosLYN. — Iron  foundry. 

HuNNEMAN  &  Co. — Fire  engine  builders. 

Williams  Iron  Works. — L.  T.  Whiting.  Iron 
foundry. 

Mount  Pleasant  Forge  Co. — Forgings  and 
drop  work,  iron  foundry. 

Boston  and  Providence  Railroad  machine  shops. 

Rockville,  Norfolk  County. 
Anson  Hardy  Cutting  Machine  Works. — 
Card  and  paper  cutting  machinery. 


A.  P.  Thayer.- 
A.  &  E.  Clark. 


-General  machinery. "N^^J. 
-General  machinery. 


Salem,  Essex  County. 
L.  GooDELL. — General  machinery. 
Geo.  L.  Newcomb. — Steam  engines  and  machin- 
ery. 

H.  B.  Philips. — General  machinery.    50  hands. 

Salem  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — P.  O. 
Salford,  Treasurer;  J.  T.  Carter,  Superintendent, 
iron  foundry  and  machinery.    50  hands  employed. 

Salem  Boiler  Works. — Boilers  and  machinery. 

John  R.  Smith. — Foundry  and  general  iron 
■works. 

Sterry  Smith. — Iron  foundry. 

J.  W.  Weston. — General  machinery. 

South  Adams. 
J.  A.  Allen. — Cotton  and  woollen  machinery. 

South  Franklin,  Norfolk  County. 
Jos.  W.  Clark. — Shoddy  pickers,  machinery, 
etc. 

A.  H.  &  M.  Morse. — Bonnet  machines. 

Satigus,  Essex  County. 
W.  S.  HoLLiDAY. — General  machinery. 

Sheffield,  Berkshire  County. 
Earl,  Smith  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Somerset,  Bristol  County. 

F.  Barber. — General  machinery. 
C.  DuBBS. — General  machinery. 
H.  M.  Hill — General  machinery. 
H.  P.  Hood. — Iron  foundry. 

Mt.  Hope  Iron  Co. — J.  M.  Leonard,  Agent. 
Machinery  and  nails. 

Somerset  Co-operative  Iron  Foundry. — 
Stoves,  etc. 

R.  Levins. — Machinery. 

N.  TiLSON. — Machinery. 

A.  Wilson — Machinery. 
J.  N.  Worthington. — Machinery. 

Shelhurne  Falls,  Franklin  County. 

G.  Forster. — Machinery. 

A.  L.  Garlton. — Iron  foundry. 
R.  L.  Patton. — Machinery. 

LaMSON  &  GOODENOW  MANUFACTURING  Co.  F. 

A.  Ball,  Treasurer.  Table  cutlery.  Number  of 
hands,  400.    Annual  product,  near  $1,000,000. 

H.  S.  Shepabdson  &  Co. — Hardware  and  tool 
manufacturers.  Value  of  annual  product,  $50, 
000.    Hands  employed,  40. 

N.  Sprague. — General  machinery. 


W. 


Somerville,  Middlesex  County. 
R.  Bradford. — Iron  foundry. 


36 


DIKECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


South  Iladlei/,  Hampshire  County. 
W.  F.  Harris. — General  machinery. 
Thos.  Judd  «fe  Son. — General  machinery. 

Springfield,  Hampden  County. 

Agawam  Foundry. — Wright  &  Emerson.  Gen- 
eral machinery. 

W.  H.  Alice. — Steam  press  brick  machinery. 

American  Corrugated  Iron  Co. — George 
Dwight,  Jr.  PresicleTit;  Albert  M.  Day,  Treas- 
urer ;  J.  W.  Hoyt,  Secretary.  Capital,  $150,000. 
Iron  corrugated  roofs,  buildings,  etc.  Established 
1868.  These  works  are  very  busy  on  large  orders 
for  the  specialties  made. 

Boston  &  Albany  R.  R.  Car  and  Machine  shops. 

Bemis  &  Call  Hardware  &  Tool  Co. — Mis- 
cellaneous hardware. 

Connecticut  River  R.  R.  Machine  shop. 

Geo.  Curtis  &  Co. — Machinery. 

E.  L.  Dickinson. — Machinery. 

B.  C.  English. — Machinery  and  hardware. 

Gilbert  &  Barker  Manufacturing  Co. — J. 
F.  Barker,  Agent ;  Springfield  gas  machine. 

Grimes  &  Ellison. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

D.  L.  Harris. — Machinery. 

R.  F.  Hawkins. — Iron  Foundry. 

Hampden  Card  Co. — W.  E.  Montague,  Treas- 
urer.   Machine  and  hand  cards. 

Hawkins,  Hekthell  &  Burrell. — Iron  bridges, 
etc. 

Johnson  &  Randall. — Machinery. 
Marshall  k  Swatland. — Iron  foundry. 
Wm.  Roche. — Boilers  and  Machinery. 
Russell  &  Day. — General  machinery. 
R.  A.  Russell  &  Bro. — General  machinery. 

E.  S.  Stacy. — Machinery  and  drills. 
N.  W.  Talcott. — Iron  works. 

E.  Trask. — Iron  foundry. 

Wason  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — (>See  Car 
and  Car  Wlied  Works  of  3Iassachusetts.) 
James  D.  Woods. — Machinery. 

Stockbridge,  Berkshire  County. 
Bubghart,  Bostwick  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Stoneham,  Middlesex  County. 
J.  C.  Page. — Pipes,  etc. 
L.  D.  Hawkins. — Boot  and  shoe  machinery. 
T.  H.  Spencer. — Machinery. 

Taunton,  Bristol  County. 

Dean  Cotton  Machine  Co. — R.  S.  Dean, 
Treasurer.    Cotton  machinery. 

FiNKiiAM  &  Le  Bann. — Iron  foundry. 

Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — J.  E.  Sauford, 
Treasui'or.   Steam  engines  and  railroad  machinery. 

Mason  Machine  Works. — William  Mason, 


Proprietor.  {See  Locomotive  Works  of  3Iassa- 
chusetts.)    General  machinery  and  locomotives. 

Old  Colony  Iron  Co. — C.  Robinson,  Treasurer. 
Shovels,  spades,  etc.,  etc. 

Perkins,  Sampson  &  Co. — Plows,  stoves,  etc., 
iron  foundry. 

Taunton  Iron  Works  Co. — Wrought  pipes, 
stoves,  etc. 

Whittenden  Manufacturing  Co. — Ironworks, 
etc. 

Temjjleton,  Worcester  County. 
John  F.  Wilkinson.  ^ 
Jas.  Simson.  I  1       1  • 

Nichols  &  Adams.     f     ^'^^'^"^^  machinery. 
A.  F.  Young.  J 

Turner^s  Falls,  Franklin  County. 
Clark  &  Chapman. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Green  River  Works. — S.  B.  Root,  Treasurer. 
Cutlery.    Employ  700  liands. 
Jas.  Hedges. — Machinery. 
S.  Pennock. — Machinery. 
Jas.  Simpson. — Machinery. 

Wakefield,  3Tiddlesex  County. 
Boston  &  Maine  Foundry  Co. — Iron  foundry ; 
specialty,  stoves. 

Wales,  Hampden  County. 
Shaw  Machine  Co. — General  machinery. 
Walpole,  Norfolk  County. 

C.  J.  Donovan  &  Co.— Ii-on  foundry. 
Wm.  Hart. — Machinery. 

Waltham,  Middlesex  County. 

Chapman  Valve  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  C. 
Chapman,  Agent.    Gas,  steam,  and  water  valves. 

Geo.  W.  Daniels. — Cotton-batting  machinery. 

Davis  &  Farnhaji. — Iron  foundry.  Employ 
200  liands. 

Geo.  a.  Hobbs. — General  machinery. 

J.  Stark  &  Co. — Watch-making  machinery. 

Warren,  Worcester  County. 
Knowles  &  Sebley. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty, 
steam  piimps.    125  hands  employed. 

Watcrtown,  Middlesex  County. 
Pratt,  Miles  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  stoves,  etc. 
West  J3oylsto7i,  Worcester  County. 

D.  E.  Murdock. — Machinery. 

West  Boylston  Manufacturing  Co. — Ma- 
chinery. 

West  Fitchhurg. 
Buckeye  Mowing  Machine  Co. — Mowers  and 
reapers. 


DIKECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACniNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


37 


Whitman  &  Miles  Manufacturing  Co. — A. 
WHtmau,  Treasurer.  Heaping  and  mowing  ma- 
chines. 

Westfield,  Hampden  County. 
A.  &  D..  Avery. — Machinery. 
Dewey  Toy  Co. — Toy  steam  engines, 
A.  H.  Halladay. — Machinery. 
E.  SiGOR. — Machinery. 

H.  B.  Smith  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

L.  Wheeler. — General  machinery. 

Westford.,  Middlesex  County. 
Forge  Village  Horse  Nail  Co. — A.  H.  Caryl, 
Treasurer.    Horse  nails.    Employ  80  hands. 

C.  G.  Sargent. — General  machinery. 

Whitinsville. 
Whitin  Machine  Works. — Cotton  machinery. 

W^inchendon,  Middlesex  County. 
Goodspeed  &  Wyman. — Machinery  and  saws. 
J.  G.  FoLSOM. — General  machinery. 

D.  P.  Piper. — General  machinery. 

D.  B.  Whitney. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Winchester,  Middlesex  County. 
Joel  Whitney. — General  machinery. 

Wohurn,  Middlesex  County. 
3 AS.  BuEL  &  Co. — General  machinery.  Employ 
75  hands. 

Levi  Butler. — General  machinery.  Employ. 
70  hands. 

T.  T.  Coffin. — Machine  tools. 

L.  W.  Cooper. — General  machinery. 

E.  R.  Emery. — General  machinery. 
Parker,  Holden  &  Co. — General  machinery. 
WoBURN  Iron  Co.— C.   H.  Shute,  Superin- 
tendent.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Worcester,  Worcester  County. 

Arcade  Malleable  Iron  Co. — Malleable  iron 
castings.  W.  McFarland,  Treasurer.  Hands 
employed,  80. 

Ethajst  Allan  &  Co.— Rifles  and  pistols.  Em- 
ploy 60  hands. 

Ames  Plow  Co.— Plows  and  machinery.  Works 
also  at  Ayre,  Mass.  Oliver  Ames,  President ;  E. 
K.  Simon,  Treasurer.  New  York  office,  53 
Beekman  Street.  Boston,  Quincy  Hall.  Hands 
employed  350. 

R.  Ball  &  Co.— Wood-working  machinery. 
Hands  employed,  75.  This  works  is  said  to  be 
the  oldest  in  its  specialty  in  the  United  States. 

C.  H.  Ballard  &  Co. — Machinery. 

P.  Blaisdell  &  Co.— Machine  tools.   45  hands. 

Asa  Ross. — Spindle  and  cotton  machinery. 


E.  H.  Bellows. — Steam  engines  and  boilers. 
Blake  Bros. — General  machinery. 

C.  F.  Brigham. — Lathes  and  milling  machines. 

Alzirus  Brown. — Mowing  machines. 

W.  H.  Brown. — Machinery. 

H.  M.  Chase. — Stone-cutting  machinery. 

F.  F.  Phelps. — Iron  foundry. 

CoES,  LoRiNG  &  Co. — Machinery  for  cutting 
shear  blades,  screw  wrenches,  etc.  Product  of 
wrenches,  500  per  day. 

Caleb  Colvin — Iron  foundry. 

C.  &  J.  A.  Colvin. — Iron  foundry.  30  hands. 
A.  G.  CoES  &  Co. — Wrenches  only.  40  hands. 
CoMPTON  Loom  Works. — Proprietor,  George 

Compton.  Looms  and  mill  machinery.  200  hands 
employed. 

Curtis  &  Marble. — Cotton  machinery. 

Dennis  &  Lee. — Moulding  machines. 

L.  D.  Fay.— Machinery  and  machine  tools. 

A.  W.  GiFFORD  &  Co. — Machine  screws. 

Gilbert  Loom  Co. — Tapesti-y  carpet  loom 
machinery.    Hands  employed,  GO. 

J.  Gooding,  Jr. — General  machinery 

J.  H.  Gray  &  Co. — Machine  screws. 

T.  J.  Hastings  &  Co. — Hardware  and  mallea- 
ble iron. 

Heald  &  Britton. — Iron  foundry.    35  hands. 

A.  F.  Henshaw  &  Co. — Machinery  and 
machine  tools. 

H.  H.  Houghton. — Machinery  and  machine 
tools. 

J.  P.  Houghton. — Water-wheel  machinery. 
Johnson  &  Bassett. — Woollen  machinery.  24 
hands. 

Jones,  Willard  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  machine 
castings.    30  hands. 

S.  W.  Kent. — Card-cutting  machinery. 

Kniffen  Mowing  Machine  Co. — -S.  Copeland, 
President ;  C.  Warren,  Treasurer.  Mowing 
machines  and  horse  rakes. 

L.  J.  Knowles  &  Bro. — General  machinery. 
45  hands. 

Lathe  &  Morse  Machine  Co. — Machinery  and 
machine  tools.    60  hands. 

N.  A.  Lombard  &  Co. — Woollen  machinery. 
40  hands.    Established  1828. 

Jos.  F.  LoRiNG. — Iron  foundry.  Specialty, 
stoves. 

J.  D.  Matthews. — General  machinery. 

H.  MiNTER. — Machine  screws. 

Malleable  Heel  Plate  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
light  castings. 

New  Worcester  Machine  Co. — Shuttles  and 
loom  machinery. 

D.  W.  Pond. — Machinists'  tools.    30  hands. 
L.  J.  Pease  &  Bro.- — General  machinery. 
John  S.  Perkins. — Splitting  machines. 


38 


DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


L.  W.  Pond. — General  machinery.  135  hands 
em})lo3'ed. 

A.  F.  Prentice  &  Co. — Smiths'  tools,  etc. 

QuiNSiGAMOND  Iron  Wire  Works. — Pro- 
prietors, Washburn  &  Moen  Manufacturing  Co. 

Revere  &  Hewett. — Machinery. 

Rice  <fe  Whitcomb.— ^Machinery. 

Rice,  Barton  &  Fales. — J.  E.  Fales,  Manager. 
Paper  machinery  and  castings.  Hands  employed, 
200. 

A.  P.  Richardson  Mowing  Machine  Co. — 60 
hands. 

Richardson,  Merriam  &  Co. — Wood-working 
machinery.    75  hands  employed. 

Thos.  Smith  &  Co. — Mowing  machines. 

Worcester  Boiler  Works. — Proprietor,  Chas. 
Stewart.    Steam  engines  and  boilers.    25  hands. 

D.  Tainter. — General  machinery.    30  hands. 

Union  Water  Meter  Co. — Machinery  and 
meters. 

J.  W.  Upham. — Turbine  wheels. 

Washburn  Steam  Engine  Works. — Steam 
engines,  boilers,  etc.  Branch  of  Washburn  & 
Moen  Manufacturing  Co. 

Wetherby,  Rugg  &  Richardson. — Wood- 
working machinery. 

Washburn  &  Moen  Manufacturing  Co. — W. 
E.  Rice,  Treasurer ;  C.  E.  Washburn,  Secretary. 
Capital,  $1,500,000.  Rails,  wire,  car-wheels, 
tyres,  engines,  boilers,  etc. — (See  Eolling  3Iills 
and  Car  Wheel  Works  of  Mass. 

W.  F.  Wheeler. — Iron  foundry. 

C.  Whitcomb  &  Co. — Chopping  press  machin- 
ery. 

Joshua  S.  Wheeler  &  Co. — Tools,  etc. 

D.  H.  Whittemobe. — Light  machinery,  apple 
parers,  etc. 

John  Williams. — General  machinery. 

Wood,  Light  &  Co. — Machine  tools,  machin- 
ery, etc.  This  works  is  320  by  60  feet,  and  em- 
ploys 200  men  ;  with  a  very  extensive  trade,  and 
a  high  reputation  for  quality  of  product. 

Worcester  &  Nashua  R.  R.  Machine  Shops. 

Washburn  Steam  Pump  Co. — Pumping  ma- 
chinery. 

J erome  Wheelock. — Wheelock's  patent  steam 
pumps  and  steam-engines.    Hands  employed,  25. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works, 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Michigan. 

Adrian,  Lawrence  County. 

J.  Farrar  it  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  R.  R. 
machine  sliop. 

The  Illinois  Manufacturing  Co.  of  Adrian, 


Michigan  (specialty,  railroad  car-trimmings,  lan- 
terns, locks,  iron  and  brass  woi"k,  and  machine 
work),  have  their  works  at  Adrian,  Michigan,  and 
an  office  and  salesroom  in  Chicago,  at  No.  51 
Fifth  Avenue,  their  Chicago  branch  being  under 
the  charge  of  Mr.  John  S.  Brewer. 

Adrian,  Michigan,  is  a  prosjDerous  city  on  the 
line  of  the  L.  S.  &  M.  S.  Railway,  between 
Toledo  and  Chicago,  numbering  about  twelve 
thousand  inhabitants. 

The  works  of  the  Illinois  Manufacturing  Co.  are 
close  to  the  main  track  of  the  L.  S.  &  M.  S.  Rail- 
way, and  have  a  side'  track  of  their  own  passing 
their  door.  The  building  is  an  imposing  three- 
story  brick,  191  by  52  feet,  with  one-story  brick 
additions,  113  by  66  feet,  for  the  engine  and 
boiler  rooms,  and  brass  and  iron  foundries. 
The  company  also  own  several  acres  of  ground 
adjoining  their  works,  and  contemplate  adding 
materially  to  their  buildings  at  no  distant  day. 

The  power  is  furnished  by  a  100  horse  power 
engine,  supplied  by  two  proportionate  boilers 
built  by  Klots  &  Kromer,  of  Sandusky,  Ohio. 
The  main  floor  of  the  company's  extensive  build- 
ing is  taken  up  by  their  iron  foundry,  brass 
foundry,  pattern  room,  engine  and  boiler  rooms, 
bronzing  department,  silver  and  nickel  plating 
department,  stamping-press  rooms,  grinding  and 
polishing  rooms,  an  extensive  store-room,  the 
packing  room,  sample  room,  and  the  offices  of  the 
company. 

Their  principal  machine  room  is  on  the  second 
floor,  and  is  125  by  52  feet.  This  room  is  splendidly 
lighted  and  ventilated,  and  heated  by  the  exhaust 
steam  from  the  engine,  and  contains  eveiy  conve- 
nience for  the  accommodation  of  the  employes  and 
the  successful  prosecution  of  the  business.  The 
room  is  filled  with  expensive  machinery  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  labor  required  of  it,  is  in  per- 
fect order,  and  an  object  of  especial  pride  to  the 
managers  of  the  company.  The  third  floor  is  oc- 
cupied as  a  lantern  manufactory,  and  presents  a 
busy  appearance  with  its  immense  piles  of  tin  lan- 
terns, in  every  stage  of  completion,  stacked  from 
the  floor  to  the  ceiling,  its  noisy  presses,  stamps, 
and  bufls,  glowing  soldering  furnaces,  and  its  many 
busy  hands  stamping,  cutting,  soldering,  buffing, 
cleaning,  and  papering  the  many  dozens  of  lan- 
terns tills  company  daily  turns  out  for  the  nu- 
merous railroad  companies  in  all  parts  of  the 
Union  who  are  its  patrons. 

Adjoining  this  room  is  the  glass  depaitment, 
where  glass  engraving,  cutting,  and  embossing  oi 
every  description  is  done  by  skilled  and  accom- 
plished workmen  and  artists. 

The  Illinois  Manufacturing  Company  mauu 
facture   every   description  of  railway-car  trim 


DIRECTOliY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


mings  used  in  the  country,  fi-om  the  trimmings  for 
the  ordinary  freiglit  caboose  to  the  most  elegant 
drawing-room  or  palace  sleeping  coach  ;  and  have 
obtained  a  high  reputation  for  the  standard  quality 
of  goods  they  svipply,  their  readiness  to  originate 
new  designs  to  meet  the  views  of  their  different 
customers,  and  their  determination  to  keep  at  the 
head  of  the  car-trimming  business  of  the  country. 
Their  lamps  and  chandeliers  for  passenger  cars 
are  especially  celebrated  throughout  the  country, 
and  there  is  scarcely  a  railroad  in  the  United 
States  but  what  has  them  in  use.  The  company 
also  manufacture  every  kind  of  locks  known  in 
railroad  use,  from  switch  and  freight  car  locks  to 
the  most  elegant  bronze  and  silver  palace-car 
door  locks  ;  and  their  lock  department  alone  is  a 
large  and  prosperous  business. 

The  company  also  manufacture  lanterns  for 
railroad  use,  fancy  silver  and  nickel  lanterns  for 
conductors'  use,  fine  iron  castings  for  use  in  pas- 
senger cars ;  and,  in  addition  to  their  railroad 
customers,  have  a  large  trade  with  jobbei-s  and 
dealers  throughout  the  country  in  lanterns,  brass 
goods,  iron  work,  machine  work,  etc.,  etc. 

The  company  issue  yearly  a  catalogue  illus- 
trating a  large  portion  of  the  goods  they  manu- 
facture, which  they  will  be  pleased  to  mail  to  any 
address  free,  upon  application. 

The  officers  of  the  company  are :  President, 
P.  L.  Sword  ;  Vice-President  and  Superintendent, 
James  E.  Cross;  Secretary,  Henry  C.  Hart. 
Princijial  office  and  address,  Adrian,  Michigan. 
Chicago  office  and  salesroom,  5 1  Fifth  Avenue. 

Albion,  Calhoun  County. 
C.  Gale  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
G.  W.  Maker. — Machinery. 

Allegan,  Allegan  County. 

Eagle  Foundry. — Proprietor,  A.  W.  Calkins. 
General  castings. 

Feek  &  Heath. — Iron  foundry. 

Mix  &  ToMLiNSON. — Portable  and  stationary 
engines,  machinery,  etc. 

Abnont,  Lapeer  County. 
A.  H.  Currier  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Alma^  Gratiot  County. 
J.  MoNTEGLE. — Iron  foundry. 

Alpena,  Alpena  County. 
David  Crippen. — Iron  foundry. 

Ann  Arbor,  Washtenaw  County. 
Ann  Arbor  Agricultural  Works. — Agri- 
cultural machinery. 

Haviland  &  Rhodes. — General  machinery. 
G.  HuLiN. — Machinery. 

/ 


Lamb  Manufacturing  Co. — Locks,^^^ 
Sanford  &  Carpenter. — Machinery, 
Tripp,  Ailes  &  Price. — Machinery. 


.39 


Argentine,  Genessee  County. 
G.  Sutherland. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 


Geo, 
chinery. 

Armada,  Macon  County. 
M.  S.  Lyon. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Athens,  Calhoun  County. 
Chandler,  Brown  &  Palmer. — Iron  foundry, 
general  castings. 

Augusta,  Kalamazoo  County. 

Mead  &  Palemeter. — Machinery. 

Battle  Creek,  Calhoun  County. 

Burnham  &  Hyde, — Iron  foundry.  15  hands 
employed. 

V.  D.  Beach. — General  machinery, 

J.  Fonda. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

J.  D.  Lefevre. — Machinery. 

Peninsular  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Nichols,  Shephard  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
agricultural  machinery.  Number  of  hands  em- 
ployed, 50. 

Merritt  &  Kellogg. — Steam  engines. 

Upton,  Brown  &  Co.— Iron  foundry.  20  hands 
employed. 

Bay  City,  Bay  County. 
Bay  City  Iron  Co. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
etc. 

Jos.  T.  Kirk. — Boilers  only, 

Jas.  Like. — Boilers  only. 

North-western  Gas  &  Water  Pipe  Co. — 
{^See  Pipe  and  Tube  Works.) 

McDowell  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  machinery 
and  iron  foundi-y. 

Bellevue,  Eaton  County. 
H.  L.  Robinson. — Iron  foundry. 

Beuona,  Oceana  County, 
W.  Banks. — Machinery. 
Chas.  Cashway. — Machinery. 

Birmingham,  Oakland  County. 
M.  Smith. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Brighton,  Livingston  County. 
David  Thompson. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Geo.  W.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Bridgeport,  Centre  County. 
Jas.  Doyle. — Machinery. 
A.  GuRDY. — Machinery. 


40 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


M.  C.  Mtx. — Machinery. 

Byron,  Shawassee  County. 
A.  Clark. — Iron  foundry. 
Cook  &  Clark. — Iron  foundry. 
Leland  &  Sheldon. — Iron  foundry. 
Whitney  &  Rosetteb. — Iron  foundry. 

JBurr  Oaks,  St.  Joseph  County. 
J,  Watson. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Sronson,  Branch  County. 
Van  Every  &  Fowler. — Iron  foundry. 

Camden,  Hillsdale  County. 
Chas.  Brown. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

CoA'o,  Tuscola  County. 
J.  J.  Parker. — Iron  foundry. 

Centreville,  St.  Joseph  County. 
Allison  &  Keasey. — Iron  foundry. 
Keasey,  Bonner  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Charlotte,  Eaton  County. 
Collins  &  Wisner.— Iron  Foundry. 

C.  W.  &  G.  W.  Foster. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  B.  May. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  A.  Miller. — Iron  foundry. 

Perkins,  Wateesdorff  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Chelsea,  Washtenaw  County. 
Jx.  Boyd. — Iron  foundry. 

Clarkson,  Oakland  Coimty. 
L.  Bingham. — Iron  foundry. 

Clinton,  Lenawee  County. 
H.  O.  F.  Cutting. — Machinery. 

D.  Woodward  &  Co. — Plows. 

Clyde,  St.  Clair  County. 
Wm.  Atkins,  Jr.^ — Agricultural  implements. 

Coldwater,  Branch  County. 
Geo.  S.  Foster  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

D.  S.  Harrington  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
S.  H.  Nye. — Iron  foundry. 
L.  B.  Titus. — Iron  foundry. 

Colon,  St.  Joseph  County. 
D.  C.  Richards  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Commerce,  Oakland  Connty. 
W.  D.  &  S.  King. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Constantine,  St.  Joseph  County. 
George  &  Tweedle.— Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 


Corunna,  Shiawassee  County. 

H.  E.  Aiken. — Agi-icultural  implements. 
Pettybone  &  Layman. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Bavidsonville,  Genessee  County. 
E.  A.  Rockatellow. — Iron  foundry. 

Bansville,  Ingham  County. 
Thompson  &  Holt. — Iron  foundry. 

Damdsburg,  Oakland  County, 
W.  J.  HiCKEY. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Decatur,  Van  Buren  County. 
Mason  &  Reed. — Iron  foundry. 

Detroit,  Wayne  County. 

J.  P.  Benoit. — General  machiuery.  18  hands 
employed. 

J.  Brennan. — Boilers  only.  15  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Michigan  Boiler  Works.— Proprietor,  W. 
Buchanan.    Boilers  and  machinery. 

Burt  Manufacturing  Company  Iron  Foundry. 
—{See  Car  Wheel  Works.)  Number  of  hands 
employed,  30. 

Boyle  &  Bros. — Iron  foundry.  15  hands 
employed. 

J.  Carroll. — Boilers  only. 

Dewtell  &  HuTTON. — Boilcrs.  30  hands  em- 
ployed. 

.  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  R.  R.  machiae  shop. 

Detroit  Locomotive  Works. — President,  C. 
H.  Buhl.  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  D.  R.  Pierce. 
{See  Locomotive  Works  of  Mich.)  Number  of 
hands  employed,  150. 

Detroit  Bridge  and  Iron  Works. — Wm.  0. 
Colburn,  Secretary  and  Treasurer;  Willard  S. 
Pope,  Engineer.  {See  Iron  Bridge  Works.) 
These  works  cover  an  area  of  twelve  acres,  and 
employ  300  hands.  Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 
besides  bridges. 

Detroit  Car  Wheel  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Employ  80  hands.    {See  Car  Wheel  WorJcs.) 

Detroit  Safe  Co.'s  Works.— T.  T.  Bayley, 
President.  Safes  and  machinery.  Number  of 
hands  employed,  60. 

Detroit  Stove  Works. — Iron  foundry.  Wm. 
H.  Tifft,  President.  {See  Stove  Manufacturers 
of  U.  S.) 

Detroit  Dry  Dock  Engine  Works. — Pro- 
prietor, S.  F.  Hodge.  Steam  engiaes,  etc.  Employ 
50  hands. 

Detroit  Agricultural  Works. — Agricultural 
machinery. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  "WORKS,  ETC. 


41 


Detroit  Steam  Forge. — Heavy  forgings,  etc. 

A.  W.  Elmer. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

J.  H.  &  J.  N.  Ford. — Heavy  forgings. 

Fulton  Iron  &  Engine  Works. — J.  R. 
Wayne,  Treasurer.  Saw-mills  and  machinery. 
80  hands  employed. 

D.  W.  Glendinning. — Iron  foundry. 

Hamtramck  Iron  Works. — E.  C.  Walker, 
President ;  G.  B.  Russell,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
(See  Ijlast  Furnaces^  etc.,  of  JMich.)    GO  hands. 

S.  F.  Hodge. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
40  hands. 

Jackson  &  Wiley. — Steam  engines  and  iron 
foundry.    40  hands. 

James  Jenks. — Steam  engines  and  machinery. 

Kennedy  &  Gregg. — Steam  engines,  iron 
foundry,  etc. 

J.  <fe  T.  McGregor. — Boilers  only. 

Michigan  Bolt  &  Nut  Manufacturing  Co. 
— 50  hands  employed. 

Michigan  Iron  Foundry. — General  castings. 

Michigan  Central  Railroad  machine  shop. 

S.  Pratt,  Jr. — Boilers  only. 

D.  E.  Rice. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 
scales. 

Sprenger  Bros. — Boiler-makers. 
John   B.   Wilson. — Steam  engines  and  iron 
foundiy. 

Dowagiac,  Cass  County. 

P.  D.  Beckwith. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 
agricultiiral,  stoves,  etc. 

Chappell  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural machinery. 

Stow  &  Co. — Drills,  etc. 

Eagle  Harbor,  Keweenaw  County. 
Eagle  Harbor  Foundry. — General  castings. 

East  Saginaw,  Saginaw  County. 

G.  F.  Bartlett  &  Co. — Foundry  and  iron 
work. 

F.  A.  Koehler  Pioneer  Iron  Manufactory\ — 
General  iron  work. 

G.  W.  Merrill  &  Co.- — Steam  engines  and 
iron  foundry. 

Tnos.  Steele. — Boilers. 

Wickes  &  Bros. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foimdry. 

Gray  &  Masey. — Boilers. 

Flint  &  Pere  Marquette  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Eaton  Rapids,  Eaton  County. 
Jas.  Gallery. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Edvmrdshurg,  Cass  County. 
Marsh  &  Son. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 


Earmington,  Oakland  County. 
T.  S.  Kent. — Iron  foundry. 

Fenton,  Genessee  County. 
Parkhurst  &  Jaokson. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Ferryshurg,  Ottawa  County. 
Ottawa  Iron  Works. — Wm.  M.  Ferry,  Jr. 
Iron  foundry  and  general  iron  works. 

Flint,  Genesee  County. 
Kimball  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
machinery. 

Thos.  Warren. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Franklin,  Oakland  County. 
Sheldon,  Wanzer  &  Cleaves. — Iron  foundry, 
genei-al  castings. 

Flushing,  Genessee  County. 
Heath  &  Gallup. — General  machinery. 
James  Summer. — Iron  foundry. 

Goodrich,  Genessee,  County. 
Delano  &  Caswell. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Geo.  Patrick. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  P.  Whitmer. — Iron  foundry. 

Grand  Haven,  Genessee  County. 
Wm.  M.  Ferry. — Machinery. 
Frank  Spence. — Machinery. 

Grand  Ledge,  Eaton  County. 

Eli  Nichols. — Agricultural  implements. 
Reed  &  Breach. — Iron  foundry. 

Grand  Rapids,  Kent  County. 

BuTTERWORTH  &  LowE. — Machinery. 

Chubb  &  Luther. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  Dale. — Machinery. 

G.  S.  Dean  &  Son. — -Iron  foundry. 

Hathaway  &  Lyon. — Tools  and  machinery. 

Jos.  Jacoboice. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Valley  City  Iron  Works. — A.  Leitelt  & 
Bro.    General  machinery. 

A.  Platte. — Iron  foundry. 

Jas.  C.  Simonds. — Iron  foundry. 

Greenhusli,  Clinton  County. 
W.  T.  &  R.  E.  Davis. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

S.  RosWELL. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Greenville,  Montcalm  County. 
Maxtel  &  Moore. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 


42 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKSj  ETC. 


TTadley,  Lapeer  County. 
Wm.  H.  Collard. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  H.  Hemingway. — Agricultural  implements. 
Hartwell  &  McIntosh. — Iron  foundry. 

Hancock,  Jloughton  County. 
Hodge  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  B.  <fe  H.  B.  Okmsby. — Iron  foundry. 

Hastings,  Harry  County. 
Allen  Bennett. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  F.  DwiGHT  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

Hillsdale,  Hillsdale  County. 
Bunt  &  Lawrence. — Agricultiiral  implements. 
Phelps  &  Pettis. — Agricultural  implements. 
40  hands. 

H.  Sparrow. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Holland,  Ottawa  County. 
A.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry. 
Smoke,  Felshaw  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Houghton,  Houghton  County. 
F.  S.  Hodge  &  do. — Iron  foundry. 
Sheldon,  Wanzer  &  Cleaves. — Iron  foundry. 

Hudson,  Lenawee  County. 
N.  Lane. — Iron  foiindry. 

S.  Moreland. — Iron  fov  ndry,  general  castings. 
Weaver  &  Benedict. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural machinery, 

Ionia,  Ionia  County. 

N.  H.  Batson. — Iron  foundry. 

Chubb  &  Baynall. — Steam  engines  and  agri- 
cultural  machinery. 

Thos.  S.  Sew. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Ithaca,  Gratiot  County. 
Wells  &  Sutherland. — Iron  foundry,  etc. 

tlackson,  lackson  County. 
Fort  Wayne,  Jackson  &  Saginaw  B.  B.  ma- 
chine shop. 

Jackson,  Lansing  &  Saginaw  B.  B.  machine  shop. 

J.  Bobbins. — Boilers  only. 

Moses  McGregor. — Boilers  only. 

Jackson  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — H.  A. 
Hayward,  President ;  E.  A.  Sumner,  Secretary ; 
E.  H.  Camp,  Treasurer.  Steam  engines,  tubular 
furnaces,  and  general  cast  and  wrought  iron  work. 

H.  Drake  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

LuiSK  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

tlonesville,  Hillsdale  County. 

L.  Miller  &  Co. — Foundry  and  machineiy. 
Wm.  W.  Platt. — Agricultural  implements. 


Halamazoo,  I^alamazoo  County. 
Geo.  Dod(JE. — Agricultural  machinery. 
T.  Dodge. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Geo.  F.  Green. — Iron  foundry. 
Wilson  h  Bro. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Kimball,  Austin  &  Tomlinson. — General  ma- 
chinery. 

Lansing,  Ingham  County. 
Bement  &  Son. — General  machinery ;  specialty 
plows. 

Wm.  H.  Harris. — General  machinery. 
Wm.  W.  Hildreth  &  Bro. — General  machinery. 
Metlin  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements  and 
machinery. 

Lapeer,  Lapeer  County. 
F.  E.  Hatch. — Iron  foundry. 
McDonald  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 
Morton  &  McDonald. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Lawton,  Van  I3uren  County. 
Elmire  <fe  Co.- — Iron  foundry. 
D.  Robinson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Loioell,  Hent  County. 
BoYCE  &  Nash. — Machinery  and  edge  tools. 
John  Tay"lou. — Iron  foundry. 

llanistee,  3Ianistee  County. 
Wm.  Crippen. — Machinery. 
Kirch  &  Jack. — Boilers  only. 

3Iarquette,  Marquette  County. 

Iron  Bay  Foundry. — Proi)rietor,  D.  H.Merrit, 
Steam  engines  and  general  iron  work. 

Marquette  and  Ontonagon  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Superior  Foundry  Co. — Machinei-y  and  cast- 
ings. 

Maple  Rapids,  Clinton  Coxmty. 
Winans  &  Whitaew. — Iron  foundry. 
WiNNS  &  Dewitt.- — Iron  foundry. 
Whitaker  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Marshall,  Calhoun  County. 
Marshall  Machine  Co. — General  Machinery, 
Marshall  Wind  Engine  and  Pump  Co.— 
Windmills  and  pumps,  agricultural  machinery 
etc. 

Mason,  Ingham  County. 
Beach  &  McRoberts. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  D.  Kingsbury. — Agricultural  implements. 

3Iatherton,  Ionia  County, 
Irish  &  Tooker. — Iron  foundry. 

McoaTs  Mills,  Wayne  County. 
Ramsdale  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Meindon,  St.  Joseph  County. 
BowM  &  Brown. — Iron  foundry. 


DIRECTOEY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


43 


Richards  &  MuMuuttrie. — Iron  foundry. 

Metamora^  Lapeer  County. 
Daniels  &  Pitcher. — Iron  foundry. 
Wm.  H.  Varnum. — Iron  foundry. 

3Io7itague,  Muskegon  County. 
Cooper  &  Rodgers. — Machinery. 
Montague  Iron  Works. — Propiietors,  Wilson 
&  Hendric.    General  iron  work.     20  hands. 

Monroe,  Monroe  County. 
John  Alexander. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  &  D.  McLaren. — Iron  foundry. 
Wm.  Steiner. — Agricultural  implements. 

3£uskegon,  Muskdgon  County. 
J.  Davis. — Steam  engines  and  iron  foundry. 
A.  Rogers. — Iron  foundry. 
T.  TiTRNBULL. — Boilers  only. 

Nashville,  Barry  County. 
D.  C.  Griffiths. — Iron  foundry. 

N'ew  Haven,  Macomh  County. 
Chas.  Eullington. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Niles,  Berrien  County. 
C.  K.  Dodge. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
R.  J.  Finch. — Iron  foundry,  machine  castings. 
W.  Z.  Welling. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery ; 
specialty,  plows. 

M.  WoOLOVER. — Machinery. 

JSTashville,  Wayne  County. 
G.  P.  Harrington. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Owasso,  Shiawassee  County. 

C.  W.  Clapp  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Detroit  and  Michigan  Railroad  machine  shops. 
OsBORN,  Howell  &  Kirby. — General  machin- 
ery. 

Oxford,  Oakland  County. 
J.  Gibson.— Ii-on  foundry. 

D.  S.  McKiNSEY. — Iron  foundry. 

Baw  Paw,  Van  Buren  County. 
W.  H.  Randall. — Iron  foundry  and  sewing 
machines. 

M.  Snow. — Iron  foundry. 

Pinckney,  Livingston  County. 
Mann  &  Temple. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Thos.  McCullough. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  G.  Whitcomb  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Pontiac,  Oakland  County. 
J.  W.  Dawson. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
W.  D.  King  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 


Port  Huron,  St.  Clair  County. 

H.  &  R.  Barnett. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

Phcenix  Iron  Works. — ^W.  S.  Jenks,  Agent. 
Steam  engines  and  iron  foundry. 

Port  Huron  and  Lake  Michigan  Railroad  ma- 
chine shops. 

Portland,  Tenia  County. 
S.  R.  Gates. — Iron  foundry. 
T.  Hill. — Iron  foundry. 

Quiticey,  Branch  County. 
O.  H.  Harding. — Iron  foundry. 

Romeo,  Macomb  County. 
J.  Hamblin. — Machinery. 
Ketchum  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 
Selpidge  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 
Shelp  &  Thompson. — Iron  foundry. 

St.  Clair,  St.  Clair  County. 
St.  Clair  Foundry. — J.  E.  Kitton. 

St.  Johns,  Clinton  County. 
Geo.  Arnold. — Machinery. 
L.  B.  Mattison. — Agricultural  implements. 
A.  H.  McCabe. — Iron  foundry  and  macliineiy. 
J.  W.  Payne. — Iron  foundry. 

St.  JToseph,  Berrien  County. 
Chicago  and  Michigan  Lake  Shore  Railway 
machine  shop. 

J.  W.  Hamilton.— Iron  foundry. 

Saginaw  City,  Saginaw  County. 
N,  B.  Kinsey. — Iron  foundi-y  and  machinery. 
J.  Old  hall  t&  Son. — Machinery. 

Saline,  Washtenaw  County. 
J.  M.  Gross. — Iron  foundry. 
Rheinfrank  k  Williams. — Iron  foundry. 

Saranac,  Ionia  County. 
David  Eiile. — Iron  foundry. 

Smyrna,  Ionia  County. 
Geo.  W.  Bu.sh. — Iron  foundry. 

Springport,  Jackson  County. 
Bell  <fe  Goodyear. — Machinery. 

Sturgis,  St.  Joseph  County. 
A.  Densier. —  Agricultural  implements. 
Drake,  Henderson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Tecmnseh,  Lenawee  County. 
H.  Brewer  &  Sons. — Machinery. 
Stretch  &  Welling. — Machinery. 
McConnell,  Raymond  &  Co. — Foundry  and 
agricultural  machinery. 

A.  W.  Slayton  &  Co. — Machinery. 


44 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHENE  WORKS,  ETC. 


E.  TiNDALL. — Agricultural  implements. 

Three  Rivers,  St.  Joseph  County. 

Caldwkll,  TwiTCHEL  &  Co. — Fouudrj  and 
agricultural  machinery. 

Cox  &  Thbop. — Iron  found ly. 

Roberts  &  Throp. — Foundry  and  lliresliing 
machinery.    25  hands. 

Vandal'm,  Cass  County. 
J.  &  E.  Reiff. — Iron  foundry. 

Vassar,  Tuscola  County. 

F.  Meehan. — Iron  foundry. 

Verno7i,  Shiawasee  County. 
PlNNEY  &  Jones. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Wayland,  Allegan  County.  ■- 
HoYT  Bros.  &  Sherwood. — Iron  foundry. 

WiUiamstown,  Ingham  County. 
Grattan  Bros. — Machinery  and  foundry. 
John  H.  Steele. — Machinery  and  foundry. 

Whitehall,  Muskegon  County. 
CooPEft  &  RoGERS.^ — Maeliineiy. 
DucEY  &  Cleghorn. — Iron  foundry. 

Ypsilanti,  Kalamazoo  County. 
Philo  Ferrier. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  J.  McCullogh. — Iron  foundry. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Minnesota. 

Austin,  Moicer  County. 
W.  W.  Bronson. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 
jobbing. 

Claremount,  Dodge  County. 
Edward  Buchring. — Ma.cliinery. 
Joseph  Crow. — Machinery. 

Dodge  Centre,  Dodge  County. 
C.  Atherton  &  Son. — Machinery. 
Barrett  &  Son. — Machinery. 

Diduth,  St.  Louis  County. 
DuLUTH  Iron  Works. — George  K.  Shoenber- 
ger,  President.  (Shoenberger  &  Bryant.)  This 
works  includes  Duluth  Blast  Furnace  {see  Blast 
Fi/rnaces  of  Minnesota),  Duluth  Car  Works 
{see  Car  Works  of  3Iinnesota,)  and  Duluth 
Stove  Works  {see  Stove  Manufacturers  of  Jlin- 
nesota).  The  product  of  the  blast  furnace,  6,000 
tons  cliarcoal  pig  iron,  will  be  consumed  in  the 
works.  The  furnace  was  blown  in  late  in  1873. 
The  works  manufactures  marine,  portable,  and 


stationary  engines,  iron  and  brass  castings,  and 
general  machinery,  in  addition  to  the  specialties 
noted. 

Faribault,  Bice  County. 

Faribault  Plow  Co. — Specialty,  plows  and 
agricultural  machinery. 

Lime  &  Prescott. — Plows  and  agricultural 
machinery. 

R.  A.  Mott. — Agricultural  implements. 

Winkley  &  MooRE. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Farmington,  Dakota  County. 
Rice,  Wing  &  Kounce. — Iron   foundry  and 
machinery. 

C.  R.  Rollins. — Agricultural  implements. 
Salmon  Webster. — Agricultural  implements. 

Hastings,  Dakota  County. 
John  Bateman. — Specialty,  plows. 
Churchill  k  Chamberlain. — Iron  foundry. 
John  F.  Rehse. — Iron  foundry. 
Star    Works   Manufacturing   Co. — Steam 
engines,  boilers,  and  iron  foundry. 

A.  B.  Tyrell. — Agricultural  machinery. 

Kingston,  Meeker  County. 
James  Kline. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Lake  City,  Wahashaw  County. 
Doughty  &  Neal. — Plows  and  agricultural 
machinery. 

II.  Gillett. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Mankato,  Blue  Earth  County. 
C.  W.  Barney  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural machinery. 

John  II.  Barr. — Agricultural  implements. 
MoHR  &  Dauber. — Agricultural  implements. 

Minneapolis,  Hennepin  County. 
C.  H.  Butler. — Mill  picks,  etc. 
Ferguson  &  Holbrook. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

C.  M.  Hardenbergh  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery,  steam  engines,  etc.  Number  of  hands 
employed,  40. 

Laraway,  King,  &  Ferine. — Agricultural  im- 
plements. 

North  Star  Iron  Works. — Projjrietors,  Har- 
rison, Gorton  &  Co.  Steam  engines,  machineiy, 
etc.    50  hands  employed. 

Nexo  XJhn,  Broxon  County. 
Shaffer,  Erkel,  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

* 

JSTorthfield,  Rice  Country. 
Fox  &  Beach. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 


DIKECTORT  OF  GENEEAL 


MACHINE  WOKKS,  ETC. 


4 


Owatonna,  Steele  County. 
LowTH  &  Howe. — Agricultural  tools  and  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  M.  Patch. — Agricultural  tools  and  machin- 
ery. 

Med  Winff,  Goodhue  County. 

DiNSMORE  Bros. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Peterson,  Hoelmberg  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Red  Wing  Iron  Works. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Hiceford,  Souston  County. 

Brown,  Wilcox  &  Sherwood. — Iron  foundry. 
Sherwood  &  Colt. — ^Iron  foundry. 

Itochester,  Olmstead  County. 

Chapman,  Purvis  &  Co. — Steam  engines, 
boilers,  iron  foundry,  and  machinery. 

Nelson  &  Gunderson. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

JRockford,  Wright  County. 
G.  D.  Greigiis. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
G.  D.  George. — Machinery. 

G.  F.  Ames. — Machinery. 

Rushford,  Fillmore  County. 
E.  G.  Chase. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 

H.  E.  Crandall. — Agricultural  implements. 
John  Hammond. — Agricultural  implements. 
Hart,  Norton  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

St.  Anthony'^s  Falls,  Hennepin  County. 
Charles  Brown.— Plows  and  agricultural  ma- 
chinery. 

C.  E,.  Bushnell  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Elisha  Broad. — Tools,  etc. 

St.  Anthony's  Iron  Works. — Foundry,  ma- 
chinery, general  iron  works. 

St.  Cloud,  Stearns  County. 
A.  Gales. — Iron  foundry. 

N.  Lahr. — Plows  and  agricultural  machinery. 
Stevens  &   Co. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural 
castings. 

3.  B.  Van  Rensselaer. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

St.  Paul,  Ramsey  County. 

M.  BuRKLEY. — Machinery. 

Corning  Bros.  &  Depuis. — Engines,  machin- 
ery, and  foundry.  Number  of  hands  employed, 
60. 

City  Iron  Works, — McAfee  &  Burdic.  Gen- 
eral iron  works. 
T.  Kenny  <fe  Bro. — Boilers  only. 
A.  Leaming. — Plows. 


W.  J.  McAfee. — General  machinery. 

St.  Paul  Foundry  &  Machine  Shop.— Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

St.  Paul  Iron  Works. — Propr'etors,  Bailey, 
Howson  &  Co.  Iron  foundry.  Miscellaneous 
castings.    50  hands  employed. 

St.  Paul  and  Sioux  City  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

St.  Paul  and  Pacific  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

St.  Paul  Steam  Boiler  Works. — M.  J.  Galli- 
gan,  pi'oprietor.    Steam  engines  and  boilers. 

Welles  &  Co. — Bridge  iron  works. 

Wilson  &  Worley. — Specialty,  stoves. 

St.  Peter,  Nicollett  County. 
Moore  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  G.  Miller  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements 
and  machinery. 

Sauk  Centre,  Stearns  County. 
3.    H.    Clark. — Iron    foundry,    plows,  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Wahashaw,  Wabashaw  County. 
R.  Cochrane. — Agricultural  implements. 
T.  KuHF. — Machinery. 
South  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

'Winona,  Winona  County. 
A.  Baldwin. — Iron  foundry. 
Foster  &  Hurlburt. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  C.  HuEY  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 
N.  M.  Hurlbort  &  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
C.  LoRNEY. — Iron  foundry. 
Geo.  W.  Payne  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

W.  H.  Stevens. — Agricultural  implements. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works  and 
Iron  Foundries  of  Mississippi. 

Corinth,  Alcorn  County. 
W,  W.  Willis  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Goodman,  Holmes  County. 
G.  D.  Bustamente.— Machinery, 

Ilanshoro,  Harrison  County, 
J.  N.  Bradford.— Iron  foundry. 
J.  V.  Bradford  &  Co.^ — Machinery, 

Holly  Springs,  Marshall  County. 
J.  B.  Mattison. — Agricultural  implements. 

Jackson,  Hinda  County. 
Charles  Williams. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  and 
machinery. 

J.  McDonnell  &  Co. — Ii-on  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 


46 


DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


JTossuth,  Alcorn  County. 
Gates  &  Hinton. — Iron  foundry,  miscellane- 
ous castings. 

Jfonticello,  Lawrence  County. 
M.  King. — Macliinery. 

Meridian^  Lauderdale  County. 
E.  VV.  Nix  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

Natchez^  Adams  County. 
E.  B.  Backer   &   Son. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments and  machinery. 

Smith,  Tappen  &  Co. — Machinery. 

J.  C.  Schwartz. — Agricultural  implements. 

Hienzi,  Alcorn  Coimty. 
G.   W.   Williams   &   Son. — Iron  foundry, 
plows,  and  mill  machinery. 

'Vickshwrg,  Warren  County. 
J.  P.  Foley. — Boilers  only. 
Heno,  Smith  k  Tappan. — Iron  foundry. 
Muldoon  &  McKain. — Boilers  only. 
A.  M.  Paxton  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Vicksburg  &  Meridian  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Water  Valley,  Grenada  Cownty. 
John  Bell. — Boiler  maker. 
Mississippi  Central  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Shaw  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Woodville,  Wilkinson  County. 
R.  C.  Brower. — Machinist. 

Yazoo  City,  Yazoo  Cownty. 
I.  Brown. — Machinery. 
Thomas  Murray. — Machinery. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Missouri. 

4.lbany,  Gentry  County. 
Chas.  Gilbert. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Ashley,  Pike  County. 
S.  M.  &  Wm.  H.  Purse. — Machinery. 

Auburn,  Lincoln  County. 
L.  D.  M.  Verdier. — Agricultural  implements. 

JBethany,  Harrison  County. 
S.  E.  DuiGiN. — Foundry  and  machinery. 

J3ooneville,  Cooper  County. 
D.  Andrews. — Agricultm-al  implements. 
Booneville  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Kneedler 
&  Zimmer.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 


Chas.  P.  Williams. — Agricultural  implements. 

UrookfielJ,  Liim  County. 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Calhoun,  Henry  County. 
David  H.  Rigg. — Machinery. 

Ca/pe  Girardeau,  Cape  Girardea/u,  County. 
Whitelaw  &  Garrett. — Looms  and  mUl  man- 
ufactory. 

J.  Wann  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Wann,  Mollineaux  &  Co. — Plows  and  agri- 
cultural machinery. 

Chillicothe,  Livingston  County. 
R.  S.  McLeod  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general 
and  machine  castings. 

Clarkeville,  Pike  County. 
Fletcher  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
S.  M.  Goodman. — Agricultural  implements. 
W.  Watts. — Agricultural  implements. 

De  Witt,  Carroll  County. 
Martin  &  Goodale. — Iron  foundry. 

Franklin,  Franklin  County. 
South  Pacific  Railroad  machine  shops. 

Greenfield,  Dade  County. 
W.  B.  Caswell. — Agricultural  implements. 

Mannihal,  3Iarion  County. 

Cartledge  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad  machiue 
shop.  Car  and  repair  shop.  There  are  .500  men 
employed  here  engaged  in  car  woi'k,  of  which  the 
shops  have  a  capacity  for  three  freight  cars  per 
day  and  fifteen  passenger  cai'S  per  annum. 

C.  M.  Purnell. — Boilers  only. 

Murphy,  Garvin  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, and  iron  foundry. 

Ironton,  Iron  County. 
Shephard  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

tTefferson  City,  Cole  County. 
BoDiNE,  Hill  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Jefferson  City  Foundry. — Iron  foundry, 
general  castings. 

ITansas  City,  Jefferson  Coimty. 
Goodman,  Kincs  &  Mason. — Iron  foundry. 
Kansas  City  Foundry. — McKnight,  Green  & 
Co.,  Proprietors.    Iron  foundry. 


DIRECTOKT  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


47 


Home  Iron  Woeks.— Proprietors,  McFarland 
&  Lord.    Foundry  and  general  iron  works. 

Leland  &  WooDLEY. — Iron  foundry. 

Missoviri  River,  Fort  Scott  and  Gulf  Railroad 
machine  shops. 

Keystone  Iron  Works. — Steam  engines  and 
general  iron  work. 

J.  C.  Murray,  Eagle  Foundry. — General 
castings. 

Murray  &  Arthur. — Iron  foundry, 
Thos.  Pratt. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  stoves. 
Purnell  &  Stockton. — Boiler  makers. 
SiiiNN,  Foster  &  Co.— Iron  foundry. 
State  Line  Machine  Works. — General  ma- 
chinery. 

Aug.  Witte. — Machinery  and  brass  castings. 

Zm  Plata,  Macon  County. 
Spencer  &  Ray. — Agricultural  machinery. 

Lexington,  La  Fayette  County. 

Wm.  Jordan. — Iron  foundry,  miscellaneous 
castings. 

Chas.  a.  Morrison. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Liberty,  Clay  County. 
J.  J.  Armstrong. — General  machinery. 

Louisiana,  Pike  County. 

W.  Ellison. — Machinery. 
S.  Rogers. — Machinery. 

Thos.  F.  Whitney'  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Macon  City,  Macon  Comity. 
E.  Caeberry. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  R.  JNIiLLS. — Plows,  wagons,  and  agricultu- 
ral machinery. 

Mexico,  Andrian  County. 
DiLLARD  &  Fields. — Plows,  agricultural  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

Miami,  Saline  County. 
Guthreys  &  Vaughn. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Middletown,  3fontgomery  County. 
Jones  &  Paxon. — Machinery. 
R.  W.  J.  Trainer. — Agricultural  implements. 

Oregon,  Holt  County. 
Lohmar  &  Baskins. — Agricultural  implements. 

Palmyra,  Marion  County. 

North  Missouri  Manufacturing  Company. — 
President,  Samuel  Logan  ;  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, J.  C.  Thomas.    Agricultural  machinery. 

Rohrer  ik  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

9 


Paradise,  Clay  County. 

W.  H.  Breckenredge. — Plows  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

Pleasomt  Hill,  Cass  County. 
Brown  Clay  &  Co. — Agriciiltural  implements. 
Hull  &  Lease. — Agricultural  implements. 
Humphreys  &  Cordell. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Randolph  City,  Randolph  County. 
Martin  &  Williams. — Plows  and  agricultural 
implements.    Works  at  Renick. 

Richmond,  Ray  County. 
Richmond  Foundry  and   Machine   Shop. — 
Proprietors,  Mehl  &  Pirner. 

Saint  Charles,  St.  Charles  County. 
Alderson  &  Bruere. — Iron  foundry. 
Saint  Genevieve,  St.  Genevieve  County. 

P.  Wilder. — Machine  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Saint  James,  Phelps  County. 
Marameck  Iron  Works. — (See  Blast  Furnaces 
of  Missouri?)    Iron  foundiy,  also  hollow  ware  and 
general  castings. 

Saint  Joseph,  Buchanan  County. 

W.  J.  Ambrose  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Becker  k  Bro. — Boilers  only. 

Bombeck  &  ZiPH. — Boilers  only. 

BuMSiDE,  Crowther  &  RoGERS. — Machinery 
and  iron  foundry. 

L.  G.  Cox. — Genei-al  machinery. 

Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  Council  Bluffs  R.  R. 
machine  shop. 

North  Missouri  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

J.  H.  Robinson. — Agricultural  implements. 

D.  G.  ScHivERS. — Plows  and  agricultural  im- 
plements. 

J.  V.  W.  Whitehead. — Machinery. 

Willis  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

Saint  Louis,  St.  Louis  County. 
G.  B.  Allen  &  Co. — Proprietors,  Fulton  Iron 
Works.     Iron  foundry,  heavy  castings,  engine 
work,  etc. 

Fulton  Sheet  Iron  and  Boiler  Works. — 
Proprietors,  Allison  and  Rohan.  Boilers,  smoke 
stacks,  sheet-iron  work,  etc. 

American  Gate  Co. — R.  D.  Green,  President ; 
A.  Isaacs,  Treasurer;  L.  Friedman,  Secretary. 
Iron  gates  and  railings. 

Atlantic  &  Pacific  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Beard  &  Bro. — Safes,  bank  vaults,  locks,  etc. 

Phcenix  Boiler  and  Sheet  Iron  Works. — J. 


48 


DIEECTOET  OF  GENERAL  MAcnESTE  WOKKS,  ETC. 


H.  Bettis,  Proprietor.  Boilers,  smoke-stacks, 
furnace  iron  work,  etc. 

Bridge,  Beacu  &  Co. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty, 
stoves  and  hollow  ware.  Product,  G,000  tons 
per  annum. 

Buck  &  Wright. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty, 
stoves. 

Chas.  Boerckeb. — Safe  manufacturer. 
M.  M.  Buck  &  Co. — Machinery  and  machinists' 
sui)plies. 

Collins  &  Holliday. — Iron  foundry. 
Cronenbold  &  Co. — Plows  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Eagle  Iron  Foundry. — Proprietors,  Alex. 
Crozier  &  Co.  Foundry. 

M.  &  E.  C.  Curtis  &  Co. — Iron  foundry ;  spe- 
cialty, stoves. 

Excelsior  Manufacturing  Co. — Giles  F. 
Filley,  President ;  J.  W.  Bell,  Secretary.  Iron 
foundry.  (See  Stove  JSIanufactwrers  of  J\Iis- 
souri.) 

Jacob  Felber. — Machinery. 

Chas.  Gage,  Missouri  Stove  Foundry. — {See 
Stove  Manufacturers  of  Missouri.') 

J.  F.  Gelfirt. — Iron  foundry. 

Gerst  &  Bro. — Iron  railings,  etc. 

H.  Geyer. — Iron  railings,  etc. 

Eagle  Steam  Pipe  Works.— Proprietor,  John 
Goodin.     {^See  Pipe  and  Tube  Works.) 

Hillman,  Bro.  &  Sons. — Machinery. 

Jefferson  Machine  Shop. — John  Holland, 
Proprietor.  Machinery. 

Industrial  Plow  Manufacturing  Works. — 
Propiietors,  Hapsgood  &  Co.  Plows  and  agri- 
cultural machinery. 

D.  Kerwin. — Bolts  and  nvits. 

St.  Louis  Brass  and  Hardware  Manufactur- 
ing Co. — Brass  castings  and  malleable  iron 
goods. 

Kingsland,  Ferguson  &  Co. — Steam  engines, 
agricultural  implements,  and  saws. 

Manning  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

Marshall  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  and 
machinery.  Number  of  hands  employed,  150. 
Value  of  product,  $300,000. 

A.  McDonald  &  Co. — Steam  forge  and  iron 
works ;  specialty,  car  axles,  locomotive  crank  pins, 
and  heavy  forgings.  Number  of  hands  employed, 
60. 

McMuRRY,  Smith  &  Judge. — Iron  foundry. 

City  Screw  Bolt  Works. — Proprietor,  Wm. 
Moran.    Bolts,  etc. 

Missouri  Stove  Foundry. — B.  Horton,  Propri- 
etor.   i^See  Stove  Manufacturers  of  Missouri^ 

Pacific  Iron  Foundry. — Nixon,  Smith  & 
Philips.    General  castings. 

North  Missouri  R.  R.  machine  shop. 


J.  E.  OxLEY  &  Co. — Stoves,  ranges,  fire-proof 
doors  and  windows,  etc. 

Pacific  R.  R.  of  Missouri  machine  shop. 

P.  P.  Pauley  &  Bro. — Cast  and  wrought  ii-on 
work,  heavy  hardware. 

M.  Pauley  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

Pauley  k  Covell,  Pacific  Foundry. — General 
castings. 

A.  S.  Pettigrew. — Steam  engines  and  machin- 
ery. 

T.  R.  PuLLis  &  Bro.,  Missouri  Iron  Works. — 
Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  ornamental  iron  work. 

Phcenix  Iron  Works.— Proprietoi-,  Wm.  Elli- 
son.   Steam  engines  and  general  iron  work. 

Pearson  &  Co.,  Missouri  Scale  Works. — • 
Scales,  etc. 

Rosewell,  Stevenson  &  Co. — Steam  gauges 
and  fittings. 

St.  Louis  Railway  Supply  Co. — Car  spi-ings, 
etc. 

St.  Louis  Machine  Co. — President,  J.  H. 
Godman.    General  machinery. 

St.  Louis  Stove  and  Plow  Co. — L.  G.  Pratt, 
President. 

St.  Louis  Steam  Forge  and  Novelty  Iron 
Works. — W.  E.  Raynor,  Proprietor.  Specialty, 
railroad  axles. 

Southern  Boiler  and  Sheet  Iron  Works. — 
Proprietors,  Garstrug  &  Newmeister.  Boilers  and 
smoke-stacks. 

Excelsior  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Schic- 
kle,  Harrison  &  Co.  Iron  foundry  and  general 
iron  work. 

J.  Beggs,  Smith  k  Co.,  Lafayette  Foundry.— 
Cotton-presses,  heavy  castings,  etc. 

St.  Louis  k  Iron  Mountain  R.  R.  Co. 

St.  Louis  Agricultural  Machinery  Co.— 
Miscellaneous  agricultiiral  machinery. 

St.  Louis  Car  Wheel  Co. — John  R.  Bass, 
President.  Iron  foundry.  (See  Car  Wheei 
Works  of  Missouri). 

Smith  k  Philips,  Pacific  Foundry. — Genera 
foundry  works,  and  iron  boats. 

St.  Louis  Hot-press  Nut  and  Bolt  Manufac 
TURING  Co. — W.  H.  Storm,  President.  Nuts  am 
bolts.    Very  extensive  woi'ks  and  j)roduct. 

St.  Louis  Machine  Works. — Proprietors,  G 
H.  Zimmerman  &  Co.  General  and  special  ma 
chinery  of  all  kinds. 

Joseph  Wrangler. — Boilers  and  smoke-stacks 

Novelty  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Westlak 
k  Button.    Car  iron  work,  and  bolts. 

Whitman  Agricultural  Works. — Proprietor 
Whitman  Bros.    Agricultural  machinery. 
Salisbury,  Clinton  County. 

A.  J.  Horton. — Agricultural  implements. 


DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


49 


Sedalia,  Pettis  County. 

Missouri  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  J.  M. 
Donelson.    Iron  foundry  and  brass  work. 

J.  H.  Bailey  &  Co. — Plows  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Missouri,  Kansas  and  Texas  Railway  machine 
shop. 

Sedalia  Foundry. — J.  G.  Tesch,  Propi-ietor. 
Iron  foundry.. 

Tesch  &  Gleahill. — Iron  and  brass  foundry. 

Springfield,  Greene  County. 
Eddy,  Thompson  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
saw  and  grist  mill  machinery,  threshing  machinery, 
etc. 

Warrensbiiryh,  Johnson  County. 
Hall,  Cress  &  Wilson. — Iron  foundry. 
F.  Kirkpatrick. — Agricultural  implements. 
B.  &  B.  Roberts. — Agricultural  implements. 

Washington,  Frcmklin  County. 
George  Bergner. — Machinery. 

Waverly,  Ld  Fayette  County. 
W.  T.  Moore. — Iron  foundry. 
Barefoot    &    McCoy. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Weston,  Platte  County. 
Chicago  and   South-western,  R.-  R.  machine 
shop. 

Wheeling,  Livingston  County. 
Cody  &  Talcot. — Agricultural  implements. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Nevada. 

Gold  Hill,  Storey  County. 
Gold  Hill  Foundry. — General  and  mill  cast- 
ings. 

A.  L.  Gill. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  Maxwell. — Iron  foundry. 
MooRE  &  Riorden. — Boilers  only. 
Pioneer  Foundry. — Quartz-mdl  castings  and 
miscellaneous  work. 

Hamilton,  WJiite  Pine  County. 
Goddard  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery  ; 
silvei--ore  crushing  machinery,  specialty. 

Silver  City,  Lyon  County. 
J.  McCoNE. — Iron  foundry.     Steam  engine 
jobbing. 

J.  Taylor  &  Co. — Boilers  only. 

Virginia  City,  Storey  County. 
A.  L.  Greeley.— Machinery. 
J.  McCune. — Iron  foundry. 


Union  Iron  Works. — Proprietors,  Tyrrel  & 
Cummings.    Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Austin,  Lander  County. 
Austin  had  formerly  a  foundry,  machine  shop, 
and  boiler  shop,  but  it  is  uncertain  if  they  are  con- 
tinued. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works  and 
Iron  Foundries  of  New  Hampshire. 

Alstead,  Cheshire  County. 
Chas.  E.  Cook. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

W.  H.  Wesser, — Agi-icultural  implements. 

Allenstown,  3ferrimack  County. 
Geo.  Worster. — Machinery. 
M.  R.  Evans. — Machinery. 
A.  Stewart. — Machinery. 

Amherst,  LTillsboro  Coxmty. 
E.  Harrison. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  stoves. 

Andover,  MerrimacTi  County. 
Hathaway  &  Pillsbury. — Machinery. 

Antrim,  Ilillshoro  County. 

Chas.  H.  Carter. — Machinery. 

D.  H.  Goodell. — -Agricultural  machinery. 

Ames  &  Co. — Shovels,  etc. 

S.  A.  Peasley. — Machinery. 

D.  Steele. — Machinery. 

V.  J.  Thompson. — Machinery. 

Ashland,  Grafton  County. 
L.  W.  Fletcher. — Machinery. 

Pennington,  Hillshorough  County. 
C.  J.  Kimball. — Tools. 
W.  Walker. — Machinery. 
Belvidere  Manufacturing  Co. — H.  S.  John- 
son, President.    Agricultural  machinery. 
W.  D.  &  E.  F.  Woods.— Tools. 

Penton,  Grafton  Coujity. 
C.  F.  Smith. — Machinery. 

C.  H.  Whitcher. — Machinery. 

Perlin  Falls,  Coos  County. 

D.  Green. — Machinery. 

Pristol,  Grafton  County. 
D.  P.  Alexander  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Edgerly  &  Hamjiond. — Machinery. 
L.  C.  GuRDY. — Ivow  foundry,  general  castings. 

Prentwood,  Pockingham  County. 
M.  M.  Morrell. — Machinery. 

Canterbury,  Merrimack  Co^mty. 
P.  C.  Clough. — Agricultural  implements. 


50 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  :\IACIIINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Canaan,  Grafton  County. 
Day  &  Crandall.^ — Agricultural  implements. 
W.  Welch. — Machinery. 
N.  Jones. — Hardware  and  malleable  iron. 

Colehrook,  Coos  County. 
Wm.   a.   Graham. — Iron  foundry   and  ma- 
chineiy. 

C.  Stoddart. — Machinery. 

Charleston,  Sullivan  County, 
S.  M.  Tyrell. — Machinery. 

Concord,  Merrimack  County. 
A.  D.  BRO\yN  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  boilers? 
and  axles. 

Badger  &  Abbott. — Machinery. 
DuNKLEE  &  TiLTON.— Machinery. 
Geo.  W.  Brockway. — Car  springs. 
John  M.  Farrar. — Machinery. 
Concord  K.  R.  machine  shop  and  iron  foundry. 
W.  P.  Ford  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Smith. — Tools  and  cutlery. 
Ford  &  Kimball. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty, 
car  wheels. 

Geo.  H.  Mansfield. — Machinery. 
Northern  (N.  H.)  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
J.  Palmer  &  Co. — Car  springs. 
RuEL  Webster. — Machinery. 
J.  S,  Webster  &  Sons. — Machinery. 

Claremont,  Sullivan  County. 

Sullivan  Machine  Co. — R.  W.  Love,  Treas- 
urer.   Machinery,  tools,  etc. 

Smith,  Collins  &  Co. — Machinery  and  edge 
tools. 

L.  N.  Kempton. — Machinery. 
Heywood  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Smith,  Claremont  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Durham,  Strafford  County. 
L.  Hall. — Machinery. 
Wm.  R.  Hobbs. — Machinery. 

Dover,  Strafford  County. 
Dover  Iron  Foundry. — O.  H.  Lord.  General 
castings. 

R.  O.  Rothwell. — Machinery. 

Enfield,  Grafton  County, 
P.  T.  CuMMiNGS. — Machinery. 

D.  M.  CuMMiNGS. — Machinery. 

Plummer  &  Collins. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Exeter,  Rockingham  County. 
Jacob   &   Jas.  N.  Carlisle.    (Fxeter  Iron 
Foundry). — Iron  foundry. 

Choate  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Exeter  Machine  Works. — Wm.  W.  Stickney, 


President ;  W.  Burlingamo,  Agent.  Steam  en- 
gines and  machinery. 

E.  W.  FoLSOM  &  Co. — Gas  and  steam  ))ipe  fit- 
ings. 

Fishersv'dle,  3Ierriniack  County. 
CoNTOcooK  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry 
and  machinery. 

D.  A.  Brown  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Franconia,  Grafton  County. 

C.  Bowles. — Machinery. 
Chas.  Edson. — Machinery. 

Franklin,  llcrrimack  County. 
W.  Aiken. — Machinery. 
J.  B.  Aiken. — Machinery. 

E.  Colley. — Machinery. 
Flanders,  Clark  &  Co. — -Machinery. 

D.  &  C.  Gilchrist. — Iron  foundry. 
S.  H.  Roswell. — Iron  foundry. 

J.  L.  Thompson. — Agricultural  implements. 
B.  M.  Prescott. — Car  axles,  forgings,  etc. 

Grantham,  Sullivan  County. 

E.  M.  Clouch. — Machinery. 

Graham,  Coos  County. 
Geo.  Hershey. — Machinery. 

Great  Falls,  Strafford  County. 
Great    Falls    Manufacturing    Co. — Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

Sommerswortii  Machine  Co. — O.  II.  Lord, 
Treasurer.    Iron  foundry. 

Groton,  Grafton  County. 
N.  Wilton. — Machinery. 

Gilford,  Belknap  County, 
S.  K.  Baldwin. — Machinery. 

B.  J.  Cole  &  Co. — Machinery  and  iron  foun- 
dry. 

J.  Pepper. — Machinery. 
W.  H.  Pepper. — Machinery. 

C.  P.  H.  Wardwell. — Machinery. 

Gilmarton,  Delknap  County. 

Gilmarton  Iron  Works. — A.  H.  Emerson 
Proprietor.    Agricultural  machinery. 

John  F.  Hussey.- — Agricultural  tools  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Gilsum,  Cheshire  County. 

D.  W.  Bill. — Agricultural  implements. 

Hamstead,  Rockingham  Cou/nty. 
D.  Nichols. — Machinery. 

Hinsdale,  Cheshire  County. 
Hollman     &    Merriman. — Machinery  and 
screws. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  3IACIIINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


C.  E.  Hunter. — Bolts,  nuts,  and  wasliers. 
Eagle  Iron  Foundry. — Howe  &  Sabin.  Iron 

foil  u  dry. 

NEWiiiVLL  &  Stebbins. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

T.  W.  Sabin. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 
Welder  &  Hopkins. — Tools,  etc. 
Geo.  S.  Welder. — Edge  tools. 

Hillsborough^  Hillshorough  County. 
A.  M.  Beard  &  Co.- — Machinery. 
Moore  &  Burnham. — Agricultural  implements, 
iron  foundry. 

W.  Wellington. — Machinery. 

Holderness,  Grafton  Covm.ty. 
S.  W.  Fletcher. —  Machinery. 
Wm.  Evans. — Machinery. 

J'eff'erson,  Coos  County. 
M.  Woodward. — Machinery. 

Hollis,  milsborough  County. 
W.  Parker. — Machinery. 

Hoohsett,  Merrimack  County. 

D.  W.  Peaslee. — Machinei-y. 

IKeene,  Cheshire  County. 
Cheshire  R.  E,.  machine  shop. 
M.  Ellis  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

H.  W.  Cooper. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  Humphrey. — Wood-working  machinery. 
Sanbon  &  Hubbard. — General  machinery. 
J.  C.  Tolman. — Machinery. 
Cheshire  and  Ashuelot  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Laconia,  Selknap  County. 

Belknap  Iron  Foundry. — Machinery  and  ii'on 
foundry.    Proprietor,  G.  S.  Rollins. 

Ranlett  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  Ranlett, 
President  and  Treasurer ;  G.  C.  Moulton,  Agent. 
Iron  foundry;  specialty,  car  wheels.  {^!Se.e  Car 
Wheel  Foundries  of  New  Ilampshvre^ 

N.  H.  Baldwin. — Machinery. 

L.  C.  DiMOND. — Machinery. 

Lancaster,  Coos  County. 
Bullard  &  Hovey. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry  and  general  iron 
work. 

J.  Prince. — Machinery. 
D.  Thompson. — Machinery. 

Lebanon,  Grafton  County. 
American  Patent  Spring  Co. — Springs. 
C.  M.  Baxter. — Machinery. 
Cole  &  Bugbee. — Agricultural  machinery. 


F.  A.  Cushman. — Machinery.  (Lebano: 
chine  Works.) 

Granite     Agricultural     AVorks. — C. 
Mahan,  Agent.    Agricultural  machinery. 

C.  M.  HiLDRETH. — Iron  foundry. 
Marston,  Stearns  &  Co. — Agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Mascoma  Edge  Tool  Co. — Tools  and  cutting 
implements. 

John  Tyler. — Machinery. 

Lake  Village,  JBelhnap  County. 

Boston,  Concord  &  Montreal  R.  R.  machine 
shop. 

Crane  &  Repper. — Machinery. 
Wardell  &  Webster. — Machinery. 

Littleton,  Grafton  County. 

J.  KiLBOURNE  &  Son. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

A.  Paddleford. — Machinery. 

D.  P.  Sanford. — Planes. 

Lyman,  Grafton  County. 
Julius  Smith. — Machinery. 

Manchester,  Hillsborough  County. 

Amoskeag  Axe  Co. — M.  Currier,  Treasurer. 
Boston  office,  20  Union  Street ;  N.  Y.  office,  97 
Chambers  Stieet.  Edge  tools,  axes,  etc.  Number 
of  liands  employed,  70. 

Amoskeag  Manufacturing  Co. — Wm.  Amory, 
Treasurer.  Cotton  and  woollen  machinery,  steam 
fire  engines,  also  cotton  goods.  Boston  office,  60 
State  Street ;  New  York  office,  5  Beekman  Street. 
This  works  was  established  iii  1842,  and  em- 
ploys in  all  branches  4,000  hands,  male  and 
female. 

C.  S.  Baker  &  Co. — Machinery. 

H.  M.  Bailey  &  Son. — Iron  foundry,  stove 
manufacturers. 

Bisco  &  Dexny. — Carding  machinery. 

J.  C.  Buck.— Iron  foundry ;  specialty,  stoves. 

J.  C.  FoRSAiTH. — Machinery. 

H.  FoRSAiTH  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  sewing-machine  needles. 

Hartshorn  &  Pike. — Iron  fouadry ;  S2:)ecial- 
ty,  stoves. 

A.  H.  Lowell  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings.    25  hands. 

Manchester  Locomotive  Works. — W.  C. 
Means,  Treasurer  ;  A.  Blood,  Agent.  300  hands 
employed.  (#See  Locomotive  Works  of  New 
Hampshire.) 

F.  Preston. — Machinery. 

Jas.  Smith. — Machinery. 

B.  S.  Stokes.    (Granite  File  Works).— Files. 


52 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Vance  &  Goodwin. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty, 
stoves. 

Vaeney  &  Nicholas. — Machinery  and  tools. 

3Ia/iborough,  Cheshire  County. 
C.  Buss  &  Son. — Machinery. 
C.  HoDGENS. — Machinery. 
Marlbouough     Manufacturing     Co. — Ma- 
chinery. 

Milford,  JTiUshorowjh  Comity. 
W.  P.  DuNKLEE  &  Co. — Agricultural  iinj)lc- 
ments. 

Eaton  &  Knowlton. — Iron  foundry ;  special- 
ty, stoves. 

Hall  &  Heald. — Machinery. 
A.  Heald. — Planes,  etc. 

3Iiddleton,  Strafford  County. 

O.  E.  Brown. — Edge  tools,  etc. 

Nashua,  Hillsborough  County. 

American  Machine  Manufacturing  Co. — J- 
K.  Priest,  Superintendent.  Steam  engines  and 
general  machinery. 

American  Fan  Co. — F.  A.  McKean,  Treas- 
urer.   Fans  and  blowing  machinery. 

Geo.  W.  Davis  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and 
machinery.    Number  of  hands  employed,  50. 

C.  P.  Emerson. — Pipes.  (/6'ee  Pipe  and  Tube 
Works.) 

W.  J.  Flather. — Machinery. 

Geo.  R.  Johnson. — Cotton  machinery. 

Kendall  &  Woods. — Locomotive  tires,  etc. 

Nashua  Iron  Co. — J.  H.  Burnham,  President. 
Iron  foundry,  machinery,  forgings,  etc. 

J.  D.  Otterson. — Iron  foundry.  50  hands 
employed. 

Nashua  Lock  Co. — A.  C.  Barstow,  President ; 
C.  B.  Hill,  Treasurer ;  F.  O.  Monroe,  Super- 
intendent. Boston  office,  26  Broad  street ;  New 
Yoi'k  office,  100  Cliambers  Sti-eet.  Locks  only. 
Number  of  hands  employed,  150.  Works  estab- 
Ushed  1832. 

C.  J.  TowNES, — Machinery. 

Underbill  Edge  Tool  Co. — C.  B.  Hill,  Treas- 
iirer ;  G.  B.  Underhill,  Agent.  New  York  office, 
100  Chambers  Street.    Axes,  hatchets,  etc. 

Warner  &  Whitney. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, and  machine  tools. 

Nashua  Iron  Foundry  Co. — Chas.  Williams, 
Agent.    Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

A.  H.  Saunders. — Machinery. 

American  Horse-clipping  Machine  Manufac- 
turing Co. — W.  Earle,  Jr.,  Agent.  Horse-clip- 
l)ing  machines. 

J.  Hinton. — Saws. 

S.  Shepiiard. — Machinery. 


Wilton  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Newburg,  Merrimack  County. 
A.  A.  DuRGiN. — Machinery. 

New  Durham,  Merrimack  County. 
S.  N.  Warren. — Machinery. 

F.  W.  CoBURN. — Edge  tools. 
T.  H.  Fletcher. — Edge  tools. 

New  Hoston,  HUlsboro  County. 
David  N.  Butterfield. — Machinery. 

New  London,  3Ierrimack  County. 
D.  Fletcher. — Agricultural  implements. 
Philips,   Messer   &   Co. — Agricultural  mat 
chinery. 

O.  N.  Page  &  Son. — Agricultural  machinery. 
J.  M.  Wakefield. — Agricultural  machinery. 

New  Ipswich,  Hillsborough  County. 
C.  Bellows. — Harness-making  machinery. 
C.  E.  Bruce. — Machinery. 
Columbia  Water   Loom   Factory. — E.  O. 
Marshall.    Looms  and  cotton  machinery. 
J.  M.  White.— Machinery. 

Newington,  Rockingham  County. 
J.  H.  Hoyett. — Iron  foundry. 

New  Marlcet,  Rockingham  County. 
L.  Hill. — Bolts,  nuts,  washers,  etc. 
W.  R.  Hobbs. — Machinery. 
J.  Hazelton. — Iron  foundry. 
N.  D.  Miller. — Machinery  and  brass  castings. 
Swampscott  Machine    Co. — W.    M.  Paul, 
Agent.    Gas-pipe  fittings,  steam  fittings,  etc. 
J.  F.  SiiELLABER. — Machinery. 
Jos.  Taylor. — Machinery. 

Newport,  Sullivan  County. 
N.  O.  Page  &  Son. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  M.  Wakefield. — Agricultural  implements. 

Northwood,  Merrimack  County. 
O.  Cohm. — Machinery. 

Pembroke,  3Ierrimack  County. 

J.  R.  Mann. — Machinery. 
George  Worcester. — Machinery. 
L.  Stuart. — Machinery. 

PetersboTOugh,  Ilillsborough  County. 

G.  P.  Felt. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
A.  Fuller. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  stoves. 
Petersborough  Manufacturing  Company. — 

Machinery,  etc. 

C.  W.  RoYCE. — Machinery. 
L.  T.  Ryan. — Machinery. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACniNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


53 


Piermont,  Grafton  County. 
Geo.  Dodge. — Agricultural  implements. 

Pittsfield,  JSIarrimack  County. 

R.  O.  RuNDLET. — Machinery. 
J.   P.    RoBY  &  Co. — Iron   Foundry,  stove 
manufacturers. 

Plymouth^  Grafton  County. 
Boston,  Concord,  &  Montreal  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Portsmouth,  Rockingham  County. 

Critchley  &  Whalley. — Machinery. 

Portsmouth  Iron  Co. — General  iron  work. 

Joseph  L.  Ross.^ — Iron  foundry. 

Seavey  &  Mason. — Agricultural  implements. 

K.  Watkins. — Iron  foundry. 

A.  Wilson  &  Co. — Hatchets. 

Woods,  Dodge  &,  Co. — Cutleiy  and  tools. 

Randolph,  Coos  County. 
J.  M.  Kelsey. — Machinery. 
H.  H  Rich. — Machinery. 

Salmon  Falls,  Strafford  County. 
Somerset  Machine  Co. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

Salmon  Falls  Manufacturing  Co. — Machin- 
ery and  iron  foundry. 

A.  G.  Haley. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty,  stoves. 

Strafford,  Strafford  County. 
D.  Foss,  Jr. — Machinery. 
D.  Pease. — Edge  tools. 
A.  Waldron. — Machinery. 

Southampton,  Rockingham  County. 

A.  P.  Eaton. — Machinery. 

B.  Jewels. — Axles. 

A.  S.  Jewels. — Machinery. 
J.  C.  Notes. — Machinery. 

South  New  Market,  Rockingham  County. 
S.  H.  Kennard. — Machinery. 
New  Market  Iron  Co. — Foundry  and  general 
iron  work. 

M.  Pond  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Geo.  E.  Fifield. — Machinery. 
J.  H.  Rider. — Machinery. 
R.  HowARTH. — Machinery. 

Sunapee,  Sullivan  County. 
J.  B.  Smith. — Machinery. 
J.  Turner.— Machinery. 
Jas.  Trotter. — Iron  foundry. 
Sunapee   Foundry  and   Machine    Shop. — 
Foundry  and  machinery. 


Somersworth,  Great  Falls,  Strafford  County. 
E.  Higley. — Machinery. 

Somersworth  Machine  Co. — M.  C.  Burleigh, 
Agent.    Iron  foundry  and  general  machinery. 

Surry,  Clt.eshire  County. 
C.  Curtis. — Machinery. 

Sutton,  3Ierrimack  County. 
A.  A.  DuRGiN. — Machinery. 

Temple,  Hillsborough  County. 
M.  M.  Balch. — Machinery. 
R.  A.  KiLLAN. — Machinery. 

Troy,  Cheshire  County. 
W.  Knight. — Machinery. 

Weare,  Hillsbprough  County. 
A.  Chase  &  Son. — Machinery. 
O.  Edwards. — Machinery. 

Whitefield,  Coos  County. 
Chas.  T.  Wiiedon. — Machinery. 

Wilton,  Hillsborough  Comity. 
J.  Blanchard. — Machinery. 
E.  R.  BuRK. — Machinery. 
Jas.  Dow. — Machinery. 
L.  Pettengill. — Machinery. 

Winchester,  Cheshire  County. 
Jas.  V.  Coxeter. — Machinery. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  New  Jersey. 

Atsio7i,  Burlington  County. 
G.  M.  Grooms. — Machinery. 
Jos.  Riduear. — Machinery. 

Baymore  City,  Hudson  County. 
S.  Gelston. — Machinery. 

Beaver  Run,  Sussex  County. 
Caxeb   Jones  &  Sons. — Plows,  cultivators, 
road-scrapers,  etc. 

Belvidere,  Warren  County. 
W.  H.  Baylor.— Tools. 

Belvidere  Manufacturing  Co. — Agricultural . 
implements. 

Belleville,  Essex  County. 

Belleville  Wire  Works. — Proprietors,  G. 
De  Witt  &  Bro.  Philadelphia  office,  703  Mar- 
ket Street.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  wire  works 
in  the  country,  and  makes  iron,  brass,,  and  copper 
wire  cloth,  wire  rope,  cord  and  paper  makers' 
machine  wires.    The  number  of  hands  employed 


54 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHTNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


is  150.  This  works  is  noteworthy  as  the  point 
at  which  the  wire  for  the  first  telegraph  line  in 
the  world,  that  of  Prof.  Morse,  from  Washington 
to  Baltimore,  was  made. 

lilackwoodtown^  Camden  County. 

RiDGEwooD  Iron  Works. — Proi>rietor,  J. 
Ladd.    General  iron  work. 

A.  N.  Baldwin  &  Sons. — Machinery. 

J.  Ferguson. — Iron  foundry  and  sewing  ma- 
chines. 

Jiloomingdale,  Passaic  County. 
M.   J,  Kyerson. — Iron  foundry,  machinery, 
etc. 

JBordentown,  JBurlington  County. 
BoRDENTOWN  MACHINE  WoRKS. — Foundry  and 
machinery. 

DuGLAS  Thompson. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery.   50  hands. 

Macpherson,  Williard  &  Co.,  Union  Steam 
Forge. — Car  axles,  locomotive  frames,  etc.,  with 
heavy  forgiugs.  This  establishment  has  produced 
some  of  the  heaviest  forgings  ever  made  in  the 
United  States,  and  is  celebrated  for  quality  of 
work.    60  hands  emjjloyed. 

Machine  shops  of  Amboy  Division,  Pennsylva- 
nia Railroad. 

L.  C.  Claypole.— Machinery. 

Srickshurg,  Ocean  County. 

Bricksburg  Manufacturing  Co. — W.  W. 
Sherman,  Treasurer ;  A.  Jameson,  Superintend- 
ent. Machinery,  vises,  railroad  tools,  etc.  Num- 
ber of  hands  employed,  30. 

R.  A.  Brick  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  iron 
work.    Established  1833.     130  hands  employed. 

JBridgeton,  Cumberland  County. 
Cox  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Cumberland  Nail  &  Iron  Works. — Presi- 
dent, R.  C.  Nichols ;  Secretary,  William  Stokes. 
Philadelphia  offices,  44  N.  Delaware  Avenue.  {See 
Moiling  Mills  of  New  tTersey.) 

D.  W.  Laning. — Iron  foundry. 

Ferracute  Iron  Works. — O.  Smith,  Propri- 
etor. Works  at  North  Laurie.  Light  machinery, 
tools,  and  castings. 

Surlington,  Hurlington  County. 
Carbon  Iron  and  Stove  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
specialty,  stoves. 

Camden,  Camden  County. 

Camden  Iron  Works.— Proprietors,  Jesse  W. 
Starr  &  Sons.  Philadelphia  office,  403  Walnut 
Street.  Gas  works,  machinery,  holdei-s,  etc., 
and  cast-iron  pipe,  boilers,  etc.  (8ee  Pipe  and. 
Tube  Works  of  New  Jersey.)    This  works  was 


established  in  1824,  and  engaged  in  wrought-iron 
work,  and  in  Camden  in  1850.  The  establishment 
covers  an  area  of  seven  acres,  and  is  located  in 
South  Camden,  on  Cooper  Creek,  which  affords 
wharfage  for  a  length  of  1,800  feet,  and  water 
connection  with  the  Delaware  River,  a  track  from 
the  Amboy  Division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
furnishing  rail  communication  in  all  directions. 
The  foundries  occu])y  eight  buildings,  of  which 
the  largest  are  190  by  60  feet,  and  24  feet  high. 
In  the  pipe  works  the  capacity,  when  running 
full,  is  near  150  tons  per  day,  and  the  working 
force,  1,300  hands.  Additional  works  are  being 
constructed  of  stone,  to  be  finished  in  the  spring 
of  1874,  and  will  be  used  for  machine  and  pattern 
shops.  This  building  is  279  feet  long  by  66  feet 
wide,  and  two  stories  high,  with  a  wing,  67  by  66 
feet,  of  one  story,  designed  for  core  ovens,  etc., 
and  which  will  be  extended  180  feet,  as  a  loam 
shop  for  castings.  The  whole  works  is  gradually 
being  rebuilt,  and  when  completed  is  intended  to 
be  the  most  extensive  works  of  its  kind  in  the 
world.  The  Messrs.  Starr  &  Sons  have  another 
foundry  in  Camden  proper,  consuming  some  forty 
tons  of  iron  daily.  The  firm  has  furnished  gas- 
holders and  machinery  for  many  cities  in  all  sec- 
tions of  the  country,  and  shipped  water-mains  and 
heavy  pipe  throughout  the  country.  A  train  of 
cars  loaded  with  heavy  pipe  left  these  works  in 
1873  for  San  Francisco,  where  the  freight  was  de- 
livered without  breaking  bulk. 

Camden  Tool  and  Tube  Works. — Proprietors, 
Seyfei-t,  McManus  &  Co.  Philadelphia  office, 
631  Chestnut  Street.  Machinery,  tools,  and  tubes. 
{See  Pipe  and  Tube  'Works  of  New  tTersey.) 

Darby  &  Weatherby. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, etc.    Number  of  hands  employed,  25. 

Fullerton  h  IloLLiNGSHEAD. — Machinery. 

M.  A.  FuRBUSH. — Woollen  machinery,  pulleys, 
hangers,  etc. 

A.  A.  Kane. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Eastbrook  Steel  Pen  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany.— Steel  pens,  specialty. 

Dialogue  &  Wood. — Machinery,  general  iron 
works,  iron  ships,  etc.  etc.  Works  extensive  and 
product  large.  {See  Iron  Ship  Yards  of  the 
United  States.) 

S.  B.  Jobes. — General  wrought-iron  work. 

Carlstadt,  Bergen  County. 

Vulcan  Hardware  Co. — H.  Gerecke,  Presi- 
dent ;  Aug.  Gerecke,  Secretary ;  Jacob  Stahl, 
Treasurer.  New  York  office,  84  Chambers  Street. 
Locks,  tools,  and  shelf  hardware. 

Charlottenhurg,  Passaic  County. 
E.  J.  Rockover  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 


DIKECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Chatham,  Iforris  County. 
E.  P.  Edwards. — Machinery. 

Chester,  Iforris  County. 
W.  K.  OsBORN. — Machinery. 
A.  Vandoran. — Machinery. 
J.  Webb. — Iron  foundry. 

Clayton,  Gloucester  County. 
C.  B.  Decker. — Iron  foundry. 
T.  H.    Satterthwaite. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Dechertown,  Sussex  County. 
Geo.  W.  Coe. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  cultiva- 
tors,, scrapers,  etc. 

Odell  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Dover,  3Iorris  County. 

A.  Elliot. — Iron  foundry. 

Morris  County  Machine  and  Iron  Co. 

Dover  is  also  notable  as  the  site  of  iron-ore 
mines  owned  and  worked  by  most  of  the  Lehigh 
Valley  iron  companies,  for  which  see  Iron  Ore 
Megions  of  JVew  J zrsey. 

Egg  Harbor  City,  Atlantic  County. 

H.  E.  Wolf. — Machinery. 
Elizabeth,  and  Elizabethport,  Union  County. 

E.  W.  Brettell  &  Co. — Locks,  etc. 

Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  machine  shop. 

Elizabeth  Iron  Co. — E.  J.  Brown,  President ; 
E.  M.  Dunn,  Superintendent.  (^Sce  Moiling  3Iills 
of  Neio  tT zrscy. ) 

Elizabethport  Manufacturing  Co. — Thos. 
Dx-iver,  President ;  Wm.  Shive,  Secretary.  Mal- 
leable iron  work. 

C.  Headen. — Wrenches. 

Harris  Bros. — Machinery. 

S.  Harris. — Machinery. 

J.  Hicks. — Tools. 

S.  L.  Moore  &,  Son. — Machinery,  steam  engines, 
and  iron  foundry.    20  hands  employed. 

Worrall  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  New  York 
oiEce,  28  Elm  Street.  Saws.  This  works  was 
established  in  1775,  and  now  employs  100  hands. 

MuNSELL  &  Thompson. — Iron  foundry ;  spe- 
cialty, stoves. 

Bray  &  Rice.— New  York  office,  20  Cort- 
landt  Street.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Union  Manufacturing  Co. — Screws  and 
wrenches. 

Florence,  Hurlington  County. 
Florence   Foundry. — R.   D.  Wood   &  Co. 
Iron  foundry.    {See  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of 
JSfew  Jersey?)    Water  and  gas  pipes,  hydrants 
etc.    250  hands  employed. 
A 


Freehold,  Monmouth  County. 
Corns  &  Bowden. — Agricultural  impleme 
Shanck  &  BowNE. — Agricultural  implement^.' 

Glassboro,  Gloucester  County. 

W.  Cornell. — Iron  foundry. 

Gloucester,  Camden  County. 

Gloucester  Iron  and  Machine  Co. — D.  S. 
Brown  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Proprietors.  This 
works  includes  extensive  iron  and  machinery  shops, 
cotton  mills,  terra-cotta  works,  etc. 

Gloucester  Iron  Works. — W.  Sexton.  Ma- 
chinery and  general  iron  work. 

Lafferty  Bros. — Steam  engines,  locomotive 
work,  machinery,  etc. 

Greenwich,  Cumberland  County. 
Jas.  Ayres  <fe  Co. — Machinery. 

Haclcettstovm,  Warren  County. 
R.  Q.  Bowers  &  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 

Sainesport,  Burlington  County. 
J.  D.  Johnson. — Iron  foundry. 

Hamburgh,  Sussex  County. 
R.  E.  Edsall  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  Jones  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Jlightstown,  ITercer  County. 
W.  S.  Reggs  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 
S.  Shangle. — Iron  foundry. 

High  Bridge,  Hunterdon  County. 
Taylor  Iron  Works. — President,  L.  H.  Tay- 
lor ;  Secretary,  Jas.  H.  Walker ;  Treasurer  and 
Manager,  W.  J.  Taylor ;  General  Agent,  E.  L. 
Brown.  New  York  office,  93  Liberty  Street. 
Car  wheels,  axles,  and  raih-oad  forgings.  {See 
Car  Wheel  Foundries  of  New  Jersey. ) 

Hobolven,  Hudson  County. 

Union  Iron  Foundry. — Proprietor,  Geo. 
Focht.    Genei-al  castings. 

New  Yoik  Division,  Pennsylvania  Raili'oad, 
machine  shops.    100  hands. 

W.  Ferguson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  Estab- 
lished 1850. 

Union  Iron  Works. — Mansfield  &  Co.  Gen- 
eral iron  work. 

HoBOKEN  Iron  Works. — Jas.  Kirkpatrick, 
Iron  foundry,  machinery,  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

H.  A.  Vanderbeck. — Iron  railings  and  gen- 
eral wrought-iron  works. 

John  H.  McLaren. — Stationary  and  marine 
engines,  mill  gearing,  shafting,  etc.,  etc.  50  hands 
employed. 

Holmdell,  Monmouth  County. 

Jas.  W.  Heger. — Machinery. 

John  H.  Heger. — Machinery. 


56 


DIRECTOEY  OV  GENERAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


ITope,  Warren  County. 

J.  C.  Bewers. — Machinery. 

Jersey  City,  Hudson  County. 

Adirondack  Steel  Maxufacturing  Co. — Pro- 
prietors, Gregory  &  Co.  H.  J.  Hopper,  Sixperiu- 
tendent.  Cast  steel.  75  hands  employed.  {See. 
Crucible  Steel  Works  of  New  Jersey.)  Foot  of 
Warren  Street. 

Jersey  City  Spike  and  Rivet  Works. — W. 
Ames  ife  Co.,  178  Washington  Street,  Pro])rietors. 
Spikes,  rivets,  etc.  Established  1849.  Number 
of  hands  employed,  40. 

Allyn  Car  Spring  Co. — Geo.  Cecil,  President, 
48  Morgan  Street.    Car  springs. 

American:  Water  &  Gas  Pipe  Co. — [See 
Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  New  Jersey.) 

American  Spiral  Spring  Butt  Co. — C.  S. 
Van  Wagner,  President.  New  York  office,  27 
Park  Row. 

Jersey  City  Boiler  Works. — David  Birds- 
dale,  Proprietor.  Foot  of  Munroe  Street.  25 
hands  employed. 

J.  L.  Blackmore. — 40  Railroad  Avenue.  Iron 
foundry,  general  castings.    20  hands. 

Brower  &  Tillyer. — 79  Mercer  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

Jersey  City  Machine  Works. — Gushing  & 
Ribon.  Foot  of  Warren  Street.  Machinery,  boil- 
ers, copper  and  brass  work. 

CuMMiNGS  Car  Works. — {See  Ca/r  Works  of 
New  Jersey.) 

A.  Derocquigny  &  Son. — Machinery  and  brass 
work.    Shops,  Hudson  City. 

D.  D.  Davis. — Machinery. 

Dickson  Bros. — 120  York  Street.  Machinery. 

Thomas  Emerson  &  Co. — Boilers,  bolts,  nuts. 

Erie  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Vulcan  Iron  Works. — John  A.  Falconer, 
Proprietor.  44  Hudson  Street.  Steam  engines, 
saw  and  sugar  mill  machinery,  boilers,  etc. 

North  Point  Foundry. — Peter  Fields  &  Son, 
Proprietors.  Works,  corner  of  Green  and  Mor- 
gan Streets.  Iron  foundry,  general  iron  works. 
75  hands  employed. 

C.  H.  Franklin  &  Sons. — Foot  of  Morgan 
Street.  Boilers. 

Gautier,  Parker  &  Co. — Warren  Street,  near 
river.  Cast  steel.  {See  Crucible  Steel  Works  of 
New  Jersey.)    45  hands  employed. 

G.  C.  Gordon. — Iron  railings.  159  South 
Eighth  Street. 

Thos.  Gannon. — 112  Hudson  Street.  Machin- 
ery, sugar  vacuum  pans,  brass  work,  etc. 

W.  C.  HuTTON.^94-100  Hudson  Street.  Steam 
engines,  boilers,  oil  tanks,  stills,  etc. 

J.  Hacket. — Machinery. 


Jersey  City  Cast  Steel  Tool  Co. 

Peter  Hoffman. — 243  Green  Street.  Boilers 
only.    20  hands. 

Jersey  City  Forge  Co. — North  Third,  near 
Grove  Street.    Axles  and  forgings. 

Jersey  City  Locomotive  Works. — Steuben 
(k  Warren.  Operated  by  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Co. 

J.  M.  Keep  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  M.  Keep, 
President ;  H.  P.  Hunt,  Superintendent.  Works, 
Grove  and  North  Second  Streets.  New  York 
office,  8  Dey  Street.  Specialty,  stationers'  hard- 
ware. 

W.  Bailey,  Lang  &  Co.— Locomotive  tires, 
etc. 

H.  Leslie. — Boilers  only. 

Thos.  Logan.- — 98  Hudson  Street.  Steam  en- 
gines, shafting,  puUies,  hangers,  machinery. 

McTighe  &  Wardleigh. — Bolts  and  screws. 

R.  S.  Martin. — Ii-on  foundry. 

McKay  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works.  {See 
Locomotive  Works  of  New  Jersey.) 

W.  McCann. — G6  Hudson  Street.  Engines, 
and  boilers,  tanks,  sugar  pans  and  machinery. 

Metropolitan  Lock  Valve  Co. — Steam  valves. 

Moore  Car  Wheel  Co.— H.  W.  Moore,  Presi- 
dent ;  F.  Perry,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  Works, 
corner  Greene  and  Wayne  Streets.  {See  Car 
Wheel  foundries  of  New  Jersey.) 

B.  McLoughlin. — Foot  of  Essex  Street.  En- 
gines, boilers,  smoke-stacks,  tanks,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

New  Jersey  Railroad  and  Transportation  Com- 
pany's machine  shop.    250  hands. 

Patent  Water  and  Gas  Pipe  Co. — Wm.  H. 
Talcott,  President;  N.  Stephens,  Vice-President; 
W.  Harris,  Secretary  and  Treasurer ;  M.  Swift, 
Engineer  and  Superintendent.  New  York  office, 
91  Liberty  Street.  {See  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of 
New  Jersey.) 

Wm.  Radford. — 126  Hudson  Street.  Radford's 
patent  steering  apparatus,  and  pumps. 

PiiCENix  Works. — Proprietors,  John  Savery's 
Sons.  251  Railroad  Avenue.  Iron  foundry; 
specialty,  stoves,  hollowware,  and  fine  castings. 
New  York  office,  97  Beekmau  Street.  100  hands 
employed. 

Jos.  Sack. — 1G9  Newark  Avenue.  Iron  foun- 
dry, stoves. 

SiMONDS  Manufacturing  Co. — Steuben  and 
Green  Streets  Iron  Foundry. — Specialty,  hot  air 
and  water  heating  apparatus,  ventilators,  etc. 
New  York  office,  52  Cliff  Street. 

Smith  &,  Bro. — Machinery. 

Steele  &  Condict. — Proprietors,  Titan  Iron 
Works. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery,  steam  en- 
gines, stationary  and  portable,  castings,  forgings, 
railroad  work,  etc. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


57 


Jersey  City  Steel  Works. — Proprietors,  Jas. 
R.  Thompson  &  Co.  Works,  Wari-en  Street. 
Cast  steel.  80  hands.  {See  Crucible  Steel  IVorks 
of  New  J'ersey. ) 

Union  Car  Spring  Manufacturing  Co. — New 
York  office,  4  Dey  Street.  F.  G.  Rhinelander, 
President ;  S.  V.  Mann,  Secretary  and  Treasurer ; 
P.  G.  Saltonstall,  General  Agent.  Works  also  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 
Specialty,  patent  car  springs. 

J'ohnsonhorougli,  Warren  County. 
Wm.  Shaffer. — Tool  manufacturer. 

tTunction,  Hunterdon  County. 

New  Jersey  Central  Railroad  machine  shop. 
Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  Railroad 
machine  shop. 

Lafayette,  Sussex  County. 

Collver  &  Huston.- — Iron  foundry. 
J.  M.  Hagaman. — Iron  foundry. 

LamhertviUe,  Hunterdon  County. 
A.  Burnett. — Machinery. 
Lambertville  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Wm. 
Corwin.    Iron  foundry  and  general  iron  work. 

Mantua,  Gloucester  County. 
Jos.  Daniels. — Iron  foundry. 

3Iatawan,  3Ionmouth  County. 

D.  H.  Wyckofp  &  Son. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

3Iay''s  Landing,  Atlantic  County. 
R.  King. — Machinery. 

Millville,  Cumherland  County. 
S.  P.  Speer. — Maehinei-y. 

R.  D.  Wood  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry,  gas  and 
water  pipe.  Philadelphia  office,  402  Chestnut 
Street. 

Emile  Greyline. — Turbine  wheels. 

3Ioorestown,  Hurlington  County. 
W.  D.  Brock. — Machinery. 

E.  Roberts. — Agricultural  implements. 

Jlorristown,  3Iorris  County. 
C.  M.  Dally. — Saw  mill,  and  grist  mill  machin- 
ery, coffee   and  hulling  machines,  and  general 
machinery.    60  hands  employed. 

Mount  Holly,  Turlington  County. 
Thomas  C.  AlcOtt  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  T.  Bailey. — Iron  railings. 
C.  L.  Branson. — Agi-icultural  implements. 
RisDEN  Bros.  &  Co. — Machinery, 


Mullica  Hill,  Gloucester  County, 
Hoffman  &  Reese. — Iron  foundry. 

Newark,  Essex  County. 
L.  Allen. — Machinery. 
Thomas  Allen.— Machinery. 

D.  Almond. — Wood  and  iron  working  machin- 
ery. 

American  Standard  Tool  Co. — F.  H.  Smith, 
President.    Tools,  twist  drills,  chucks,  etc. 

American  Eagle  Steam  Gauge  Co. — 190 
Market  Street. 

Oscar  Barnett. — 34  and  36  McWhorter,  and 
Railroad  Avenue,  corner  Johnson.  Malleable 
iron  works.    140  hands  employed. 

Bless  &  Drake. — 173  Railroad  Avenue.  Sad 
and  tailors'  irons. 

BoLEN  &  Crane. — 23  Plane  Stx-eet.  Steam 
engines,  hydraulic  presses,  shaping  machines.  50 
hands  employed. 

Bosh  Bros. — Locks. 

A.  H.  BoMELL. — 254  Market  Street.  Axles. 

Burnett  &  Leonard. — 450  Ogden  Street. 
Boilers  and  pipe.  [See  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of 
Neiv  J'ersey.) 

G.  G.  Bruenmuer  &  Co. — Hardware,  cigar 
machines,  etc.    11  Mechanic  Street. 

R.  C.  Breese. — 52  Mechanic  Street.  Axles. 

Geo.  a.  Byles. — 63  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Avenue.    Machine  models. 

Belcher  Bros.  &  Co. — Rules,  scales,  etc.  N. 
Y.  office,  73  Beekman  Street. 

A.  BuERMANN. — 10  East  Mechanic  Street. 
Saddlery  hardware. 

Blanchard,  Boylan  k  Co.- — 45  and  47  Law- 
rence Street.    Saddlery  hardwai-e,  etc. 

Campbell  &  Mitchell. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

J.  Charleton. — 40  Arch  Street.  Tools.  40 
hands  employed. 

George  W.  Collard. — Iron  foundry. 

Cyrus  Currier. — 21  Railroad  Place.  Steam 
engines,  Fourdrinier  and  other  paper  machinery, 
rag-mill  machinery,  and  pumps.   Established  1836. 

Jacob  Conrade. — Iron  foundry. 

W.  T.  Crane  &  Co.-~50  Mechanic  Street. 
Bolts,  nuts,  etc. 

B.  Conlan  &  Co. — 45  Lawrence  Street. 
Trunk  and  bag  mountings,  tools,  and  model 
machinery. 

S.  H.  Cowles. — Coach  and  harness  mountings. 
61  Railroad  Avenue. 

CoNDicT  &  Wheeler. — 72  Mechanic  Street. 
Saddleiy  hardware. 

J.  Dane,  Jr. — Machinery.  61  Hamilton. 
Street. 

E.  H.  &  J.  H.  Dawson. — Bank  Street.  Axles. 


58 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


D.  &.  G.  Delany. — 83  Mechanic  Street.  Car- 
riage springs. 

A.  J.  Davis. — 93  Railroad  Avenue.  Steam 
engines,  machinery,  etc. 

Dickinson  &  Rowden. — 61  Hamilton  Street. 
Lathes,  presses,  machineiy,  etc. 

Wm.  r.  DuERR. — 39  Mechanic  Street.  Ma- 
chinery, dies,  etc. 

Duncan  &  Bradni:r. — 13  Mulberry  Street. 
Machineiy. 

Edwards  &  Smith. — 53  to  57  New  Jei-sey  Rail- 
road Avenue.    Iron  doors,  shutters,  railings,  etc. 

John  Ely. — 117  Mulberry  Street.  Iron 
foundry.  Iron  bedsteads,  gratings,  railings, 
doors,  and  shutters. 

Essex  Manufacturing  Co. — A,  M.  Chase, 
President.  173  Railroad  Avenue.  Bolts,  nuts, 
etc. 

George  L.  Fried. — 24  Mechanic  Street. 
Steam  fittings  and  heating  apparatus. 

FuRNESs,  Bannister  &  Co. — 48  Sheffield 
Street.  Tools,  dies,  cutlery,  and  hardware.  30 
hands  em])loyed. 

C.  &  S.  B.  Greucen. — 53  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Avenue.    Carriage  hardware. 

M.  Garrigan. — 28  Mechanic  Street.  Saddlery 
hardware. 

M.  Gould's  Sons. — 65  Hamilton  Street.  Stair- 
rods  and  trunk  hardware.  New  York  office,  96 
Chambers  Street.     100  hands  employed. 

Green,  Bodwell  &  Co. — 124  Green  Street. 
Wire  ferules.  Sole  manufacturers  in  United 
States. 

J.  Greville. — 21  Mechanic  Street.  Saddlery 
hardware. 

Mathias  Gabriel. — 21  Green  Street.  Gen- 
eral iron  work. 

E.  &  R.  J.  Gould. — 97  Railroad  Avenue. 
Steam  fire  engines,  fire  department  work,  etc. 

J.  Geiger. — 29  Railroad  Avenue.  Files. 
J.  R.  Griffith.- — Iron  foundry. 
Joseph  PIarper. — Vises. 

Hawkins  &  Dodge. — 56  Morris  and  Essex  Ave- 
nue. Machinery.  Specialty,  wood-working  ma- 
chinery. 

A.  &  E.  C.  Hay.— 9  Ailing  Steet.  Iron  foun- 
dry. Specialty,  machine  castings.  30  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Heller  &  Bros. — Files.  73  New  Jersey  Rail- 
road Avenue. 

Hewis  &  Phillips. — Machinery. 

A.  Hebmstadter. — Locks.  7  New  Jersey 
Railroad  Avenue. 

Huntington  Machine  Works. — 123  Halsey 
Street.    General  machinery.    70  hands  employed. 

Haden  &  OsBORN. — 28  Orange  Street.  Steam 
engines  and  general  machinery.  < 


S.  E.  Ives.— 294  Market  Street.  Axles. 

W.  S.  Jessup. — 75  Nesbit  Street.  Iron  foun- 
dry and  malleable-iron  works.  35  hands  em- 
ployed. 

J.  F.  Johnson. — 1  Commercial  Street.  Files. 

W.  Johnson. — Hedenberg  works.  Tools  and 
cabinet  hardware. 

R.  Heinisch.— 205  Bank  Street.  New  York, 
301  Broadway.     Shears  and  scissors. 

W.  H.  King. — 69  New  Jersey  Railroad  Ave- 
nue. Macliinery. 

C.  &  T.  LowERRE. — 13  Ailing  Street.  Sewing 
and  crimping  machines. 

L.  J.  Lyons  &  Co. —  Steam  boilers,  tanks,  etc. 
50  hands. 

PiicENix  Works. — P.  Lowentraut.  Tools, 
hardware,  etc. 

Langstrotii  &  Crane. — 14  Mechanic  Street. 
N.  Y.  office,  100  Chambers  Street.  Builders'  and 
heavy  hardware. 

C.  N.  LocKWOOD  &  Co. — 20  Mechanic  Street. 
Car  hardware. 

D.  M.  Meeker. — 87  Clay  Street.  Iron  foun- 
dry and  malleable-iron  work  ;  specialty,  coach 
and  gun  castings. 

O.  Meeker  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  castings. 
50  hands. 

Morrison,  Sinclair  &■  Co. — 14  James  Street. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery.  30  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Mockridge  &  Son. — 58  Mechanic  Street. 
Builders'  hardware. 

G.  M.  Mittnaciit. — 60  Mechanic  Street. 
Safes. 

F.  Meyer. — 61  New  Jersey  Railroad  Avenue. 
Scales. 

J.  S.  MuNDY. — 7  New  Jersey  Railroad  Avenue, 
Steam  engines,  hoisting  machinery,  and  general 
machinery. 

D.  C.  McMillan.— 254  Market  Street. 
Axles. 

W.  T.  &  J.  Merserau. — 27  New  Jersey  Rail- 
road Avenue.  New  York  office,  62  Duaue  Street. 
Stair-rods  and  trunk  hardware. 

McFarland  (fe  IMcIntyre. — Opposite  Market 
Street  depot.    Iron  foundry. 

Newark  Manufacturing  Co. — Tools  and 
machinery. 

New  York  File  Co.— C.  W.  Griffith,  Presi- 
dent. 88  Warren  Street,  New  York  office,  1 1 
Spruce  Street.  Files. 

Noyes  ife  Herschel. — Safes. 

C.  S.  Osborne. — Saddlery  tools. 

M.  Ortel. — Railroad  Avenue.  Springs. 

G.  E.  Parker.— 23  River  Street.  Light 
machinery. 

Passaic  Saw  Works. — Saws. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEISTERAI 

Pellitt  &  CoNOVER. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Pkevost  &  WiLLiAirs. — Edge  tools. 

James  A.  Price. — Corner  Mechanic  and  Ex- 
change Streets.  Piles. 

M.  Price.— 334  Mulberry  Street.  N.  Y.  office, 
54  Beeknian  Street.    Edge  tools,  etc. 

Richardson  &  Hall. — 32  Mechanic  Street. 
Saddlery  hardware.     15  hands  employed. 

J.  11.  Rock. — Car  springs. 

RoALESS  &  Graham. — Iron  foundry. 

Ritchie  &  Buyden. — 15  New  Jersey  Rail- 
road Avenue.  Locks. 

Richardson  Bros. — Foot  of  Market  Street. 
Saws. 

RoFF  &  Huntington. — General  machinery. 

Romer  &  Co. — 141  Railroad  Avenue.  Locks. 
25  hands  employed. 

T.  C.  Richards. — 108  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Avenue.  N.  Y.  office,  47  Murray  Street.  Car- 
builders'  and  fiincy  hardware.  60  hands  em- 
ployed. 

New  J ERSEY  Wire  Mill. — H.  Roberts,  Pro- 
prietor. Works,  New  Jersey  Railroad  Avenue 
and  Chestnut  Street.    Telegraph  and  other  wire. 

Sauerbier  &  Sons. — 35  Mechanic  Street. 
Mechanics'  tools,  special  tools,  etc. 

Seymour  &  Whitlock. — 43  Lawrence  Street. 
Steam  engines,  Baxter  portable  engines,  iron  and 
wood  working  machinery. 

W.  SinvE  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Thomas  Slaight. — 111  New  Jersey  Railroad 
A-venue.  Locks. 

G.  Stedenfield. — Locks  and  light  machinery. 
■04  Market  Street. 

W.  L.  Starr  &  Co. — 44  Lawrence  Street. 
^Saddlery  hardware. 

Phineas  Smith. — N.  Y.  office,  116  Chambers 
tstreet.  Hardware,  tools,  mowers  and  reaj^ers, 
etc.    30  hands. 

S.MITII  &  Say'er  Manufacturing  Co. — 46 
Bridge  Street.  N.  Y.  office,  95  Liberty  Street. 
iSieam  engines,  boilers,  j^umps,  gas  machines,  etc. 

Speach  &  Guelicher. — Hedenberg  Works. 
Hardware,  tools,  skates,  etc. 

Skinner,  Leany  &  Lindsley. — 23  Lawrence 
Street.  Stationary  and  portable  engines,  hoisting 
And  pile-driving  engines,  and  general  machinery. 

E.  Stewart. — Machinery. 

E.  &  M.  Stewart. — Machinery. 

Stannier  &  Laffey. — Works,  East  Newark. 
N".  Y.  office,  53  Fulton  Street.  Fourdriner  ma- 
zhine  wires,  etc. 

G.  &  T.  SiMONSOX.— 34  Church  Street.  Sad- 
dlery hardware. 

M.  B.  TiDEY. — Machinery. 

ToMLiNSON  Spring  Co. — New  Jersey  Railroad 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 

Vvs 

Avenue.  Axles  and  springs.  Works  also  a£ 
Bridgeport,  Conn.  J.  A.  Gilford,  President ;  T. 
Grace,  Secretary. 

CiiAS.  Taylor  &  Co.  (Washoe  Tool  Co.).— 166 
Chambers  Street,  N.  Y.  Picks,  miners'  tools, 
etc. 

J.  TiiEBOLD. — 45  Lawrence  Street.  Saddlery 
hardware. 

J.  Thielmann  &  Co. — 154  Mulberry  Street. 
Coach  hardware. 

Universal  Trunk  Hardware  Co. — T.  L. 
Rivers,  Agent.  17  Mulberry  Street.  Trunk 
hardware. 

Vandoran  &  RiELY.— Machinery. 

B.  Van  Nostrand. — 63  Railroad  Avenue. 
Light  machinery. 

C.  Walsh,  Son  &  Bro. — Hamilton  and  Rail- 
road Avenues.    Trunk  frames,  etc. 

T.  M.  Ward  &  Co.— 456  Market  Street.  Iron 
foundry,  agricultural  iron  work,  builders'  cast- 
ings. 

Passaic  Machine  Works. — Watts,  Campbell 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.  Passaic,  corner  of  Ogden 
Street.    General  machinery.    60  hands. 

W.  AYiiiTE. — 10  Commercial  Street.  Edge 
tools. 

C.  V.  Wilson. — 69  Railroad  Avenue.  Files. 

Wright  &  S.mith. — 9  Ailing  Street.  Steam 
engines,  machine  tools,  wood-working  machinery, 
etc.    N.  Y.  office,  93  Liberty  Street. 

Wrestiioff,  Wright  &  Kuenhold. — 303 
Railroad  Avenue.  Genei-al  hardware.  60  hands 
employed. 

G.  A.  Wiedmayer  &  Co. — 32  Mechanic  Street. 
Saddlery  hardware. 

J.  Weis. — 26  Bank  Street.    Pruning  shears. 

Wiedd  &  Co. — Green  Street  and  Railroad 
Avenue.    Smoothing  ii-ons. 

WicHELHAUs  &  Rothe.- — Hedenberg  Works. 
Hardware  and  tools. 

Z-iEGLER  &  Otto. — 44  Mechanic  Street.  Coach 
hardware. 

Z.  Walsh. — Locks.    25  hands  employed. 
Weiner  &  Co. — 87  Mechanic  Street.  General 
hardware.    125  hands  employed. 

JVew  Urunswick,  Middlesex  County . 

W.  Deely'. — Iron  foundry. 

National  Iron  Works. — Wm.  E.  Kelly, 
Proprietor.  Steam  engines,  rubber  machinery, 
etc. 

New  Brunswick  Machine  Co. — Geo.  B.  Munn 
&  Co.    General  machinery. 

W.  C.  Smith  &  Son. — Iron  foimdry  and  general 
machinery. 

J.  &  E.  Waldhon. — Steam  engines,  machinery. 
40  hands. 


GO 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


KeW  3Iarhet,  Middlesex  Gormty. 
H.  II.  Baker. — Macbiiieiv. 

Neio  Village^  Wanm  Com/fi/. 

Kenney,  Carter  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

N^eioton,  Sussex  County. 

Wm.  "Woodward. — Safes. 

Geo.  H.  Nelden. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 

Parsippany,  Morris  County. 

A.  B.  Cobb. — Iron  foundry. 

Passaic,  Passaic  County. 

Post  &  Doran. — Iron  foundry. 

New  York  Steam  Engine  Cojipany. — Office 
and  wareroom,  98  Chambers  Street,  New  York. 
Managers:  Charles  A.  Cheever,  Treasiirei- ;  Geo. 
Q.  Dow,  Secretary.  Location  of  the  works,  Pas- 
saic, N.  J.  This  is  one  of  the  most  complete 
establishments  in  the  world  for  the  manufactuic  (if 
machinists',  locomotive,  car  builders',  and  railroad 
I'epair-shop  tools. 

The  works  of  the  New  York  Steam  Engine 
Company  wei-e  originally  located  at  Worcester, 
Mass.,  but  removed  in  18G9  to  Passaic,  N.  J., 
eleven  miles  distant  from  New  York.  For  manu- 
facturing purposes  the  situation  is  highly  advan- 
tageous, the  Passaic  River  affording  exhaustless 
water  power,  and  the  Erie  Railroad  furnishing 
facilities  for  transportation  in  any  direction. 

The  new  enterprise  was  actively  prosecuted,  and 
eai-ly  in  1871  the  company  had  completed  the 
erection  of  one  of  the  largest  and  most  systemat- 
ically arranged  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the 
United  States,  completely  equipped  with  all  the 
recpusite  machinery  and  appliances  for  the  build- 
ing of  machinists'  and  boiler  makers'  tools  of  every 
description,  both  light  and  heavy.  The  machinery 
is  operated  by  a  turbine  water-wheel  of  one  hun- 
dred horse-power,  and  the  establishment  affords 
employment  to  about  one  thousand  workmen. 

All  the  buildings  are  constructed  in  the  most 
substantial  manner,  of  brick,  with  walls  of  great 
thickness,  the  flooi'S  heavily  timbered,  and  the 
roofs  covered  with  slate.  The  principal  buildings 
are  heated  by  steam  and  lighted  with  gas.  Every 
])recautionary  measure  that  experience  could  sug- 
gest has  been  adopted  for  protection  against  fire, 
and,  in  the  opinion  of  competent  underwriters, 
this  is  considei-ed  the  safest  machine-shop  risk  in 
tlie  United  States,  the  arrangements  for  extin- 
guishing fii-e  being  of  the  most  ample  descrip- 
tion. 

The  premises  are  traversed  by  the  water  mains 
of  the  Passaic  Water  Works,  and  there  are  sev- 


30  INCn  EN'GINE  LATITK. 
Manufactured  by  New  York  Steam  Engine  Company, 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHIKE  WORKS,  ETC. 


61 


eral  hydrants  for  use  in  an  emergency.  Iron  lad- 
ders are  attached  to  the  outer  walls  of  all  the 
principal  buildings,  and  a  hose  carriage,  with  600 
feet  of  2tV  inch  hose,  is  in  constant  readiness  for 
use.  In  the  fire-piinip  house  are  two  powerful 
pumps,  geared  to  connect  with  the  water-wheel, 
and  surrounded  by  steam  j)ipe  to  prevent  freezing. 
Along  each  floor  of  the  machine  shop  and  the  pat- 
tern shop  and  storehouse  run  large  water  pipes, 
with  openings  at  intervals  of  forty  feet,  and  to 
each  stop-cock  fifty  feet  of  hose  is  constantly  at- 
tached, for  instant  service,  if  required. 


No.  2}^  Upright  DiuiiL. 
Manufacturetl  by  New  Yurk  Stuain  Engine  Company. 

The  company  make  all  their  own  castings,  both 
iron  and  brass.  The  iron  foundry  is  52  by  130 
feet  in  area,  and  22  feet  in  height.  It  is  eqviipped 
with  two  of  McKenzie's  cupolas  and  blowers, 
three  large  core  ovens,  supplied  with  railways  and 
trucks,  two  cranes,  each  cajjable  of  lifting  twelve 
tons,  two  of  the  company's  gear  moulding  machines, 
rattlers,  and  all  other  requisite  appurtenances  for 
the  production  of  work  upon  an  extensive  scale. 
Iij  the  yard  adjoining  the  foundry  is  a  jjowerful 
drop,  for  the  purpose  of  bi'eaking  up  old  iron,  and 
iu  an  adjacent  building  are  stored  coal,  moulding 
sand,  fire-brick,  fire-clay,  etc. 

The  brass  foundry  is  20  })y  52  feet  in  area,  sup- 
plied with  four  furnaces  and  all  the  requisite 
flasks  and  other  appliances.     The  flask  shop,  30 


by  40  feet  in  size,  is  fully  equipped  with  all  the 
usual  requirements.  The  blacksmith  shop,  a 
building  40  by  80  feet  in  area,  contains  a  number 
of  forges,  including  two  patent  iron  foi'ges  of  the 
most  improved  construction;  also  a  powerful  steam 
hammer,  capable  of  forging  shafts  eight  inches  in 
diameter.  In  a  detached  building,  strongly  con- 
structed of  brick  and  iron,  and  completely  fire- 
proof, are  the  boilei  s  which  generate  steam  for 
heating  purposes. 

The  machine  shop  is  a  fine  structure,  measur- 
ing GO  by  375  feet  in  area,  and  is  two  stories  high, 
the  first  story  being  IG  feet,  and  the  second  11 
feet  6  inches  in  the  clear.  A.  portion  of  the  first 
floor  is  appropriated  to  the  general  business  oflices 
and  the  office  of  the  superintendent  of  the  works. 
Space  is  also  set  aside  for  a  storeroom  for  such 


No.  ■!  Caii  Wheel  Buhelc. 
Slanutactared  by  New  York  Stcuiu  Engine  Co. 


supplies  as  are  in  constant  reqiiisition,  including 
belting,  files,  oil,  waste,  etc.  The  entire  remainder 
of  this  floor  is  devoted  to  man iifacturing  purposes, 
specially  the  production  of  the  larger  classes  of 
machinery. 

For  the  handling  of  these  heavy  articles  there 
are  eight  cranes,  each  of  the  capacity  of  seven 
tons,  and  an  improved  transverse  crane  capable 
of  lifting  25  tons.  This  crane  is  located  in  the 
central  hoistway,  which  is  75  feet  long  by  20  feet 
wide.  Running  the  entire  length  of  the  building 
is  a  railway,  supplied  with  a  turn  table.  This 
railway  extends  to  the  iron  foundry,  forty  feet 
distant,  terminating  under  the  large  cranes  therein 
located. 


62 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACinNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


The  greater  portion  of  the  second  floor  is  de- 
voted to  the  building  of  the  lighter  descriptions  of 
nuicliinery,  the  finisliing  of  brass  work,  etc.  On 
each  floor  are  two  lines  of  shafting,  from  2:^^  to  3f 
inches  in  diameter,  running  on  the  "  impi-oved 
miiversal  liangers,"  designed  and  manufactured  by 
this  company.  A  part  of  the  second  floor  is  ap- 
])ropriated  to  the  tool  room,  where  all  the  small 
tools  used  in  the  works  are  made  and  repaired. 


The  draughting  room,  16  by  GO  feet  in  area,  is  also 
upon  this  floor.  Several  skilful  draughtsmen  are 
constantly  occupied  in  the  preparation  of  designs 
and  working  plans  of  machinery. 

The  pattern  shop  and  storehouse  is  a  three  story 
building,  40  by  100  feet  in  area.  The  second  floor 
is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  making  of  patterns 
from  original  designs.  It  is  well  equipped  with 
all  the  necessary  wood-working  machinery,  such 


Foundry  Gear  Molding  Machfne. 
Manufatiired  by  New  York  Steam  En£;ine  Co. 


as  planing  machines,  lathes,  circular  saws,  boring 
machines,  etc.  The  assortment  of  patterns  is  A'ery 
extensive  and  valuable. 

For  machinists'  use  the  Company  build  engine 
lathes,  patent  planers,  slotting  machines,  compound 
planers,  or  shaping  machines ;  upright,  traverse, 
suspension,  radial  and  crank  drills  ;  milling  and 
slabbing  machines  ;  nut  and  bolt  slabbing  and  fac- 


ing machines ;  bolt  cutters,  with  revolving  and 
stationary  dies ;  horizontal  boring  and  drilling 
machines,  im])roved  crank  planers,  patent  chuck- 
ing and  turning  lathes.  Chapman's  patent  slotting 
tools,  car-wheel  borers,  car-axle  lathes  and  centre- 
ing machines  ;  driving-wheel  lathes,  with  crank-pin 
boring  attachment ;  quartering  machines ;  both 
right  and  left,  and  double;  car  and  driving  wheel 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEJSTERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


63 


hydraulic  presses,  of  from  100  to  200  tons  capa- 
city ;  three  sizes  of  gear  molding  machines ;  com- 
bined punch  and  shears  ;  also  hand  and  wood  lathes, 
patent  self-oiling  counter  shafts  and  hangers ;  pul- 
leys and  couplings  ;  all  descriptions  of  gearing ;  all 
sizes  and  kinds  of  taps  and  dies ;  machine  shop  and 
foundry  cranes,  etc.,  etc. 

Not  less  than  six  machines  of  a  kind  are  built 
at  one  time,  and  as  the  list  comprises  more  than 
forty  distinct  articles,  averaging  seven  sizes  each, 
there  are  frequently  more  than  two  hundred  ma- 
chines building  at  the  same  time,  some  of  them 
weighing  more  than  forty-five  tons. 

The  general  business  offices  and  warerooms  of 
the  Company  are  located  at  No.  98  Chambers 
sti'eet,  New  York  city. 

Paterson,  Passaic  County. 
E.  Aecher. — Iron  foundry,  light  castings. 
Geo.  Addy.— Bolts  and  nuts. 
Geo.  Bromhead. — Wire. 
J.  Brown. — Boilers  only. 
Erie  Saw  Works. — H.  Burton.  Saws. 
Benj.    Buckley  &  Co. — Spinning  machinery 
and  spindles. 

CURRAN  &  BoWERING  MANUFACTURING  Co.  

P.  Curran,  President ;  G.  D.  Voorhies,  Secre- 
tary ;  J.  Powering,  Superintendent.  Iron  foundry, 
stoves,  and  copper  work  for  locomotives,  fire  en- 
gines, etc. 

James  Dunkerley  &  Co.— Cotton-spinning 
machinery. 

Danforth  Locomotive  and  Machine  Co. — 
John  Cooke,  President ;  Jas.  Cooke,  Supei'in- 
tendent ;  J.  Edwards,  Vice-President ;  A.  J. 
Bixby,  Treasurer.  750  hands  employed.  {See 
Locomotive  Works  of  N.J.) 

S.  D.  Gould. — Machinery. 

Grant  Locomotive  Works. — D.  B.  Grant, 
President.    {See  Locomotive  AVorks  of  N.  J.') 

Harrell  &  Hayes. — Steam  fire  engines,  metal 
spinning,  etc. 

Machinists' Association. — J.  Peel,  Secretary  ; 
Managers,  E.  Morehouse  and  W.  Senior.  Cotton, 
flax,  and  hemp  machinery. 

C.  MosELY. — Silk  machinery. 

Pt.  H.  NoRRis  &  Co. — Gauges,  mill  work,  etc. 

Jos.  NussEY. — Flax  machinery. 

Paterson  Iron  Co. — P.  C.  Beckwith,  Treas- 
urer ;  C.  D.  Beckwith,  Secretary  ;  J.  A.  Beck- 
with, Superintendent.    Heavy  forgings. 

Phcenix  Boiler  Works. — Proprietors,  Eaf- 
ferty,  Smith  &  Co.  Boilers  only.  60  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Eogers  Locomotive  and  Machine  Works. — 
J.  J.  Rogers,  President.  {See  Locomotive  Works 
ofN.  J-.) 


Todd  &  Bafferty  Machine  Co. — Steam  en- 
gines with  patent  cut-off,  both  portable  and  sta- 
tionary, flax,  hemp,  and  general  machinery.  N. 
Y.  office,  10  Barclay  Street. 

Union  Bolt  Works. — D.  Harwood,  Proprie- 
tor ;  H.  Emerson,  Agent.  Bolts  and  nuts.  45 
hands  employed. 

Van  Riper  Manufacturing  Co. — Machinery 
and  mill  work. 

J.  E.  Van  Winkle. — Flax,  hemp,  and  cotton 
mill  machinery. 

Watson  Manufacturing  Co. — Wm.  G.  Wat- 
son, President ;  Jas  Watson,  Vice-President. 
Ii'on  foundry  and  machine  works.  {See  also  Iron 
Pridge  Works.)  This  company  manufactures 
iron  bridges,  turn-tables,  roofs,  and  architectural 
iron,  employing  800  men,  500  of  whom  are  en- 
gaged inside  and  300  more  in  erecting  bridges. 
In  addition,  the  company  builds  heavy  and  light 
machinery,  steam  engines,  bolt  cutters,  and  does 
general  foundry  woi*k.  The  business  of  the  works 
was  not  interfered  with  by  the  panic,  the  company 
having  orders  on  their  books  amounting  to  over 
$600,000  in  January,  1874. 

Thomas  Wrigley. — Machinery,  washers,  and 
rings. 

John  Wrigley. — Locks  and  light  machiriery. 
Weinmann  &  Kearney. — Files  and  rasps. 

Perth  Amboy,  Middlesex  County. 

M.  L.  Shautz. — Machinery. 

Pennington^  fiercer  County. 

D.  L.  Chattin. — Machinery. 

Petershv/rg,  Cape  3fay  County. 

F.  N.  Entriken. — Machinery. 

T.  Van  Gilder. — Agricultural  implements. 

Phillipsburgh,  Wa/rren  County. 

Phillipsburgh  Manufacturing  Co. — D.  Run- 
kle,  President  and  Treasurer.  Hot-pressed  nuts, 
bolts,  etc. 

P.EEs  Lake  Machine  Co. — A.  R.  Reese, 
President ;  Geo.  Sweeney,  Secretary.  Machinery. 

Delaware  Bolt  Co. — A.  H.  Sage,  President. 
Bolts,  mits,  etc. 

Jacob  Tippett. — Iron  foundry. 

Warren  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — D. 
Runkle,  President  and  Treasurer ;  Wm.  R.  Wil- 
son, Secretary.    Machinery,  castings,  etc. 

Pompton,  Passaic  Cov/nty. 
PoMPTON    Steel   Works. — Proprietors,  Jas. 
Homer  &  Co.,  N.  Y.  office,  47  Warren  St.  {See 
Crucible  Steel   Works  of  N.  J.)     200  hands 
employed. 


64 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACniNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


M.  J.  Ryerson. — Iron  foundry.  I 
Vulcan  File  Wokks. — Jas.  Homer  &  Co., 
Proprietors.  Files. 

Maritan,  Somerset  County. 
Kenyon  Bros. — Machinery  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Reese,  Stauts  &  Melick  Manufacturing 
Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Hockaway,  3forris  County. 
Union  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — M.  How- 
land,  Agent.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Saddle  Hiver,  Bergen  County. 
Packer  k  Terwilliger. — Iron  foundry. 

Salem,  Salem  County. 
J.  Acton. — Iron  foundry. 
S.  Garrison. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  HoBBS. — Agricultural  implements. 
Wm.  Pierpont. — Agricultural  implements, 

SmithvUle,  JBurlington  County. 
C  O.  Hall. — Machinery. 
H.  Smith. — Agricultural  implements. 
H.  B.  Smith. — Wood-working  machinery. 

Spring  3Iills,  Camden  County. 
Thos.  Guvering  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Stockton,  Hunterdon  County. 
11.  Deats. — Iron  fouiidry. 

Trenton,  Ilercer  County. 
American  Saw  Co. — Jas.  C.  Wilson,  President. 
N.  Y.  office.  Ferry  Street.    Saws.    100  men  em- 
ployed. 

R.  Buttersworth. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

Chas.  Carr. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  and  iron 
foundry. 

L.  Chevrier. — Chains. 

Cooper,  Hewitt  &  Co. — N.  Y.  office,  17 
Burling  Slip.  Iron  and  steel  wire.  Product, 
over  200  tons  wire  per  month.    200  hands. 

Eagle  An^il  Works. — Fisher,  Norris  &  Co. 
Eagle  anvils,  double-screw  pai'allel  vises,  etc.,  and 
iron  foundry. 

T.  Hayes. — Machinery. 

Kendrick  &  RuNKLE. — Chain  makers. 

A.  Kesler. — Locks. 

F.  C.  Lowthorp. — Iron  bridges.  {See  Iron 
Bridge  Works.) 

McFarland,  Sample  &  Evans. — Foundry. 

J.  &  C.  Moore. — Machinery  and  railroad 
work. 

National  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. 
— Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

A.  L.  Kinsley  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  Plows. 


New  Jersey  Steel  and  Iron  Co. — Ed.  Cooper 
President ;  F.  J.  Slade,  Secretaiy.  N.  Y.  office 
17  Bulling  Slip.  {See  Rolling  3IUls  of  JVew 
Je7-sey.) 

This  works  covers  an  ai'ea  of  12  acres,  and 
employs,  when  full,  GOO  hands.  In  addition  to 
the  rolling  mills,  it  is  noteworthy  as  having  been 
the  first  works  at  which  steel  was  made  by  the 
Siemens-Martin  process,  which  was  introduced 
into  this  country  by  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Esq., 
when  Commissioner  of  the  United  States  to  the 
Paris  Exposition. 

Trenton  Vise  and  Tool  Co. — Hermann  Boker 
&  Co.,  99  and  101  Duane  Street,  N.  Y.,  Proprie- 
tors. J.  Howard  Murray,  Trenton,  Superintend- 
ent and  Manager.  This  works  includes  iron 
foundiy,  forge  with  over  twenty  fires,  machine 
and  finishing  shops  and  brass  foundry,  and  manu- 
factures vises,  sledges,  hammers,  picks,  mattocks, 
and  miscellaneous  tools,  with  castings,  iron 
bridges,  and  turn-tables,  and  general  foundry 
work,  with  brass,  composition,  and  Babbitt  metal 
castings  in  the  brass  foundry.  The  shops  are 
large,  well- lighted  and  ventilated,  and  conveni- 
ently situated,  giving  emj)loyment,  when  running 
full,  to  about  100  hands.  Under  previous 
owners,  the  Trenton  Vise  and  Tool  Co.  was  not 
successful,  but  since  the  property  of  Messrs.  Her- 
mann Boker  &  Co.,  and  under  the  management  of 
J.  Howard  Murray,  Superintendent,  it  has  done 
a  profitable  and  increasing  trade. 

Trenton  Lock  Co. — W.  Roome,  President ;  L. 
Many,  Secretary.  N.  Y.  office,  48  Warren  Street. 
Locks. 

John  Watson. — Machinery  and  foundry. 
Whitaker  &  Skirem. — Chains. 
J.  B.  Yard. — Iron  railings  and  general  iron 
work. 

Vienna,  Warren  County. 
John  R.  Carr. — Iron  foundry. 
S.  A.  Cummings. — Iron  foundry. 

Warrenville,  Warreti  County. 
W.  F.  Wire. — Iron  foundry. 

Washington,  Warren  County. 
J.  Fills. — Machinery. 
Savers  &  Co. — Tools. 
W.  White. — Tools. 

Weehawken,  Hudson  County. 
F.  Brem  BAUER. — Machinery. 
F.  B.  Etzold. — Machinery. 

Winslow,  Hudson  Comity. 
D,  G.  Barnard. — Machinery. 

Woodstown,  Salem  County. 
J.  Butcher. — Iron  foundry  ;  .'specialty,  plows. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC, 


Jno.  Haines. — Iron  foundiy,  general  castings. 

Wooclhridge,  3Ilddlesex  County. 
C.  W.  BoYNTON  &  Co.— Files. 

Yardleyville,  Mercer  County. 
Geo.  H.  McCabe. — Iron  foundry. 

Yorlctown^  Salem  County. 
A.  W.  Haines. — Files. 


Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works, 
Iron  Foundries,  etc.,  of  New  York. 

Adams,  Jefferson  County. 
Holman  &  Wright. — Iron  foundry. 

AdatTi's  Basin,  Monroe  County. 
Russell  Clark. — Agricultural  implements. 

Addison,  JSteuben  County. 
O.  A.  Horn  &  Bro.- — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

A/ton. 
H.  Lampmann. — Machinery. 

Ahron,  Erie  County. 
Paxon,  Goslin  k  Miller. — Iron  foundry. 

Albany,  Albany  County. 
Albany  Agricultural  Works. — E.  Cornell, 
President ;  N.  B.  Wood,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  ; 
H.  L.  Emery,  Superintendent.  Iron  foundry  and 
agricultural  machinery.  75  to  100  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Albany  File  Works. — Files. 
Albany  Union  Co-operative  Foundry  Co. — 
G.  Gannon,  Superintendent.    Iron  foundry. 
Anthony  &  McLaren. — Machineiy. 
Wm.  Arnold. — Boikrs  only. 
AuBiN  Gas  Works  Co. — Gas  machinery. 

B.  BoHER. — Files. 

J.  A.  &  W.  S.  Buckbee. — Machinery. 
E.  C.  Burgess. — Machinery. 
W.  R.  Brown. — Machinery. 
Backus,  Button  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  F.  Benedict. — Iron  foundry. 
Capitol  Co-operative  •Foundry  Co. — Jas.  H. 
Carix)ll,  President.    Iron  foundry. 
G.  W.  Carlo w.— Mill  tools. 
Clark  &  Co. — Hardware. 

C.  Collins. — Boilers  only. 

S.  Cunliffe. — Iron  railings.  . 
M.  Crannell. — Planes  and  tools. 
J.  Mc  B.  Davidson  &  Co. — Safes  and  hollow- 
ware. 

P.  K.  Dedrick  &  Co.  — Machinery. 


Thos.  Dobbs. — Steam  engines  and  machiner 

D.  DoNCASTER. — Machinery. 

H.  G.  GoMPH. — Cutlery. 

Jas.  C.  Haight  &  Son. — Boilers. 

Albany  Iron  and  Machine  Works. — H.  C. 
Haskell,  Proprietor.  Steam  engines,  boilers, 
iron  railings,  bridges,  etc.    80  hands  employed. 

R.  Hardie. — Steam  engines  and  piimps. 

Livingston  <fe  Sherlin. — Boiler  makers. 

Skinner  &  Arnold. — Boiler  makers. 

Jas.  McKinney. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

D.  McDonald  &  Co. — Gas  meters. 
S.  G.  MiDLAM. — Machinery. 
J.  Page  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  Parnell. — Tools. 
Pruyn  &  Lansing. — Saws. 
Reynolds,  Smith  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  J.  RiGSDORF. — Agricultural  implements. 
John  Rodgers  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
etc. 

O.  C.  &  W.  H.  D.  Sweet.— Machinery. 

Sloss  &  Clark. — Iron  railings. 

Geo.  H.  Thatcher   &   Co. — Iron  foundry. 

[See  Gar  Wheel  Foundries.^ 

TowNSEND  &  Jackson. — (Townsend  Furnace 
and  Machine  Shop.)  Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

New  York  State  Agricultural  WoEks. — 
Wheeler,  Melick  &  Co,  Proprietors.  Agricul- 
tural machinery  and  implements. 

Wands  &  Purdy. — Wii-e  cloth. 

D.  S.  Wood  &  Co. — Malleable  iron  works. 

Albion,  Orleans  County. 
Curtis  Manufacturing  Co. — Steam  engines, 
machinery,  agricultural  implements.    100  hands 
employed. 

Alden,  Erie  County. 
C.  R.  DuRKEE. — Smut  machinery. 

Alexandria,  Genessee  County. 
A.  D.  Peck. — Machinery. 

Alfred,  Allegheny  County. 
Place  &  Langwortiiy. — Machinery. 
A.  B.  Sherman. — Machinery. 

Alma,  Allegheny  County. 
G.  Wilcox. — Machinery. 
C.  Wilson. — IVlachinery. 

Almnod,  Allegheny  County. 

Isaac  Rawson. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery ; 
specialty,  mowing  machines. 

O.  D.  Wallace. — Iron  foundry;  specialty, 
plows. 

J.  B.  Stillman. — Plows. 


G6 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  :MACIII."vrE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Alfona,  Clinton  Count tj. 
Palmer,  Williams  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Reynolds,  Smitii  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Anienia,  Dutchess  County. 
A.  P.  Baylis. — Agricultural  implements. 
E.  Buckley. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty,  plows. 
Geo.  Morgan. — Agricultural  implements. 

Amsterdam,  Montgomery  County. 
H.    S.    McElwain. — Iron  foundry  and  mill 
work. 

D.  P.  Corey. — -Steam  engines,  machinery,  etc. 

Amity.,  Orange  County. 
Lewis  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 
D.  W.  Struler. — Steel  springs. 

Andes,  Delaware  County. 
Thos.  S.  Miller. — Iron  foundry. 
Thos.  Muir. — Machinery. 

Andover,  Allegheny  County. 
C.  Boyd. — Machinery. 
O'DoNNELL  &  Morris. — Machinery. 

Antwerp,  Jefferson  County. 
Jos.  Newton. — Iron  foundry  and  maahinery. 
Peckham,  Sterling  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Arcade,  Wyoming  County. 
H.  Barnes. — Mowing  machines. 

Ashland,  Greene  County. 
Chas.  Cate. — Machinery, 

Athens,  Greene  County. 
H.  T.  Dernell. — Ice-cutting  machines. 

Attica,  Wyoming  County. 
Fay  &  Son. — Machinery. 

Auburn,  Cayuga  County. 

Allan,  Boss  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Auburn  Agricultural  Works. — Merrill, 
Wilder  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Agricultural  imple- 
ments.    100  hands. 

Auburn  File  Co. — H.  G.  Thornton,  Proprie- 
tor. 

Auburn  Hardware  M^vnufacturing  Co. — 
Bellows  &  Aiistin,  Proprietors.  Hardware. 

Auburn  Tool  Co. — Geo.  Casey,  President ; 
N.  L.  Casey,  Treasurer.  Carpenters  tools.  50 
hands  employed. 

A.  Babbitt. — Iron  foundry  and  bolt  works. 

Cayuga  Chief  Manufacturing  Co. — Mowers, 
reapers,  and  agricultural  machinery.  150  hands 
emplo3'ed. 


SwiTZER  Collins. — Boilers  only. 
C.  Curtis. — Iron  foundry. 
Dangerfield  &  Le  Fevre. — Breech-loading 
fire  arms. 

Dodge  Stepenson  Manufacturing  Co. — Ohio 
reaper  and  mowers. 

E.  C.  TuTTLE  Manufacturing  Co. — Forks, 
hoes,  and  miscellaneous  agricultural  implements. 

John  B.  Gaylord. — Iron  foundry. 

Goss,  Young  &  Co.- — Machinery. 

A.  Howland  &  Co. — Carpenters'  tools. 
Wm.  H.  Halliday. — Machinery. 

C.  B.  Hutchinson  &  Son. — Machineiy. 
Hayden  &  Letchwortii. — Carriage  hardware 

and  carriage  iron  work  of  all  kinds.  250  hands 
emi)loyed. 

Geo.  Hopping. — Machinery. 

D.  M.  Osborne  &  Co. — Reapers  and  mowing 
machines.  This  is  a  very  extensive  works,  with 
trade  throughout  the  United  States.  The  prod- 
uct amounts  to  8,000  reapers  and  mowers  annu- 
ally, employing  in  the  manufacture  400  men,  and 
consuming  2,500  tons  of  pig-iron,  200,000  lbs.  of 
malleable  iron,  and  500  tons  of  wrought  iron  and 
steel. 

J.  W.  Quick. — Hussey's  reaper  and  mowing 
machines. 

Metallic  Plane  Co. — E.  G.  Stork,  Agent. 
H.  Lewis  &  Sons. — Springs. 
Chas.  Richardson. — General  iron  work. 
Ross,  Gaylord  &  Mellor. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

R.  Sargent. — Carding  machinery. 

B.  B.  Snow  &  Co. — Corn-shellers,  etc. 
Stevenson  Manufacturing  Co. — Knife-gi-ind- 

ing  machines. 

Sheldon  &  Co. — Axles. 
Wm.  Scott. — Saws. 

Southern  Central  Railroad  machine  shops. 
J.  K.  Tallman. — Carriage  bolts. 
D.  Wadsworth  &,  Co. — Scythes. 
Allen  Woodruff  &  Co. — Agricultxiral  imple- 
ments. 

Augusta,  Oneida  County. 

Ballard  &  Griggs. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  T.  Thompson. — Carding  machinery. 

Aurora,  Cayuga  County. 

Aurora  Iron  Works. — H.  Reynolds,  Mana- 
ger.   Hinges  and  butts. 
N.  M.  Mann. — Plows. 

Au  /Sable  l^orks,  JEssex  County. 

L.  Farland. — Machinery. 
Jas.  Hoyle. — Machinery. 
J.  Obrist. — Macliincry. 


DIKECTOEY  OF  GENEUAL  MACHINE  WoEKS,  ETC. 


01 


Austerlitz,  Columbia  County. 
Brainard  &  HiGGiNs. — Tools. 

Avon.,  Livingston  County. 
J.  Strouse. — Iron  foundry. 
Weyard  &  Hough. — Agricultriral  machinery. 

I3ainbridge,  Shenango  County, 
Gilbert  Bixby  &  Co. — Machinery. 

HaldioinsvUle,  Onondaga  County. 

Heald,  Sisco  &  Co. — Machinery,  pumps,  etc. 

Morris  Axe  and  Tool  Co. — Geo.  F.  Comstock, 
President ;  H.  D.  Morris,  Superintendent. 
Axes  and  edge  tools. 

Otsego  Fork  Mills. — Hay  forks,  etc. 

Hallston,  Saratoga  County. 
B.  J.  Barbee. — Machinery. 
J.  Blood. — Axes  and  scythes. 
A.    EjsficKERBOGKER. — Axes,    hatchets,  and 
scythes. 

IBatavia,  Genessee  County. 
P.  T.  Bradish. — Iron  foundry. 
T.   HuRLBURT. — -Plows  and  agricultural  im- 
plements, sawing  and  grinding  machinery. 

Bath,  Steuben  County. 
Hardenbrook  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

13eeJcmantoion,  Clinton  County. 
J.  Bea. — Machinery  and  iron  foundry. 

Berkshire,  Tioga  County. 
Cross  k  Holcomb. — Edge  tools. 

Belmont,  Allegheny  County. 

D.  E.AWSON  &  Co. — Mowers,  reapers,  horse 
rakes,  saw-mill  machinery. 

Bennington,  Wyoming  County. 

E.  Daggett. — Works  at  Cowlesville.  Iron 
foundry  and  plows. 

Binghamton,  Broome  County. 
Adams  <fe  Mayne. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

L.  BoLLES. — Cast-steel  hoes. 

E.  F.  Jones. — Iron  foundry  and  scale  works. 

W.  Knapp.- — Machinery. 

J.  S.  Matthews. — Plows. 

Sharpley  &  Wells. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

Wm.  Scott. — Machinery. 

Stewart's  Scale  Works  Co. — Scales. 

Birdsall,  Allegheny  County. 
Anson  Millard. — Machinery. 


Blachhrooh,  Clinton  County. 
N.  Delano. — Machinery. 
J.  &  J.  Eodgers  Iron  Co. — Forge. 

Black  River,  Jefferson  County. 
Huntington   &   Sons. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Blooming  Grove,  Orange  County. 
J.  S.  Burnham. — Machinery. 

Boonville,  Oneida  County. 
Boonville    Foundry. — Machinery  and  foun- 
dry work. 

Jas.  C.  Frazier. — Mill  work  and  gearing. 
Isaac  Gilbert. — Iron  foundry. 

Brasher  Falls,  St.  Laiorence  County. 

Davis  &  Bell. — Machinery  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Jas.  G.  Taylor. — Machinei-y. 

Brasher  Iron  Works. — J.  W.  Skinner,  Pro- 
prietor. General  iron-work,  machinery  and  mill- 
work,  agricultural  implements.  40  hands  em- 
ployed. 

W.  Barlow. — Mill  machinery  and  jobbing. 
G.  T.  Taylor  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  machin- 
ery, etc. 

Breahabeen,  Scoharie  County. 
J.  B.  Waldron. — Iron  foundry. 

Brockport,  Monroe  County. 
Seymour,  Morgan  &  Allen. — Mowers  and 
reapers. 

Brockton,  Chautauqua  County. 
E.  Bacon. — Hay-rakes,  etc. 
J.  Hall. — Machinery. 

Brookjield,  Madison  County. 
Bassett  Gates  &  Co. — Hoes,  forks,  etc. 
St.  John  &  Babcock.— Works,  Leonardsville, 
Iron  foundry. 

Bronxville,  Westchester  County. 
Smith  &  Clark. — Cutlery.    New  York  office, 
100  Chambers  Street. 

Brooklyn,  Kings  County. 
Ackerman  &  Vogh. — 273  First  Sti-eet.  Boilers 
and  bolts. 

Green  Point  Iron  Foundry. — John  Alexan- 
der, Proprietor.  86  Quay  Street.  Iron  foundry, 
castings,  grate-bars,  etc.    75  hands  employed. 

E,.  L.  Allen. — Agricultural  implements. 

Atlantic  Foundry  and  Basin  Iron  Works. 
— Proprietors,  Keithly  &  Beekmau,  9  Imlay 
Street,  corner  Ewen  Street.  Steam  engines, 
machinery,  boilers,  iron  foundry,  etc. 


68 


DIRECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Atlantic  Steam  Engine  Works. — Proprietoi-s, 
Wm.  Artlmr  &  Co.  Corner  of  Water  and  Adams 
-Streets.  Steam  engincis,  machinery,  and  foundry 
work.    250  hands  employed. 

II.  Adrian. — 31  School  Street.  Machinery. 

American  Tool  Steel  Co. — Chrome  steel 
works.  Kent  Aveinie  and  Keep  Street.  Crucible 
steel.    [See  Crucible  Steel  Works  oj'  jN^ew  York. 

J.  A.  AuER.— 205  North  Fifth  Street.  Hooks, 
hinges,  etc. 

Atlantic  Dock  Iron  Works. — R.  M.  Calla- 
way, President  and  Secretary.  Dikeman  and 
Ferris  Streets.  New  York  office,  98  Liberty  Street. 
Foundry  and  machinery. 

J.  E.  Anderson. — 81  South  Second.  Machin- 
ery. 

Jas.  Attkiss. — Tompkins  and  Flushing  Ave- 
nues. Machinery. 

Jas.  Armitage. — 77  East  Warren  Street. 
Saws. 

AVm.  Badger. — 147  Union  Avenue.  Cutlery. 

Ball  &  Jewell. — Franklin  opposite  Quay 
Street.  Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  general 
iron-woi'k. 

A.  Bass. — 4  Conover  Street.    Ii-on  foundry. 

Barnes  &  Dietz. — 02  Morton  Street.  Locks. 
30  hands  emjiloyed.  Fernald  &  Sise,  Agents, 
New  York. 

Peter  Bee. — 74  Connnerce  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

Geo.  Besser. — Commerce  and  Van  Brunt 
Streets.    Boilers  only. 

J.  W,  BicKNELL. — Corner  West  and  Quay 
Streets.  Machinery. 

M.  Benti.ey  &  Co. — North  Seventh  Street. 
Files. 

Brooklyn  Tube  Works. — B.  T.  Buckley,  Pro- 
prietor. {See  Pipe  and  Tube  Worlcs  of  New 
York.) 

Boone  &  Perez. — Corner  of  Debevoise  and 
Smith  Streets.  Machinery. 

W.  BoHANNON  &  Co. — Broadway,  corner  of  Kos- 
suth Street.  Locks. 

John  Brewer. — 13  Adams  Street.  Pumps  and 
blowing  machines. 

Bliss  &  Williams. — 118  Plymouth  Street. 
Presses,  dies,  etc.    50  hands  employed. 

James  Binns. — Machinery. 

A.  BoRROWMAN. — 47  Sixteenth  Street.  Iron 
foundry  and  gongs. 

Thos.  Bolles. — 246  Lorimer  Street.  Files. 

Bradley  &  Demain. — 50  Bergen  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

Brown  <k  Patterson. — Eighth  near  Grand 
Stre(!t.  Iron  foundry,  piano  castings,  fender  and 
grate  work. 

Brooklyn  Rivet  Co. — D.  W.  Kissara,  Presi- 


dent. 1 1 4  St.  John  Street.  New  York  office,  62 
John  Street.    Boiler  and  furnace  rivets. 

J.  Brooks. — Iron  railings,  fences,  etc. 

Jas.  H.  Brown. — Flushing  Avenue  near  Hamil- 
ton Street.  Tools. 

Brooklyn  Wire  Works. — East  Twelfth  Street. 
F.  G.  Richardson.  Wire. 

Jas.  Bulger  &  Co. — 45  North  Second  Street. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  iron  foundry.  100 
hand  employed. 

G.  Bungarz. — Third  near  Bond  Street.  Boil- 
ers and  jobbing. 

P.  V.  Burns.— Foot  of  North  Thirteenth 
Street.  Steel. 

BuRKHOLDER  &  Vanderbilt. — 108  John 
Street.    Meat-chopping  machinery  and  tools. 

Wm.  Gabble. — 187  Union  Avenue.  Wire. 

Brooklyn  Steam  Engine  Works. — P.  Cassidy, 
Proprietor.  Corner  John  and  Bridge  Streets. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  boilers. 

Catiierwood  &  Child. — 90  First  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

Composite  Iron  Works  Co. — Ii'a  Hutchin- 
son, President  and  Treasurer ;  J.  Chase,.  Vice- 
President  and  Secretary.  Works,  Union  Avenue 
near  Green  Street.  New  York  office,  109  Mercer 
Street.  Patent  composite  iron-work,  gates,  rail- 
ings, iron  furniture,  stable  fittings. 

CiiAS.  M.  Clarke. — 231  State  Street.  Iron 
railings. 

■  Ja.aies  E.  Conor. — 09  Adams  Street.  General 
machinery. 

J AMES  Clayton. — 24  Water  Street.  Machinery, 
steam  engines  and  steam  pumps.  New  York 
office,  52  John  Street. 

Geo.  B.  Cole. — 8  North  Second  Street.  Ma- 
chinery. 

C.  Collins. — Boiler  maker.    08  John  Street, 
Continental  Iron  Works. — Proprietor,  Thos. 
F.  Rowland.    Foot  of  Colyer  Street,  Greenpoint. 

This  works,  established  in  1859,  is  notable  as 
liaviug  built  the  original  Monitor,  which  was  de- 
signed and  superintended  by  Captain  Ericcson,  the 
noted  Swedish  inventor,  but  which  was  constructed 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  the  proprietor 
of  the  works.  This  vessel  may  be  said  to  have 
demonstrated  the  use  of  iron-clad  turreted  vessels 
of  war,  and  to  have  decided  the  use  of  this  system 
of  naval  offensive  and  defensive  vessels.  Several 
others  of  the  iron-clad  fleet  were  also  built  for  the 
government  at  this  works,  which  was  of  great 
value  to  the  nation  during  the  war.  The  works 
is  extensive,  covering  a  large  area,  and  thoroughly 
equipped  with  machinery.  The  force  employed 
when  running  full  is  near  1,500  men,  a  large  num- 
beiiig  employed  outside  in  erecting  gas  holders 
and  machinery,  now  the  specialty  of  the  concern. 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENEE^VL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


69 


In  this  line  a  very  extensive  trade  is  clone,  work 
having  been  done  for  most  of  the  gas  companies 
of  New  Enghmd. 

The  Continental  Works  are  located  near  the 
Tenth  Street  ferry  to  New  York,  at  the  junction 
of  West  and  Colyer  Streets.  The  premises  have 
a  frontage  of  300  feet  on  West  Street,  extend 
along  Colyer  Street  a  distance  of  800  feet  to  the 
East  River,  and  have  wharf  room  for  the  simul- 
taneous accommodation  of  several  vessels  of  the 
heaviest  tonnage.  The  water  front  constitutes  a 
spacious  ship  yard,  and  the  remainder  of  the  area 
is  covered  with  buildings  devoted  to  manufactur- 
ing and  storage  purposes. 

Among  the  principal  buildings  are  the  foundry, 
75x225  feet  in  area,  containing  two  furnaces,  one 
capable  of  melting  25,  the  other  30  tons  of  iron 
daily;  the  machine  shop,  measuring  60x150  feet, 
and  perfectly  equipped  with  machinery  of  the  best 
construction  for  the  execution  of  heavy  work  ;  the 
pattern  shop,  a  three-story  structure,  50x200  feet 
in  area  ;  the  engine  and  boiler  house,  storehouses, 
etc. 

The  machinery  is  driven  by  an  engine  of  125 
horse  power,  and  the  general  equipment  of  the  en- 
tire establishment  embraces  all  the  latest  improve- 
ments in  machinery  and  mechanical  ajjpliances 
for  the  production  of  first-class  woik  of  the  heav- 
iest description.  The  best  quality  of  American 
iron  is  exclusively  used.  A  force  of  nearly  1,500 
workmen  is  required  when  the  establishment  is  in 
full  operation,  and  every  facility  exists  for  ex- 
pediting their  labor. 

A  prominent  specialty  at  this  establishment  is 
the  manufacture  of  the  various  castings  pertaining 
to  the  erection  of  iron  buildings,  bridges,  viaducts, 
etc.  Columns,  girders,  trusses,  roofs,  dooring, 
shutters  and  other  parts  of  buildings  are  furnished 
in  any  quantity  and  of  any  dimensions,  or  con- 
tracts are  taken  for  the  construction  of  iron  build- 
ings complete,  railway  bridges,  etc.  A  fine  sam- 
ple of  iron  roofing  from  these  works  can  be  seen 
on  the  splendid  building  erected  by  the  Connecti- 
cut Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.,  at  Hartford, 
Conn. —  Another  and  most  admirable  piece  of 
work  was  the  construction  of  the  immense  aque- 
duct which  brings  the  Croton  water  across  High 
Bridge  to  New  York  city.  This  gigantic  tube  is 
made  of  wrought  iron,  put  together  in  sections,  its 
diameter  being  7^  feet  and  its  entix'e  length  1,400 
feet.  Many  other  public  works  and  noted  build- 
ings, wholly  or  partially  constructed  at  this  es- 
tablishment, might  be  named,  but  the  above  will 
suffice  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  character  of 
the  work  performed. 

The  ship  building  department,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  wrought  and  cast  iron  constructions  gener- 


ally, were  established  about  fifteen  years  ago,  and 
have  gradually  expundcd  to  their  present  import- 
ance. About  eight  years  since  there  was  added 
the  construction  and  erection  of  gas  work  appar- 
atus of  every  description,  and  uj)on  any  desired 
scale  of  magnitude.  Everything  connected  with 
the  manufacture  and  distribution  of  gas,  such  as 
holders,  retorts,  tanks,  engines,  boilers,  condens- 
ers, exhausters,  purifiers,  governors,  scrubbers, 
stop  valves,  etc.,  is  furnished  to  order  with  the 
utmost  expedition  and  upon  the  most  moderate 
tei'ms. 

Plans  and  specification's  are  made  and  estimates 
given  for  the  entire  gas  work  plant  requisite  for 
cities,  towns,  manufactories,  public  edifices  and 
private  dwellings,  and  contracts  are  entered  into 
for  the  pronq)t  performance  of  the  entire  work. 
Special  attention  is  given  to  the  manufacture  of 
steam  engines  for  the  use  of  gas  works.  One  of 
the  finest  specimens  of  this  class  of  machinery 
ever  built  may  be  seen  in  operation  at  the  works 
of  the  Nassau  Gas  Company,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
It  is  of  twenty-five  horse  ])ower  and  runs  so  noise- 
lessly that  one  may  stand  close  beside  it  and  de- 
tect no  sound  from  its  swiftly  moving  and  perfect 
mechanism. 

The  largest  gas  holder  in  the  United  States  was 
built  at  the  Continental  Works,  for  the  New  York 
Gas  Co.  It  is  70  feet  high  and  168  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  contains  1,500,000  cubic  feet.  For  the 
Nassau  Gas  Co.  of  Bi-ooklyn  complete  works  have 
been  erected,  with  capacity  for  the  daily  supply 
of  1 ,000,000  cubic  feet  of  gas.  The  holder  difi"ers 
from  the  usual  mode  of  construction,  by  being  en- 
closed in  a  brick  building,  the  advantage  of  this 
arrangement  consisting  in  lessened  damage  from 
exposure,  and  freedom  from  the  danger  of  being 
ujJset  by  accumulation  of  snow.  A  contract  is 
now  in  process  of  fulfilment  with  the  Union  Gas 
Co.  at  Harlem  for  comj>lete  apparatus,  to  manu- 
facture 2,000,000  cubic  feet. 

This  establishment  has  supplied  a  large  amount 
of  gas  apparatus  for  the  New  York  Gas  Light  Co., 
Brooklyn  Gas  Light  Co.,  People's  Gas  Works,  Al- 
bany ;  also  for  companies  in  Troy,  Bufialo,  Cleve- 
land, Detroit,  and  the  leading  New  EngVand  cities, 
including  Boston,  Providence,  Manchester,  Spring- 
field, Lawrence,  Charlestown,  Dorchester,  New 
Bedford,  etc. 

The  proprietor,  Mr.  Thos.  F.  Rowland,  him- 
self a  very  thorough  mechanic,  has  lately  invented 
an  impi'ovement  on  gas  machinery  which  has  at- 
tracted great  attention  both  here  and  in  England. 
This  is  a  combination  of  machinery  for  elevating 
and  transporting  coal,  coke,  or  other  materials,  and 
for  the  charging  and  discharging  of  gas  retorts,  as 
applied  to  the  manufacture  of  illuminating  gas. 


70 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHESTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


This  macliiue  is  designed  to  automatically  re- 
ceive the  coal  outside  of  the  retort  house,  trans- 
port and  distribute  it  in  proper  quantities  to  the 
pockets  of  the  chai-ging  machines,  measure  it  into 
charging  scoops,  deposit  it  in  given  quantities  and 
evenly  upon  the  floor  of  the  retorts,  and  discharge 
the  colie  from  the  retorts,  the  same  having  been 
exhausted  of  its  gas,  into  the  basement  of  the 
building  or  into  wagons  provided  for  the  pui'pose. 
The  coal-charging  machine,  which  also  discharges 
the  coke  from  the  retorts,  is  locomotive  and^j^i^O" 
pels  itself  upon  a  track  in  front  of  the  retorts,  and 
the  whole  apparatus  is  automatic,  requii-ing  only 
the  services  of  an  engineer  and  assistant.  The 
advantages  which  may  be  expected  to  accrue 
to  the  mauufactui'e  of  illuminating  gas — and  any- 
thing which  will  cheapen  the  prodviction  of  arti- 
ficial light  is  of  prime  imjiortance— -may  be  briefly 
stated  as  follows :  A  large  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber of  retort-house  operatives  ;  better  distillation 
of  the  coal,  resixlting  from  its  being  more  evenly 
laid  in  the  retorts ;  longer  life  of  the  retorts,  which 
by  this  process  are  not  subjected  to  the  roiigh 
usage  that  necessarily  obtains  when  they  are 
charged  and  discharged  by  the  ordinary  hand  scoop 
and  rake  ;  better  heats  and  less  expenditure  of 
fuel,  resulting  from  the  greater  rapidity  with  which 
the  "  benches"  may  be  drawn  and  charged,  lessen- 
ing the  interval  of  time  which  the  retorts  are  sub- 
jected to  the  detrimental  action  of  cold  air.  As 
one  of  the  most  ingenious  and  interesting  combi- 
nations of  machinery  of  the  present  day,  this  inven- 
tion is  here  described  and  illustrated  by  very  ele- 
gant plates.  It  is  not  surprising  that  this  com- 
bination should  have  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  leading  gas  engineers  of  England,  where  it 
was  introduced  and  demonstrated  by  a  working 
model  in  the  summer  of  1873,  or  that  it  should  be 
adopted,  as  is  the  case,  by  some  of  the  leading  gas 
companies  of  the  United  States.  The  success  of 
the  proprietor  of  the  Continental  Iron  Works  is 
an  incentive  to  young  American  mechanics,  as  it  is 
due  solely  to  energy,  enterprise,  persevei-ance,  and 
thorough  honesty,  coupled  with  a  determination 
to  be  at  the  head  of  the  profession  adopted,  and 
for  which,  in  this  case,  the  individual  named  re- 
jected the  offer  of  a  collegiate  education,  and  alone 
and  unaided  served  his  time  in  a  New  York  ma- 
chine shop.  The  products  of  the  works  is  large, 
and  the  consumption  of  iron  equal  to  some  4,000 
tons  per  annum. 

IMPROVEMENT  IN  GAS  WORKS  MACHINERY. 

In  the  manufacture  of  illuminating  gas,  little 
progress  has  been  made  since  its  first  introduction 


tending  to  gi'eater  facility  in  the  manipulation  of 
the  materials  and  consequent  reduction  in  the 
cost  of  producing  it. 

The  primitive  method  of  bringing  the  coal  into 
the  retort  house  in  wagons  or  barrows  operated  by 
hand  and  dumping  it  promiscuously  on  the  floor, 
then  at  the  proper  intervals  shovelling  it  into  the 
retorts  in  the  face  of  a  heat  so  intense  as  to  pre- 
vent the  opei-atives  depositing  it  in  equal  quanti- 
ties and  even  layers,  which  obtained  in  the  early 
history  of  gas  making,  is  still  in  vogue  with  the 
greater  portion  of  the  gas  works  in  the  coun- 
try, through  some  of  the  works  of  oirr  larger 
cities  have  adopted  the  "  long-scoop  "  method  of 
charging,  which  facilitates  the  work  to  some  ex- 
tent. This  method  consists  of  using  scoops  as 
long  as  the  retorts,  and  of  capacity  sufficient  to 
contain  one-half  of  a  "  chai-ge."  Two  scoops  are 
brought  into  requisition  at  each  time  of  charging, 
and  having  been  filled  (previous  to  the  with- 
drawal of  the  coke),  are  manned  by  three  opera- 
tives, when  each  scoop  is  in  turn  lifted  to  the 
mouth  of  the  retort,  thrust  in,  dumped,  and  then 
withdrawn,  depositing  the  coal  in  a  better  condi- 
tion than  the  shovelling  j)rocess,  but  still,  in  a 
measure,  leaving  it  in  "  hills  and  furrows."  Of 
still  greater  importance  is  the  disadvantage  and 
loss  which  obtains  from  the  accepted  method  of 
discharging  the  coke  from  the  retorts.  The  coal 
having  been  unevenly  deposited,  necessarily  in- 
volves an  irregular  distillation  and  loss,  and  often 
a  serious  "  banking  up  "  and  choking  of  the  coke 
in  the  retorts,  entailing  upon  the  operatives  the 
most  exhaustive  labor  in  their  efforts  to  withdraw 
the  same  with  the  hand-rakes,  and  requiring  the 
retoits  to  be  open  so  long  as  to  greatly  impair 
the  heat. 

This  crude  and  unsatisfactory  manner  of  prose- 
cuting an  industry  of  such  vast  importance  to 
civilization  (as  the  present  means  of  producing 
artificial  light),  has  recently  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  some  of  the  best  engineering  talent  of 
Great  Britain,  resulting  in  bringing  forward  a 
number  of  very  ingenious  machines,  designed  to 
accomplish  in  a  much  cheaper  and  more  expedi- 
tious method,  that  service  by  steam  power  which 
has  heretofore  been  entirely  dependent  uj^on 
manual  labor,  the  introduction  of  which  bids  fair 
to  materially  reduce  the  cost  of  manipulation. 

The  inventions  alluded  to  have  mostly  been 
confined  to  the  charging  of  coal  i7ito,  and  the  dis- 
charging of  coke  out  of  J  the  retorts,  and  have  not 
encompassed  the  proposition  to  transport  the 
coal  into  the  retort  house  and  its  distribution  in 
proper  quantities  into  the  "  pocket "  of  one  or 
more  "  charging  machines,"  keej)ing  iiyt  a  con- 
tinual supply,  and  from  the  said  "pocket"  of  the 


PLATE  No.  1. 


74 


DIRECTORY  OP  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


"  charging  machine,"  automatically  measuring 
out  and  delivering  to  each  of  the  "  charging 
scoops  "  in  action,  a  definite  amount  of  material. 

The  desideratum  is  to  produce  machinery 
■which  shall  automatically  receive  the  coal  outside 
of  the  retort  house,  or  from  the  coal  storage 
building,  transport  it  to  tho  pocket  of  the 
"  charger,"  metre  it  into  the  "  charging  scoops," 
deposit  it  in  given  quantities  evenly  upon  the 
floor  of  the  retorts,  and  discharge  the  coke  into 
the  basement  of  the  building,  or  into  wagons  pro- 
vided for  the  purpose. 

For  the  accomplishment  of  this  object  the 
mechanism  herein  illustrated  is  designed,  and  the 
following  description  will  set  forth  its  princijml 
features  and  the  method  of  its  operations  : 

Plate  No.  1  is  a  perspective  view  of  the  ma- 
chinery as  it  appears  inside  of  the  retort  house. 

Plates  Nos.  2  and  3  are  perspective  views  of  the 
coal  metre  (detached  from  the  charging  and  dis- 
charging machine),  showing  the  "  cam  motion " 
for  operating  the  inclined  planes,  and  the  gear 
for  revolving  the  metre  cylinder. 

Plate  No.  4  illustrates  the  charging  portion  of 
the  apparatus,  and  plate  No.  5  the  discharging 
portion ;  both  views  being  shown  in  perspective, 
detached  from  the  main  car  or  carriage,  to  expose 
the  gearing  through  which  the  power  is  applied 
to  cause  them  to  travel. 

Plate  No.  6  is  an  enlarged  view  of  the  pendent 
coal  bucket. 

The  portion  of  the  apparatus  designed  for  the 
transportation  of  the  coal  into  the  retort  house, 
and  the  delivery  of  it  into  the  pocket  of  the 
charging  machine,  and  which,  for  the  want  of  a 
better  title,  may  be  called  the  "pendent  railway 
coal  carrier"  (see  plate  No.  6),  consists  of  an  end- 
less rail  or  track,  secui-ed  imderneath  and  to  the 
tie  rods  of  the  roof  frame  of  the  retort  house,  or 
to  transverse  beams,  mounted  on  columns  provided 
for  the  purpose.  This  rail  forms  two  lines  of 
way  (parallel  one  with  the  other),  ten  feet  asun- 
der, the  ends  of  which  are  connected  by  semi- 
circles five  feet  radius. 

This  system  of  rail  extends  the  entire  length  of 
the  retort  house,  and  is  continued  out  beyond  the 
buildings,  terminating  within  a  tower  located  at 
the  coal  storage  buildings,  or  other  convenient 
locality,  and  provided  (for  the  purpose  of  raising 
the  coal  to  a  suitable  height)  with  means  for 
elevating  by  the  ordinary  "  bucket  and  belt "  ap- 
paratus, and  depositing  it  in  a  pocket  at  its  top. 

Within  this  tower  is  located  a  horizontal  drum, 
ten  feet  diameter,  and  about  three  feet  face,  a 
similar  drum  being  located  within  the  retort  house, 
at  the  opposite  end  of  tho  railway. 

These  drums  are  of  two  distinctive  characters, 


the  one  within  the  tower  being  caused  to  revolve 
by  a  suitable  steam  engine,  pei-forms  the  double 
duty  of  causing  tlie  belts,  with  their  attachments 
of  pendent  buckets,  carriages,  etc.,  to  travel,  and 
atfords  an  effective  means  by  which  the  buckets 
are  siiccessively  filled  with  coal.  The  drum  at 
the  opposite  end  of  the  railway  being  simply  an 
idler,  transmits  and  gives  a  return  direction  to 
the  belt,  to  which  at  stated  intervals  the  pendent 
buckets  are  attached. 

The  buckets  are  supported  vertically,  by  being 
attached  to  suitable  carriages,  or  suspended  from 
them,  the  carriages  travelling  on  the  "  pendent 
railway  "  before  described. 

The  distance  asunder  at  which  the  buckets  are 
attached  to  the  belts,  is  equivalent  to  the  semi- 
circumference  of  the  drum.  Thus  when  the 
drum  revolves,  one  bucket  comes  in  contact  with 
its  periphery  at  the  moment  of  time  the  preced- 
ing bucket  leaves  the  same. 

During  the  time  a  bucket  is  in  contact  with  the 
"  feeding  drum"  (the  time  of  half  a  revolution), 
the  speed  of  each  being  coincident,  their  relation 
to  each  other  is  equivalent  to  a  state  of  rest.  At 
this  moment,  the  coal  is  conveyed  from  the  upper 
pocket  into  the  bucket. 

The  drum  is  provided  with  diagonal  chutes 
(one  opposite  the  other),  leading  from  a  common 
centre  above  the  drum  to  openings  in  its  periph- 
ery. The  apex  of  these  chutes  is  cylindrical  in 
form,  into  which  the  spout  of  the  upper  receiving 
pocket  terminates. 

Each  diagonal  chute  is  provided  with  two  semi- 
circular "  shut-off"  valves,  the  edges  of  which  are 
armed  with  steel  blades,  to  shear  any  coal  which 
might  otherwise  tend  to  clog  their  action.  These 
valves  are  opened  and  shut  by  suitable  connec- 
tions, receiving  their  motion  from  cams  secured 
to  the  centre  shaft ;  their  ofiice  is  to  allow  a 
given  amount  of  coal  to  enter  the  chutes  at  each 
revolution  of  the  drum,  and  at  the  proper  moment 
of  time  to  deposit  the  same  in  the  bucket  which 
is  in  contact  with  the  periphery. 

The  po-rtion  of  the  bucket  which  carries  the 
coal  is  cylindrical  in  form,  and  the  plane  of  its 
travel  is  below  the  face  of  the  drum.  Attached 
to  the  top  of  the  cylindrical  part  is  a  portion  of 
the  bucket  of  "  half  cylindrical  "  form,  the  plane 
of  whose  travel  is  directly  in  line  with  the  plane 
of  the  drum.  This  portion  of  the  bucket  is  open 
upon  its  face,  and  when  in  contact  with  the  drum 
covers  the  chute  opening  therein,  and  forms  a 
close  connection  for  the  coal  to  travel  to  the  buck- 
ets. 

The  machine  for  charging  the  retorts  (to  he 
hereafter  described)  is  provided  with  a  "  coal 
pocket "  to  receive  the  coal  from  the  "  pendent 


Plate  No.  3. 


T6 


DIHECTORV  OF  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


buckets."  There  is  a  "  tripper  "  mounted  on  the 
ed^e  of  this  "  pocket,"  which  coming  in  contact 
witli  the  trip-latch  of  the  "  pendent  buckets,"  as 
they  traverse  the  buikling,  releases  the  bottoms  of 
said  buckets  as  they  arrive  over  the  "  pocket," 
allowing  the  coal  to  fall  therein. 

When  the  "pocket"  is  full,  the  tripper  is 
thrown  from  gear,  allowing  the  buckets  to  pass 
xuitripped  until  they  arrive  over  the  pocket  of  a 
second  charging  machine  (should  the  number  of 
retorts  in  service  be  large  enough  to  require  two). 
If  no  coal  is  required  for  either  charging  machine 
for  an  interval  of  time,  the  buckets  will  pass  on 
round  the  "  idler,"  and  return  into  the  tower, 
where,  coming  in  contact  with  a  fixed  "  tripper," 
their  load  is  deposited  in  a  chute,  leading  to  a 
pocket  at  the  foot  of  the  elevator. 


At  a  suitable  point  within  the  tower,  and  on  a 
line  with  the  buckets,  is  a  wheel,  which,  after  the 
bucket  Ras  passed  the  chute  alluded  to,  comes  in 
contact  with  the  bucket  bottom,  causing  the  same 
to  close  and  latch,  leaving  it  in  a  condition  to  be 
again  loaded  with  coal.  The  capacity  of  these 
"  pendent  buckets "  is  about  three  hundred 
pounds  each,  and  they  may  be  made  to  travel  with 
a  velocity  of  one  hundred  feet  per  minute. 

Their  distance  asunder  being  about  fifteen  feet 
six  inches,  the  amount  of  coal  which  the  "  pend- 
ent railway  "  is  capable  of  transporting  is  about 
fifty  tons  per  hour.  It  will  be  apparent  that  the 
speed  at  which  the  "  pendent  buckets "  travel, 
may  be  regulated  to  suit  the  requirements  of  the 
retort  chargers.  For  instance,  the  "  pendent 
buckets "  may   run  continually,  delivering  the 


Plate  No.  4. 


surplus  coal  to  the  foot  of  the  elevatoi-,  as  before 
described,  or  by  means  of  suitable  signal  bells  the 
engineer  may  be  telegraphed  to  start  and  stop  the 
buckets,  at  the  will  of  the  railway  conductor. 

The  mechanism  for  charging  the  coal  into  and 
drawing  the  coke  from  the  i-etorts  consists  of  a 
carriage,  arranged  to  traverse  from  end  to  end  of 
the  retort  house,  in  front  of  the  "  benches  "  upon 
tracks  secured  to  the  floor  for  that  purpose. 
Upon  this  carriage  rests  the  "  coed  metre?''  This 
portion  of  the  apparatus  consists  of  a  "  coal 
pocket,"  directly  underneath  which  is  a  horizon- 
tal cylinder,  ari-anged  to  revolve,  having  chambers 
within  con-esponding  to  the  number  of  retorts 
the  machine  is  designed  to  charge  at  one  opera- 
tion.   There  are  openings  in  each  division  of  the 


revolving  cylinder,  communicating  in  turn  with 
an  opening  in  the  bottom  of  the  "  coal  pocket," 
and  as  the  cylinder  revolves,  each  division  is  in 
turn  filled  with  coal. 

The  edges  of  the  openings,  both  of  the  cylinder 
and  "  coal  pocket,"  are  armed  with  steel  blades, 
which  act  as  shears,  to  cut  away  any  coal  which 
might  otherwise  tend  to  clog  the  revolving  cylin- 
der. 

When  the  cylinder  revolves  a  certain  part  of 
its  circumference,  the  coal  deposited  in  the  first 
division  finds  an  outlet,  and  is  dumped  on  an  in- 
clined plane,  which  leads  directly  to  the  top  scoop 
of  the  "  cliarger?''  A  further  movement  of  the 
cylinder  deposits  the  contents  of  the  second  divi- 
sion, which  is  prevented  from  following  the  course 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


77 


of  the  first,  and  caused  to  travel  into  the  second 
scoop  by  means  of  an  automatic  arrangement  of 
cams  and  levers,  which  at  the  proper  time  causes 
a  portion  of  the  first  inclined  plane  to  be  raised 
to  a  vertical  position,  and  thus  presents  the  in- 
clined plane  leading  to  the  second  scoop  to  the 
catch  of  the  coal. 

Still  continuing  the  movement  of  the  cylinder 
towards  a  complete  revolution,  the  third  division 
deposits  its  load  into  the  third  scoop,  by  the  au- 
tomatic removal  of  the  second  inclined  plane,  al- 
lowing the  inclined  plane  leading  to  the  third 
scoop  to  be  presented  to  the  catch  of  the  coal. 
The  metre  with  its  attachments  for  operating  the 
inclined  planes  as  described,  is  illustrated  by 
plates  Nos.  2  and  3. 


Plate 

floor."  The  coal  is  prevented  from  coming  back 
with  the  scoop  bottoms,  by  means  of  cross  parti- 
tions at  intervals  riveted  into  the  scoops. 

The  withdrawal  of  the  scoops  from  the  retorts 
causes  the  sliding  bottoms  to  be  replaced,  by  com- 
ing in  contact  with  a  stake  secured  at  the  back 
end  of  the  main  carriage,  directly  in  line  there- 
with, when  again  the  scoops  are  in  position  and 
ready  to  receive  a  further  charge  from  the  "  me- 
tre." Plate  No.  4  illustrates  the  charger,  with 
the  gearing,  hand  lever,  etc.,  for  producing  the 
operations  above  described. 

That  portion  of  the  apparatus  which  is  designed 
for  drawing  the  coke  from  the  retorts,  consists  of 


The  charging  portion  of  the  apparatus  consists 
of  a  supplementary  carriage,  mounted  on  wheels, 
which  traverses  the  top  of  the  main  car  or  carriage, 
at  right  angles  to  the  line  on  which  said  main 
car  travels. 

The  carriage  is  provided  with  scoops,  placed 
one  above  the  other,  at  distances  corresponding  to 
the  vertical  measure  between  the  retorts. 

The  scoops  are  in  sectional  form,  similar  to  the 
shape  of  the  retorts,  and  are  provided  with  mov- 
able bottoms  arranged  to  be  drawn  by  means  of 
racks  and  pinions.  When  the  scoops  are  filled 
with  coal  from  the  metre,  the  carriage  is  thrust 
forward,  and  while  the  scoops  are  within  the  re- 
torts the  bottoms  are  withdrawn,  thus  allowing 
the  coal  to  fall  in  even  layers  on  the  "  retort 


No.  5. 

a  supplementary  carriage  arranged  to  travel  in  a 
similar  manner  to  that  before  described.  Upon 
this  carriage  is  mounted  a  suitable  frame  pro- 
vided with  "  pillow  blocks "  at  its  top  and  also 
near  its  base.  These  "  pillow  blocks "  support 
horizontal  shafts  (in  vertical  line,  one  above  the 
other),  and  attached  to  these  shafts  are  levers  of 
equal  length.  Tlie  levers  have  attached  to  them 
a  "  standard,"  to  which  is  secured  the  "  rakes  " 
or  "  coke  hoes." 

The  lower  shaft  is  made  to  perform  a  portion 
of  a  revolution,  as  the  carriage  moves,  by  means 
of  tractional  sectors,  keyed  to  its  ends,  and  in 
contact  with  the  carriage  rail ;  the  upper  shaft 


78 


DIKECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACniNE  WORKS,-  ETC. 


pei'forms  the  same  function,  by  virtue  of  being 
connected  through  the  "  standard,"  and  causes  the 
latter  to  always  maintain  a  vertical  position. 

As  the  carriage  advances,  the  sectors  communi- 
cate motion  to  the  lower  shaft,  the  levers  raise 
the  "  standard,"  and  cause  it  (through  their  par- 
allel motion)  to  recede ;  thus  a  motion  of  the  car- 
riage towards  the  retorts  of  say  seven  inches 


causes,  through  the  sectors  and  levers,  an  upward 
and  backward  movement  of  the  "  standard  "  of  the 
same  amount,  producing  thereby  in  effect  simply 
a  vertical  rise  of  the  "standard"  with  its  a,ttacli- 
ment  of  "  coke  rakes ; "  in  this  position  the 
rakes  are  thrust  into  the  retorts,  when,  by  re- 
versing the  travel  of  the  carriage,  the  rakes  fii'st 
drop  into  the  coke,  then  elfectually  drawn  to  it. 


ENLARGED  VIEW  OF  PENDENT  COAL  BUCKET. 

PLATE  No.  6. 


In  other  words,  the  "  rakes  "  always  rise  over  the 
coke  on  entering,  and  fall  into  the  same  on  reced- 
ing. 

The  rakes  are  ari-aiiged  to  move  laterally,  to 
compensate  for  any  difference  in  the  longitudinal 
distance  between  any  two  tiei'S  of  retorts,  and 


also  to  enable  the  operative  in  charge  of  the  ma- 
chine to  encompass  the  entire  surface  of  the  "  retort 
floor"  and  thoroughly  remove  the  coke  there- 
from. They  may  be  adjusted  to  draw  from  the 
middle  line,  or  either  side  of  the  retorts,  while 
they  are  in  action,  by  simply  moving  the  hand 


DIEECTOEr  OF  GENEEAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


Y9 


wheel,  which  controls  the  radius  bar,  projecting 
from  the  "  standard." 

The  platforms,  upon  which  tlie  operatives  stand 
to  manipulate  the  machine,  are  secured  to  the  sup- 
jilementary  carriages,  and  travel  with  them. 
Plate  No.  5  illustrates  the  "  raking  "  apparatus 
(described  above),  detached  from  the  main  car- 
riage for  the  purpose  of  exposing  the  underneath 
gearing  which  conveys  the  power  to  cause  it  to 
travel. 

The  motive  power  for  operating  the  "  metre," 
the  "  charging  scoops,"  and  "  coke-dischai-ging 
apparatus,"  is  obtained  from  a  pair  of  oscillating 
cylinder  engines,  mounted  on  the  main  car. 

These  engines  are  also  ari-anged  to  be  geared  to 
the  car  wheels  for  the  purpose  of  moving  the  ma- 
chine from  "bench"  to  "  bench."  Steam  is  ob- 
tained for  the  engines  from  a  portable  boiler  (not 
shown  in  the  illustrations),  mounted  on  a  pair  of 
wheels,  and  caused  to  travel  with  the  machine 
by  being  coupled  to  it. 

The  steam  and  exhaust  connections  between 
the  engine  and  boiler  are  made  flexible,  to  admit 
of  the  variations  in  distance  and  level  which  will 
obtain  between  the  two.  This  method  of  arrang- 
ing the  boiler  is  deemed  preferable  to  having  it 
mounted  on  the  main  car,  as  it  can  be  easily  de- 
tached for  cleaning  or  repairs,  and  a  spare  one 
substituted  without  seriously  delaying  the  action 
of  the  machine. 

The  economy  of  substituting  mechanical  power 
for  manual  labor  in  tlie  manufacture  of  gas,  de- 
pends upon  the  quantity  of  the  daily  production. 
While  works  of  a  daily  capacity  of  two  or  three 
hundred  thousand  cubic  feet  would  receive  little 
or  no  benefit  from  the  change,  no  company  whose 
production  is  double  that  amount  can  afford  to 
manipulate  the  coal  and  coke  by  other  than 
mechanical  means. 

Some  of  the  advantages  which  will  accrue  by 
the  introduction  of  machinery,  may  be  briefly 
summed  up  as  follows : 

First. — A  large  reduction  in  the  number  of 
retort-house  operatives. 

Second. — Better  distillation  of  the  coal,  re- 
sulting from  its  being  more  evenly  laid  in  the  re- 
torts. 

Third. — Longer  "  life "  of  the  retorts,  they 
not  being  subject  to  the  rough  usage  that  neces- 
sarily obtains  when  they  are  charged  and  dis- 
charged by  the  ordinary  scoop  and  rake. 

Fourth. — Better  heats  and  less  expenditure  of 
fuel,  resulting  from  the  greater  rapidity  with 
which  the  "  6e?ic/i.es  "  may  be  drawn  and  charged, 
lessening  the  interval  of  time  which  the  retorts 
are  subjected  to  the  detrimental  action  of  cold 
air. 


B.  Cook. — Flushing  Avenue  and  Morrell  St. 
Machinery. 

Cotton  &  Hughes. — Suydam  Street  corner 
Myrtle  Avenue. 

J.  Crawley.— 24  Water  Street.  Model  Ma- 
chinery. 

J.  CoMLEY. — 148  Ten  Eyck  Street.  Printing 
and  embossing  machinery. 

CoNOiN  &  Bead. — Iron  foundry.  Corner  Jay 
and  Water  Streets. 

Jos.  CoRBETT. — 21  Dunham  Place.  Locks. 

Day,  Farrington  <fe  Co. — 71  North  Ninth 
Street.    Iron  foundry  and  locks. 

PiicENix  Iron  Works. — Demai  and  Bradley, 
Proprietors.    Machinery  and  general  iron  work. 

Eagle  Foundry. — Demarest  and  W^hite,  Pro- 
prietors. 30  Morton  Street.  Specialty,  sewing- 
machine  work.  70  hands  employed.  From  1,200 
to  1,500  tons  of  iron  consumed  per  annum. 

Williamsburgh  Steam  Boiler  Works. — John 
Dolan,  Proprietor.    Boilers  only. 

D.  Enser. — 15  High  Street.  Machinery  and 
jobbing. 

Eagleton  Manufacturing  Co. — Atlantic 
Docks,  South  Brooklyn.  Specialty,  iron  and 
steel  wire.    350  hands  employed. 

H.  C.  EsLER  &  Co. — Boilers  only. 

Erie  Basin  Iron  Works. — Corner  Dwight  and 
Van  Dyke  Streets.  General  machinery  and  iron 
work. 

Finney  &  Hoffman. — 223  Water  Street. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  boilers,  etc. 

H.  Fischer. — Graham  Avenue  and  Frost, 
Iron  foundry. 

B.  Fostner. — Bushwick  Avenue  and  Scholes 
Street.      Iron  foundry. 

Jas.  Freeman. — 39  Bridge  Street.  Machin- 
ery and  steam  fittings. 

Fulton  Iron  Foundry. — Thos.  Cassidy.  11 
Furman  Street.  Foundry  and  general  cast- 
ings. 

James  Forman,  Brooklyn  Wire  Works. — 
127  Court  Street. 

Fox  &  Gorman. — 53  Flatbush  Avenue.  Iron 
railings,  fences,  etc. 

J.  T.  Godwin.— 205  First  Street,  E.  D.  Agri- 
cultural implements. 

F.  M.  Gove. — Machinery. 

Gardner  &  Co. — 108  Leonard  Street.  Ma- 
chinery. 

Guild  &  Garrison. — 26  First  Street.  Steam 
engines  and  machinery.  Specialty,-steam  plunger 
pumps. 

M.  Hastings. — Third  Street  near  Bond  Street. 
Machinery. 

Wm.  Harsen. — Franklin  near  Quay  Street. 
Steam  engines  and  pumps. 


80 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


IWACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


F.  S.  Haas. — Scholesand  Morrell  Streets,  E.D. 
Iron  foundry,  light  castings,  clock  fronts,  etc, 

A.  Harton. — Walton  near  Marcy  Avenue. 
Iron  foundry. 

C.  B.  Hardick,  Niagara  Steam  Pump  Works. 
— 9  Adams  Sti-eet.  Steam  engines,  steam  pumps, 
etc.    80  hands  employed. 

Healey  Iron  Works. — North  Fourth  corner 
North  Fifth  Streets.  Iron  foundry.  J.  J.  &  J. 
F.  Healey,  Proprietors.  Specialty,  ornamental 
iron  railings. 

E.  M.  Hendrickson  &  Sons. — 67  North  Ox- 
ford Street.  Safes. 

E.  J.  HoLDEN  &  Co. — 38  Devoe  Street.  Saws 
and  files.  100  men  employed.  New  York  office, 
54  Beekman  Street. 

Guy  C.  Hotchkiss  k  Field. — 74  First  Street. 
Forgings  and  axles,  Carriage  iron  work.  70 
hands  employed. 

Central  Iron  Works. — Jas.  Howell,  Jr.,  Pro- 
prietor. 289  Adams  Street.  Iron  railing,  grates, 
fenders,  etc. 

T.  N.  HiCKEY  &  Co.— 240  Wyckoff  Street. 
Machinery. 

BuRDON  Iron  Works. — Hubbard  and  Whit- 
taker,  Propi'ietors.  102  Front  Street.  Steam 
engines,  boilers,  general  machinery,  and  iron 
work.     250  hands  employed. 

P.  Hughes. — Corner  Myrtle  Avenue  and 
Hampden  Street.    Steam  engines. 

Wm.  M.  Hunniford  &  Co. — Lock  manufactur- 
ers. 

Howard  &  Morse. — Iron  railings,  wire,  etc. 
60  hands. 

Ingersoll  &  Dougherty. — Hay  and  cotton 
press  machinery. 

E.  Ketchum  &  Co.— 289  Pearl  Street.  Gen- 
eral machinery.    200  hands  employed. 

R.  Kent. — 49  Jay  Street.  Machinery. 

C.  W.  Kennedy  &  Co.— 33  North  Third  Street. 
Steam  engines,  machinery ;  specialty,  shafting 
and  hangers. 

R.  Kneeling. — 4  Greenpoint  Avenue.  Saws. 

Knight  &  Bro. — Portland  Avenue,  near  Fulton 
Street.    Iron  railings,  etc. 

Atlantic  Dock  Iron  Works. — Kennedy  and 
Co.,  Proprietors.  Corner  Ferris  and  Walcott 
Streets.    Machinery  and  iron  work. 

R.  King.— 246  Plymouth  Street.  Drills,  pipe 
cutters,  etc. 

R.  Klasper. — Leonard  and  Skillman  Streets. 
Files. 

R.  Lamb  &  Son. — Tenth  Street,  near  Ainslie. 
Cutlery  manufacturers. 

E.  B,  Leverich  &  Co. — Allen  Works. — V.  De 
M.  Upham,  Superintendent.    Agricultural  imple- 


ments, fire  engines,  horse  cars,  etc.  150  men 
employed. 

Jos.  Large. — 86  Powers  Street.  Machinery. 

H.  IjEE. — 91  South  Third  Street.  Machinery. 

W.  Lanters. — 6G  Boerum  Street.  Scales. 

Lloyd,  Haight  &  Co. — Imlay  and  William 
Streets.  Wire. 

Lyon  &  Fellows. — 98  South  Sixth  Street. 
Machine  screws. 

H.  Martin. — 101  Scholes  Street.  Cutlery. 

E.  MuLLER. — 290  Atlantic  Street.  Cutlery. 
McCracken  k  Moore. — 79  First  Street.  Locks. 
McGratii&  Sullivan. — 76  Smith  Street.  Iron 

railings. 

Wm.  Mullon.— 232  South  Third  Street.  Iron 
railings. 

Mason  &  Martin. — Summit  and  Imlay  Streets. 
Boilers  only.    75  hands. 

Chas.  Merrill  k  Sons. — 26  First  Street.  Iron 
foundry  and  manufacturer's  supplies.  New  York 
ofiice,  556  Grand  Street.    Vises,  drills,  etc. 

Miller  k  Anderson. — North  Thirteenth  and 
First  Streets.    Iron  foundry. 

Miller  k  Marsden. — 343  First  Street,  E.  D. 
Sugar-house  machinery. 

S.  Montgomery  &  Co. — Franklin  and  Com- 
mercial Streets.    Boilers  only. 

McMuRRAY  &  Co. — 52  North  Second  Street. 
Wire. 

J.  MooRE  k  Co. — Walton  near  Marcy  Avenue. 
Bronzed  iron  work.  New  York  ofl[ice,  75  War- 
ren Street. 

Peck  Slip  Iron  Works. — Mertz,  Lynn  &  Co., 
Proprietors.  96  First  Street,  E.  D.  Iron  foun- 
dry, miscellaneous  castings.    20  hands. 

T.  J.  Moore  k  Co. — Iron  foundry,  sash 
weights. 

Chas.  Monk. — Sixteenth  Street  and  Fifth  Ave- 
nue. Tools. 

M.  McKenny. — 29  Furman  Street.  Iron  rail- 
ings. 

Miller,  De  Frece  k  Co. — North  Thirteenth 
and  Second  Streets.  Iron  foundry,  architectural 
and  ornamental  iron  work.  New  York  ofiice,  83 
Liberty  Street.  300  hands  employed.  Product, 
over  6,000  tons  per  annum. 

F.  NiSHWiTZ. — Agricultural  implements. 
Nugent  k  Fanning. — 16  Water  Street.  Ma- 
chinery. 

Long  Island  Wire  Works. — Jos.  Norwood, 
Proprietor.    154  Fulton  Avenue.  Wire. 

J.  Outwater. — -339  Adams  Street.  Iron  rail- 
ings, etc. 

Patten  k  Pough. — 61  Greenpoint  Avenue, 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Puritan  Iron  Foundry. — Pearce  k  Mitchell, 
18  Water  Street. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC, 


81 


C.  B.  Paul  &  Co. — Tenth  and  Ainslie  Streets. 
Files. 

Vulcan  Saw  Works. — Tenth  and  Ainslie 
Streets.  Harvey  W.  Peace,  Proprietor.  Saws, 
moulding  and  planing  machines,  knives,  etc.  80 
hands  employed. 

Pioneer  Iron  Works. — 6  Oonover  Street. 
New  York  office,  Trinity  Building.  A.  Bass, 
Treasurer ;  H.  Franke,  Superintendent.  Iron 
foundry  and  steam  boilers.    75  hands  employed. 

C.  C.  Phelps. — 7  Fulton  Avenue.  Machinery. 

Richardson,  Boynton  &  Co. — Corner  Van 
Blunt  and  Imlay  Streets.  New  York  office,  234 
Water  Street.    Stoves.   100  hands  employed. 

Riley  &  Cowley. — Corner  Van  Brunt  and 
Bowen  Streets.  Steam  engmes,  dredging  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

Jay  Street  Foundry. — Wm.  Read,  Proprie- 
tor. Corner  Water  and  Jay  Streets.  Castings, 
railings. 

John  Raber. — 65  Montrose  Street.  Wire 
cloth. 

Tubal  Cain  Iron  Works. — John  Robertson  & 
Co.,  Pi-oprietors,  127  Water  Street.  Steam  en- 
gines, hydraulic  machinery,  presses,  etc. 

Rainbird  &  Johnson. — North  Fifth  near  Sec- 
ond Street.    Horse  nails. 

F.  Roehow. — 1  Adams  Street.  Patent  safety 
valves. 

G.  RoDENBURGER. — 151  Court  Street.  Cut- 
lery. 

B.  Ryer  &  Son.— 68  Doughty  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

Saxton  &  Howell. — 263  Hudson  Avenue. 
Iron  foundry. 

S.  J.  Sherman. — 42  State  Street.  Machinery. 

North  Brooklyn  Iron  Foundry. — H.  B. 
Scboles,  Proprietor,  710  Kent  Avenue,  foot  of 
Rodney  Street.  Iron  columns,  etc.  40  hands 
employed. 

Schweitzer  Patent  Bolt  Co. — Bolts  and 
nuts. 

S.  L.  SoMERS  &  Bro. — 52  Columbia  Street. 
Dies  and  machinery. 

Wm.  H.  Short. — 118  Hope  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

Smith  Bros. — Corner  Jay  and  Plymouth 
Streets.  Steam  engines  and  boilers.  50  hands 
employed. 

John  Slack. — 22  Hicks  Street.  Machinery. 

A.  P.  &  M.  Stephens  &  Co. — Vises,  etc. 

Saml.  S.  Squires. — Third  Avenue  near  Thir- 
teenth Street.  Iron  foundry,  Singer '  sewing-ma- 
chine castings. 

South  Brooklyn   Steam  Engine  Works. — 
Danl.  McLeod,  Proprietor,  Imlay  and  Summit 
Streets.    Steam  engines.    80  hands. 
k 


Excelsior  Sheet-iron  Works. — Smith,  Burns 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.  North  Third  Street,  E.  D. 
New  York  office,  124  Beekman  Street.  Specialty, 
coal  hods.    60  hands  employed. 

Sanderson  &  Co. — New  York  office,  117 
Chambers  Street.    Cutlery,  etc. 

T.  Thomas. — 574  Myrtle  Avenue.  Machin- 
ery. 

Kings  County  Steam  Boiler  Works. — Wm. 
R.  Taylor,  Proprietor,  345  First  Street,  E.  D. 
Boilers  only. 

Taylor  &  Sloat. — 277  First  Street.  Iron 
foundry  and  boilers. 

Columbian  Iron  Foundry. — Wm.  Taylor  & 
Sons,  Proprietors.  25  Adams  Street.  Steam  en- 
gines and  iron  foundry.     150  hands  employed. 

Thos.  Terry.- — 18  Powers  Street.  Iron  foun- 
diy ;  specialty,  columns,  girders,  heavy  castings, 
etc. 

TiLTON  &  McFarland  Safe  Manufacturing 
Co.— C.  E.  Tilton,  President;  A.  E.  Tilton, 
Treasurer  ;  J.  G.  Metcalf,  Secretary.  New  York 
office,  95  Liberty  Street.  Safes.  60  hands  em- 
ployed. 

L.  TiLTO>f.— 67  Clymer  Street,  E.  D.  Mould- 
ing machinery. 

F.  J.  Timmes. — Wrought- iron  work. 

J.  H.  XJPTEGROVE.— Tenth  Street  and  Second 
Avenue.  Machinery. 

J.  Uhl. — 61  Scholes  Street.    Iron  railing. 

Jas.  Udall. — Washington  and  Quay  Streets. 
Nails. 

Thos.  Vane. — 251  Ewen  Street.  Boilers 
only. 

Valentine  &  Butler. — Imlay  near  Summit 
Street.  New  York  office,  298  Broadway.  Safes 
and  safe  locks.    150  hands. 

Henry  Waite  &  Son. — 66  North  First  Street, 
E.  D.    Steam  engines,  machinery,  etc. 

A.  Walters. — 49  Jay  Street.  Machinery. 

Wilson,  Bohannon  &  Co. — Locks. 

Good  Hope  Hardware  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Wilson  &  Naylor.  Hardware. 

H.  Waterman. — 21  Dunham  Place.  Saws. 

J.  Whittingham. — No.  5  Broadway.  Locks. 

Williams,  White  &  Churchill. — Builders' 
hardware,  locks,  hinges,  pulleys,  etc.  100  hands 
employed. 

Henry  R.  Worthington. — Imlay  and  Van 
Brunt  Streets.  Hydraulic  work,  steam  pumping 
engines,  Worthington  duplex  steam  pumps,  water 
works,  machinery,  etc.  New  York  office,  59 
Beekman  Street.    80  hands  employed. 

Brunswick,  Rensselaer  County. 

Planter's  Hoe  Co. — J.  H.  Allen,  Superintend- 
ent.   Hoes.    Works  at  Eagle  Mills, 


82 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACnESTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


H.  Phillips. — Plows.    Works,  Cropseyville. 

E.  Geooji. — Bruuswick.    Scales  and  wrenches. 

Brutus,  Rensselaer  County. 
D.  F.  Austin  &  Co. — Hay  forks. 

Buffalo,  Erie  County. 

J.  Amesbury. — Saws.  . 

Bailey  &  Gillett. — Files. 

Geo.  M.  Baker. — Agricultural  implements. 

J.  A.  Barth. — Machinery. 

Bangasser  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

David  Bell. — Steam  engines,  machinery,  ii-on 
steamboats.  (»S'ee  Iron,  Ship  Yards  of  Buffalo.) 

Clintox  Iron  Works.— R.  Bingham  k  Son, 
Proprietors.  Iron  foundry  and  general  iron 
work. 

Bird  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  Works,  Black 
Rock. 

J.  Brayley. — Agricultui-al  implements. 

Buffalo  Agricultural  Machine  Works. — 
President,  Geo.  L.  Scjviier  ;  Agent,  F.  L.  Squier  ; 
Secretary,  H.  C.  Squier ;  Superintendent,  J ohn 
Valentine.    General  agricultural  machinery. 

Buffalo  Bolt  and  Nut  Works. — Plumb  & 
Burdick,  Proprietors.  Bolts  and  nuts,  and  the 
Burdick  bolt  machines. 

This  is  a  very  extensive  works,  employing  over 
100  h  ands,  and  producing  a  large  amount  of  bolts 
daily,  beside  the  Burdick  bolt  cutter,  claimed  to 
be  the  best  machine  of  the  kind  extant.  These 
machines  are  also  manufactured  by  the  same  firm 
at  a  works  in  Yorkshire,  England,  where  they 
meet  with  great  favor. 

Buffalo  Scale  Co. — J.  R.  Liune,  Manager. 
Scales. 

Buffalo  Steam  Gauge  Co. — Ray  &  Marvin, 
Proprietors.  Steam  gauges,  head-lights,  signal 
lanterns,  etc.    50  hands. 

Buffalo  Steam  Forge  Co. — Childs  &  Saxton, 
Proprietors.  Heavy  forgings,  railroad  and  boat 
iron  work. 

Buffalo  Wire  Works. — Scheder  &  Barr, 
Proprietors.  Wire. 

Clark  k  Co. — Builders'  hardware. 

F.  CoLLEGAN. — Steam  engines  and  brass  cast- 
ings. 

Collinson  k  Bus(;h. — Mowing-machine  knives. 

C.  Y.  Davenport. — Boilers  only. 

Phcenix  Boiler  Works. — Donaldson,  Sisson 
&  Patterson,  Propi-ietors.    Boilers  only. 

W.  H.  DoPP. — Machinery. 

Franklin  Forge. — Drullard  &  Hayes,  Pro- 
prietors.   Forge  and  foundry. 

Eagle  Iron  Works. — Dunbar  k  Howell,  Pro- 
prietors.   Steam  engines  and  iron  foundry. 

Farrar  &  Tufts. — (Lafayette  Bridge  and  Iron 


Works).  Steam  engines,  marine,  portable,  and  sta- 
tionery ;  general  machinery  ;  specialty,  i)ropellers. 
Over  100  hands  employed. 

Buffalo  Steam  Engine  Works. — Grott,  Tifft, 
Sons  k  Co.,  Proprietors.  Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery.   {See  also  Bridge  Works.) 

W.  Heiser. — Machinery. 

E.  &  B.  Holmes. — Steam  engines  and  machin- 
ery. 

Howard  Iron  Works. — R.  L.  Howard,  Pro- 
prietor.   Mining  tools  and  vises. 

Geo.  Jones  k  Sons. —  Iron  railings  and  safes. 
Maischoss  Bros. — Files. 

F.  Meiirpahl. — Cutlei-y. 

J.  H.  Mills. — Carriage  springs. 
Nolan  Bros. — Tools. 
J.  F.  NoYES. — Files. 
Tnos.  Parks. —  Bolts  and  nuts. 
Pratt  k  Co. — {See  Boiling  Mills  and  Bridge 
Works,  also  Blast  Furnaces,  of  New  York.) 
A.  Reif. — Saws. 
P.  RiTER. — Boilers  only. 
J.  Roberts. — Saws. 
W.  RiESTEE. — Machinery. 
J.  Ross. — Machinery. 

Rockwell  &  Rockwell. — Iron  foundry,  gen- 
eral iron  work. 

Seymour  k  Lacy. — Chains. 

J.  C.  Seiffert. — Cutlery.  • 

King  Iron  Works. — W.  King,  President; 
Wm.  King,  Jr.,  Superintendent.  Steam  engines 
and  iron  steamboats.  {See  also  Iron  Sid])  Yards.) 
100  hands  employed. 

Joseph  H.  Smith. — Plows. 

D.  E.  Smith  k  Co.— Cutlery. 

Sutton  Bros. — Steam  engines  and  machinery, 

G.  W.  Tifft  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinerj'  of  every  class.    400  men  employed. 

J.  Valentine. — Agricultural  implements. 

A.  Werner. — Straw  cutters,  etc. 

L.  k  J.  J.  White. — Coopers'  tools  and  skates. 

De  Laney  Forge  k  Iron  Co. — Location,  Ferry 
St.  below  Chicago,  on  Ohio  Basin  Slip,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.  Their  shops  have  capacity  and  tools  for 
advantageously  employing  200  men.  Line  of 
work  varied,  covering  general  forging,  from  liglitest 
to  heaviest,  and  smitliiug  of  all  kinds,  and  full 
water  cut  or  tool  finishing.  Shops  and  tools  are 
built  and  managed  with  vjjCW  to  making  anything 
required  of  wrought  iron,  as  cheap  and  well  as  any 
establishment  in  the  country  can  produce  it. 
Works  established  in  1850  by  C.  D.  De  Laney,  a 
thorough  mechanic  and  pioneer  in  developing  the 
iron  interests  in  this  country.  Mr.  De  Laney  is 
still  connected  with  the  house,  owning  controlling 
interest ;  relations  of  his  who  have  come  up  under 
his  instruction,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Howard,  a  gen- 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


83 


tleman  who  has  had  many  years'  experience  in 
larger  eastern  forges  with  heavy  hammering  and 
smithing,  constitute  the  firm,  and  embody  in 
the  working  members  a  practical  management. 
Early  appreciating  that  it  would  be  to  the  advan- 
tage of  engine-builders  to  buy  finished  wrought 
iron  work  when  they  were  busied  with  work  or 
cramped  for  room  or  means  of  largely  investing 
in  heavy  machinery,  they  built  a  larger  machine 
shop  iu  connection  with  the  forge.  I.ater,  this 
has  been  made  more  complete,  and  now  any  weigjit 
or  kind  of  forging  may  be  fully  finished  here. 
However,  it  is  the  aim  of  the  firm  to  as  much  as 
possible  run  the  tools  only  on  tool  finishing,  and 
taking  surplus  iron  off  work,  as  they  can  do  this 
cheaper  than  macliine  shops  of  builders,  and  can 
control  forging  thei-eby.  When  parties  have  only 
a  water  cut  to  take  off  they  gain  much,  and  loss 
of  metal  turned  to  chips  is  thrown  on  a  forge 
where  it  more  properly  belongs,  for  here  metal 
costs  least,  and  chips  or  turnings  are  of  greater 
value,  as  they  are  cheaj^ly  re-manufactured  with- 
out miich  handling. 

In  fui-nishing  work  for  Pittsburgh,  eastern  cities, 
and,  in  fact,  all  towns,  De  Laney  &  Co.  pay  all 
freight  and  assume  all  risk  of  transportation. 
During  the  war  this  house  did  intricate  forged 
and  finished  work  for  13  of  the  monitors;  and 
since  then  of  heavy  work  a  9  ton  piston  rod  for 
National  Armory,  Springfield,  some  3  ft.  collar 
rolls  for  Union  Mill,  Bufialo,  and  a  10  ton  main 
shaft  for  Cincinnati  Water  Works,  are  worthy  of 
mention. 

Burlington,  Otsego  County. 
H.  L.  Dyer. — Hay-forks. 

Butternuts,  Otsego  County. 
John  Mayne. — Plows,  water-wheels,  etc. 

Byron,  Genessee  County. 
T.  CuMMiNGs. — Plows. 

Cairo,  Green  County. 
E.  Paddock. — Agricultural  implements. 

Caledonia,  Livingston  County. 

Hatch  &  Blackmax. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

A.  McLachlex. — Threshing  machinery  and 
cultivators. 

J.  D.  &  D.  McCall. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Cambridge,  'Washington  County. 

Warner  &  Higgins. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 


Camden,  Oneida  County. 

Tripp  &  Fifield. — Foundry,  mill  machinery, 
and  agricultural  implements. 

Wood  Bros. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
machinery. 

Canajoharie,  Montgomery  County. 

J.  BuDDLE. — Machinery. 

W.  J.  Stevens. — Agricultural  implements. 

Canandaigua,  Oneida  County. 

Jas.  S.  Cooley. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  W.  Hawxey. — Agricultural  machiaery. 
M.  P.  Mack.— Machinery. 
J.  S.  BoBiNSON. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Candor,  Tioga  County. 

Booth  &  Tubes. — Mowing  machines. 
S.  Horton. — Machinery. 
S.  Parmelee. — Machinery. 

Ganisteo,  Steuhen  County. 

W.  W.  Crandeix. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

Canton,  St  Lavyrence  County. 

D.  M.  Jones. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
A.  C.  Sawyer. — Machinery. 

John  Joslyn  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Carthage,  J'efferson  County. 
Brown  &  Ryther. — Iron  foundry. 

Castile,  Wyoming  County. 
Hoagland  &  CuMMiNGS. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Cato,  Cayuga  County. 

E.  Q.  DuTTON. — Plows. 

D.  M.  Wilson  &  Co. — Plows  and  agricultural 
implements. 

CatsJcill,  Greene  County. 

M.  FowKS. — Iron  foundry. 

A.  &.  B.  Wiltse. — Iron  foundry. 

Gilbert  &  Bko. —  Stump  extractors. 

Cayuga,  Cayuga  County. 

Nurse  &  Merserau. — Reaping  machines. 

Cazenovia,  Madison  County. 

Burns  k  Peet. — Threshing  machinery. 
Jas.  Dodge. — Iron  foundry. 
Stone  &  Marshall. — Machinery. 

Central  Bridge,  Scoharie  County. 
J.  K.  Campbell. — Machinery. 


84 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Centreport^  Cayuga  County. 
Chas.  Clow  &  Co. — Agiicultuial  implements. 

Champlain,  Clinton  County. 

D.  FiNLEY  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  and 
mill  woi-k,  iron  planers,  water-wheels,  etc. 

Smith  &  Moore. — Agricultural  implements 
and  iion  work. 

Chase's  Mills,  St.  Lawrence  County. 
Deeks  &  Bradley. — .Axes. 

Chateaugay,  Franklin  County. 
Lyma»  &  Keller. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  cul- 
tivators, etc. 

E.  A.  Keeler. — Iron  foundry. 

Chatham,  Columhia  County. 
P.  F.  Herlbert  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and 
agricultural  work. 

E.  M.  Krum  &  Co. — Mowing  machines. 

Chazy,  Clinton  County. 
Queen    of  the    Harvest  Manufacturing 
Co. — O.  K.  Wood  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Threshing 
and  separating  machinery,  and  locks. 

Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  County. 

E.  &  L.  JuDD. — Plows  and  malleable-iron 
hardware. 

Chittenango,  Madison  County. 
Walwrath  &  Skinner. — Iron   foundry  and 
macliiuery. 

Clarhstown,  Rockland  County. 
A.  D.  Brower. — Steam  engines. 

Cincinnatus,  Cortland  County. 
Bassett  &  White. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Clarence,  JSrie  County. 
Blocker  &  Metz. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

D.  Shaver. — Hay-forks. 

Clarendon,  Orleans  County. 
Miller  &  Pettingill. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

Clapville,  Oneida  County. 

J.  H,  Chapman. — Agricultural  machinery, 
power  forks,  etc. 

S.  A.  Millard  &  Co. — Scythes. 

Paris  Furnace  Co. — Scythes.  B.  Avery, 
President ;  S.  J.  Look,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Clyde,  Wayne  County. 

F.  Humphrey. — Iron  foundry. 


S.  W.  Woods  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
and  agricultural  implements. 

Clymer,  Cliatauqua  County. 
Ayer,  Daymon  &  Beecher. — Machinery. 
J.  B.  Knowlton. — Horse  rakes. 

Cohleskill,  Schoharie  County. 
M.  Harder. — Agricultural  implements. 

Cohoes,  Albany  County. 

G.  Brooks. — Nuts  and  bolts. 

Campbell  &  Clute. — Knitting  machinery.  30 
hands. 

CoHOES  Iron  Foundry. — Fuller  and  Safely, 
Proprietors.  Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  iron 
foundry.    50  hands  employed. 

W.  T.  HoRBOBiN. — Iron  foundry. 

J.  Hilton  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  ;  hollow-ware, 
specialty. 

Teneyck  Axe  Manufacturing  Co. — D.  Cowee, 
President ;  George  R.  Seymour,  Treasurer ;  R. 
H.  Thompson,  Secretary. 

Weed  &  Becker. — Axes,  cutlery,  etc. 

Cold  Spring,  Putnam  County. 
West  Point  Foundry. — Paulding,  Kerable  <fe 
Co.,  Propi-ietors.  Steam  engines  of  all  kinds, 
blowing  and  pumping  engines,  general  machinery, 
and  heavy  castings,  including  cannon.  This  works 
was  established  in  1817,  and  when  running  full 
employs  near  1,000  hands.  A  large  amount  of 
government  work  has  been  done  here,  and  the 
orders  on  hand  are  always  ahead. 

Columbia.^  HerMmer  County. 

H.  &  A.  Getmans. — Agricultural  implements. 
D.  G.  Young. — Edge  tools.    Works  at  Cedar- 

ville. 

Concord,  Erie  County. 
C.    J.    Shuttleworth. — Mowing  machines. 
Works  at  Springville. 

Constahleville,  Lewis  County. 
Eames  &  Bridgeman. — Hydraulic  machinery 
and  pumjis. 

L.  E.  Cone. — Water  wheels  and  mill  gearing. 

Capake,  Columhia  County. 

H.  Anderson.- — Agricultural  implements. 

N.  Robinson. — Agricultural  imjjlements. 
Corning,  Steuben  County. 

Fall  Brook  Coal  Co. — Machine  and  car  shop. 

J.  Johnson. — Shingle  machinery. 

A.  Olcott. — Machinery. 

Corning  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — B.  W. 
Payne  &  Sons,  Proprietors.  Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, and  boilers. 


DIRECTOrwY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


85 


Cornwall,  Orancje  County. 
T.  M.  Wiley. — Machinery. 

Cortland  Village,  Cortland  County. 
Chamberlain,  Smith  &  Co. — Agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Hall  &  Van  Bergen. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chineiy  and  ii-on  foundiy. 

Coxsackie,  Greene  County. 
Coxsackie,  Malleable  and  Gray,  Iron  Co.— 
D.  M.  Hamilton,  Pi-esident ;  A.  Dwight,  Treas- 
urer ;  H.  J.  Peck,  Secretary.    Iron  foundry  and 
malleable-iron  works. 

Croghan,  Lewis  County. 
J.  C.  Foote. — Machinery, 
J.  B.  MouGET.— Tools. 

Croton  Falls,  Westchester  County. 
GiLMORE  &  Sargent. — Iron  foundry. 

Crown  Point,  Essex  County. 

Penfield  &  Harwood. — Forge,  wire  billets. 
40  hands. 

Dansville,  Livingston  County. 

M,  GiLMAN  &  BrO.— Plows. 


N.  LOCKLING.  Plows. 

Sweet,  Faulkner  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  and 
mowing  and  reaping  machinery. 

Delhi,  Delaware  County. 
J  S.  BusHROD. — Machinery. 
N.  O.  Flint. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

S.  Seeley. — Machinery. 

J.  Robinson. — Plows,  horse-powers,  etc. 

Deposit,  Delaware  Cormty. 
J.  Snyder, — Axles. 

De  Ruyter,  Madlsoy  County. 
D.  T.  Coon. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  H.  Crumb. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 
J.  B.  Phillips. — Machinery  and  jobbing. 

Dundee,  Yates  County. 
John  E.  Bliven. — Iron  foundry. 

DimMrh,  Chatanqua  County. 
Brooks  Locomotive  Works. — H.  G.  Brooks, 
President  and  Superintendent ;  M.  L.  Hinman, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer.  {See  Locomotive  Works 
of  New  York.)  Foundry,  and  machinery,  boilers, 
tanks,  cars,  etc. 


General  Description  of  the  Brooks  Locomotive  Works,  located  at 

Dunkirk,  New  York. 


grounds  inclosed,  ten  acres. 

Size  of  Buildings.  No.  of  Men  emplm/ed 


Erecting  Shop. 


Smith  Shop   No.  1. 

Smith  Shop   No.  2. 

Forge  Shop  

Iron  Foundry  


Engine  Room. 
Copper  Shop . 


Pattern  Shop. 
Vise  Shop.  . .  . 
Tank  Shop.  . . 
Paint  Shop. . . 
Tool  Room. . . 


Long. 

Wide. 

in  each  Depa 

300  feet. 

100  feet. 

118 

200 

(I 

60 

U 

43 

140 

11 

50 

u 

113 

100 

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50 

73 

215 

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60 

11 

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u 

8 

100 

11 

60 

(( 

38 

50 

11 

30 

it 

5 

105 

11 

40 

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2 

40 

11 

30 

u 

2 

60 

11 

15 

u 

5 

181 

11 

46 

(( 

23 

100 

11 

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6 

100 

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66 

11 

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200 

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9 

  11 

  17 

  3 

550 


86 


DmECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC, 


Dunkirk  Iron  Works. — Steam  engines  ami 
machinery. 

O.  F.  Dickinson. — Horse-power  machinery. 
T.  Flesher. — Machinery. 

East  Albany,  Rensselaer  County. 
Hudson  River  Railroad  machine  shop. 

East  Bloomjield,  Ontario  County. 
P.  Seymour. — Grain   drills  and  agricultural 
machinery. 

A.  C.  Stiles. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Easton,  Washington  County. 
J.  W.  Warner. — Portable  saw-mills.  • 

East  Randolph,  Cattaraugus  County. 
Benedict  &  Lake. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

Eaton,  Madison  County. 
Wood,  Taber  &  Morse. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

G.  &  D.  Cross. — Iron  foundry. 

Edinburgh,  Saratoga  County. 
C.  D.  Butler. — Machinery. 

Edmeston,  Orange  County. 
T.  Bootman. — Wire. 

N.  L.  Green. — Forge,  blooms,  and  bar  iron. 

Elba,  Genesee  County. 
W.  Craft. — Threshing  machinery. 
French  &  Rugg. — Stave  machinery. 
J.  A.  Staples. — Stave  machinery. 
P.  Barr,  Jr. — General  machinery. 

Ellicott,  Erie  County. 

J.  H.  Clark. — Mowing  machines,  Cardot 
mower. 

C.  Jeffords. — Axe  manufacturer. 

A.  J.  Steele  &  Co. — Mowing  machines, 

Ellington,  Chatauqua  County. 
Warren  ii.RNOLD  &  Son.- — Forge  and  foundry. 

H.  Harmon. — Horse-rakes. 

Elmira,  Chemung  Coxmty. 

Elmira  Saw  Manufactory. — Andrews  &  Bur- 
bage.  Proprietors.  Saws. 

A.  Bliven. — Machinery. 

J.  G  Burritt. — Agricultural  implements. 

Elmira  Agricultural  Works. — J.  Arnot, 
President ;  S.  T.  Reynolds,  Secretary.  New  York 
office,  77  Chambers  Street.    Hoes,  forks,  etc. 

Elmira  Edge  Tool  Co. — Edge  tools. 

Nobles  Manufacturing  Co. — D.  Decker, 
President ;  E.  N.  Frisbie,  Vice-President ;  S.  L. 
Gillett,  Secretaiy;  J.  S.  Thurston,  Treasurer. 


New  York  office,  281  Broadway.  Boston,  53 
Kilby  Street.  Augers,  drawing  knives,  bit  braces, 
etc. 

Reid  &  Cooper. — Iron  foundry. 
Union  Iron  Works. — John  Vischer.  General 
iron  work. 

Esperance,  ScoJiarie  County. 
R.  WooLSON. — Agricultural  implements. 

Essex,  Essex  County. 
B.  Nop.LE. — Forge.    75  hands  employed. 

B.  F.  Sprague. — Agricultural  implements. 
W.  H.  Stower. — Forge  and  bloomei-y. 

Etna,  Tompkins  County. 

C.  Bartholomew. — Scale  manufacturer. 

Farmer  Village,  Seneca  County. 
Ryno  &  Longstreet. — Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

Fishhill  Landing,  Dutchess  County. 

DiSBRow  &  Hallowell. — Iron  foundry. 
Works,  Wappinger's  Falls. 

FisHKiLL  Landing  Machine  Co. — M.  Sage, 
President  ;  W.  Seller,  Secretary  ;  R.  Hallegan, 
Superintendent.  Connected  with  West  Point 
Foundry.  Iron  foundry,  steam  engines,  and  gen- 
eral machinery.    100  hands  emjiloyed. 

Dutchess  &  Columbia  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Elorida,  Orange  County. 
Ward,  Perkins  &  Co. — Agi-icultural  imple- 
ments. 

Fly  Creek,  Otsego  County. 
W.  Shepherd. — Agricultural  implements. 

Fort  Plain,  Montgomery  County. 
J.  R.  Failing  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 
Shipman  Spring  and  Axle  Co. — Axles  and 
springs. 

N.  VanAlstyne. — Iron  foundry 

Fowlerville,  Livingston  County. 
B.  F,  Dow  &  Co.— Machinery 

Franklin,  Franklin  County. 
N.  J.  Arnold. — Iron  foundry. 

Franklin,  Delaware  County. 
S.  L.  Slade. — Agricultural  implements. 

Franklinville,  Cattaraugus  County. 
Swinton  &  McKinley'. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Fredonia,  Chatauqua  County. 
Geo.  W.  Wiley, — Iron  foundry. 

Fulton,  Oswego  County. 
John  Atwood. — Chains, 


DIBECTOEY  OF  GENEEAL  MACHmE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


87 


F.  DiETZ. — Iron  foundry  and  edge  tools. 
Taylok  Bros.  &  Co. — Paper-mill  machinery 

and  edge  tools. 

Faltonville,  JSIontgomery  County. 
Wemple  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 

Galway,  Saratoga  County. 
J.  James. — Rakes,  etc. 
W.  Cornell. — Iron  foundiy,  plows,  etc, 
J.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 

Geddes,  Onondaga  County. 
Williams  Mower  and  Reaper  Co. — Office, 
Syracuse.    Product  large,  including  some  2,500 
machines  annually. 

Geneseo,  X,ivingston  County. 
Blythe  &  OsBORN. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty, 
plows. 

J.  D.  Spring  &  Co. — Wood-working  machinery 
and  lathes.    30  hands  employed. 
J.  B.  West. — Machinery. 

Geneva,  Ontario  County. 
A.  Catchpole. — Machinery. 
W.  B.  Dunning. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

H.  G.  Moore. — Agricultural  implements. 

Genoa,  Cayuga  County. 
J.  Halsey. — Iron  foimdry. 
C.  Johnson. — Machinery. 

G.  K.  Merritt. — Machinery. 

A.  W.  Stevens  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 

German  Flats,  Mohawh  County. 
0.  Johnson. — Iron  foundry. 

Gilboa,  Scoharie  County, 
J.  Wright. — Iron  foundry. 

Glen,  Montgomery  County. 
W.  B.  Wemple  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

GlevUs  Falls,  Warren  Cownty. 
Dix  &  Knox. — Iron  foundry. 

Gloversville,  Fulton  County. 
Eaton  &  Harris. — Machinery. 
Newton   &   Titus. — Steam   engines,  boilers, 
presses,  etc. 

GorJiam,  Westchester  County. 
Wm.  E.  Stokes. — Machinery. 

Goshen,  Orange  County, 
Geo.  S.  Conklin. — Machinery. 
CoRWiN    &    Merriam. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

W.  V.  Ray. — Agricultural  implements. 


Speer  &  Mandeville. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Gouverneur,  St.  Lawrence  County. 
L.  Litchfield. — Iron  foundry. 

Gowanda,  Cattaraugus  County. 
Sellew,  Adams  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  and  agri- 
cultural implements,  mill  work,  etc.    50  hands 
employed. 

Granby  Centre,  Oswego  Cownty. 
ScHENCK  &  Co. — Chains. 

American  Chain  Cable  Works. — J.  B.  Carr 
&  Co.,  Projirietors.    Office,  Troy,  N.  Y.  Chains. 

Grassy  Point,  Rockland  County. 
A.  M.  &  W.  H.  Wiles.— Iron  foundry. 

Green  Hush,  Rensselaer  County. 
C.  Callahan. — General  castings. 
C.  W.  Noyes. — Machinery. 

Greene,  Chenango  County. 
Lyon  &  St.  John. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Parker  &  McMoran. — Machine  knives. 

Green  Island,  Albany  County. 
Skinner,  Gould  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
T.  S.  Sutherland. — Boilers.    Office,  Troy. 
ToRRENCE  &  Merriam. — Malleable-iron  works. 

Green  River,  Columbia  County. 
Brainard  &  HiGGiNS. — Machinery, 
Groton,  Tompkins  County. 
0.  Perrigo  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Perrigo  &  Avery. — Threshing  machinery. 

Guilford,  Chenango  County. 
A.  Bradbury, — Iron  foundry, 

Hamilton,  Madison  County. 
Johnson  &  Howe. — Iron  foundry. 

Hannibal,  Oswego  County. 
P.  Dutcher. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

Hanover,  Chatauqua  Coxmty. 
Chas.  McNeal. — Smut  machinery  and  mill 
tools. 

E.  BuEL. — Hay  presses. 

Howes,  Babcock  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  smut 
machinery,  mill  work,  etc.    50  hands  employed. 

Huntley  &  Holcomb. — Iron  foundi-y,  flouring 
machinery,  and  water-wheels, 

Harpersville,  Rroome  County. 
C.  M.  &  G.  Richards. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chine shop. 


88 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Havana.,  Schuyler  County. 
Hall  &  Whittemoke. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
machinery. 

E.  W.  Cook. — Agricultural  implements. 

Ilaverstraio,  JRocMand  County. 
R.  A.  &  S.  A.  Vervalen. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  W.  (fe  W.  H.  WiLES.^ — Iron  foundry. 

Hempstead,  Queens  County. 
S.  N.  Snedekeb  &  Co. — Iron  and  steel  dies. 
Snedeker    &  Valentine. — Agricultural  im- 
plements and  dies. 

Highland,  Zflster  County. 
J.  M.  AusTiN.^ — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

Hillsdale,  Columbia  County. 
Williams  &  Loomis. — Iron  foundry;  specialty, 
plows. 

Hobart,  Delaware  County. 
J.  Robinson. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Homer,  Cortland  County. 
R.  Blanchan  &  Co. — Edge  tools. 
H.  G.  Giles. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 
turbine  wheels. 

J.  W.  &  A.  Stone. — Iron  foundry,  saw-mill 
machinery,  water-wheels,  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Honeyoe  Falls,  Monroe  County. 
J.  Van  Buben. — Plows. 

E.  L.  &  W.  R.  YoBKS. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural machinery. 

Hoosick  Falls,  Rensselaer  County. 

W.  A.  Wood  Reaping  and  Mowing  Machine 
Co. — Reapers  and  mowers. 

The  product  of  this  works  has  always  been  cel- 
ebrated among  agricultural  machinery. 

Hornellsville,  Steuben  County. 
S.  B.  Hathaway. — Iron  foundry. 
Norwood  Bros. — Machinery. 

Horse  Heads,  Chemung  County. 
Bogardus  &  Bennett. — Iron  foundry. 
Israel  P.  Grant. — Threshing  machinery. 

Hudson,  Columbia  County. 

Clapp  &  J  ONES. — Steam  Engine  Manufacturing 
Cok  S.  H.  Rainey,  Secretary.  Specialty,  steam 
tire  engines. 

Hudson  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — Gif- 
ford  Bros.,  Proprietors.  [See  also  Stove  Works 
of  New  York.)    foundry  work  and  machinery. 

R.  H.  Miller  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Humphrey,  Cattaraugus  County. 
M.  Baker. — Machinery. 


Hunter'' s  Point,  Queens  County. 
Long  Island  Railroad  machine  shop. 

llion,  Herkimer  County. 

E.  Remington  &  Sons. — President,  Sam'l.  Rem- 
ington ;  Treasurer,  E.  Remington ;  Secretary,  W. 
C.  Squire.    New  York,  281  Broadway. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  works  in  the  United 
States,  and  employs  1,000  men,  manufacturing 
fire- arms  for  military  and  sporting  purposes,  gun 
materials,  sewing  machines,  etc.  The  firm  has 
filled  large  orders  for  the  United  States  govern- 
ment, as  well  as  those  of  foreign  countries,  and 
has  always  large  orders  ahead. 

Remington  Agricultural  Works. — Agricul- 
tural machinery  and  tools.  300  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Ithaca,  Tompkins  County, 
Ithca    Agricultural  Works. — McElhaney, 
Biggs  &  Leam,  Proprietors.    Agricultural  ma- 
chinery and  wagon  work.    30  hands  employed. 

Jas.  S.  Reynolds  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery,  shafting,  hangers,  mowers,  reapers, 
plows,  etc. 

Phcenix  Iron  Works. — Bostwick  &  Williams. 
Steam  engines,  boilers,  machinery  of  all  kinds.  60 
hands. 

Tremain,  Valentine  &  Green. — Iron  foundry. 
35  hands. 

Jamestown,  Chatauqua  County. 
J.  H.  Clark. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  F.  Wilson. — Iron  foundry. 

Johnsonsville,  Rensselaer  County. 

JOHNSONVILLE  AxE  MANUFACTURING  Co.  Lane, 

Gale  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Troy,  N.  Y.  Axes, 
hoes,  etc. 

Johnstown,  Fulton  County, 
Palmateer  k  Kingsbury. — Machinery  ;  sew- 
ing machines,  specialty. 

C.  N.  Stewart. — Machinery. 
Cayadutta  Works. — Proprietors,  Livingston 
&  Cherritree  Manufacturing  Co.  W.  H.  Livings- 
ston.  President ;  T.  F.  Cherritree,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer.  New  York,  113  Chambers  Street. 
Specialty,  saws  and  files.    150  hands  employed. 

Jordan,  Onondaga  County. 
A.  D.  Peck. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
C.  T.  Phillips  &  Co. — Machinery;  specialty, 
smut  machines. 

Hatonah,  Westchester  County, 
Griggs  &  Hoyt. — Iron  foundry. 

JTeeseville,  Essex  County. 
Au  Sable  Horse  Nail  Co. — E.  Kingslaad, 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENEKAL 

President ;  E.  K.  Baber,  Treasurer ;  J.  R.  Rom- 
eyn,  Secretary.  Sjjecialty,  hoi'seshoe  nails,  forged. 
200  bands  emjjloyed. 

Keeseville  Wire  Co. — D.  Dodge,  President ; 
E.  K.  Baber,  Secretaiy.  Wire. 

N.  KiNGSLAND  &  Sox. —Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Peru  Steel  and  Iron  Co. — Forge,  iron  and 
steel  blooms,  bars,  etc.    Works  at  Clintonville. 

^inderhooh,  Columbia  County. 
W.  Kellehouse. — Plows,  etc. 

IKingston,  Ulster  County. 

Excelsior  Iron  Works. — Blackwell,  Gross  & 
Co. — Foundry  and  machinery,  steam  engines, 
shafting,  etc. 

Hermance,  Newton  &  Co. — Steam  engines, 
boilers,  general  machinery,  and  water-wheels. 

J.  MiLLANE. — Iron  foundry. 

RoNDouT  Iron  Works. — John  Dillon,  Proprie- 
tor. Iron  foundry  and  machinery.  40  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Knoxhoro,  Oneida  County. 
New  York  Lock  Co. — Locks  only. 

Lafayette,  Onondaga  County. 
Baker  &  Hoyt. — Cultivators,  etc. 

Lancaster,  Erie  County. 
Gabriel  &  Brother. — Steam  hammers.  Works 
at  Williamsville. 

John  Kreiibiel. — Agricultural  implements. 

F.  Maute. — Agricultural  implements. 

Laurens,  Otsego  County. 
E.  Mullins. — Lathes  and  machinery. 

Laona,  Chatauqua  County. 

E.  ToTMAN. — Iron  foundry. 

Lansinghurgh,  Hensselaer  County. 
SouTHWiCK  &   Arnold. — Iron   foundry  and 
scales. 

Lawrencevillo,  St.  Lawrence  County. 

G.  Everett. — Mowing  machines. 
P.  Newman.- — Horse-rakes. 

Lenox,  3fadison  County. 
Patten,  Clark  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Leonardsville,  3Iadison  County. 

F.  Crumb. — Horse-rakes. 

St.  John  &  Babcock. — Machinery. 
C.  H.  Williamson  &  Co. — Agricultural  ma- 
chineiy. 
B.  J.  Adams. — Horse-rakes. 
I 


JIACHINE  WORKS,  ETC.  \  89 

Leroy,  Genesee  County. 
Anderson  &   Tainter. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

J.  Swift. — Iron  foundry, 

Little  Falls,  Herkimer  County. 

11.  Cheney. — Hammers.    25  hands. 
S.  H.  Farnam. — Tools. 
J.  MoTT. — Machinery. 

T.  N.  Magill  &  Co.— Machinery  and  mill 
work. 

M.  Reddy. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  Stein. — Machinery. 

Warrior  Mower  Co. — Mowers,  reapers^  etc. 
50  hands. 

Lochport,  Niagara  County. 

Acker  &  Hunt. — Machinery. 
T.  R.  Bailey  &  Vail. — Wood-working  ma- 
chinery of  all  kinds. 

Cocker  &  Trevor. — Saws. 

L.  Gardner  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

G.  W.  Hildretii  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  agri- 
cultural machinery,  and  school-furniture  castings. 

Holly  Manufacturing  Co. — T.  T.  Flagler, 
President ;  B.  Holly,  Superintendent ;  Chas. 
Reet,  Secretary ;  G.  Hildreth,  Treasurer.  Hy- 
draulic machinery,  pumps,  engines,  etc.  Found- 
ers of  the  Hoily  system  of  waterworks,  which  has 
met  with  great  favor. 

A.  Johnston. — Threshing  and  separating  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  E.  Merritt  &  Co. — Threshing  machinery. 

Pound  Manufacturing  Co. — L.  A.  Spaulding, 
President ;  A.  Pound,  Superintendent.  Steam 
engines,  dredging  and  general  machinery. 

Jas.  Richmond. — Grain  separating  and  bolting 
machinery. 

Trevor  &  Co. — Shingle  machinery. 

P.  B.  RiED. — Reapers. 

W.  E.  Tathell. — Mill  machinery. 

E.  West. — JMachinery. 

J.  J.  WoRDEN. — Fanning  mills. 

Long  Island  City,  Queens  County, 

McCollum  &  Autenreith. — Steam  engines, 
boilers,  shafting,  machinei-y,  etc. 
W.  Young. — Macliinery. 
O'Hara,  Frye  &  Darcey.- — Boilers  only. 

H.  A.  Maughan. — Iron  foundry. 
P.  Mitchell. — Machinery. 
Long  Island  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Lowville,  Lewis  County. 

S.  B.  Batciielder  &  Son. — Hay-forks,  cradles, 
etc. 

D.  D.  Foot. — Agricultural  implements. 


90 


DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WOKKB,  ETC. 


Pfester  &  Powell. — Iron  foundry,  plows, 
etc. 

Jjuzerne^  IVarren  County. 
CiiAS.  Rockwell. — Agricultural  imploments. 
J.  C.  Stillwell. — Agricultural  implements. 

Tjydonville,  Orleans  County. 
W.  Gray. — Agricultural  implements. 

Lyons,  Wayne  County. 
WiCKSON  &  Van  Winkle. — Iron  foundry  and 
tools. 

A.  Classon  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Macedon,  Wayne  County. 
Beckford  &  Hoffman.— Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Malone,  Franklin  County. 
Ogdensburgh  and  Lake  Champlain  R.  R.  ma- 
chine shop.    Locomotives  built  and  repaired.  76 
hands. 

Malone  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — 
C.  C.  Whittlesey,  Proprietor.  Mowers,  saw-mill 
machinery,  machine-tools,  etc. 

Perkins  Bros. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

O.  B.  Hale. — Machinery. 

JSIamaroneck,  IVestchester  County. 
American  Spiral  Spring  Butt  Hinge  Co. — 
Hinges. 

Jifamchester,  Ontario  County. 
Brown,  Adams   &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Jessup  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 
3Iarilius,  Onondaga  County. 

Beards  &  Penfield.— Fayetteville  Iron  Foun- 
dry. 

Moorehouse  &  DwiGHT. — Iron  foundry. 
R.  Morgan. — Agricultural  tools. 
Preston  &  Cheney  Bros. — Mowing  and  reap- 
ing machines. 

C.  H.  W.  Wo  OD. — Tools  and  cradle  irons. 

Mansfield,  Dutchess  Cotinty. 
L.  B.  Eddy. — Agricultural  implements. 

Marcellus,  Onondaga  County. 
T.  Eggleston. — Edge  tools. 
J.  B.  "VanVranken. — Agricultural  implements. 

Marion,  Wayne  County. 

Lay,  Tremain  &  Curtis. — Iron  foundry  and 
fans. 

A.  Parker. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

L.  Smith  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

Marlborough,  Ulster  County. 
Archer  &  George. — Machinery. 


Matteawan,  Dutchess  County. 

J.  Ellis. — Files. 

F.  McCreary. — Machinery. 

John  B.  Schenck's  Sons. — Wood-planing  and 
other  wood-working  machinery.  Schenck's  Wood- 
worth  Planer  New  York,  118  Liberty  Street. 
70  hands  employed. 

H.  N.  Swift. — Lawn  mowers. 

J.  &  W.  Rothery. — Files.   50  hands  employed. 

Mayville,  Chatauqua  County. 
S.  BiXBY. — Iron  foundry. 

Buffalo,  Corry  and  Pittsburg  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Medina,  Orleans  County. 
J.  W.  Mount.— Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Bignal  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry 
and  machinery. 

Mendon,  3£unroe  County. 

J.  B.  Yorks  &  Son. — Agricultural  machinery. 

Mentz,  Cayuga  County. 
Close  &  Adams.' — Cultivators. 

Meridian,  Cayuga  County. 
D.  M.  Wilson. — Iron  foundry. 

Mexico,  Oswego  County. 
S.  F.  Beebe. — Iron  fovmdry. 
H.  D.  Slack. — Pumps. 

Middlehurgh,  Scoharie  County. 
L.  Gilbert. — Iron  foundry. 
N.  &  W.  Tompkins. — Iron  foundry. 

Middleport,  Niagara  County. 

D.  VanBrocklin. — Iron  foundry  and  hard- 
ware. 

3Iiddletown,  Orange  County. 
Brundage  &  Co. — Horse  nails. 

E.  B.  Hanford  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

King  &  Mulock. — Steam  engines,  mowing  ma- 
chines, etc. 

Orange  County  Furnace  and  Machine 
Works. — E.  P.  Wheeler,  Proprietor ;  J.  Mackay, 
Manager.  Steam  engines,  saw-mills,  turbines, 
iron  railings  and  foundry  work,  steam  pipes,  etc. 

Wheeler,  Clemson  &  Co. — Files. 

Wheeler,  Madden  &  Clemson. — Saws. 

A.  Wilkinson. — Agricultural  implements. 

N.  T.  Smith  &  Co.— Wire  cloth. 

Millport,  Chemung  County. 
S.  B.  Rogers  &  Co. — Iron  foundiy, 
Milton,  Ulster  County. 
R.  S.  Armstrong. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  BooD. — Axes. 


DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


91 


Mitclies  Kill,  Rensselaer  County. 
J.  Sanderson. — Plows. 

llohawJc,  Herkimer  County. 
H.  Ramsey. — Machinery. 

IFonticello,  Sullivan  Coxmty. 
E.  Fairchild. — Iron  foundry. 

llorrlsonville,  Clinton  County. 
J.  M.  Taylor. — Iron  foundry. 

Jlorrisville,  3Iadison  County. 
J).  Graham. — Foundry;  specialty,  plows. 

3Tisherville,  Saratoga  County. 
W.  CoNNELL  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

3fott  ITaven,  Westchester  County. 
E.  Dart  &  Co. — One  hundred  and  forty-fourth 
Street  and  Fourth  Avenue.    Steam  engines,  etc. 

W.  S.  Carr  ife  Son. — Iron  foundry,  plumbers, 
castings. 

Jas.  M.  Stedman. — Iron  foundry. 
MoTT  Haven  Steel  Co. — {See  Crucible  Steel 
IVorks.)    Not  in  operation. 

3IottviUe,  Onondaga  County. 
E.  B.  HoYT. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty,  plows. 

Mount  JTisco,  Westchester  County. 
J.  F.  Hall. — Agricultural  implements. 

3Iount  3forris,  Livingston  County. 
Bodine  Manufacturing  Co. — Forge. 
Rochester,  Nimda  &  Pennsylvania  Railroad  ma- 
eliiuo  shoj). 

3ramford,  3[onroe  County. 
C.  Feely. — Agricultural  implements. 

3ru»nsuille,  3fadiso/i,  County. 
Stringer,  Baru  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

JVaiuf.ef,  Roclcland  County. 
A.  D.  Brower. —  Steaui  engines  and  iron  foun- 
dry. 

Napanock,  Ulster  (Jounty. 
M.    M.    Pillsbury. — Axes   and  edge  tools. 
New  York,  85  John  Street.    50  hands. 
J.  B._  Russell.— Axes. 

JVayles,  Ontario  County. 
Wells   &  Cheesebro. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

J.  W.  Price. — Edge  tools. 

JVeioark,  Wayne  County. 
Tracy  &  Greenwood. — Agricultural  imple- 
m  ents. 

J.  C.  Wilbur  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 


JVew  Berlin,  Chenango  County. 
H.  L.  Haight. — Agricultural  implements. 
A.  Thompson. — Machinery. 

Newhurgh,  Orange  County. 

H.  B.  Beekman  &  Co. — Machinery. 

A.  Cauldwell. — Boilers  only. 

Clark  <fe  Kimball. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

J.  Delaney. — Machinery. 

Highland  Iron  Works. — Stanton,  Upright  & 
Co.,  Proprietors.  Iron  railings,  ornamental  iron 
work,  etc. 

Spier  &  Wilson. — Iron  foundry. 

Wiiitehill,  Smith  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and 
machinery. 

Wright  Engine  Works. — Wm.  Wright  &  Co. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery,  steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery and  general  foundry  work.  Partners, 
Wm.  Wi-ight,  J.  Wilson  Stratton  ;  special,  Chas. 
Wiley,  15  Astor  Place,  New  York. 

This  firm  are  now  manufacturers  of  Wright's 
Patent  Cut-off  Steam  Engine,  illustrated  here. 

The  diagram  below  was  taken  from  one  of  these 
engines,  exhibited  at  the  American  Institute  Fair, 
New  York,  1872,  which  may  need  some  explana- 
tion to  be  fully  vinderstood  and  appreciated.  The 
most  important  feature  of  this  engine  is  the  fact 


that  the  steam  pressure  in  the  cylinder  from  the 
commencement  of  the  stroke  to  the  cut-off  point, 
is  equal  to  the  full  boiler  pressure,  and  it  is  claimed 
to  be  that  this  is  the  first  time  this  ever  has  been 
thoroughly  accomplished.  Another  feature  (and 
of  hardly  less  importance)  is  the  fulness  of  the 
expansion  line  above  the  theoretical  expansion 
curve ;  the  difference  between  these  can  readily 
be  seen  and  understood  from  the  diagram.  This 
is  due  to  the  temperature  of  the  steam  in  the  cylin- 
der being  kept  up  beyond  the  point  of  cutting  off, 
by  a  steam  jacket  which  is  constantly  full  of 


1^2 


DIRECTOr.y  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC, 


steam  at  the  Ijoiler  temperature.  Tlie  feature 
of  this  jacket  over  those  formerly  constructed 
is,  that  the  cylinder  is  charged  at  every  stroke 
from  it,  instead  of  the  steam-pij)e,  making,  as  it 
"were,  a  reservoir  of  steam  of  much  more  capacity 
than  necessary  for  each  sti-oke  of  ])iston. 

The  advantage  to  be  derived  from  this  form  of 
steam  jacket  is,  that  more  power  is  obtained  from 
the  engine  with  the  same  quantity  of  steam,  and 
more  than  if  it  followed  a  theoretical  expansion 
line.  In  making  this  gain  there  is  no  perceptible 
loss,  as  the  steam  is  always  found  in  the  jacket 
at  the  full  boiler  pressure.  The  engine  from  which 
the  diagrams  were  taken  has  frequently,  during 
the  fair,  done  the  work  of  100  horses — running, 
too,  at  very  slow  sj)eed,  making  a  gain  of  over 
25  per  cent.,  which  could  be  increased  still  more 
if  the  engine  was  run  faster. 

The  engines  with  steam  jacket  ai-e  more  expen- 
sive than  those  without,  but  to  those  to  whom 
fuel  is  any  object,  this  is  enough  .to  more  than 
compensate  for  the  increased  cost,  as  a  saving  of 
at  least  25  per  cent,  is  effected  by  the  use  of  the 
steam  jacket, 

DETAILED  DESCRIPTION. 

This  engine  is  built  upon  a  solid  square  cast-iron 
bed-plate.  The  cylinder  is  fitted  with  Wiight's 
Patent  Slide  Valve  Cut-off,  worked  by  steel  cams 
upon  a  horizontal  shaft,  to  which  a  longitudinal 
movement  is  given  by  the  governor. 

The  cylinder  is  connected  to  the  main  pillow- 
block  bearing  by  a  strong  wrought-iron  brace  rod. 
About  in  the  centre  of  this  rod  is  located  a  cast- 
iron  standax'd  to  steady  the  rod,  and  also  to 
furnish  a  bearing  for  rock-shaft.  The  governor 
is  located  upon  the  top  of  this  standard,  and  is 
driven  by  a  belt  from  the  crank-shaft.  The  gov- 
ernor-spindle passes  down  through  this  standard 
and  gives  a  longitudinal  movement  to  the  cut-olf 
shaft,  through  levers  which  vary  the  cut-off  to 
any  point  in  the  stroke  necessary  to  balance  the 
load  on  the  engine. 

The  cut-off  cams  upon  the  side-shaft  have  a 
rocking  motion  derived  from  an  eccentric  on  main 
shaft,  communicating  with  a  bell  crank,  and  from 
this  bell-crank  thi-oiigh  a  universal  connection 
with  the  side  shaft.  This  one  eccentric  gives  the 
motion,  not  only  to  the  cut-off,  but  to  the  exhaust 
valves.  The  concentrating  of  nearly  all  the  valve 
gearing  in  one  place  adds  not  only  to  the  beauty 
and  simplicity  of  the  machine,  but  is  much  more 
convenient  to  adjust  and  handle. 

An  unhooking  arrangement  is  fitted  to  the  pin 
in  the  bell-crank,  whereby  the  engine  can  be  stopi>ed 
and  reversed  by  liand  at  pleasure. 


The  cross-head  is  carried  in  cast-iron  slides, 
which  are  solid  and  cast  on  the  bed.  The  feat- 
ure of  the  cross-head  is  its  stablity,  which  is  se- 
cured by  its  having  a  very  broad  bearing  on  the 
bottom  and  sides,  as  also  a  top  bearing  with  brass 
gibs;  on  the  bottom  is  a  broad  shoe,  adjustable 
with  set  screws. 

Crank-shaft  is  made  of  the  best  hammered 
wrought-iron,  and  an  entii-e  brass  bearing  fitted 
to  it  in  the  main  pillow-block.  Crank-pin,  cross- 
head  pin,  piston-rod  and  side-shaft,  of  steel. 

The  engine  includes  one  piece  of  steam-pipe  with 
elbow,  and  one  steam  stop-valve  worked  by  hand 
wheel  through  a  finished  column  and  floor-plate  ; 
also,  one  piece  of  exhaust-pipe  and  elbow,  reaching 
to  side  of  bed-plate.  Whatever  other  steam  and 
exhaust  pipes  may  be  necessary  will  be  furnished 
if  requii-ed,  and  charged  at  customary  rates.  One 
lai-ge  oil-injector  of  approved  pattern  fitted  to 
steam-pipe  close  to  cylinder.  Oil-cups  fitted  to 
all  parts  where  necessary.  Also,  a  drip-pan  fitted 
to  bed  under  packing-box  of  piston-rod. 

Piston  fitted  with  steam-packing,  and  has  an  ad- 
justible  brass-shoe  to  take  up  wear  in  bottom  of 
cylinder.  The  out-board  bearing  for  ci-ank-shaft 
fitted  with  one  half  box  of  brass  and  chair  for 
holding  down-bolts,  or  a  wall  box,  as  desired. 
Foundation  bolts,  nuts,  and  plates,  together  with 
plan  of  foundation  and  templates,  furnished  at 
any  time. 

All  the  materials  and  woi-kmanship  are  of  the 
very  best  quality.  The  small  j)arts  are  properly 
boxed,  and  the  engine  delivered  on  boat  or  cars 
at  Newburgh. 

JVcv)  Ohio,  Uroome  Count;/. 
C.  M.  &  G.  E,I(;hards. — Iron  foundry. 

Steam  Engine   Builders   and  Boiler 
Makers  of  New  York  City, 

W.  D.  Andrews  &  Bro. — 414  Water  Street. 
Patent  oscillating  engines,  j)atent  anti-friction 
pumps,  tubular  boilers,  etc. 

Wm.  p.  Abendroth. — Eleventh  Avenue  and 
Twenty-seventh  Street.    Boilers  oidy. 

Babcock  &  Wilcox. — 30  Cortlandt  Street. 

Baker,  Smith  &  Co. — 151  Greene  Street. 
Specialty,  portable  boilers. 

Behrens  Manufacturing  Co. — 23  Dey  Street, 
Steam  engines,  pumps,  etc.  Works,  Mott 
Haven, 

Progress  Machine  Works. — A.  &  L.  Brown, 
Proprietors.  57  Lewis  Sti'eet.  Patent  oscillating 
engines  and  boilers,  [See  also  3Iachine  Works.^ 
30  hands  employed. 


94 


DIRECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WOllKS,  ETC. 


New  Yokk  Iron  Woeks. — Cobanks  &  Theall, 
Pi'oprietor.s.  Foot  of  Betlmne  Street,  North 
River.  Stationary  and  marine  engines  and  boil- 
ers.    [See  also  3Iachine  Works.') 

Wm.  Collins. — Between  Gansevoort  and  Little 
Twelfth  Streets,  North  Eiver.    Boilers  only. 

J.  A.  Carnie.— 223  West  Street.  Boilers 
only. 

Delamater  Iron  "Works. — Cornelius  H.  Del- 
amatei-.  Foot  of  West  Thirteenth  Street.  liider's 
governor  cut-off  engines,  and  boilers,  caloric  en- 
gines. [See  also  Machine  Works.')  This  works 
employs  over  800  men,  and  consumes  from  G,OUO 
to  7,000  tons  of  iron  yearly. 

J.  T.  DuNKiN. — 55G  West  Twenty-seventh 
Street.  Steam  engines.  [See  also  Macldnc 
Works.) 

Densmore  &  Co.— GIG  West  Forty-third  Street. 
Boilers  only. 

Fletcher,  Harrison  &  Co. — 26G  West  Street. 
Steam  engines  and  boilers.    200  hands  em])loyed. 

Geo.  Try  &  Sons.— 509  West  Thirty-fourth 
Street.    Boilers,  tanks,  smoke-stacks,  etc. 
,  J.  &  I.  J.  Gray.— 50G  West  Street.  Boilers 
only. 

Griffith  &  Wundrum. — Eleventh  Avenue 
and  Twenty-seventh  Street.    Boilers  only. 

D.  A.  Greene. — 32G  Delancey  Street.  Upi-ight 
steam  engines. 

R.  W.  Gleason.- — 521  Water  Street.  Steam 
engines  and  boilers. 

Ward,  Stanton  &  Co. — 52  John  Street. 
Works,  Newburgh.    Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

G.  B.  Young. — 42  Cortlandt  Street.  Steam 
engines. 

Weston  Boiler  Co. — G9  Liberty  Street.  Boil- 
ers only. 

Ed.  p.  Hampson. — 38  Cortlandt  Street.  Steam 
engines  and  boilers.     [See  also  3fachine  Works.) 

Handren  &  Ripley. — Albany  Street  Iron 
Works.  126  Washington  Street.  Steam  engines 
and  boilers. 

Farrell  Logan. — 55  Goerck  Street.  Boilers 
and  tanks. 

Murphy,  McCurdy  &  Warren.- — 27G  West 
and  74  Beach  Street.    St(!am  engines  and  boilers. 

Quintard  Iron  Works. — Avenue  D  and 
Eleventh  Street.  Murphy  &  Co.,  Proprietors. 
Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

D.  M.  Nichols. — 2  Gouverneur  Slip.  Boilers 
and  [)late-iron  work. 

New  York  Safety  Steam  Power  Co. — 30 
Cortlandt  Street.  G.  H.  Babcock,  President ; 
A.  G.  Nichols,  Secretary  ;  S.  Wilcox,  Treasurer. 
Engines,  boilers,  etc. 

G.  B.  Palmer  &  Co.— 19  New  Church  Street. 
Steam  engines. 


J.  Roach  &  Son. — Foot  of  East  Ninth  Street 
Steam  engines,  etc. 

G.  PiERREz. — 358  West  Street.    Boilers,  etc. 

H.  A.  RoDGERS. — East  River  Iron  Works.  33-1 
Front  and  384  South  Street.  Steam  engines, 
boilers.     [See  also  Mac! dne  Works.) 

Roper  Caloric  Engine  Co. — H.  A.  Sherrill, 
President ;  T.  Whitely,  Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
70  New  Church  Street. 

Wm.  D.  Russell. — 18  Paik  Place.  Baxter 
steam  engines. 

Root  Steam  Engine  Co. — R.  Lawrence,  Presi- 
dent ;  T.  C.  M.  Paton,  Treasurer.  Root  wrought- 
iron  sectional  safety  steam  boiler,  engines,  and 
pumps. 

Samuel  Secor  &  Son. — Foot  of  East  Twentieth 
Street.    Marine  engines. 

Slater  &  Ottara. — 239  West  Street.  Steam 
engines,  boilers,  tanks,  etc. 

Geo.  B.  Stetson. — 73  Pearl  Street.  Boilers. 

VuLCAJ^  Iron  Works. — W,  B.  Allen,  Manager. 
502  West  Street. 


Machine  Works  of  New  York  City. 

H.  B.  Adams. — 43  Centre  Street.  Heating 
machines. 

G.  D.  Adreance  &  Son. — Rear  45  Ann  Street. 
General  macliinery. 

T.  Allcroft. — 94  Fulton  Street.  Steam 
gauges. 

Geo.  Allen. — IGO  William  Street.  INIachin- 
ery. 

W.  B.  Allen  (Vulcan  Iron  Works).— 50G  West 
Street.     (»SV«  Enfjine  Jiuililers.) 

W.  Allewelt. — 777  Tenth  Avenue.  General 
machinery. 

J.  Alsop. — 342  West  Sixteenth  Street.  Gen- 
eral macliinery. 

Ajierican  Power  Press  Manufacturing  Co. 
— A.  Robertson,  President ;  J.  W.  Benuet,  Treas- 
urer ;  J.  Henry,  Secretary.  3G  Dey  Street. 
Printing  presses. 

Wm.'^D.  Andrews  &  Bro.— 414  Water  Street. 
[See  also  Steam  EiKjlne  Guilders.)  Centrifugal 
pumps  and  hoisting  machinery. 

L.  Ankell. — 45  Rose  Street. 

Arnold  Manufacturing  Co. — 336  West 
Twenty-first  Street.    Gas  burners. 

J.  Banks. — 157  West  Thirty-second  Street. 
Brewers'  machinery,  hop  presses. 

T.  Barber. — 13  Iloward  Sti'eet. 

A.  Bartholf. — 33  Gold  Street.  Saw-toothiug 
macliinery  and  shears. 

J.  Bassemir.— 97  Cliff  Street. 

C.  Becker. — 6  Varick  Street. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHTISrE  WORKS,  ETC. 


95 


Chas.  Beck. — 920  Sixth  Avenue.  Jobbing 
macliinery. 

P.  J.  Bender. — 59  Gold  Street.  Bottling  ma- 
chinery, presses,  dies,  etc. 

Behrens  Manufacturing  Co. — 23  Day  Street. 
General  machinery.  (*See  also  Steam  Engine 
Jjuilders. ) 

C.  Bergeron. — 128  Bleecker  Street. 

r.  Bernard. — 10  North  William  Street.  Jew- 
ellers' tools 

J.  N.  Blasi. — 54  West  Broadway.  Hoisting 
machinery. 

Jas.  Bogaedus. — White  aird  Elm  Streets.  Ec- 
centric mills  (patent.) 

BoissET,  P. — Bear  111  Greene  Street.  General 
machinery. 

S.  Booth.— 545  West  Thirty-fifth  Street.  Gen- 
eral machinery. 

Wm.  H.  Bowden. — 155  West  Twenty-ninth 
Street.    Engines  and  general  machinery. 

R.  Brady. — 631  Hudson  Street.    Presses,  etc. 

A.  &  F.  Brown. — 59  Lewis  Street.  Steam 
governors  and  gauges. 

E.  Brown. — 330  Delancey  Street.  Bivet  and 
eyelet  presses. 

Bkiner  Bros. — 301  East  Twenty-second  Street. 
Steel  shanks. 

BucHMAN  &  Co. — 39  Greene  Street.  Hatters' 
tools. 

J.  BiNSSoN. — 81  Wooster  Street.  Watch 
screws. 

J.  Burns. — 107  Warren  Street.  General  ma- 
chinery. 

L.  P.  Byrne.- — Rear  59  Ann  Street. 

Wm.  Cairns. — 2 1 1  Grand  Street. 

Wm.  H.  Carr. — ^136  Beade  Street.  Hot-air. 
engines  and  pumps. 

C.  M.  Chamberlain  &  Co.— 123  Worth  Street. 

J.  Case. — 414  East  Nineteenth  Street.  Vises, 
anvils,  etc. 

Cobanks  &  Theall. — Foot  of  Bethune  Street, 
North  River.  {See  also  Steam  Engine  JBuild- 
crs.)   General  machinery. 

Jas.  Coleman. — 25  Centre  Street. 

A.  CoNNELL.— 15  Spruce  Street.  Ink-grinding 
machinery. 

Cotton  &  Hewes. — 453  Water  Street. 

CoNovER  &  WooLEY. — 3G8  Canal  Street.  Grates 
and  fenders. 

R.  &  J.  Cross.- 414  West  Thirty-sixth  Street 
Silk  machinery. 

CoTTRELL  &  Babcock. — 8  Spruce  Street. 
Printing  presses. 

■  T.  CuRTiN  &  Co. — 91  Washington  Street. 
General  machinery. 

J.  H.  Darlington. — Centre  and  Franklin 
Streets.    General  machinery. 


Jules  Debeauvais. — 2  Howard  and  4  Centre 
Streets.  Presses,  rolls,  tools,  maccaroni  machi- 
nery, and  model  machinery. 

Degener  &  Weiler. — 328  Delancey  Street. 
Printing  presses. 

I.  Delcambre. — 218  Centre  Street.  General 
machinery. 

C.  H.  "Delamater.— Foot  of  West  Thirteenth 
Street.  Heavy  machinery.  (See  also  Steam  En- 
gine Jjidldcrs.) 

R.  Dillon. — Burling  Slip.    Cotton  presses. 

C.  DiLY. — 41  Greene  Street.  Model  machinery. 

M.  B.  Dodge. — ^19  Broad  Street.  Gold-mining 
machinery. 

P.  J.  Dowdall. — 52  West  Broadway.  Hoist- 
ing machinery,  ii-on  rolling  shutters,  screw  presses, 
trucks,  etc. 

R.  Duncan. — 231  Elizabeth  Street.  General. 

Duff  &  Keating. — 14  James  Slip.  General. 

John  T.  Dunkin. — 556  West  Twenty-seventh 
Street.    {See  also  Steam  Engine  Jjuilders.) 

Jas.  Dunseith. — 350  West  Forty-second  Street. 
General. 

C.  H.  Dwyer.— 31 3  East  Twenty-second  Street. 

Eiirenbebg  Bros. — 523  West  Forty-fifth 
Street.  Looms. 

Geo.  C,  Eiirsam. — 78  Elm  Street.  Engines  and 
fibre  machinery. 

T.  Emmerich. — 414  Bleecker  Street.  General. 

F.  Feiderlein. — 462  Tenth  Avenue.  Mash 
machinery. 

First  &  Prybil.— 465  West  Fortieth  Street. 
Band  saw  machines. 

L.  Frank.- — Franklin  and  Elm  Streets.  Gen- 
eral. 

C.  Forschner. — 41  Rivington  Street.  Gen- 
ei-al. 

Fy'fe  Bros.- — Metropolitan  Machine  Works. 
630  Forty-sixth  Street,  near  river.  General. 

Wm.  Gast. — 21  Ann  Street.  General. 

Goddard's  Burring  Machine  Works. — C.  L. 
Goddard.  3  Bowling  Green  and  301  East  Twenty- 
second  Street.    Burr  machines. 

Geo.  p.  Gordon. — 96  Fulton  Street.  Printing 
presses. 

D.  A.  Greene. — 326  Delancey  Street.  General. 
J.  P.  Gruber. — 3  Mott  Street.  Pneumatic 

machinery. 

J.  C.  Haefle. — 977  Third  Avenue.  Lifting 
jacks  and  general  machinery. 

C.  Hagen  &  Son. — White  and  Elm  Streets. 
General. 

H.  Haas. — 41  Greene  Street.  Piano  tools, 
dies,  punches,  etc. 

A.  Hancock. — Rear  4  Liberty  Place.  General. 

Geo.  W.  Harris. — 510  West  Twenty-fourth 
Street.    Fluting  machines. 


96 


DIKECTOKY  OF  OENEKAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


P.  Heine. — 25  Clinton  Street.  General. 

Herring  &  Floyd.- — Foot  of  West  Twentieth 
Street.  General. 

Geo.  L.  Henzel. — 314  West  Thirty-sixtli 
Street.  General. 

HiGGiNS  &  OsTRANDER. — 103  Watts  Street. 
General.    {See  Engmes.) 

F.  J.  Hill. — 211  Centre  Street.  General. 

G.  HiLiL.— 122  Hester  Street.  General. 

W.  HiLLMAN. — 251  William  Street.  Jeweller's 
tools. 

A.  Hiltenbrand. — 602  Ea.st  Sixteenth  Street. 
General. 

Holland  &  Cody. — G  Gold  Street.  Ratchet 
drills. 

HoHN  &  Zecker. — 545  Broome  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

R.  Hoe  &  Co.— 29  Gold  Street  and  504  Grand 
Street.  Printing  presses  and  saw.s.  400  hands 
employed.  Manvifacture  power  printing  presses 
for  all  parts  of  the  world. 

HoLSKE  Machine  Co. — 279  Cherry  Street. 
Specialty,  malt  machinery. 

H.  Homer. — 54  East  Broadway.  Screw  presses 
and  jewellers'  tools. 

Jos.  E.  HoppiN. — 146  Centre  Street.  General. 

Geo.  Hovey  &  Son. — 321  East  Twenty-second 
Street.    Copying  pi-esses,  hay  cutters. 

J.  Innes. — 453  West  Street.  Engines  and 
general  machinery. 

Geo.  Jefferys. — 13  Baxter  Street.  Engines 
and  buff  lathes,  ruling  machines,  clamps,  etc. 

P.  J.  Jennings. — 235  East  Forty-lir.st  Street. 
General. 

C.  Jordan. — 246  East  Houston  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

J.  Jungerman. — 155  West  Twenty-ninth  Street. 
Tools  and  agraffes. 

G.  Kammere. — Rear  of  214  William  Street. 
Model  machinery. 

L.  Katzenstein  &  Co. — Metallic  packing. 

J.  M.  D.  Keating.— 113  Walker  Street.  En- 
velope machines. 

M.  M.  Kelton  &  Co.— 95  Cliff  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

Tnos.  Kerr. — 1002  First  Avenue.  General. 
W.  KoDiscii. — 46  Ludlow  Street.  General. 
A.  KoMP. — 215  Centre  Street.     Presses  and 
eyelet  machinery. 

E.  KoRBiL. — 610  East  Eleventh  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

S.  R.  Krom.— 210  Eldridge  Street.  Ore-crush- 
ing machinery. 

A.  P.  Kurtz. — 39  Greene  Street.  Jewellers' 
machines  and  tools. 

F.  P.  Kurtz  &  Co.— 97  Cliff  Street.  Jewel- 
lers' machinery  and  tools. 


Laffan  &  Co. — 59  Ann  Street.  General. 
C.  Lang. — 447  West  Forty-fifth  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

A.  B.  Lawrence. — 38  Cortlandt  Street.  Gen- 
eral. V 

F.  Leiir. — 62  Chatham  Street.  Dies,  cuttcr.s, 
and  lathe  tools. 

A.  Leoniiardt. — Rear  104  Pitt  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

Geo.  Leib. — 97  Cliff  Street.    Jewellers'  tools. 
W.  A.  Lightall. — 5  Bowling  Green.  Steam 
condensers. 

Little  &  Hudner — 200  East  Twenty-second 
Street.  General. 

John  J.  Love. — 285  Monroe  Street.  General. 

K.  H.  LooMis.— 163  West  Thirty-fourth  Street. 
Engines  and  general  machinery. 

W.  Lyon. — 796  Warren  Street.  Machine 
tools. 

J.  &  W.  Lyall.— 37  Wooster  and  510  West 
Twenty-fourth  Sti-eet.  General. 

McAdams  &  Cartwright.— 113  Walker  Street. 
General. 

J.  McCoLLUM. — 41  Eldridge  Street.  General. 

A.  McFarlan. — 49  Ann  Street.  General. 

R.  A.  &  E.  B.  McIntosh.— 182  Lewis  Street. 
Oil  and  tobacco  presses. 

W.  McKenzie.— 532  West  Street.  General. 

W.  McPherson.— 326  West  Fortieth  Street. 
General. 

F.  Martin.— 427  West  Thirteenth  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

F.  Meyer. — Franklin,  near  Elm.  Model  ma- 
chiner3^ 

MiDDLETON  &  Ritchie. — 358  Pearl  Street. 
Genei'al. 

Morey  &  Sperry'. — 95  Liberty  Street.  INIow- 
ing  machinery. 

J.  Most. — White,  near  Elm  Street.  Litho- 
graphic presses. 

Nathan  &  Dreyfus. — 108  Liberty  Street. 
Lubricating  machinery. 

J.  North. — 520  West  Twenty-second  Street. 
Diamond  drills. 

J.  NoTHACKER. — 46  Eldridge  Street.  General. 

W.  NoYES. — 447  Broome  Street.  Damper 
regulators. 

Nutting  &  Githens.— 632  West  Forty-sixth 
Street.  General. 

O'Brien,  Hill  &  McMahon. — 45  Gold  Street. 
General. 

A.  Parks. — White,  near  Centre  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

L.  F.  Pernot.— 127  Worth  Street.  Jewellers' 
tools. 

Phillips  &  Calverley.— 444  Water  Street. 
General.    50  men. 


DIRECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACHESTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


97 


Pickering  &  Davis. — 44  Murray  Street. 
Steam  governors. 

J.  T.  &  it.  H.  Plass.— 204  East  Twenty-ninth 
Street.    Band  sawing  machines. 

C.  Platt.— 229  West  Fifteenth  Street.  Gen- 
eral. 

L.  W.  PoxD. — 98  Liberty  Street.  Machine 
tools. 

J.  Powers. — 438  East  Tenth  Street.  General. 

Prentice  &  McIntyre. — 427  West  Thirteenth 
Street.    Stone-dressing  machinery. 

J.  QuESNEL. — 118  Centre  Sti'eet.  General. 

M.  Rau. — 41  Centre  Street.  Envelope  and 
paper-collar  machinery. 

E.  Raw  &  Co.— Rear  of  120  William  Street. 
General. 

Reid&  KiNGHORN. — Franklin,  near  Elm  Street. 
General. 

Rae  &  Reid.— 452  West  Street.  Mill  machin- 
ery. 

P.  Reilly. — 59  Ann  Street.  General. 

G.  Reuther. — 125  Worth  Street.  General. 

H.  RiCHTER. — 113  Walker  Street.  General. 
W.  S.  Rowland. — White,  near  Centre  Street. 

General. 

J.  RusHWORTii. — 258  West  Twenty-eighth 
Street.  General. 

C.  St.  John. — Franklin,  near  Centre  Street. 
General. 

C.  Sandpord. — 53  Ann  Street.  General. 
A.  Schmidt  &  Bro. — 41  Centre  Street.  Steam 
gauges. 

C.  Schortau.— 39  Greene  Street.  Lathes, 
milling  and  gear-cutting  machinery. 

G.  Schramm. — Franklin,  near  Centre  Street. 
Model  machinery. 

Geo.  B.  Sharp.— 33  Gold  Street.  Steel  engrav- 
ers' plates. 

Sergeant  &  Cullingsworth.  —  382  Second 
Avenue.  General. 

A.  Shedlock. — White  and  Centre  Streets. 
Light  machinery. 

E.  R.  &  F.  W.  Sheridan.— 25  Centre  Street. 
Book-binders'  machinery. 

_  Minard  M.  Smith.— 46  Eldridge  Street.  En- 
gine dies  and  punches. 

Smith  &  Garvin. — 5  Hague  Street.  General 
machinery,  drills,  chucks,  etc. 

Smith  &  Sayre  Manufacturing  Co. — 95  Lib- 
erty Street.    Cupola  and  smelting  furnace. 

F.  Speiss. — White  and  Centre  Streets.  Brew- 
ers and  malt  machineiy. 

J.  Stainthorp. — 206  Broadway.  Paint  ma- 
chinery. 

Stalker,  Swift,  &  Stalker — 517  West 
Twenty-fifth  Street.  General. 


W.  Starrett. — White  and  Centre  Streets. 
General. 

Stevens  &  McLean. — 296  Monroe  Street/, 
General. 

E.  B.  Stimpson. — 100  Gold  Street.  General. 

V.  Stritsky — 271  Third  Street.  General. 

J.  W.  Thompson. — Twenty-fourth  Street  and 
Eleventh  Avenue.  General. 

Tice  Manufacturing  Co. — 491  First  Avenue. 
Water  meters. " 

A.  B.  Taylor  Printing  Press  and  Machine 
Co. — 1  Hague  Street.    Printing  presses. 

Todd  &  Rafferty  Machine  Co.— 10  Barclay 
Street.  General. 

TowLE  &  Unger  Manufacturing  Co. — 30 
Cortlandt  Street. 

J.  TowNSEND. — 182  Centre  Street.  Brass-fin- 
ishers' tools. 

J.  Unsoelt. — 530  Ninth  Avenue.  General. 

M.  Ueker. — 133  Norfolk  Street.  General. 

Van  Allen,  Gunn  &  Co. — Rear  of  59  Ann 
Street.    Model  machinery. 

A.  Van  Horn.— 818  Fifth  Street.  General. 

C.  Wagner.— 415  East  Twenty-fifth  Street, 
General. 

J.  F.  Werner. — 62  Centre  Street.  Model  ma- 
chinery. 

G.  &  N.  Westerhauser. — 215  Centre  Street. 
Dies  and  punches. 

Whitford  &  Corscaden. — 15  Vandewater 
Street.    Printing  presses. 

Geo.  W.  Wicks.— 125  Eldridge  Street.  Jew- 
ellers' tools.  * 

C.  WiEBKE.— Rear  of  159  West  Thirty-first 
Street.  General. 

Winter  &  Son. — 420  West  Twenty-nintli 
Street.    Band  and  scroll  sawing  machinery. 

Wolff  &Wetzlich. — 12  North  William  Street. 
General.  ^ 

O.  D.  &  E.  C.  Woodbury.— 103  East  Houston 
Street.    Light  machinery. 

WoRRALL  &  Co. — 28  Elm  Street.  Saws. 

C.  Wuterich. — White,  near  Elm  Street.  Con- 
fectioners' machinery. 

W.  F.  Wuterich. — Franklin,  near  Centre 
Street.    Fluting  machines,  etc. 

J.  ZuNDORFF. — 106  East  Houston.  Models 
and  spring  guns. 

G.  ZuRN. — 39  Greene  Street.  General  machin- 
ery. 

Machine  Tools   Manufacturers  and 
Manufacturers'  Agents. 

Ames  Manufacturing  Co. — E.  V.  Haughwout 
&  Co.,  Agents,  25  Park  Place.  General  machine 
tools.    Works,  Chicopcc,  Mass. 

W.  B.  Bement  &  Sons.— 95  and  97  Liberty 


m 


98 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  JVIACUmE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Street.  ludustrial  Works,  Philadelphia.  General 
machine  tools.    W.  L.  Chase  &  Co.,  Agents. 

Emjiett  &  Co. — 105  lleade  Street.  Hammers, 
Chrome  steel. 

FiTcHBURG  Machine  Co. — 91  Liberty.  En- 
gine lathes  and  machinists'  tools.  Works,  Fitch- 
burg,  Mass. 

Feasse  &  Co. — G2  Chatham  Street.  Machin- 
ists' tools. 

A.  M.  ^REELA^^).— 560  Wesf  Thirty-fourth 
Street.    Machinists'  tools. 

E.  Lyon. — 470  Grand  Street.  Hydraulic 
jacks. 

New  Haven  Manufacturing  Co. — Todd  & 
RafFerty,  Agents,  10  Barclay  Street.  Lathes, 
planers,  drills,  etc.    Works,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

New  York  Steam  Engine  Co. — 98  Chambers 
Street.  Geo.  Place,  President;  C.  A.  Cheever, 
Secretary ;  G.  Q.  Dow.  Works,  Passaic,  New 
Jersey.  Engines,  lathes,  planers,  bolt-cutters, 
upright  drills,  and  miscellaneous  wood  and  iron 
working  machinery,  cold  rolled  shafting,  belting, 
drills,  punches,  wrenches. 

John  A.  Newbold. — 121  Liberty  Street. 

C.  Place  &  Co. — CO  Vesey  Street.  Machine 
tools. 

Post  &  Goddard. — 98  Liberty  Street.  Agents 
for  New  York  Tap  and  Die  Co.,  Centrebrook  Man- 
ufacturing Co.,  Goddard  Emery  Wheel,  Essex 
Screw  Co.  General  machinery  and  railroad  sup- 
plies. 

L.  W.  Pond.— 98  Liberty  Street.  Lathes, 
planers,  drills,  and  gear  cutters,  Tafts'  punches 
and  shears.  A.  C.  Stebbins,  Agent.  Works, 
Worcester,  Mass. 

H.  A.  Rogers  &  Co. — 50  John  Street.  Ma- 
chinery tools  and  i-ailroad  supplies. 

A.  P.  &  M.  Stephens  &  Co.— 91  Liberty 
Street.    Vises.  ^ 

Stover  Machine  Co.^ — H.  D.  Stover.  115 
Liberty  Street.  Wood  working  machinery  and 
supplies.    Works,  Worcester. 

W.  D.  Taphouse.— 239  Ninth  Avenue.  Stone- 
cutters' tools. 

Warwick  Tool  Co.— Geo.  B.  Curtis.  76 
Chambers  Street.  Works,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Tools  and  light  machinery. 

Wood,  Light  &  Co. — 107  Liberty  Street. 
Works,  Worcester,  Mass.  Engines,  lathes,  slot- 
ting and  shaping  machines,  planers,  bolt-cutters, 
etc. 

Iron  Foundries  and  Architectural  Iron 
Works  of  New  York  City. 

W.  P.  Abenderoth. — Eleventh  Avenue  and 
Twenty-seventh  Street.  Eagle  Iron  and  Stove 
Works.    Also  at  Portchester. 


^tna  Iron  Works. — 104  Goerck  Street. 
Architectural  and  ornamental  iron  work  for 
buildings.    300  hands. 

W.  J.  &  C.  C.  Alexander. — 48  Wooster 
Street.    Builders'  iron  work. 

S.  B.  Althause  &  Co. — 144  Gi-eene  Street. 
Architectural  iron,  wroiight  iron  beams,  build- 
ings, corrugated  iron  roofs,  floors,  cornices,  par- 
titions, shutters,  doors,  and  general  cast-iron  work. 

Architectural  Iron  Works. — 624  East  Four- 
teenth Street.  D.  D.  Badger,  President;  N. 
Cheny,  Treasurer ;  C.  C.  Gordon,  Secretary.  Iron 
buildings,  doors,  and  shutters,  etc. 

A.  Ayres  &  Son. — 625  Tenth  Avenue.  Iron 
foundry,  railroad  castings. 

Ayres  &  McCandless. — 62  Bowery,  and  504 
West  Forty-fifth  Street.  Iron  foundry,  orna- 
mental castings.    75  hands. 

Bailey  &  Debevoise.  —  58  Park  Street. 
W]-ought  and  cast  iron  work,  fronts,  doors,  shut- 
ters, etc. 

Bagley  &  Parker. — 231  West  Nineteenth 
Street.    Iron  railings  and  builders'  work. 

G.  W.  Barnes. — Manhattan  Iron  Railing 
Woi'ks.  12  First  Street.  Iron  railings  and 
house  work. 

J.  Benedict. — 624  West  Forty-sixth  Street. 
Sash  weights  and  pipe. 

Sam'l  S.  Bent. — Globe  Iron  Foundry.  408 
East  Twenty-sixth  Street.  Stable  work,  spe- 
cialty. 

BoYCE  &  McIntire.— 706  East  Twelfth  Street. 
Atlantic  Iron  Foundry.    General  castings. 

J.  J.  Bowes  &  Bro.— 242  West  Twenty-ninth 
Street.    General  ironwork. 

Beebe  &  Redman. — 413  East  Fifty-third 
Street.    Wrought-iron  shutters. 

Braid  Bros.— 417  East  Tweuty-fifth  Street. 
Iron  foundry,  piano-forte  plates,  machine  cast- 
ings. 

A.  Brady. — 39  Greene  Street.  Plumbers'  iron 
work. 

Burnet,  Jackson  &  Co. — Excelsior  Iron 
Works.  Foot  of  Fourteenth  Street,  East  River. 
Iron  buildings,  roofs,  stairs,  etc. 

CoLWELL  &  Brother. — Foot  of  West  Twenty- 
seventli  Street.    Iron  foundry. 

Composite  Iron  Works  Co. — 109  Mercer 
Street.  Works,  Greenpoint.  Iron  railings, 
gates,  furniture,  stable  fittings,  etc.,  etc. 

L.  V.  CoNOVER. — 336  East  Thirty-ninth  Street. 
Sewing-machine  castings. 

Cook  &  Radley. — 218  East  Thirty-seventh 
Street.  Murray  Hill  Iron  Works.  Builders' 
castings,  malt-kiln  floors. 

F.  Cook.— 122  West  Thirty-fifth  Street.  Build- 
ers' iron  work. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACmNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


99 


J.  B.  &  J.  M.  Cornell.— 141  Centre  and  526 
West  Twenty-sixth  Street.  Iron  buildings,  pat- 
ented mansard  iron  roofs,  doors,  etc. 

James  Cummings.  Columbian  Foundry. — 
45  Duane  Street.    Iron  foundry. 

Day  &  Nichols. — 1.99  Wooster  Street.  Build- 
ers' work. 

J.  Davenport  &  Co. — 1  Barclay  Street  and 
953  Third  AvenuO.    Scales  and  iron  foundry. 

K  Deeley  &  Co.— 507  West  Thirty-second 
Street.     Sugar-house  work. 

C.  H.  Delamater. — Foot  of  West  Thirteenth 
Street.    Iron  foundiy. 

J.  G.  DiMONU.— 209  West  Thirty-second  Street. 
General  iron  work.    75  hands. 

Dougherty  &  Broome. — 145  Bank  Street. 
Architectural  work.    50  hands  employed. 

J.  W.  Fiske. — 99  Chambers  Street.  Ornamen- 
tal iron  work. 

Fox  &  Walther.— 517  West  Thirty-fourth 
Street.    Iron  foundry. 

W.  Ferguson. — Sash  weights. 

A.  Freutel  &  Son. — 147  Elm  Street.  General 
castings. 

W.  J.  Fryer,  Jr. — 90  Centre  Street.  General 
castings. 

Gilmartin  &  Thompson. — 50  Park  Street.  Gen- 
eral castings. 

J.  F.  J.  Gunning. — Railings  and  castings. 

C.  B.  Harvey. — 1287  Broadway.  General 
castings. 

Herring  &  Floyd.— 742  Greenwich  Street. 
Oregon  Iron  Foundry.  Safes  and  gas-works  cast- 
ings. 

Heuvelman,  Haven  &  Co. — 77  Liberty  Sti-eet. 

HiTCHiNS  &  Co. — 153  Crosby  Street.  Green- 
house work. 

E.  H.  Hoagland. — Foot  of  East  One  Hundred 
and  Eighteenth  Street.    General  castings. 

Jas.  L.  Jackson  &  Bro. — East  Twenty-eighth 
Street  and  Second  Avenue.  Iron  fronts,  and 
every  description  of  ii'on  work. 

Janes  &  Kirtland. — 12  Eeade  Street.  Orna- 
mental work.    Foundry,  MoiTisania. 
•    Lynn  &  Avery. — 488  Water  Street.  General 
castings. 

McKinley  &  Smack. — Clinton  Iron  Foundry. 
502  Water  Street.    Building  work. 

L.  Morgan  &  Son.— G50  East  Twelfth  Street. 
50  hands.    General  castings. 

J.  L.  MoTT  Ironworks. — 90  Beekman  Street. 
[See  Stove  3faniifacturers.) 

Murphy  &  Co. — Quintard  Iron  Works.  741 
East  Eleventh  Street. 

National  Stove  Works. — 239  Water  Street. 
W.  Sanford,  President ;  J.  Truslow,  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;    S.  S.  Utter,    Secretary  and  Treasurer. 


Works,  Peekskill.  (See  Stove  Manufacturers  of 
New  Y'ork.) 

NicHOLL  &  Billerwell. — 224  West  Houston 
Street.    Hammersley  Foundry.    Building  works. 

NoYES  &  Wine. — 44  Centre  Street. 

J.  O'Donnell. — 518  East  Sixteenth  Street. 

Oriental  and  American  Stove  Works. — 
Perry  &  Co.  G6  Beekman  Street.  Foundry, 
Albany.  [See  Stove  3Ianufacturers  of  New 
York.) 

Paulding,  Kemble  &  Co.— West  Point  Foun- 
dry.   30  Broadway. 

Peffsers  &  Garrash. — G8  East  Eighty-fifth 
Street. 

Bamapo  Wheel  and  Foundry  Co.- — 24  Broad- 
way.    (See  Gar  W/i eel  Works.) 

J.  Roach  &  Sons. — Morgan  Iron  Works. 
Foot  of  East  Ninth  Street.  [See  Engine  Huild- 
ers  and  Ship  Yards.) 

Jas.  Richards. — Greenwich  Iron  Fovindry. 
145  Perry  Street.    Builders'  work. 

F.  R.  Sanders. — 430  East  Nineteenth  Street. 
Buildings.     100  hands. 

John  Savery's  Sons. — 97  Beekman  Street. 
(See  Stove  Manufacturers  of  New  York.) 

J.  W.  Shay.— 488  Water  Street.    Ship  work^ 

G.  G.  Smith  &  Co.— 342  Pearl  Street. 
Joseph  Taylor. — 313  West  Forty-first  Street. 

General  castings. 

D.  L.  Tower. —  20  Cortlandt  Street.  General 
castings. 

Watson  k  Delapierre. — 4  Benson  Street- 
Building  work. 

W.  H.  Wells  &  Co.— Eckford  Iron  Works. 
110  Cannon  Street.    Ship  work. 

M.  M.  White  &  Co.— 545  West  Thirty-third 
Street.  Car  and  track  castings.  100  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Warrall  &  Co. — 28  Elm  Street.  General 
castings. 

Agricultural  Implement  Manufac- 
turers. 

Adriance,  Platt  k  Co. — 165  Greenwich  Street. 
Buckeye  Mower  and  Reaper. 

R.  H.  Allen  k  Co.— 191  Water  Street.  Works, 
Brooklyn.     150  hands. 

Ames  Plow  Co. — 53  Beekman  Street. 

Baker  k  Hamilton. — 88  Wall  Street. 

Carr  &  Hobson. — 56  Beekman  Street. 

Clipper  Mower  and  PvEAPer  Co. — 143  Cham- 
bers Street. 

Collins  k  Co. — 212  Water  Street,  Cast-steel 
plows. 

S.  G.  Corlies. — 6  Park  Place. 
L.  B.  CoxE.— 197  Water  Street. 


100 


DIRECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


J.  T.  Goodwin.— 31  Fulton  Street. 
C.  D.  Graham.— 88  Wall  Street. 
H.  B.  Griffin. — 60  Cortlaudt  Street. 
H.  0.  HoDGDON.— 100  Wall  Street. 
Geo.  Hovey  &  Son. — 323  East  Twenty-second 
Street. 

J.  B.  Hudson  &  Co. — 51  Cortlandt  Street. 

John  Moore. — 193  Front  Street.  Plows. 

Nash  &  Brother. — 110  Liberty  Street. 

New  York  Plow  Co. — 77  Beekman  Street. 

Peekskill  Plow  Co. — 77  Beekman  Street. 

S.  F.  QuiNBY. — 165  Pearl  Street. 

R  C.  Reeves.— 185  Water  Street. 

E.  Sause. — 159  Bank  Street. 

Sheble  &  Fisher. — 79  Chambers  Street. 

Tubular  Barrow  and  Truck  Manufacturing 
Co.— 266  West  Street. 

Universal  Mower  and  Eeaper  Co. — 91  Lib- 
erty Street. 

W.  A.  Wood. — Mowing  and  Reaping  Machine 
Co.    30  Cortlandt  Street. 


Bolts,   Nuts,   Washers,    and  Screw- 
Manufacturers  and  Agents. 

^TNA  Nut  Co.— 97  Chambers  Street.  C.  L. 
Campbell,  Agent. 

O.  Ahlstrom. — 313  East  Twenty-second  Street. 
Bolts. 

B.  H.  Bradley.— 713  East  Twelfth  Street. 
Screw  bolts. 

A.  Bridges. — 46  Cortlandt  Street.  Bolts. 
H.  D.  Boss.— 22  Cliff  Street.     Bolts,  washers, 
lag  screws. 

D.  Carpenter.— 402  Water  Street.  Hot- 
pressed  nuts. 

J.  Cochrane.— New  York  Screw  Bolt  Works. 
151  Avenue  D. 

Continental  Screw  Co. — 74  John  Street. 

DisoswAY  &  Grundy. — 82  John  Street.  Bolts 
and  rivets. 

C.  Ducreux. — 93  Elizabeth  Street. 

L.  Enders. — 62  Chatham  Street.  Screws. 

Samuel  Hall's  Son  &  Co.— 229  West  Tenth 
Street.  Screw  bolts,  and  Doyle's  patent  difieren- 
tial  pulley  blocks. 

O.  W.  Leonard. — 25  John  Street.  Agent 
American  Bolt  Company. 

A.  Field  &  Co. — 47  John  Street.  Agents  for 
raanufacturers. 

Fuller,  Lord  &  Co.— 139  Greenwich  Street. 
Bolts,  nuts,  washers. 

Lock,  Nut,  and  Bolt  Co. — 61  Broadway. 

R.  S.  Place  &  Co.— 499  Water  Street.  Bolts. 

Philipsburg  Manufacturing  Co. — 93  Liberty 
Street.    J.  W.  Gaskell.  Agent. 


Rylance  &  Gaskell. — 433  East  Twenty-fifth 
Street.    Screw  bolts. 

Union  Nut  Co. — 78  Beekman  Street.  Works, 
Unionville,  Conn. 

Van  Rensselaer  &  Moore. — Wilmington  Bolt 
and  Nut  Works.     104  John  Street, 

Geo.  B.  Walbridge. — 55  Chambers  StreeL 
Manufacturers'  agent. 

Niagara  Falls,  Niagara  County. 
W.  Landreth.— Iron  foundry. 

North  Jjloomfield,  Livingston  County, 
J.  Brown. — Iron  foundry. 

Norwich,  Chenango  County. 
S.  L.  Avery. — Scales. 

Thompson  &  Co. — Saw-mill  machinery  and 
iron  foundry. 

W.  C.  Rodgers. — Iron  foundry. 
H.  Thompson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Nunda,  Livingston  County. 

Carter  &  Crozier. — Agricultural  implements. 
Gibbs,  Russell  &  Sterrett. — Steam  engines 
and  iron  foundry. 

Nyack,  Rockland  County. 
Magee  &  St.  Pierre. — Boilers. 

OaTtJield,  Genesee  County. 
H.  WiARD. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Oakhill,  Greene  County. 
Cherritree  Bros. — Hardware  and  malleable 
iron  works. 

Oak  Hill  Manufacturing  Co. — W.  Paddock, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer.  Iron  foundry  and 
malleable  iron. 

Livingston  &  Cherritree  Manufacturing 
Co. — Also  at  Johnstown,  N.  Y.    Saws  and  Files. 

Ogdenshurgh,  St.  Lawrence  County. 
W.  B.  Allen  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  C.  Alden. — Saw  and  shingle  machinery. 
G.  Curtis. — Plows  and  agricultural  machinery. 
Birdsall  &  Strobridge. — Threshing  machin- 
ery. 

John  Glass. — Saw-mill  machinery. 
C.  Morceau.— Machinery  and  boilers. 

Clean,  Cattaraugus  County. 
J.  Cass  k  Son.— Rakes. 
G.  Chamberlain. — Stump  machinery. 
Myrick  Bros.  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  boil- 
ers. 

Oneida,  Madison  County. 
Oneida  Community.- — Steel  traps,  jack  screws, 
and  iron  foundry. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACUINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


101 


Oneonta,  Otsego  County. 

Ford  Bros. — Iron  fouudry  and  machinery. 
(Oneonta  Agricultural  Works.) 

Oneonta  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Strait  &  Quackenbush,  Proprietors.  Steam  en- 
gines, plows,  etc. 

F.  Culver. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty,  plows. 

Ontario,  Wayne  County, 
R.  Mack.— Plows. 

G.  Parnell. — Feed  cutters,  etc. 

Oriskany,  Oneida  County. 
Ballard  &  Griggs. — Iron  foundry. 

Ossinning,  Westchester  County. 
United  States  Railroad  Screw  Spike  Co. 

Oswego,  Oswego  County. 
Ames  Iron  Works. — H.  M.  Ames,  Proprietor. 
Steam  engines. 

J.  King  &  Co. — Machinery. 
New  York  and  Oswego  Midland  Railroad  ma- 
chine shop. 

D.  B.  Waterman.  — Machinery. 
Excelsior  Pump  Factory. — P.   T.  Perkins. 
Iron  pumps. 

Otto,  Cattaraugus  County. 
D.  Carter. — Iron  foundiy. 
R.  Dewey. — Agricultural  implements. 

Ovid,  Seneca  County. 

H.  Osgood. — Machinery. 
N.  Seeley. — Axes. 

Owego,  Tioga  County. 
Bristol  Iron  Works. — W.  H.  Bristol,  Pro- 
prietor.   General  machinery  and  iron  bridges. 
B.  C.  Springsteen. — Machinery. 
H.  W.  Camp. — Iron  foundry. 

Oxford,  Chenango  County. 
J.  M.  Edwards. — Iron  foundry. 
Oxford  Hoe  and  Edge  Tool  Co. — Martin  & 
Co.,  Proprietors.    Hoes  and  tools. 

Painted  Post,  Steuben  County. 
A.  Weston  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

Palmyra,  Wayne  County. 
J.  Allen,  Jr. — Agricultural  implements. 
Jones  Manufacturing  Co. — Printing  presses. 
90  hands. 

J.  Foster. — Drills. 

Palitine  Bridge,  Montgomery  County. 
W.  C.  Orcutt. — Iron  foundry. 

Parishville,  St.  Lawrence  County. 
D.  Fletcher. — Iron  foundry. 


Parma,  Monroe  County. 
D.  W.  Martin. — Plows. 

Pawling,  Dutchess  County. 
W.  F.  Faber. — Agricultural  implements, 

Peekskill,  Westchester  County.   {See  Stove  Man- 
ufacturers of  New  York.) 
Anderson  Bros. — Machinery. 
Montrose,  Lent  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  T.  Ormston  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Peekskill  Manufacturing  Co. — Agricultural 
implements. 

Peekskill  Plow  Works. — New  York  office, 
77  Beekman  Street. 

Decatur   &    Coxe. — Agricultural  hardware. 
New  York,  197  Water  Street. 

W.  Shelly. — Hollow-ware,  cutlery,  etc. 

Pen  Tan,  Yates  County. 
BiRDSALL  &  Strobridge. — Threshing  machin- 
ery. 

J.  Whittaker  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Yates  County  Agricultural  Works. — Agri- 
cultural machinery. 

Perth,  Fulton  County. 
J.  Stairs. — Iron  foundry. 

Phelps,  Ontario  County. 
Babcock  &  Miller. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
^ichinery. 

A.  Titus  &  Son. — Steam  engines  and  machin- 
ery. 

Philmont,  Columbia  County. 
J.  F.  Ellsworth  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Phosnix,  Oswego  County. 
Empire  Iron  Works. — T.  G.  Morse  &  Co. 
— General  iron  work. 

Pittstown,  Rensselaer  County. 
H.  J.  Herrington  &  Co. — Mowing  machines. 

Plattshurgh,  Clinton  County. 

Brown  &  Ligner. — Forge  and  bloomery. 
Hartwell  &  Myers. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Nichols,  Hull  &  Co. — Foi-ge  and  bloomery. 
P.  Trombly. — Forge  and  bloomery. 

Plattekill,  Ulster  County. 
Chas.  Frost. — Axes,  etc. 

Poland,  Herkimer  County, 
A.  Stillman. — Machinery. 
Tbask  &  Son. — Axes. 


102 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GET!fEEAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Port  Byron,  Cayuga  County. 
CoETWuiGnT,  Stevens  &  Co. — Mowing  ma- 
chines. 

C.  Clow  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 
H.  13.  White. — Machiueiy. 

Portchester,  Westchester  County. 

Abendroth  Bros. — Plate  iron,  hollow-wai-e. 
109  Beekmau  Street. 

Russell,  Burdsell  &  Ward. — Screws  anti 
bolts. 

C.  Trump. — Machinery. 
J.  Wilcox. — Tools. 

Port  Jackson,  Montgomery  County. 
Ward,  Perkins  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Port  Jervis,  Orange  County. 
Ray  &  Co. — Machinery. 

St.  John  &  Melvin. — Iron  foundry  and  mal- 
leable iron. 

Port  Pichmond,  Pichmoncl  County. 

F.  Standring  &  Sons. — Weavers'  irons,  cards, 
etc. 

Potsdam,  St.  Laiorence  County. 
C.  D.  Putnam. — Cutlery. 

PoughJceepsie,  Dutchess  County. 
Adriance,  Platt  &  Co. — Buckeye  Mower  and 
Reaper,  and  agrioiltural  implements.    New  York 
office,  165  Greenwich  Street.     IGO  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Albertson  k  Co. — Edge  tools. 
J.  L.  DiSBROW. — Agricultural  implements. 
Jas.  H.  Dudley. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  FoRSTER. — Machinery. 
Gale  &  Spencer. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  H.  Sedgwick  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

A.  &  E.  H.  Sedgwick.— Iron  foundry  and  ag- 
ricultural implements. 
H.  Tricket. — Cutlery. 

Van  Anden  Rail  Chair  Co. — W.  Van  An- 
den,  President;  G.  D.  Hull,  Secretary;  J.  M.  B. 
Silliman,  Treasurer. 

WiLBER  Eureka  Mower  and  Reaper  Manu- 
facturing Co. — Mowing  machines. 

Pulaski,  Oswego  County. 
Fisher  &  Ling. — Machinery. 

Ramapo,  Rockland  County. 
Ramapo  Wheel  and  Foundry  Co. — George 
Coffing,  President;    George  Church,  Treasurer. 
New  York,  24  Broadway.      {See    Car  Wheel 
Works!) 


Remsen,  Oneida  County. 
J.  R.  Ellis. — Iron  foundry  and  machineiy. 

Rcnsselaerville,  Albany  County. 
Fritz  &  Tiffany. — Iron  foiindry. 
P.  Holmes. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Rhincheck,  Dutchess  County. 

Marquet  &  Hainer. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 

Union  Steel  and  Iron  Works. — C.  B.  Morse 
k,  J.  A.  Bennett,  Proprietors.  Morse's  patent 
tubular  steel,  cast  steel,  etc.  New  York,  4  Dey 
Street. 

Riga,  Monroe  County. 
S.  W,  Bushnell. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

Rochester,  Monroe  Count}/.    {See  Stove  Manu- 
facturers of  New  York.) 

D.  R.  Burton  &  Co. — Carpenters'  tools. 
A.  Belden.— Plows. 

H.  Beidscheim. — Machinery. 
H.  Belding. — Scroll-saw  machinery. 
James   Brayley,  Rochester  Agricultural 
Works. 

M.  Briggs  &  Son. — Safes  and  locks,  iron  rail- 
ings, Burckmau  &  Sons'  safes. 

J.  K.  Burke. — Machinery. 

F.  S.  Brettels  &  Son. — Machinery. 

W.  H.  Cheney. — Iron  foundr)\ 

Court  Street  Foundry.— N.  H.  Galusha, 
Proprietor.    Iron  foundry. 

CoNNELL,  Gleason  &  Graham—TooIs  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Dougherty  &  Dorse  v.— Barrel  and  shingle 
machinery. 

J.  &  E.  Evans.— Planes. 

Emerson  &  Elliott. — Machinery. 

Erdle  &  Cliver. — Mill  machinery. 

J.  Hunt  k  Co. — Saws.    50  hands. 

J.  Greenwood  k  Co. — Barrel  machinery.  30 
hands. 

A.  GoMMENGiNGER  k  Co. — Iron  roofs,  furnaces, 
etc. 

Glenn  k  Hall  Manufacturing  Co. — Thresh- 
ing machinery.    30  men. 

L.  S.  Graves. — Boot  and  shoe  machinery. 
Huntingdon  &  Laverty. — Shoe  dies. 
C.  S.  Hall. — Agricultural  implements. 
Hamilton  &  McNeal. — Printing  presses. 
J.  A.  Hubbard. — Agricultural  implements. 
C.  HoRTON.— Edge  tools. 
J.  Irwin. — -Files. 

E.  Jones  k  Son. — Iron  foundry.    40  hands. 
J.  J UDSON. — Patent  steam  governors  and  valves. 

GO  hands. 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENEEAL  MACniNE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


103 


Kingsbury  &  Davis. — Machinery. 

KiDD  Foundry  &  Steam  Engine  Manufac- 
turing Co. — Wm.  Kidd,  President ;  J.  Terry, 
Secretary.  Steam  engines  and  iron  foundry.  40 
hands. 

H.  Lampert. — Saws. 

Mason  &  Pierce. — -Machinery. 

F.  P.  Michel.— Tools. 

Otis  Iron  Works. — Machinery. 

Thos.  G.  Palmer. — Ornamental  iron. 

E.ICKER  &  Bainbridge. — Machinery. 

Picker  &  Gill. — Machinery. 

Rochester  Axle  Co. — Foster,  Klein  &  Co., 
Proprietors.  Axles. 

PocHESTER  Wood  Tool  Co. — C.  R.  Tompkins. 
Wood-working  machinery.    60  hands. 

Rochester  Screw  Manufacturing  Co. — Steel 
and  iron  machine  screws. 

J.  &  S.  Snow. — Wire  cloth. 

Stott  Bros. — Files. 

Sargent  &  Greenleaf. — Locks.    40  hands. 
W.  Teal. — Machinery. 
J.  Telford. — Machinery. 

G.  G.  Townsend. — Shoe  tools. 
Weaver  &  Hemingway. — Iron  foundry. 
Woodbury,  Booth  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and 

boilers.    100  hands. 

Home,  Oneida  County. 

Rome  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — S. 
Adams  &  Son,  Proprietors.  Machinery,  turbine 
wheels,  etc.    75  hands. 

J.  P.  Davison  &  Son. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Dean  Bros. — Machinery. 
Van  Brockland  &  Aland. — Iron  foundry  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Hondouf,  Ulster  County. 
RoNDouT  Iron  Works. — Dillon  &  McEntee, 
Proprietors.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Rushford,  Allegheny  County. 
White  &  Blanchard. — Iron  foundry. 

Sag  Harbor,  Suffolk  County. 
J.  FoRDHAM. — Machinery. 

Salem,  Washington  County. 
W.  Maxwell. — Agricultural  implements. 

St.  Johnsville,  Montgomery  County. 
M.  Williams. — Agricultural  implements. 

Sandy  Sill,  Washington  County. 
S.  Doolittle.— Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 
J.  Cornell  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  machin- 
ery. 

N.  W.  HoLBKOOK. — Machinery. 


G.  A.  Prescott. — Edge  tools,  pruning  shears, 
etc. 

Washington  Mowing  Machine  Co. — L.  Mow- 
ry.  Agent.  Steam  engines,  mowing  machines, 
saw  mills,  etc, 

Saratoga  Springs,  Saratoga  County. 
R.  Warriner. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Schenectady,  Schenectady  County. 
Barhyat  &  Greenhalgh. — Car  springs. 
J.  CosGROVE. — Nails. 

Case,  Levy  &  Co. — -Locomotive  spark  catchers. 

Clute  &  Bro. — Steam  engines. 

Sanford,  Near  &  Clute. — Hollow-ware. 

Schenectady  Locomotive  Works. — {See  Lo- 
comotive Worlcs.) 

Schenectady  Forge  and  Iron  Co. — F.  C. 
Beck  with,  President.  Heavy  forgings,  railroad 
work,  and  patent  anchors. 

Yan  Patten  &  Eggleston. — Broom  machines. 

G.  Westinghouse  &  Co. — Schenectady  Agri- 
cultural Works.    Agricultural  implements. 

SchaghticoJce,  Rensselaer  County. 
W.  W.  Bryan. — Agricultural  implements. 
ViALL,   Grant   &   Co. — ^Agi-icultural  imple- 
ments. 

Schuylerville,  Saratoga  County. 
Craw  &  Dennis. — Agricultural  implements. 

Scottshurgh,  Livingston  County. 
J.  McWinch. — Iron  foundry. 
T.  Traxler. — Machinery. 

Seneca  Falls,  Seneca  County. 

Cowing  &  Co. — Fire  engines  and  pumps.  New 
York,  78  Chambers  Street.    200  hands. 

IsLANT)  Works. — Silsby  Manufacturing  Co. 
Rotary  steam  fire  engines,  pumps,  etc.  150 
hands  employed. 

Rumsey  &  Co. — Fire  engines,  pumps,  and 
bells.  New  York,  55  Beekman  Street.  150 
hands. 

W.  Lewis. — Iron  foundry. 
GjpuLDs  Manufacturing  Co. — Pumps,  corn- 
shellers,  etc. 

Sharon  Springs,  Scoharie  County. 

G.  W.  Fox. — Iron  foundry. 

Sherb^irne,  Shenango  County. 
L.  D.  Burch. — Iron  foundry  and  plows. 

H.  S.  Hinckley. — Agricultural  implements. 

Silver  CreeA;  Chataiiqua  County. 
Howes,  Babcock  &  Co. — Smut  machinery  and 
iron  foundry. 

Huntley  &  Holcomb. — Water-wheels. 


104 


DIRECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACIIIKE  WORKS,  ETC. 


McNeal  it  HuYCK. — Smut  macliinery  and 
mill  picks. 

Sing  Sing,  Westchester  County. 

Arcade  File  Works. — C.  T.  Draper  &  Co. 
Files.  GO  hands.  New  York,  31  Beekman 
Street. 

E.  Q.  Blakeslee  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  New 
York  office,  179  Grand  Street. 
S.  G.  Howe  &  Co.— Files. 
J.  Y.  Johnson, — Files. 

Smithsboro,  Tioga  County 
C.  Farnham. — Edge  tools. 

Sodiis,  Wayne  County. 
Granger  &  Co. — Fanning  mills. 
Shaver  &  Coats. — Agricultural  implements. 

South  Corinth,  Saratoga  County. 
Prentice  &  Co. — Bolts  and  nuts. 

South  Valley,  Otsego  County. 
W.  H.  Dailey. — Agricultural  implements. 
E.  Griffi^'. — Agricultural  implements. 

Spring  Valley,  Rockland  County. 
Slinn  File  Manufacturing  Co. — Jas  Slinn, 
Treasurer.  Files. 

Springwater,  Livingston  County. 
C.  Brewer. — Iron  foundry. 
N.  A.  Kellogg. — Agricultural  implements  and 
scythes. 

Spuyten  Duyvil,  Westchester  County. 
J.  G.  Johnson. — Iron  foundry. 

Stamford,  Delaware  County. 
S.  Rogers. — Iron  foundry  and  axles. 

Sterling,  Cayuga  County. 
Stubgis  &  Casey. — Agricultural  implements. 

Stockhridge,  Madison  CovMty. 
Stringer,  Babr  &  Co. — Plows. 

'Stockport,  Columbia  County. 
P.  Phillips. — Machinery. 
Empire  Loom  Works. — R  Reynolds.  Looms. 

Stuyvesant,  Columbia  County. 
T.  W.  GiBBS  &  Co.— Iron  foundry. 

Svfferns,  Rockland  County. 
R.  Blauvelt. — Iron  foundry. 

Syracuse,  Onondaga  County. 
Alexander  Iron  Works. — Alexander,  Brad- 
ley &  Dunning.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Armstrong  &  Maltbie. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  C.  Bradley  &  Son. — Mowing  machines. 


PiiCENix  Iron  Foundry. — Cobb,  Herrick,*  and 
Co.    Boiler  makers. 

B.  Cosgriff. — Machinery. 
Edmonds,  Rothery  &  Smith. — Files. 

D.  Williams.— Locomotive  cranks. 
Ford,  Smith  &  Co. — Iron  railings. 
Featherly  &  Marsh. — General  iron  works, 

E.  HiNMAN. — Iron  foundry. 

Hubbard  Mower  Co. — Mowing  machines. 
H.  Pearson. — Files. 

Porter  &  Luther. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

A.  C.  Powell  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Sweet  Manufacturing  Co. — Steel  tires, 
springs,  crowbars,  etc. 

Sweet,  Barnes  &  Co. — Reapers,  mowing  ma- 
chines, etc. 

Syracuse  Bolt  Works. — J.  H.  Fiesinger. 
Bolts. 

ScHCENECK  &  Leupold. — Fancy  iron  works. 
Williams  Mower  and  Reaper  Co. — Mowers 
and  reapers. 

A.  Weeks. — Machinery. 

Tarrytown,  Westchester  County. 

C.  Brombacher. — Tools. 

B.  F.  CoiiNELL. — Iron  foundry. 

Theresa,  tfefferson  County. 
Ryther  &  CoRNWELL. — Iron  foundry. 

Throopsville,  Cayuga  County. 
H.  Lewis  &  Sons. — Carriage  springs, 

Ticonderoga,  Essex  County. 
Porter,  Truman  &  Co. — Ii-on  foundry. 

Tonawanda,  Erie  County. 
S.  A.  VanBrocklin. — Machinery. 
VicKERS  &  HicKLE. — Machinery. 

Trenton,  Oneida  County. 
Trenton  Iron  Works. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, and  iron  foimdry. 

Troy,  Rensselaer  County.  {See  Stove  Manufac- 
turers of  Ifew  York.) 

Albany  &  Vermont  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

H.  O.  Broughton. — Files. 

Nutting,  Hall  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments and  wire  cloth. 

R.  R.  Osgood. — Dredging  machinery. 

Planters  Hoe  Company. — Hoe  works.  Eagle 
Mills. 

J.  Richardson. — Iron  foundry, 

Geo.  Richardson  &  Co. — Patent  safety  valves. 

Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  R.  R.  machine  shop. 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENEEAL  MACHIlSrE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


105 


Staebuck  Bkos. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  and 
machinery. 

Franklin  Iron  Works. — T.  S.  Sutherland. 
Boilers  and  iron  foundry. 

W.  A  Wood  Reaping  &  Mowing  Machine 
Co. — Works,  Hoosiek  Falls. 

Tompkins,  Clark  &  Co. — Reaping  and  knitting 
machines. 

Torrance  &  Merriam. — Malleable-iron  works. 
Troy  &  Greenbush  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Troy  &  Boston  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Valence  &  McCune. — Butts. 
Wager  &  Fales. — Iron  foundry. 
L.  S.  Bunnell. — Machinery. 

A.  &  G.  H.  Wheeler.— Files. 

Trumansburffh,  Tompkins  County. 
Gregg,  Haswell  &  Co. — Mowers  and  agricul- 
tural machinery. 

Updike  &  Ramsey.— Iron  foundry,  plows. 
AuBLE,  ToBEY&  CooPER. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

Turin,  Lewis  County. 
R.  T.  Church. — Machinery. 
R.  Ray. — Iron  foundry. 

Unadilla,  Otsego  Cownty. 

H.  K.  Thurber. — Iron  foundry. 

Union,  Uroome  County. 
P.  M.  Badger. — Iron  foundry. 
H.  Day  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Union  Springs,  Cayuga  County. 
Cayuga    Lake    Bending    Works. — C.  H. 
Adams. 

W.  &  H.  H.  McFaeland. — Agricultural  im- 
plements. 

TTtica,  Oneida  Cownty. 
G.  Alland. — Files. 
M.  Allan. — Machinery. 

B.  T.  Babitt. — Pumps  and  engines.  Works  at 
Whitesboro. 

M.  Childs  &  Co. — Mowers  and  reapers. 

P.  S.  Curtis. — Iron  foundry  and  boilers. 

L.  Dean. — Iron  foundry. 

W.  Dent,  Utica  Novelty  Works. — Light 
machinery. 

Franklin  Iron  Works. — Iron  foundry. 

Hawley  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Hart  &  Munson. — Iron  foundry. 

T.  Hollingsworth. — Pumps. 

Jones,  Faulkner  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and 
boilers. 

J.  Lewis  &  Bro. — Cutlery. 

Phosnix  Iron  Works. — C.  Palmer  &  Sons. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

A.  H.  Simpson  &  Co. — Saws. 
n 


Utica  Steam  Engine  Co. — Portable  engines, 
machinery,  etc. 

Utica  Steam  Gauge  Co. — E.  A.  &  F.  G. 
Wood.  Gauges. 

Utica  &  Black  River  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Eagle  Furnace. — R.  Wheeler.    Iron  foundry. 

Wood  &  Mann  Steam  Engine  Co. — N.  Y. 
office,  42  Cortlandt,  Street.  Steam  engines.  200 
hands  employed. 

A.  Wicks. — Tool  Manufacturer. 

Voak,  Yates  County. 

J.  Sutherland. — Reapers. 

Walden,  Orange  County. 

New  York  Knife  Co. — Thos.  J.  Bradley, 
President.  Table  and  pocket  cutlery.  175 
hands. 

Walden  Co-operative  Knife  Co. — W.  E. 
Gowdy,  President.    Pocket  cutlery. 
H.  Dewitt. — Iron  foundry. 
Seymour,  Wooster  &  Co. — Iron  foundry, 

Washington  Mills,  Oneida  Cownty. 

Babcock  &  Huntly. — Hoes,  etc. 
J.  G.  Lane  &  Co.- — Iron  foundry. 

JValton,  Delaware  County. 
W.  Sewal. — Machinery. 
W.  N.  North. — Pumps. 

Waterford,  Saratoga  County. 

L.  Button  &  Son. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Mohawk  and  Hudson  Iron  Foundry  and 
Machine  Shop. — Geo.  W.  Eddy,  Proprietor. 
Car  wheels.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

G.  Gage  &  Son. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

W.  Halroyd. — Screw  plates.  New  York,  97 
Chambers  Street. 

J.  M.  King  &  Co. — Screw  plates. 
Ludlow  Valve  Manufacturing  Co. 

Waterloo,  Seneca  County. 

W.  D.  Burrell. — Iron  foundry,  corn  shellers, 
etc. 

A.  Latourette,  Jr. — Iron  foundry. 

Watertoum,  Jefferson  County. 

Davis  Sewing  Machine  Manufacturing  Co. 
Bagley  &  Sewell. — Iron  foundry. 
S.  Hadcook. — Axes  and  tools. 
G.  Lord. — Plows. 

Portable  Steam  Engine  and  Manufacturing 
Co. — C.  A.  Sherman,  President.  J.  R.  Powers, 
Secretary.    Steam  engines  and  car  wheels. 


106 


DIKECTOr.Y  OF  GEXEEAL 


MACirnSTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Rome,  "Watei'town  and  Ogdensburg  R.  R. 
machine  «hop. 

Watertown  Lock  Works. — Locks. 
H.  W.  Wood  &  Bbo.— Planes. 

WatMns,  Schuyler  County/. 
Herald    &    Andrews. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Andrews  Bros.^ — Iron  foundry. 
Franklin  &  Scofield. — Iron  foundry. 
Globe  Mowing  Machine  Co. — Mowing  ma- 
chines. 

CooLEY,  BoTTSFORD  &  Kellogg. — Hinges  and 
butts. 

Waverley,  Tioga  County. 
Jas.  Lemon. — Iron  foundry. 

Weedsport,  Cayuga  County. 

B.  Grove. — Iron  foundry. 

JVesfJield,  Chatauqua  County. 

Westfield  Lock  Works. — F.  B.  Brewer. 
Locks  and  builders'  hardware. 

G.  P.  York. — Iron  foundry  and  mowing  ma- 
chines. 

W^est  Jlenriatta,  Monroe  County. 
Williams  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

Westmorelatid,  Oneida  Coutity. 
L.  H.  Shattuck. — Malleable  iron. 
Clark  Metcalf  &  Co. — Malleable  iron. 

West  Point,  Orange  County. 
R.  P.  Paeeott  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

West  Troy,  Albany  County. 
Roy  &  Co. — Butts  and  hinges. 
Wager  &  Forbes. — Iron  foundry.    100  hands. 
West  Troy  Foundry  Co.— C.  T.  Hall  &  Co. 
Iron  foundry. 

Whites  Corners,  Erie  County. 
F.  S.  Hunt. — Iron  foundry. 

Whitesville,  Alleghany  County. 

C.  C.  Allen. — Iron  foundry. 

Willett,  Cortlandt  County. 
W.  B.  Grant. — Axes  and  tools. 

Wiscoy,  AllegJiany  County. 
Dodge,  Miles  &  Co. — Light  iron  work. 

Wood  Haven,  Queens  County. 
Lalance  &  Grosjean  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Tinned  iron  ware.   New  York,  89  Beekman  Street. 

WoodhuU,  Steuben  County, 
W.  Morton. — Edge  tools. 


Yonkers,  Westchester  County. 
Bates  &  WHiTE.-;-Files. 
J.  S.  Boyd. — Iron  foundry. 
Clipper,  Mower  and  Reaper  Co. — (See  N.  Y. 
also.) 

OsTERHOOD  &  Eckermyre. — Machinery. 

Otis  Bros.  &  Co. — Elevators  and  furnace  hoists. 

H.  Parsons. — Machinery. 

D.  Saunders  &  Sons. — Machinery. 

York,  lAvingston  County. 

A.  K.  McDonald. — Iron  foundry  and  thresh- 
ing machinery. 

B.  F.  Dow  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  Works, 
Towlerville. 

H.  Millard. — Machinery. 

Youngstown,  Niagara  County. 
M.  C.  Balcom. — Agricultural  implements. 

Steam  Engine,  Machine  Works,  Iron 
Foundries,  and  General  Iron  Manu- 
factures of  North  Carolina. 

Ashville,  Huncomhe  County. 

E.  Clayton. — -Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 
T.  L.  Clayton. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Western  North  Carolina  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Battleboro,  JEdgecomb  County. 
3.  &  J.  L.  HoBGOOD. — Iron  foundry. 

Charlotte,  MecMenburgh  County. 
Cook  &  Ellyson. — Agricultural  implements. 
Mecklenburgii  Iron  Works. — J.  Wilkes,  Pro- 
prietor; P.  P.  Zimmerman,  Agent.    Iron  foun- 
dry and  machinery. 

Company^s  Shop,  Alamance  County. 
R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Cranberry,  Mitchell  County. 
Hoke  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Elizabeth  City,  Pasquotank  County. 
W.  H.  Clark. — Agi-icultural  implements. 

Fayetteville,  Cumberland  County. 
Beaver   Ckeek    Manufacturing  Co. — Iron 
manufactures. 

Forestville,  Wake  County. 
Fobestville  Foundry  and  Plow  Factory. — 
J.  R.  Dunn  &  Son,  Proprietors.    Iron  fovmdry 
and  plows. 

Franklin,  Macon  County. 
J.  Syler. — Machinery. 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENEE 

M.  VanHook. — Machinery. 

Franklinville,  Randolph  County. 
W.  H.  Burgess. — Machinery. 

Graham,  Alamance  County. 
North    Carolina  E..   E..   Works. — F.  M. 
Worth  ife  Co.,  Proprietors.  Machinery. 

Greensboro,  Guilford  County. 

Pioneer  Foundry. — Sargent  &  McCauley, 
Iron  foundry. 

Otis  Plow  Machine  Co. — Sargent  &  Mc- 
Cauley, Proprietors.  In  connection  with  Pioneer 
Foundry.    Plows  and  machinery. 

North  Carolina  Centhal  Iron  Co. — Office 
224  South  Third  Street,  Philadelphia.  (See  Iron 
Ore  Heg ions  of  the  U.  S.)    Iron  ores. 

Highpoint,  Guilford  County. 
Randelman  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  H.  Fer- 
ree,  Agent.    Iron  manufactures. 

Iron  Station,  Lincoln  County. 
J.  A.  Carpenter. — Machinery  and  mill  work. 

Lincolnton,  Lincoln  County. 
E.  W.  Stubbs  &  Co. — Machinery. 

3Iilton,  Caswell  County. 
J.  J.  Yarborough. — Iron  foundry. 

G.  C.  Richmond. — Iron  foundiy. 

Newherne,  Craven  County. 

A.  &  N.  C.  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Sargent  &  McCauley. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Man  WELL  &  Beareth. — Machinery. 

J.  Manwell. — Steam  engines  and  iron  foun- 
dry. 

J.  TrenwicK. — Iron  foundry. 

Newton,  Catawba  County. 

H.  R.  Walker. — Machinery. 

Weto  Marhet,  Randolph  County. 
New  Market  Foundry  Co. — Iron. foundry. 

Oxford,  Granville  County. 
Jones  &  Hobgood. — Machinery.  Iron  foundry, 

Pittston,  Chatham  County. 
S.  Burns. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Raleigh,  Wake  County. 

Chatham  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Raleigh  &i  Gaston  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
W.  T.   Adams  &  Son.— Iron  foundry,  plows, 
and  machinery. 

North  Carolina  Machine  and  Agricultural 


iL  MACHESTE  WOEKS,  ETC.  107 

Works. — Separk,  Hicks  &  Co.,  Proprietors. 
Agricultural  machinery  and  plows. 

J.  M.  Towles. — Agricultural  implements. 

B.  P.  WiLLiAMSON.^ — General  iron  works. 

Salisbury,  Rowan  County. 
Western  North  Carolina  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Merony  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Rockingham,  Richmond  County. 
Great  Falls  Manufacturing  Co. — Machin- 
ery. 

Roxboro,  Person  County. 
J.  Younger. — Iron  foundry. 

Selina,  Johnson  County. 
Selina  Iron  Works. 

Tarhoro,  Edgcomb  County. 
A.  J.  HiNES  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Tyro,  Davidson  County. 
H.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

"Warrenton,  'Warren  County. 
J.  Collins  &  Co. — Iron  founday. 

Weldon,  Halifax,  County. 
D.  C.  Richardson. — Plows. 

Wilmington,  New  Hanover  County. 
W.  C.  &  R.  R.  R.  machine  shop  and  iron 
foundry. 

Wilmington  &  Weldon  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Hart  &  Bailey. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry.    50  hands  employed. 

Wilson,  Wilson  County. 
Farmer  &  Wainwright. — Iron  foundry. 
D.  S.  Hardy. — Agricultural  implements. 

Steam  Engine   and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Nebraska. 

Ashland,  Saunders  County. 
J,  M.  Bond  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements, 

Bellevue,  Sarpy  County. 
A.  W.  Clark  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Broionvillc,  Tehama  County. 
F.  A.  TisDALE  &   Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Tremont,  Dodge  County. 

R.  M.  Marshall. — Agi-icultural  implements. 
Nye,  Colsew  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 


108 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACimsnE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Nehraslca  City,  Otoe  County. 

A.  Frost. — Machinery. 

Hall  &  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 

Holmes  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — A. 
Holmes,  Proprietor.  Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Woi-ks  also  at  Omaha. 

KussELL,  Doom  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Omaha,  Douglas  County. 

Bishop  &  Son. — Agricultural  implements,  i 

Hall  &  Bros. — Steam  engines,  machinery,  and 
iron  foundry. 

Holmes  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — A. 
Holmes,  Proprietor.  Engiaes,  machinery,  and 
castings.    Works  also  at  Nebraska  City. 

J.  A.  Horbach. — Agricultural  implements. 

A.  D.  McAusLAND. — Machinery. 

Omaha  and  South-western  li.  B.  machine 
shop. 

Union  Pacific  R.  E.  machine  shop. — J.  Cong- 
don,  Superintendent. 

Omaha  Galvanized  Iron  Works. — Proprie- 
tors, Murphy  &  McGraw.  General  iron  work 
and  galvanizing. 


Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works, 
Iron  Foundries,  and  General  Iron 
Manufactures  of  Ohio. 

Akron,  Summit  County. 

Perkins  &  McGregor. — Forge,  car-axles,  etc. 
AuLTMAN,  Miller  &  Co. — Agricultural  ma" 
chinery.  Buckeye  rower  and  reaper. 
A.  Brantman  &  Co. — Wire. 
L.  Chervier. — Chain. 

Cleveland,  Mount  Vernon  &  Delaware  R.  R. 
machine  shop. 

J.  C.  McNiell.— Boilers  only. 
H.  Maranville. — Scales. 

J.  F.  Sieberling  Co. — Excelsior  mowers  and 
reapers. 

Taplin,  Rice  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  mill  ma- 
chinery, and  iron  foundry. 

Alliance,  Stark  County. 
Alliance  Tool  Co. — Tools. 
Etna  Agricultural  Works. — Etna  mowers 
and  reapers 

CoATES,  Grey  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and 
foundry,  horse-rakes.    80  hands  employed. 

Industrial  Works. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

W.  A.  Nixon. — Agricultural  implements. 
Pittsburg   Steam    Hammer  Works. — Mar- 
chand  &  Morgan,  Proprietors.    Steam  hammers. 


T.  L.  Pennock. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Stark  Manufacturing  Co. — Machine  tools, 
lathes,  planers,  drills,  gear-cutters,  etc. 

Amherst,  Lorain  County. 
Rice  &  Webster. — Plows. 

Ashland,  Ashland  County. 
N.  H.  Mansfield. — Clover-hulling  machinery. 
Whiting,  Sprengler  &  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
agricultural  implements. 

Ashtabula,  Ashtabula  County. 

Crosby  »fe  Wethernax. — Fanning  mills  and 
hardware. 

W.  A.  Ellis. — Plows  and  cultivators. 

L.  R.  McNut  &  Bro. — Steam  engines  and  ma^ 
chinery. 

Seymour,  Strong  &  Sperry. — Phognix  Foun- 
dry and  Machine  Shop.    Iron  foundry. 

Athens,  Athens  County. 
W.  W.  Love. — Steam  engines,  machinery,  and 
iron  foundry. 

Sarnesville,  Melmont  County. 

Star  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — Alexan- 
der &  Buchanan,  Proprietors.  Machinery,  iron 
foundry,  etc. 

C.  KuGLER.— Machinery  and  hay-rakes. 

Barnesville  Foundry. — J.  H.  Watts  h  Bros., 
Proprietors.  Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  stoves  and 
plows. 

Bedforc'^,  Cuyahoga  County. 
C.  BuRDY. — Machinery. 

JBellaire,  Jiehnont  County. 

G.  B.  Barnes. — Machinery. 

Bellaire  Implement  and  Machine  Works 
Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  implements. 

Bellefontaine,  Logan  County. 

Lockhard  &  Bro. — Steam  emgines,  machinery 
mill  work,  and  iron  foundry. 

Pollock  &  Stokes. — Plows. 

Bellefontaine  Agricultural  Works. — Agri- 
cultural machinery. 

Belleville,  Richland  County. 
L.  Harrington. — Iron  foundry. 

Bcllevue,  Huron  County. 
J.  &  G.  Haskell. — Iron  foundry  and  plows. 

H.  Bauchman. — Iron  foundry. 

Berea,  Cuyahoga  County. 
Van  Tyre  &  Stearns. — Machinery. 
A.  Williams  &  Co. — Boilers  only. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACimOS  WORKS,  ETC. 


109 


JBeverly,  Washington  County. 
W.  F.  Robertson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  gen- 
eral castings. 

Bridgeport,  Behnont  Gotmty. 
Howell  h  Nugent. — Agricultiiral  implements. 
Woodcock  &  Bros. — Iron  fouucUy. 

Bryan,  Williams  County. 
Morrison  &  Fay. — Iron  foundry. 

Bucyrus,  Crawford  County. 

BucYRUS  Machine  Works. — President,  O.  G. 
Rupp ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  W.  T.  McDon- 
ald ;  Superintendent,  B.  B.  McDonald.  Mowers 
and  reapers. 

Eagle  Foundry. — Fry,  Shickler  &  Co.  Steam 
engines,  brick  machines,  etc. 

F.  Schaber. — Plows. 

Shunk  &  Bro. — Plows. 

Franz  &  Pape. — Knitting  machines. 

Cadiz,  Harrison  County. 
Hamilton,  Poulson  &  Co. — Agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Cambridge,  Guernsey  County. 
C.  P.  Simons  &  Bros. — Iron  foundry,  plows, 
and  mill  castings. 

Camden,  Preble  County. 
Conaroe  &  Steinffer. — Machinery. 
English  &  Dixon. — New  Philadelphia  Foundry. 
Threshing  and  mowing  machines.    30  hands. 
J,  Bex. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Canton,  Stark  County. 

C.  AuLTMAN  &  Co. — Agricultural  machinery, 
Works  also  at  Akron.    300  hands  employed. 

AuLTMAN  Steel  Co. — C.  Aultman,  President; 
P.  S.  Sower,  Secretary ;  B.  W.  Nichols,  Superin- 
tendent. Steel  and  steel  hoes.  Nichols'  process, 
formerly  Canton  Malleable  Iron  Co. 

E.  Ball  &  Co. — Mowers  and  threshing  ma- 
chines. 

J  Ball  &  Co. — Plows.    75  hands  employed. 

P.  P.  Bush  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  steam  en- 
gines, and  machinery. 

Ballard,  Fast  &  Co. — Saws,  springs,  sickles, 
etc. 

BucHER,  GiBBS  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  Gibb's 
patent  plows. 

Best  &  Martin. — Corrugated  iron  roofing. 

Canton  Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Co. — {See 
Bridge  Works.) 

Diebold  &  Kienzte. — Safes.  300  hands  em- 
ployed. 

John  Laird  &  Son,  Laird  Manufacturing 
Co. — Iron  foundry. 


C.  Bussell  <fc  Co. — Mowers  and  reapec^J"' 
Works  at  Massillon  also.    250  hands  employed.^ 

J.  Schneider  &  Co. — Reapers  and  mowers. 

J.  B.  Wilson. — Agricultural  implements.  30 
hands. 

Cardinglon,  Morroxo  County. 
W.  H.  Hartman. — Iron  foundry. 

Carey,  Wyandot  County. 
Jas.  Carothers  &  Co. 

Carrollton,  Carroll  County. 
Baxter  &  Poole. — Iron  foundry. 
McGuire  k  Poole. — Plows. 

Chagrin  Falls,  Cuyahoga  County. 
A.  Gaunt. — Machinery. 
Rose  &  Allen. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  W.  Williams. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

C.  W.  Reed. — Patent  forks. 

Chillicothe,  Boss  County. 
M.  &  O.  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Welsh,  Son  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
machinery,  plows,  etc.    40  bauds  employed. 

Cincinnati,  Hamilton  Counfi/.  [See  Stove 
3Ianufacturers  of  Ohio.) 

C.  Ahrens  &  Co. — 4  Commercial  Street.  Spe- 
cialty, steam  fire  engines. 

F.  C.  Adams. — Iron  foundry. 

American  Bolt  and  Nut  Works. — L.  M. 
Dayton,  Proprietor.  170  West  Second  Street. 
Bolts  and  nuts. 

American  Machine  Works. — 215  West  Second 
Street.    Wood- working  machinery. 

Blymyer,  Norton  &  Co. — 116  Main  Street. 
Agricultural  implements  and  sugar  machinery. 

W.  S.  Belt.— 56  Third  Street.    Iron  roofs.  . 

Bode  &  Binder. — 697  Central  Avenue.  Plows. 

S.  BoGGS. — Forge,  heavy  forgings. 

A.  C.  Brown. — Woollen  and  cotton  machin- 
ery. 

CoNOVER  &  Co. — 152  Cutter  Street.  Gas 
meters. 

R.  W.  Callinan.— 123  West  Second  Street. 
Scales. 

Caldwell  &  Co. — 130  West  Second  Street. 
Iron  roofs. 

Cincinnati,  Hamilton  &  Dayton  Railroad  ma- 
chine shop. 

Cincinnati  Stationery  Engine  and  Hydrau- 
lic Co. — Steam  engines,  hydraulic  and  general 
machinery,  cars,  and  car  wheels. 

Cincinnati  Machine  and  Hydraulic  Manu- 
facturing Co. — Third  and  Lock  Streets.  Ma- 
chinery and  pumps. 


110 


DIRECTOIIT  OF  GENERAL  MACnESTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


M.  Clements. — Bagmiller  and  Hathaway 
Streets.    Safes,  vaults,  ii-on  railings,  etc. 

Clyeb  &  Bkex. — 9  Providence  Street.  Files. 

Cope  &  Maxwell  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  C- 
Moi-ris,  President;  J.  R.  Maxwell,  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;  J.  R.  Paddock,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
1 18  E.  Second  Sti-eet.  Steam  punij)s  and  general 
machinery,  forgings,  etc. 

Globe  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — Cor- 
desmaun  &  Dierker.  137  West  Second  Street. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinei'y. 

S.  CuMMiNGS  &  Son. — 204  East  Front  Street. 
Iron  and  hrass  castings. 

J.  Darling. — 3G7  West  Court  Street.  Ma- 
chinery. 

Day  &  Russell. — Semi-steel  horseshoes. 

G.  T.  DuMONT. — 109  East  Front  Street.  River 
and  stationary  engines,  and  iron  foundry. 

Dunn  &  Witt. — Galvanized  iron  cornices. 

Easton  &  RoBERG. — Leather  tools. 

C.  L.  English. — Forge  manufacturer. 

P.  Emrich  &  Co. — Tanners'  tools, 

P.  Evans,  Jr. — Machinery. 

J.  A.  Fay  &  Co. — Front  and  John  Streets.  Saw- 
mills, planing  machines,  and  wood-working  ma- 
chines. 

Forsyth  Scale  Works. — W.  Mean?.,  etc. 
Scales. 

Fritsch,  Burkhardt  &  Co. — Vine  and  Mary 
Streets.    Iron  foundry. 
W.  Gebhardt. — Files. 

Chas.  Graham. — 274  West  Front  Street.  Bolts 
and  nuts,  and  iron  foundry,  bridge  castings. 

J.  &  E.  Greenwald.— 248  East  Pearl  Street. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  boilers. 

Greenwood  Iron  Works. — Miles  Greenwood, 
Pi-oprietor.  123  Walnut  Street.  Builders'  hard- 
Vare  and  malleable  iron.  (See  also  /Stove  Jlan- 
ufacturers  of  Olrio.) 

Greenwood  Pipe  Co. — Corner  of  Canal  and 
Walnut  Streets.  (Sec  Pipe  Works.)  Malleable 
iron  works.  M.  Greenwood  &  Co.,  Proprietors. 
384  Walnut  Street. 

Hall's  Safe  &  Lock  Co. — Jos.  L.  Hall,  Presi- 
dent and  Treasurer  ;  O.  Y.  Cone,  Vice-President. 
69  West  Fourth  Street.  Works  also  at  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky.    350  hands  employed. 

This  works  received  ordeis  in  1873  for  burglar- 
proof  safes  from  London. 

Queens  City  Ikon  Mantel,  Range,  and  Grate 
Works. — Hand,  Whitehouse  &  Co.,  Proprietors. 
Office,  263  West  Fiflh  Street.   50  hands  employed. 

S.  lIowEU,  &  Co.— Con-iigated  iion  work. 

Harrington  &  Spinning. — Pumps. 

C.  H.  Harris  &  Son,  Eagle  Stove  Pattern 
Works. — Iron  foundry,  stove  patterns. 


J.  Hattersly. — Sixth  and  Walnut  Streets, 
Saws. 

Jas.  L.  Haven  &  Co. — 56  Plum  Street.  Iron 
foundry,  hardware,  and  agricultural  implements. 

HoLABiRD,  Harlow  &  Co. — 335  West  Front 
Street.  Machinery.  Established  1826.  100 
hands  employed. 

HoGAN  and  Snowden. — 213  West  Second 
Street.  Saws. 

W.  G.  IIyndman  k  Co. — Forges  and  scales. 

Cincinnati  Foundry"  and  Machine  Shop — 
Hoeffing,  HofT  &  Winchell,  Proprietors.  2  Law- 
rence Street.  Steam  engines,  machinery,  and 
foundry.     100  hands  employed. 

James  &  Magill. — Office,  8  Burnet  House, 
Iron  foundry,  mantels,  grates,  railings,  etc. 

Junction  (Cincinnati  and  Indianapolis)  Rail- 
road machine  shop. 

R.  Jones. — 133  East  Pearl  Street.  Boilers. 

L.  Jones  &  Co. — 448  George  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

Ketterlinus  &  Messerie. — Front  and  Elm 
Streets.  Machinery. 

J.  KisTNER. — 133  West  Second  Street.  Scales. 

Knecht  &  Kempf. — 195  Wade  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

J.  Krieger  &  Co. — 745  Central  Avenue.  Steam 
engines  and  machineiy. 

Lane  &  Bodley. — Portable  and  stationary  en- 
gines, circular  saw-mills,  wood-working  macliinery, 
etc.    Corner  of  John  and  Water  Streets.  • 

Lee  &  Morton. — 43  Broadway,  Saw -mill 
machineiy. 

E.  Lewis  &  Co, — Tool  manufacturers. 

W.  LoEENSTEiN. — 620  Vine  Street.  Machin- 
ery. 

Cincinnati  Tool  and 
Wm.  Lomas,  Proprietor, 
hands  employed. 

Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad  machine  shoji. 

McGowAN  Pump  AND  Machine  Co. — McGowan 
Bros.,  Propiietors.  124  Walnut  Street.  Steam 
engines,  pumps,  valves,  tobacco  macliinery,  and 
iron  foundry. 

McIlvain  k,  Spiegel. — Boilers  only. 

Cincinnati  Safe  and  Lock  Works.— McNeal 
&  Urban,  Proprietors.  Pearl  and  Plum  Streets. 
Over  200  hands  employed. 

Martin,  Kyle  k  Co. — 9  Vine  Street.  Machin- 
ery, saws,  etc. 

Mears  Olhaber  &  Co 
lurers  of  Ohio.) 

J.  B.'Mooxey.— 138 
gines,  machinery,  etc. 

J,    Morgan. — 268  Sycamore  Street 
tools. 


Hardware  Works. — 
Vises,  tools,  etc.  30 


-{See  Stove  Manfac- 
East  Street.    Steam  en- 


Edge 


DIKECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


Ill 


A.  Moore. — Front  and  Pike  Streets.  Machin- 
ery. 

Morris  &  Reith. — Files  and  steel. 

MosLER,  Bahmann  &  Co.— 1.32  West  Third 
Street.    Safes.    90  hands  employed. 

J.  Nash  &  Co.— 289  East  Pearl  Street.  Iron 
foundry.    (*S'ee  Car  Wheel  Works.)  ■ 

W.  H.  Neff.— Cutlery. 

W.  F.  NoLKER. — Nuts  and  bolts. 

Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad  machine  shop. 

American  Bolt  Works. — Phillips  &  Jordan 
Iron  Co.,  Proprietors.  Office,  58  East  Second 
Street.  Product,  100  tons  bolts  and  nuts  per 
month.    150  hands  employed. 

Perkins  &  Co. — Creasing  machines. 

C.  S.  Rankin  &  Co. — Pearl  near  Plum.  Ar- 
chitectural iron  works,  iron  railings.  100  hands 
employed. 

Raymond,  Hilsinger  &  Co. — Plows. 

Redway  &  Burton. — 22  Vine  Street.  Iron 
foundry. 

H.  J.  Reedy. — Hoisting  machinery. 

Reinshagen  &  Buchman. — 87  East  Eighth 
Street.  Machinery. 

Wm.  Resor  &  Co. — Front  and  Race  Streets. 
{See  /Stove  Manfacturers  of  Ohio.)    200  hands. 

J.  T.  RiTTEK  &  Co.— 224  West  Second  Street. 
Saws. 

Ross,  Daviss  &  Co. — 181  East  Front  Street. 
Machinery. 

L.  Roth.— 87  East  Eighth  Street.  Mill  picks, 
coopers'  tools,  etc. 

L.  ScHREiBER. — 521  Walnut  Street.  Iron 
railings. 

Schroder  Lock  Co. — 16  East  Seventh  Street. 
Locks. 

G.  Schrichter. — 262  Main  Street.  Shears. 
W.  ScHUMAKER. — 521  Waluut  Street.  Iron 
railings. 

C.  F.  Schwab. — 26  Hamilton  Road.  Locks. 

J.  B.  Schroder. — 141  Third  Street.  Locks. 

G.  Stacey&Co. — Ramsey  and  I  Streets.  Iron 
roofs,  gas  holders,  etc. 

Western  Machine  Works. — Steptoe,  McFar- 
land  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  216  West  Second  Street. 
Wood-working  machinery. 

L.  Steigert. — 492  Central  Avenue.  Machin- 
ery. 

A.  P.  Straub. — 145  Water  Street.  Steam  en- 
gines, portable  grinding  and  bolting  machinery. 

This  works  has  filled  an  order  in  1873  for  por- 
table mills  for  New  Zealand. 

J.  Straub  &  Co. — John  and  Front  Streets. 
Mill  machinery. 

Hamilton  Foundry.  S.  C.  Tatum,  Proprietor. 
John  and  Water  Streets.  Iron  foundry.  {See 
Car  Wheel  Works  of  Ohio.) 


J.  C.  Taylor. — Planers. 

Tudor  Boiler  M.vnufacturing  Co. — Boilers 
only. 

Union  Car  Spring  Manufacturing  Co. — F. 
W.  Rhinelander,  President ;  S.  V.  Mann,  Secretary 
and  Treasurer.  Works  at  Springfield,  Massachu- 
setts, and  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Geo.  B.  VonPhul.— 201  West  Fourth  Street. 
Gas-works  manufacturer. 

A.  G.  Vandegrift. — Smut  machinery. 

J.  P.  Walton  &  Co.— 404  West  Sixth  Street. 
Iron  railings. 

J.  Warwood. — Nuts  and  bolts. 

P.  Weber. — Shears. 

J.  West. — Boilers. 

S.  Williamson. — Iron  foundry.  214  East 
Front  Street. 

J.  J.  Wilson. — 170  Plum  Street.  Machinery. 

F.  Wolff. — 144  East  Front  Street.  Knitting 
machines. 

WooDROUGH  &  McParlin. — 12  West  Second 
Street.  Saws. 

E.  Teuschner. — 260  Walnut  Street.  Machin- 
ery. 

Circleville,  Pickmoay  Cowity. 
Haswell,  Wright  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and 
iron  foundry. 

N.  Spangler. — Plows. 

C.  Swartz. — Machinery. 

J.  B.  Weltzer — Plows,  etc. 

Claridon,  Geauga  County. 
J.  C.  Hathaway. — Reaping  machines. 

Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  County. 

Armstrong,  Lewis  &  Colwell. — Carriage  bolts. 

A.  M.  Benson. — Stave  machines. 

Geo.  Barrett  &  Son. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

R.  Beardsworth. — Machinery. 

Bourne  &  Knowles. — Bolts,  nuts,  etc.  Ca- 
pacity, 10  tons  daily.  These  gentlemen  are  now 
connected  with  the  Union  Iron  Works  Company, 
of  Cleveland,  of  which  E.  H.  Bourne  is  vice-pres- 
ident and  treasurer. 

Cleveland  Foundry. — Bowler,  Maher  &  Bray- 
ton.  Iron  foundry.  {See  Ca/r  Wheel  Works  of 
Ohio.) 

L.  IBradley  &  Co. — Bolts  and  nuts.  50  hands  , 
employed. 

Thos.  Brown. — Grates. 

Calvin  Carr. — Galvanized  iron  cornices  and 
roofing,  cornice  machines,  etc. 

Champion  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
sewing-machine  ciastings. 

T.  M.  Carson. — Machinery. 

Cleveland  City  Iron  Works. — S.  F,  Miller 


112 


DIRECTORY  OP  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


&  Co.,  Proprietors.  Architectural  and  builders' 
irou  work. 

Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cincinnati  and  Indian- 
apolis Railroad  machine  shop. 

Cleveland  Bridge  and  Car  Works. — Mc- 
Nairy  and  Clafiin  Manufactiiring  Co.,  Proprietors. 
{/See  bridge  and  Car  'Works  of  Ohio.) 

Cleveland  Car  Roofing  Co. — Iron  car  roofs. 

Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Cleveland  Malleable  Iron  Co.— R.  Ilanna, 
President;  A.  A.  Pope,  Secretary  and  Treasurer; 
S.  C.  Warner,  Supex'intendent.  Malleable  iron 
work. 

Cleveland  Co-operative  Stove  Co. — W.  S. 
Chamberlain,  President ;  W.  W.  Baldwin,  Secre- 
tary and  Superintendent.  [See  Stove  Manufac- 
turers. ) 

Cleveland  Steam  Boiler  Co. — W.  <fe  J.  A. 
Connelly,  Proprietors.    Boilers  only. 

Cleveland  Steam  Gauge  Co. — D.  W.  Cross, 
President ;  W.  S.  Dodge,  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer ;  J.  P.  Holt,  Superintendent.  Steam  and 
water  gauges  for  locomotive  and  stationary  en- 
gines. 

Cleveland  Stove  Company. — Stoves  and  hol- 
low-ware, and  tinners'  suppKes.  This  company, 
which  succeeded  the  Akron  Stove  Works,  has 
been  in  existence  nearly  twenty-five  years,  and 
employs  100  hands,  consuming  some  1,200  tons, 
producing  1.5,000  stoves  annually,  with  sales  ex- 
ceeding $300,000. 

Co-operative  Iron  Co. — T.  J.  McGarry. 
Boilers  only. 

Cleveland  City  Forge  and  Iron  Co. — Coe, 
Ely  &  Harman,  Proprietors.  Forge ;  car  axles, 
specialty ;  heavy  forgings,  etc.  120  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Cleveland  Spring  Co. — E.  H.  Bourne,  Presi- 
dent;  W.  K.  Corlett,  Vice-President;  H.  M. 
Knowles,  Secretary  and  Treasurer ;  B.  C.  Bourne, 
Superintendent.  Springs.  E.  H.  Bourne,  Vice- 
President  and  Treasurer  of  Union  Iron  Works 
Company. 

L.  L.  Crane. — Late  Crane,  Sawtelle  &  Co. 
Machine  tools,  lathes,  planers,  drill  presses,  bolt 
cutters,  etc. ;  steam  hammers,  shafting,  etc. 

C.  Crawford. — Machinery. 

H.  A.  Crossley  <fe  Co. — Stave-jointing  ma- 
chinery. This  machine  is  meeting  with  rapid 
success  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  there  being  no 
less  than  sixty  in  operation  in  Cleveland  alone. 

Cuyahoga  Steam  Furnace  Co. — W.  B.  Cas- 
tle, President ;  S.  J.  Lewis,  Secretary ;  J.  F. 
HoUoway,  Superintendent.  Steam  engines  and 
boilers.  This  works  employs  150  hands,  and  manu- 
factures over  1300,000  of  machinery  annually. 


Cleveland  and  Mahoning  Railroad  machine  shop. 
Clevei^nd  Grate  Works. — Fire  grates. 
Cleveland  Iron  Fence  Co. — Iron  fences,  rail- 
ings, etc. 

Scale  Works. — Jones  and  Lyman,  Proprie- 
tors.   Scales,  etc. 

Cleveland  Screw  and  Tap  Co. — Succeed 
Morgan  Manufacturing  Co.  Screw  bolts,  and 
taps,  light  machinery,  etc. 

D.  S,  Critchley. — Pumps. 

Dorner,  Nolte  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments, plows,  etc. 

DuLEY  &  Twilling. — Machinery. 
J.  Fenton.- — Cutlery. 

Eclipse  Iron  Works. — Stoney,  Chambers  & 
Macbeth,  Proprietors.  Rolling  mill,  car,  and 
bridge  castings,  patterns,  etc. 

Forest  City  Spring  Works. — Geo.  Cooper 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.  Specialty,  car  springs.  50 
hands  employed. 

Forest  City  Pipe  Works. — M.  Hogan,  Pres- 
ident ;  T.  R.  Chase,  Vice-President ;  J.  Fair- 
mount,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  [See  Pipe  and. 
Tube  Works  of  Ohio.) 

Fulton  Foundry. — S.  M.  Carpenter,  Superin- 
tendent. {See  Car  Wheel  Works  of  Ohio.) 
Bridge  and  car  castings  also. 

Gaeckly  &  Krieger. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Globe  Iron  Works. — Steam  engines,  marine 
and  stationary,  boilers,  etc.    Iron  foundry. 

F.  J.  GoRRlS. — Iron  railings. 

Garry  Iron  Roofing  Co. — Iron  roofs. 
R.  H.  Gordon. — Iron  boats,  etc. 
P.  Gaerlich  &  Co. — Saws  and  files. 
H.  H.  Hamblin. — Ironing  machines,  wringers, 
etc. 

G.  L.  Hayward. — Mill  supplies  and  machin- 
ery. 

H.  V.  Hartz. — Light  machinery,  models,  etc. 
Thos.  Henry. — Springs. 

R.  Holmes. — Iron  railings. 
Holt  Machine  Co.— D.  &  G.  D.  Holt,  Pro- 
prietors.   Steam  engines  and  machinery. 

E.  M.  Hitchcock  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  build- 
ers' castings. 

Kritch  &  Crane  Manufacturing  Co. — H. 
Harvey,  President ;  J.  Critch,  Vice-President ; 
E.  J.  Warner,  Treasurer;  J.  R.  Cowden,  Secre- 
tary.   Hammered  axles. 

Lamson,  Sessions  &  Co. — Bolt  and  nut  works. 
This  works  has  40  bolt  machines  capable  of  pro- 
ducing 5,000  bolts  daily,  and  5  nut  machines,  GO 
hands  being  employed. 

W.  Lewis  &  Co. — Cleveland  Coil  and  Chain 
Cable  Works.  W.  E.  B.  Jones,  Manager. 
Works,  Newburgh.    Chains  of  all  sizes. 


DIRECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


113 


Lord,  Bowler  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  machin- 
ery.   Sales,  $150,000.    50  hands  employed. 

Low,  Crowl  &  Co. — Stoves.  (See  Stove  Man- 
ufacturers of  Ohio.) 

Thos.  Manning  &  Sons. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, and  iron  foundry.    V ulcan  Iron  Works. 

Marvin  &  Co. — Safes  and  safe  locks. 

Mather  &  Smith. — Boilers  only. 

Silas  Merchant. — Iron  foundry,  car,  bridge, 
locomotive,  and  job  castings.  150  hands  em- 
jjloyed. 

Novelty  Boiler  Works  and  Buckeye  Bridge 
Works. — Miller  &  Jamison,  Proprietors.  Boil- 
ers and  iron  bridges.    40  hands  employed. 

Forest  City  File  Works. — A.  H.  Moores. 
Files. 

National  Saw  Co. — D.  Price  &  Son,  Proprie- 
tors. Saws. 

M.  Newman. — Boilers  only. 

A.  Parker. — Wood-working  machinery  and 
tools. 

0.  Paddock. — Boilers  only. 

Pettengill,  Glass  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
{See  Car  Wheel  Works.)    120  hands  employed. 

Sapp,  Kjjiith  &  Baldwin. — Sewing-macliine 
castings. 

H.  Schneider.— Iron  railings. 

G.  W.  Shawk. — Machinery. 
Smith  &  Ruple. — -Boiler  makers. 
J.  G.  Steiger.- — Tools. 

J.  Stovering  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

H.  Taylor  &  Son. — -Iron  foundry,  light  cast- 
ings. 

Variety  Iron  Works  Co. — P.  F.  Olds,  Presi- 
dent;  B.  F.  Chamberlain,  Secretary;  L.  M.  Pit- 
kin, Treasurer. 

XJnion  Screw  Co. — Screws  of  all  kinds. 

J.  A.  Wheeler. — Picks  and  tools. 

White  Manufacturing  Co. — T.  H.  White, 
President ;  N.  Howard,  Secretary.  Sewing  ma- 
chines. 

WiNSLOw  Car  Roofing  Co. — Iron  car  roofs. 
Wilson  &  Bro. — Saws. 

WiNSLOW  Barb  Nail  Co. — A.  P.  Winslow, 
President ;  J.  W.  Williard,  Secretary ;  G.  W. 
Woodworth,  Treasurer.  Manufacturers  of  patent 
barb  nails,  which  have  met  with  considerable  suc- 
cess. 

Woolson,  Hitchcock  &  Carter. — Iron  foun- 
dry, stoves. 

A.  F.  Weaver. — Wire. 

J.  R.  Worswick  &  Co. — Brass  work  and  iron ' 
pipe. 

Wilson  Sewing  Machine  Co. — Sewing  ma- 
chines. 

WiNSLOw  Car  Stove  Co. — Stoves. 


S.  M.  York  &  Co. — Die  sinkers. 

Cleveland  Agricultural  Works. — M.  C. 
Younglove,  President ;  A.  H.  Massey,  Vice-Pres- 
ident; E.  B.  Chamberlain,  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer.   Agricultural  implements. 

American  Wrench  Manufacturing  Co. — Pat- 
ent wrenches. 

Gli/de,  Sandusky  County. 
Hunter  &  Bingham. — Edge  tools. 
J.  W.  Mayne. — Iron  foundry. 
Yeaman  &  Chapman. — Edge  tools. 
Clyde  Pump  Co. — Pumps,  hand  and  steam. 

Columbiana,  Columbiana  County. 
Enterprise  Agricultural  Works. — W.  W. 
Wallace.    Agricultural  machinery,  the  works  in- 
cluding foundry,  machine  shop,  and  planing  mill. 

Columbia,  Hamilton  County. 
Walker,  Stiles  &  Co. — Iron  measures. 

Columbus,  Franklin  County. 
Franklin  Foundry. — C.  Ambos  &  Co.,  Pro- 
prietors. 

American  Gate  Co. — Gates,  hinges,  bolts,  etc. 

Ayres,  Mithoff,  Dunn  &  Co. — Hardware 
manufacturers. 

Brown,  Hinman  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

P.  BoRGER. — Boilers  only. 
Columbus  and  Hocking  Valley  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Columbus  Machine  and  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Iron  foundry  and  general  machinery.  100  hands 
employed. 

Columbus  Domestic  Sewing  Machine  Co. 

Columbus  Mantle  and  Grate  Co. — Iron  man- 
tles, grates,  etc. 

Comstock,  Booth  <fe  Co. — Car  seats  of  iron. 
50  hands. 

L.  B.  Davies. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

DiEMER,  Smith  &  Hinderer. — Steel  plows. 

Emebich  &  Pinger. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty, 
stoves.  {See  Stove  Manufacturers.)  Sewing  ma- 
chines. 

Franklin  Machine  Co. — D.  H.  Royce,  Presi- 
dent and  Superintendent ;  J.  G.  Pulling,  Secretary 
and  Treasurer.  Steam  engines,  machinery,  and 
mill  work. 

Union  Boiler  Works. — Ganon  and  Williams, 
Proprietors.  Boilers,  stacks,  plate  and  sheet  iron 
work. 

W.  A.  Gill  <fe  Son. — Agricultural  implements. 

Columbus  Cab  and  Wheel  Works. — John  L. 
Gill,  Proprietor.  {See  Car  Wheel  and  Car  Works 
of  Ohio.) 

Peter  Hayden  &  Sons. —  Saddlery  and  car 
hardware. 


X 


114  DIEECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACKESrE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Kaiser  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry,  stoves,  malleable 
iron,  etc. 

P.  KiNNELL. — Edge  tools. 

KiXNEAR  &  Bro. — Galvanized  iron  cornices. 

M.  Krumm. — Iron  fences,  railings,  etc. 

Jacobs  Bros. — Sugar-mill  machinery. 

Ohio  Brush  and  Wire-work  Co. — Wire  goods. 

Ohio  Tool  Co. — Carpenters'  and  coopers'  tools. 
This  works  employs  200  hands,  and  covers  an 
area  of  nearly  five  acres. 

Ohio  Butt  Co. — Iron  foundry,  butt  hinges,  etc. 

Ohlen  &  Lanman. — Saws.    50  hands  employed. 

Geo.  Potts  &  Son. — Machinery  and  brass 
work. 

Revolving  Scraper  Co. — Bailroad  plows  and 
scrapers.    40  hands  empl6yed. 
J.  ScHAEFLiNG  &  Bro. — Files. 
P.  ScHART. — Machinery. 
H.  Tarbill. — Boilers  only. 
L.  Weimann  &  Co. — Machinery,  engines,  etc. 

Oonneauf,  Ashtabula  County. 
J.  A.  Ellis. — Iron  foundry. 
Nobles  &  Blair. — Machinery. 

Coshocton,  Coshocton  County. 

Coshocton  Iron  and  Steel  Co. — Plows  and 
machinery. 

King,  Taylor  &  Hay. — Iron  foundr}'. 

E.  Kirk. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  stoves. 

Wilson,  Hay  &  Son. — Steel  springs.  60 
hands. 

Crestline,  Crawford  County. 

G.  W.  Dyer. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  A.  Faulkner  &  Co. — Locks. 
J.  Thompson. — Machinery. 

Cuyahoga  Falls,  Summit  County. 
Alfred  &  Pitkin  Manufacturing  Co. — Ma- 
chinery. 

Jajies  Israel. — Forge  and  rolling  mill,  ham- 
mered and  rolled  car  axles,  locomotive  forgings, 
etc.    {See  Boiling  Mills  of  Ohio.) 

Turner,  Parks  &  Co. — Grain-separating  ma- 
chinery and  sewer-pipe  machinery. 

Dayton,  3Iontgomery  County. 
Anderson  &  Harris. — Plows. 
Barnett,  Hermann  &  Co. — Turbine  wheels. 
W.  B.  Barry  &  Co. — Circular  and  cross-cut 
saws. 

Barney  &  Smith  Manufacturing  Co. — {See 
Car  Works  of  Ohio:)    450  hands  employed. 

H.  Bates  <fe  Son. — Machinery;  specialty,  patent 
drills. 

Broadup  &  Co. — Woollen  machinery. 
BoYER  &  McMaster.— (iSee  Stove  Manufac- 
turers.) 


Browtst  &  Irwin. — {See  Stove  Manufactur- 
ers.) 

Dayton  Machine  Works. — Brownell,  Kiel- 
mier  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Steam  engines,  boilers, 
machinery,  and  brass  foundry. 

Dayton  Steam  Boiler  Works. — J.  R.  Brow- 
nell <fe  Co.,  Proprietors.  Boilers  only.  40  hands 
employed. 

W.  P.  Callahan. — Steam  engines  and  oil-press 
machinery. 

Chadwick  &  Francisco. — Iron  railings. 

Davies  Screw  Co. — J.  L.  Wayne,  President. 
Screws.  Capacity,  5,000  gross  screws  per  day. 
100  hands  employed,  and  500  screw  machines. 

Dayton  Malleable  Iron  Co. — Malleable  cast- 
ings. 

Dayton  Cornice  Works. — Cornices. 

Dayton  Gauge  Co.- — Steam  gauges. 

J.  DoDD  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements,' 
horse  rakes,  etc. 

Fisher,  Sartor  &  Dougherty. — BoUers. 

Farmer's  Friend  Manufacturing  Co. — Grain 
drills,  etc. 

W.  F.  Gebhart. — Galvanized  iron  roofs. 
J.  Genn. —  Files. 

Grear  <fe  King. — Iron  foundry;  specialty, 
stoves. 

HoGLER  &  Pease. — Tobacco  machines. 
J.  R.  Johnson. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  D.  Johnson  &  Bro. — Machinery  and  job- 
bing. 

Little  Novelty  Machine  Works. — W.  Mc- 
Hose,  Proprietor.    Light  machinery. 

LoEB,  Stevenson  »fe  Co. — Malleable  and  gray 
castings. 

D.  E.  McSherry  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments, drills,  etc. 

S.  Marshall. — Iron  foundry. 

Mause,  Breneman  &  Co. — Cast-steel  plows. 

W.  S.  Morris.— Files. 

D.  W.  &  C.  C.  Morrison  &  Co.— Iron  bridges. 

{See  Bridge  VTorks^ 

Neff  &  Bennett. — Iron  foundry.  {See  Stove 
3Iannfacturers. ) 

Ritter  &  Henser. — Agricultural  implements. 

Stillwell,  Pierce  &  Co. — Montgomery  Ma- 
chine Works.  Boilers,  turbine  wheels,  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Globe  Iron  Works. — Short,  Mills  &  Temple. 
Turbine  wheels  and  mill  machinery.  100  hands 
employed.    Melt  5  tons  of  iron  daily. 

B.  C.  Taylor. — Agricultural  machinery  of  all 
kinds.    100  hands  employed. 

Wetsel  &  Roberts. — General  machinery  ;  spe- 
cialty, tower  clocks. 

Wensthoff  &  Getz. — Grain  drills,  etc. 

J.  Wilt  &  Co.— Mill  picks. 


i 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEISTERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


116 


L.  &  M.  WooDHULL. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

WooDSUM,  Tenny  &  Co.— Agricultural  machin- 
ery. 

Defiance,  Defiance  County. 

Defiance  Machine  Works. — Kettenning, 
Strong  &  Lauster.     Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Defiance  Stove  Company. — Iron  foundry  ; 
specialty,  stoves. 

Delaware,  Delaware  County. 
BuRNHAM,  Miller  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

N.  Chester. — Edge  tools. 

J.  J.  Reicherts. — Patent  fences. 

Delphos,  Van  Wert  County. 

F.  Kollsmith. — Plows. 
H.  Weible  &  Co.— Plows. 

Doylestoitm,  Wayne  County. 
Cline,  Silberling,  &  Co. — Mowers  and  reap- 
ers. 

Ohio  Wheel  Co. — Wheels. 

Dresden,  Muskingum  County. 

G.  H.  Johnson. — Ir-on  foundry ;  specialty, 
stoves. 

E.  J.  Rambo. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  stoves. 
JEast  Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  County. 

E.  Jones  &  Son. — Mowing  machines. 

East  Liverpool,  Columhiana  County. 
A.  J.  BoYCE  &  Co.- — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

W.  Johnson. — Agricultural  implements. 

Eaton,  Preble  County. 
Geo.  S.  Bower.— Plows. 

Eidson  &  De  Groot.— Iron  foundry,  stoves, 
etc. 

L.  &  D.  Gable  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Robinson  k  Chambers. — Iron  foundry  and  mill 
machinery. 

Elyria,  Lorain  County. 

W.  Bennett. — Machinery. 
O.  Billings. — Foundry  and  mowing  machin- 
ery. 

Elyria  Agricultural  Works. — Agricultural 
machinery. 

F.  C.  Rawson. — Iron  foundry. 

Findlay,  Hancock  County. 

FiNDLAY  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — 
Adams  &  Kuhn.  Steam  engines,  wood-working 
machinei-y,  iron  foundry,  etc. 

W.  K.  Marvin. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 


Jackson  Foundry. — ^Wolf  &  Powell.  Wood 
working  machinery,  horse  jiowers,  steel  plows, 
etc. 

Fosforia,  Seneca  County, 

C.  &  B.  Bennett. — Iron  foundry. 

H.  Bechtel. — Agricultural  implements. 
Fredericktown,  Knox  County. 

Fredericktown  Foundry  Works. — L.  W. 
Foote  ife  Co.,  Proprietors.  Machinery,  agricul- 
tural implements,  castings,  etc. 

Tremont,  Sandusky  County. 
Blue  &  Thompson. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  A.  Bowes. — Agricultural  implements  and 
sugar  machinery. 

D.  June  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  iron  foundry, 
etc. 

Galion,  Crawford  County. 

Galion  Machine  Works. — J.  B.  McClinton  <fe 
Co.,  Proprietors.  Steam  engines,  saw  mills,  and 
machinery. 

B.  &  J.  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Squire  &  Homer. — Iron  foundry. 

Gallipolis,  Gallia  County. 

Buckeye  Foundry. — E.  Hill  &  Co.  Steam 
engines,  machinery,  and  iron  foundry. 

Eagle  Foundry. — Kling,  Muentz  &  Co. 
Plows,  pipe  and  mill  machinery. 

Geneva,  AsJitahida  County. 

Castle  Machine  Co. —  Steam  engines,  wood- 
working machinei'y,  saw  mills,  etc. 

Geneva  Tool  Co. — C.  Tinker,  President ;  J. 
L.  Morgan,  Treasurer;  O.  B.  Clark,  Secretary. 
Agricultural  machinery. 

Girard,  Trumbull  County. 
Girard  Stove  Co. — (<See  Stove  Manufactur- 
ers.) 

J.  G.  Wilson. — Mowing  machines. 

Greenfield,  Highland  County. 
Simpson  &  Waddle. — Bolts  and  nuts. 
G.  C.  Sellers. — Pumps. 

Hamden,  Vinton  County. 
S.  GoDY  &  Co. — Hamden  Stove  Foundry.  {^See 
Stove  Manufacturers.) 

Hamilton,  Dutler  County. 

N.  Alstatter. — Iron  foundry. 

NiLES  Iron  Works. — Gaff,  Grey  &  Gordon, 
Proprietors.  Agricultural  implements  and  cut- 
lery. Formerly  in  Cincinnati.  450  hands  em- 
ployed. 


IIG 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


J.  E.  Hull  &  Co. — -Punches,  sliears,  etc. 

Long,  Black  &  Alstatter. — Reapers,  sickles, 
mowers,  etc. 

McBeth,  Morgatant  &  Co. — Wood-working 
machinery,  tobacco  machinery,  etc. 

Hamilton  Eagle  Iron  Works. — Millikin, 
Shipley  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Paper-mill  machin- 
ery, steam  engines,  plows. 

NiLEs  Tool  Works. — Iron  foundry,  agricul- 
tural implements,  etc. 

Eclipse  Machine  Works. — Owens,  Lane,  Dyer 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.  Portable  and  stationary  en- 
gines, threshing  machines,  saw  mills,  etc.  300 
hands  employed.  The  machinery  from  this  works 
has  great  celebrity  throughout  the  West,  and  the 
product  is  large. 

H.  Weeber. — Iron  foundry. 

WooDROUGH  &  McParlin. — Saws,  etc.  Works 
at  Cincinnati  also. 

Hanging  Rock,  Lawrence  County. 
Henderson  &  Martin. — Iron  foundry. 

Hanover,  LicJcing  County. 

Geo.  Hollister.— Iron  foundry. 
G.  G.  Warman. — Plows. 

Harmar,  Washington  County. 

J.  G.  Hall. — Machinery, 
W.  Lambert. — Machinery, 
Putnam,  Son  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Spaulding. — Pumps. 

Harrison,  Hamilton  County. 

W.  &  J.  Campbell  &  Co. — Agricultural  ma- 
chinery and  drills. 

Hillsborough,  Highland  County. 

C.  S.  Bell. — Ii-on  foundry,  sorghum  mills. 
A.  D.  Clark, — Machinery. 

HinJdey,  Medina  County. 

Dunham  &  Wilcox. — Iron  foundxy ;  specialty, 
plows. 

J.  Shaw. — Machinery, 

Homeworth,  Columbiana  County. 
Homeworth     Agricultural     Works. — H. 
Thomas  &  Co.,  Proprietors.     Agricultural  ma- 
chinery, mill-work,  bolts,  and  castings, 

Hopedale,  Harrison  County. 
J.  H.  Croskey. — Iron  foundry. 
E.  Miller  &  Son. — Agricultural  implements. 

Hudson,  Summit  County. 
OsBORN,  Wheelock  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 


Ironton,  Lawrence  County.  {See  Llast  Fur- 
naces and  Holling  3Iills  of  Ohio.) 

Olive  Foundry,  Machine  Shops,  and  Boiler 
Works. — Lambert  &  Gordon,  Proprietors.  Ma- 
chinery, boilers,  and  castings.  Works  employs  GO 
hands,  and  consumes  (500  tons  of  pig-metal. 

Ironton  Foundry. — Mears,  Olhaber  &  Co., 
Propi'ietors.  [See  Stove  3Jani/facturers.)  Prod- 
wct,  13,800  stoves,  consuming  1,150  tons  iron. 
100  men  employed,  who  receive  some  $59,000  hi 
wages. 

Norton  &  Willett,  South-western  Hoe 
Works.^ — Planters'  hoes.  By  reference  to  the  de- 
partments of  Blast  Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills,  it 
will  be  seen  that  Ironton  is  the  centre  of  a  very 
productive  iron  industry,  of  whicli  the  following 
figures  ai'e  an  evidence  :  Number  men  employed, 
1,136  ;  tons  metal  melted,  1,750 ;  tons  muck  iron 
made,  21,747;  tons  finished  iron,  12,473;  kegs 
nails  made,  146,000.  Total  disbursements  in  the 
industry,  $1,913,787.35. 

The  annual  product  of  pig-iron  is  about  50,000 
tons,  of  which  not  more  than  half  is  consumed, 
the  remainder  being  exported  principally  for  car- 
wheel  iron,  for  which  it  is  held  in  great  repute. 

tTackson,  Jackson  CounUj.     (See  Llast  Fur- 
naces of  Ohio.) 
Pickrel    &    Co. — Iron   foundry;  specialty, 
stoves. 

Jefferson,  Ashtabula  County. 
Geo.  H.  Leonard. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  D.  Walker. — Machinery. 
Chas.  M.  Maltby. — Machinery. 
E.  H.  Peterson  &  Bro. — Machinery  and  gas 
and  steam  fittings. 

Kent,  Portage  County. 
C.  W.  Lane. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 

J{^enton,  Hardin  County. 
E.  Bloom  &   Son. — Steam  engines  and  iron 
foundry. 

Kenton  M.\nufacturing  and  Machine  Co. — 
Agricultural  and  general  machinery. 
J.  Parkison  &  Co. — Plows. 

Kingsville,  Ashtabula  County. 
S.  W.  Haugh. — Iron  foundry. 
S.  Tinker. — Mowing  machines, 

Lancaster,  Fairfield  County. 

Arney,  Morehead  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Arney,  Webstor  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Eagle  Machine  Co. — F.  S.  Whiley,  President  ; 
Sanmel  Whiley,  Secretary ;   Peter  Pursell,  Su- 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC, 


periutendent.  Agricultural  implements  and  ma- 
chinery.   50  hands  employed. 

Hocking  Valley  Manufacturing  Co. — G.  A. 
Mithoff,  Vice-Pi'esident ;  J.  B.  McNeill,  Secre- 
tary ;  John  D.  Martin,  Treasurer ;  Theo.  Mithoff, 
Superintendent.  Plows,  agricultural  machinery, 
etc.    60  hands  employed. 

Lancaster  Iron  and  Shovel  Works. — Over- 
myer,  Motherwell  &  Olds,  Proprietors.  Shovels, 
picks,  agricultural  implements. 

La  Grange.,  Lorain  County. 
O.  Billings. — Mowing  machines. 

Leesville,  Carroll  County. 
L.  M.  EoBY. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 

Leetonia,  Columbiana  County. 
Automatic  Fire  Alarm  Co.— J.  G.  Chamber- 
lain, President ;  J.  A.  Chase,  "Treasurer.  Fire 
alarms. 

Leetonia  Manufacturing  Co. — Lightning 
rods. 

Leetonia  Bolt  and  Nail  Co. — Bolts. 
{See  Blast  Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills  of 
Ohio.) 

Leijosic,  Putnam  County. 
P.  MooTZ. — Machinery. 

Lima,  Allen  County. 
Carnes,  Ageter  k  Co. — Steam  engines,  boil- 
ers, threshing  and   grist-mill   machinery.  60 
Lands. 

E.  CoMPTON. — Wool  and  carding  machinery. 
A.  N.  Smith. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  stoves, 
etc. 

Liverpool,  Medina  County. 
D.  W.  Noble. — Machinery. 

C.  Ruprecht. — Machinery. 

Lodi,  Medina  County. 
J.  Warren  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry. 

Logan,  Hocking  County. 
R.  Belt. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

London,  Madison  County. 
J.  Dungan. — Agricultural  implements. 
Messmore,  Coultas  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Loudonville,  Ashland  County. 

D.  &  M.  Rust. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  H.  Tangeman. — Iron  foundry. 

Louisville,  Stark  County. 
M.  Seiberling  &  Co. — Plows, 


3Ic  Connellsville,  Morgan  County, 
Cochran,  Boyman  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  agri- 
cultural implements,  etc. 

Malta,  Morga,n  County. 
Brown  &  Manley  Plow  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
threshing  and  mill  machinery. 

Mansfield,  Richland  County. 
AuLTMAN  &  Taylor  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Threshing  machines  and  general  agriciiltural  ma- 
chinery. 

Blymer,  Day  &  Co. — Machinery  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 

A.  &  H.  B.  Leiter. — Iron  foundry. 

Mansfield  Machine  Works. — Sturges  &  Co., 
Proprietors.  Reapers,  mowers,  saw  mills,  steam 
engines.  {See  also  Car  Works  of  Ohio.)  200 
hands  employed. 

Richland  Agricultural  Works. — J.  H.  Cook, 
President.    Agricultural  machinery. 

Mantua,  Portage  County. 
E.  Goddard. — Iron  foundry. 

Marietta,   Washinr/ton  County.     [See  Rolling 
Mills  of  Ohio.) 
O.  Franks. — Iron  foundry. 
Marietta  Lock  Works. — Locks. 
A.  T.  Nye  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

A.  F.  Ward. — Machinery. 

Marion,  Marion  County. 

B.  J.  Camp. — Scroll  saws. 

Marion  Machine  Works. — Holmes  &  Sefner, 
Proprietors.  Steam  engines,  portable,  stationary, 
and  marine,  saw  and  mill  machinery. 

HuBER,  GuNN  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

J.  F.  Lindsay. — Plows. 

Martin's  Ferry,  Belmont  County.  {See  Blast 
Furnaces  of  Ohio.) 

J.  W.  Gray  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  steam  en- 
gines, and  machinery. 

B.  HoYLE. — Threshing  machines. 

L.  Spence. — Steam  engLues,  threshing  ma- 
chines, etc. 

Swartz  &  Son. — Agricultural  implements  and 
threshing  machines. 

Warwood  &  Bro. — Agricultural  implements. 

H.  Wells  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry,  machine 
castings. 

Massillo7i,  Stark  County. 
Massillon  Excelsior  Works. — E.  Bayliss. 
Agricultural  machinery,  reapers,  mowers,  etc. 
L.  GiDDiNGER. — Machinery. 
Massillon  Iron  Foundry. — Killinger  &  Co. 


118 


DIEECTORY  OF  GEISTERAL  MACnESTE  "WOTJKS,  ETC. 


Steam  engines,  plows,  machinery,  building  work, 
castings,  etc. 

KussELL  &,  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 
Works  at  Canton,  Ohio,  also.  {See  also  JJlast 
Furnaces  and  llolling  Mills  of  Ohio. 

3Iaumee  City,  Lucas  County. 
McKiNNEY,  Potter  &  Co. — AgricvUtural  im- 
plements, stump  machines,  etc. 
Thomas  S.  Merrill. — Plows. 

Medina,  Medina  County. 
D.  C.  Bradway. — Agricultural  implements. 

31  iamishurgli,  Montgomery  County. 

MlAMISBURGH    AGRICULTURAL    WORKS.  Hoo- 

ver  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 

Hertzel  &  Hagar. — Hay  rakes,  chopping  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

J.  C.  Smith.— Agricultural  implements,  drills, 
etc. 

3Tiddlebury,  Summit  County. 

MiDDLEBURY  MACHINE  WoRKS. — Kent,  Bald- 
win &  Co. — Rfachinery. 

MiDDLEPORT  Machine  Co. — General  machin- 
ery. 

3Iiddletown^  JButler  County. 
Buckeye  Shear  Co. — Shears. 

MiDDLETOWN    AGRICULTURAL    WoRKS.  P.  P. 

Latorelle,  Secretary.  Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural machinerj',  cotton  and  grain  planters,  general 
castings,  etc. 

3Iilan,  Erie  County. 
J.  BuTMAN. — Iron  foundry. 

Millersburgh,  Holmes  County. 

Farra,  Whole  &  Co. — Millersburgh  Machine 
Co.    General  machinery. 

Millersburgh  Agricultural  Works. — J. 
Mulvane,  President ;  W.  W.  Renfrew,  Secre- 
tary. General  agricultural  machinery  and  im- 
plements. 

3Iinerva,  Stark  County. 
J.  Pennock  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

3IunroeviUe,  Huron  County. 
W.  E.  Smith. — Iron  foundry. 

3Torgan,  Ashtabula  County. 
Sloat  k  Sons. — Machinery. 

3Iount  Gilead,  3Iorrow  County. 
Mount  Gilead  Turbine  Wheel  Manufactur- 
ing Co. — W.  Cooper  h  Sons.    Iron  foundry. 
3Iount  'Vernon.,  Knox  County. 
C.  G.  Cooper  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  saw  mills, 
and  general  machiaery.    200  bands  employed. 


John  Cooper  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  mill  ma- 
chinery, etc.    1.50  hands  employed. 

Napoleon,  Henry  County. 
Thomas  G.  Clay. — Iron  foundry,  wood- working 
machinery. 

Navarre,  Stark  County. 
Jacob  Nitzley. — Iron  foundry. 

Nevada^  Wyandotte  County. 

Conkling  &  Co. — Iron  foundiy. 

NeicarJc,  Licking  County. 

H.  &  F.  Blandy.— Portable  and  stationary 
steam  engines,  saw  mills,  and  general  macliinery. 

J.  Moser. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  plows. 

Great  Western  Stove  Works. — J.  E.  Thomas, 
Proprietor.  Iron  and  brass  foundiy,  stoves,  etc. 
[See  Stove  3Ianufacturers  of  Ohio.) 

ScHEiDLER  &  *  McNamara. — Steam  engines, 
saw  mills,  and  general  machinery. 

Neioburgh,   Cuyahoga    County.      {See  £last 
Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills.) 

Newbury,  Geatiga  County. 
Ober  &  Bro.— Machinery. 

Neio  Haven,  Huron  County. 
J.  R.  Portello. — Iron  foundry. 

New  Bremen,  Anglaize  County. 
W.  Langhorst. — Files. 
H.  Lanfersich  &  Co. — Plows. 

New  Concord,  3Iusldngum  County. 
John  Mulholland.^ — Threshing  machinery. 
J.  &  J.  Smith. — Macliinery. 

New  JAshon,  Columhiana  County. 
New  Lisbon  Malleable  Iron  Co. — Malleable 
iron  works. 

Hoover  &  Co. — Lightning  rods. 
Hesson  &  Co. — Lightnin"  rods. 

New  Philadel/phia,  Tuscarawas  County. 
English  &  Dixon. — Iron    foundry,  reapers, 
mowers,  threshing  machinery,  and  general  cast- 
ings. 

Kingsley,  Smytherman  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Sharp,  Fox  &,  Stine. — Machinery. 

New  Itichmond,  Clermont  County. 
Ohio  Machine  Works. — Steam  engines,  saw 
mills,  and  general  machinery. 
S.  B.  Sims— Plows. 

Niles,  Trumbull  County.    {See  Blast  Furnaces 
and  Boiling  Mills  of  Ohio.) 

Niles  Chain  Works. — This  works  was  estab- 
lished in  1873,  and  has  a  capacity  for  seventy- 


DIKECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


119 


five  tons  of  chain  monthly,  employing  some  fifty 
hands,  and  will  make  all  sizes  of  chain  when  in 
full  operation.    Mr.  Brown,  of  the  Niles  Iron 
Co.,  is  manager  of  the  chain  works. 
Sterling  &  Hammell. — Boilers. 

]Vo7'th  Fairfield,  Huron  County. 
N.  BuRCH. — Iron  foundry. 

N^orwalk,  Huron  County. 
P.  Alling. — Agricultural  implements. 
B.  CouRTWKiGHT. — Fanning  mills. 
Jas.  Hinckley. — Knitting  machines. 
Newcomb,  Kennedy  &  Co. — Threshing  ma- 
chines. 

N.  S.  C.  Perkins. — Parodox  sewing  machines 
100  hands. 

J.   O.  Warner. — Iron   and   brass  foundry, 
steam  engines,  and  machinery. 
D.  Watrous. — Iron  foundry; 

OaJcland,  Clinton  County. 
Thos.  Hazard. — Machinery. 

Olmsted,  Cuyahoga  County. 
McDonald,  Barnum  &  House. — Iron  foundry 

Oberlin,  Lorain  County. 
L.  S.  Colburn. — Machinery. 
Warner  Bros. — Steam  engines. 

Orrville,  Wayne  County. 
Dunn  &  Miller. — Iron  foundry. 

Ottawa,  Putnam  County. 
HoLTZ,  Groestchius  <fe  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Gainesville,  Lake  County.  \ 
Anderson  &  Gilbert. — Machinery.  ' 
CoE  &  Wilkes- — Steam  engines,  machinery. 

A.  Church. — Horse  rakes. 

Granger  Stove  Co. — Iron  foundry.  {See 
Stove  Manufacturers.) 

HuRLBURT  &  Paige. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

G.  N.  Wilder  k  Co. — Iron  foundry,  plows, 
and  plane  irons. 

Union  Fence  Co. — C.  A.  Avery,  President ; 
C.  Quinn,  Secretary.  Patent  cast  and  wrought 
iron  fence. 

Paint,  Highland  County. 

B.  Mackerly. — Machinery. 

Perryville,  jLshland  County. 
S.  B.  Coulter  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Piqua,  Miami  County. 
Thos.  J.  Bowdle  &  Bro. — Piqua  Foundry  and 
Machine  Shop.    Steam  engines,  mill  machinery, 
and  castings. 


O'Farrell,  Daniels  k  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
60  hands. 

John  Reedy. — Plows. 

RouzER  &  Clark. — Steam  engines,  agricultural 
implements,  etc. 

Plymouth,  Richland  County. 
Plymouth  Novelty  Works. — Beelman  Bros., 
Proprietors.    Agricultural  implements  and  light 
machines. 

Plymouth  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — 
Portnar,  Getman  k  Co.  Saw-mill  machinery  and 
agricultural  castings. 

F.  Swally.— Agricultural  implements. 

Thos.  Waite. — Cultivators,  etc. 

Poland,  Mahoning  County. 
Allen  k  Woodruff. — Iron  foundry. 

Pomeroy,  Meigs  County. 
PoMEROY  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — Gen- 
eral machinery. 

Portsmouth,  Sciota  County.    (See  also  Slast 
Furnaces  and  Rolling  3fUls.) 

H.  Eberhardt  k  Co. — Iron  foundry.  (See 
Stove  Manufacturers. ) 

Murray,  Moore  k  Co. — Steam  engines,  boil- 
ers, machinery,  and  architectural  iron. 

John  Niel. — Iron  foundry. 

Port  Washington,  Tuscarawas  County. 
A.  H.  Pierce. — Agricultural  implements. 

Putnam,  3fuskingum  County. 
Cunningham  k  Radcliffe. — Iron  foundry. 

Ravenna,  Portage  County. 
Knapp,  Miller  k  Co. — Steam  engines,  iron 
foundry,  etc. 

Parks,  Yost  k  Co. — Agricultural  machin- 
ery. 

Ravenna  Manufacturing  Co. — Agricultural 
machinery. 

Republic,  Seneca  County. 
D.  D.  Ogden. — Iron  foundry. 

Richwood,  Union  County. 
Parsons  k  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Ripley,  Proton  County. 
King  k  Leggett. — Plows  and  hardware. 
W.  McLure.  — Threshing  machines. 
J.  C.  Casey.— Threshing  machines. 
Phcenix  Foundry. — J.  P.  Parker.    Iron  foun- 
dry and  agricultural  implements. 
John  Thompson. — Plows. 

•  Roscoe,  Coshocton  County. 
W.  C.  TAYiiOR. — Machinery. 


120 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEKERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Thos.  Wilson. — Carding  macliincry. 

Salem,,  Columbiana  County. 

^TNA  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  T.  Brooks, 
Actuary;  A.  Rank,  President.  Mowers,  reap- 
ers, etc.    60  hands. 

Buckeye  Engine  Co. — J.  Sharp,  President ; 
Thos.  C.  Boone,  Treasurer  and  Secretary ;  J.  S. 
Bonsall,  Superintendent. 

This  works  has  been  established  twenty-two 
years,  and  manufactures  all  kinds  of  steam  en- 
gines, circular-saw  mills,  shingle  machines,  and 
mill  gearing.  The  company  has  a  paid-up  capital 
of  $250,000,  and  the  works  cover  two  acres,  em- 
ploying 125  hands,  with  annual  sales  of  $300,000. 

E,.  H.  Gakeigues  &  Sons. — Saw  mills,  engines, 
etc. 

Salem  Manufacturing  Co. — L.  Schilling, 
President ;  S.  Chessman,  Secretary  ;  J.  A.  Kerr, 
Treasurer ;  C.  N.  Owen,  Superintendent.  Mow- 
ers and  reapers,  etc.    50  hands  employed. 

S.  L.  Shank. — Boilei-s  only. 

Thos.  Sharp  «fe  Son. — Steam  engines,  machin- 
ery, etc. 

Silver  &  Demming. — Hub  machinery,  meat 
cutters,  etc. 

Victor  Stove  Co. — F.  Gee,  President  ;  .  D. 
Koll,  Treasurer.    {See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

J.  Woodruff  &  Son. — Iron  foundry.  {See 
Stove  3fanufaoturers.) 

SalinevUle,  Columbiana  County. 
W.  Orr. — Iron  foundry,  steam  engines,  and 
machinery. 

Sandusky  City,  Erie  County. 

Cinninati,  Sandusky  and  Cleveland  Railroad 
machine  shop. 

J.  D.  Henderson. — Steam  gauge  manufactur- 
er. 

Fulton  Machine  Works  and  Foundry. 

Klotz  &  Kromer. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

N.  H.  Moore. — Boilers  only. 

Sandusky  Tool  Co. — Carpenters'  tools,  bench 
screws,  etc.    100  hands  employed. 

Sandusky  Machine  and  Agricultural 
Works. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  machin- 
ery. 

Sandusky  Wheel  Co. — Carriage  wheels. 

Sandusky  Silicon  Steel  Works. — Steel 
•works.    {See  Steel  Works  of  Ohio.) 

Sandusky  File  Works.  —  Buyer  &  Bro. 
Files. 

J.  G.  Weis. — Boilers. 

Seville,  Medina  County.  • 
Critz  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry. 


Shanesville,  Tuscarawas  County. 

Showalter  &  Wonders. — Iron  foundry,  cast- 
ings, and  agricultural  implements. 

Shelby,  Richland  County. 

Garrett,  Myers  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Haight,  Parker  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  steam 
engines,  and  machinery. 

J.  S.  Trimble. — Iron  foundry. 

Sidney,  Shelby  County. 

D.  Edgar. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

KiNGSEED  &  HeISER.  PloWS. 

Smith  Bros.  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

B.  Slusser  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Haslup  &  Bros. — Excavating  machinery. 
G.  G.  Haslup  &  Son. — Machinery. 

Somerset,  Perry  Counyt. 
L.  Bowman. — Iron  foundry. 

Springfield,  Clark  County. 

G.  A.  Brooks. — Files. 

Champion  Machine  Co. — A.  Whitely,  Presi- 
dent ;  R.  Johnson,  Secretary.  Mowei's  and 
reapers. 

C.  B.  Fisher  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  malleable 
castings. 

Ferrell,  Ludlow  &  Rogers. — Agricultural 
implements,  grain  drills.    50  hands  employed. 

Jas.  Leffel  &  Co. — Turbine  wheels.  IGO  men 
employed. 

Rinehart,  Bullard  &  Co. — Mowers,  reapers, 
threshing  machinery. 

H.  RocRELL. — Files. 

L.  Schafer. — Bolts,  nuts,  iron  fences,  etc. 

Springfield  Malleable  Iron  and  Machine 
Works. — Malleable  and  gray  iron  castings,  steam 
engines,  lathes,  drills,  etc. 

Warden,  Mitchell  &  Co. — Mowers  and  reap- 
ers. 

Whitely  &  Winters — Plows. 

Steubenville,  Jefferson  County. 

Acme  Mower  and  Reaper  Manufacturing  Co. 
— Agricultural  machinery. 

Hazlett  &  McDevitt. — Machinery. 

J.  H.  Hawkins  &  Co. — Light  wire,  bonnet 
wire,  etc. 

Jeeferson  Machine  Works. — W.  Kenyon. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  tools. 

Jefferson  Foundry. — Meares  Bros.,  Proprie- 
tors. Steam  engines,  sugar  mills,  bolts  and  nuts, 
architectural  iron  work,  etc. 

McDevitt  &  Heslop. — Machinery. 


DIRECTOET  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


121 


W.  L.  Sharp  &  Son. — Iron  foundry,  stoves, 
etc. 

Spaulding,  WoodVakd  &  Co. — Steam  engines, 
pipe-cutting  machinery.  (See  also  Holling  Mills 
of  Ohio  and  West  Virginia.) 

Tiffin,  Seneca  County. 

Keible  &  Pennington  Fanning  Mills. 

LooMis  &  Wyman. — Steam  engines,  plows,  and 
iron  foundry.    50  hands  employed. 

Ohio  Stove  Works. — J.  S.  York,  President. 
Iron  foundry,  stoves,  and  hollow-ware.  50  hands 
employed. 

Tiffin  Agricultural  Works. — E.  C.  Um- 
stead,  President ;  B.  G.  Atkins,  Secretary.  Iron 
foundry,  threshing  machinery,  agi-icultural  imple- 
ments, etc.    50  hands. 

Toledo,  Ijiccas  County. 

Armstrong  &  Starr. — Heaters,  etc. 

Baddeley  &  Peckham. — Files. 

Ballard,  Freeman  &  Naples. — Galvanized 
iron  cornices. 

Gates,  Skidmore  &  Douglass. — Saws  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Globe  File  Works  — T.  Graham.  Files  and 
rasps. 

Hanson  k  Shaw. — Iron  foundry. 

Haughton  &  Kneissek. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, and  iron  foundry. 

Hawkins,  Monroe  &  Co. — Files  and  saws. 

HoLZEMEiR  &  ScHEiCK. — Boilcrs. 

House,  Goodwin  &  Co. — Machinery. 

J.  W.  Lehr. — Iron  foundry. 

McIntyre  &  HoYT.^ — Edge  tools. 

J.  Mattheis. — Iron  railings. 

A.  A.  Marsh. — Edge  tools. 

H.  MoERS  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  saw  mills, 
machinery,  and  iron  foundry. 

W.  Oldmann — Boilers. 

Toledo  Saw  and  File  Works. — E.  G.  Peck- 
ham,  Proprietor.    Cross-cut  and  buck  saws. 

Toledo  Novelty  Works. — Russell  &  Thayer, 
Proprietors.  Iron  foundry  and  machinery.  30 
hands. 

Toledo  Pump  Manufacturing  Co. — Smith, 
Freeman  &  Lafferty.  Pumps. 

H.  T.  Stock. — Machinery. 

Smith  &  Devlin. — Iron  foundry.  Domestic 
Sewing  Machine  castings,  and  machinery. 

Toledo  Agricultural  Works. — Barker,  Pel- 
ton  &  Davis.    Agricultural  machinery. 

Toledo  Wheel  Co. — Carriage  wheels. 

Toledo  Car  Co. — {See  Car  Works  of  Ohio.) 

Ohio  Pump  Co.— O.  O.  Wetherell  &  H.  S. 
Clark,  Proprietors.  Pumps  and  pump-boring 
machinery. 


Tontogany,  Wood  County. 
Skinner,  Stetzer  &  Co. — Iron  foimdry. 

Troy,  lliami  County. 

Beadle  &  Kelly. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery.   20  hands  employed. 

Geo.  p.  Coles  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  stoves, 
etc. 

David  Shilling. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural 
machinery,  fences,  etc. 

Union,  Montgomery  County. 
Geo.  Hawthorn. — Plows. 

Up'per  Sandusky,  Wyandotte  County. 
Hale  h  Kirby. — Iron  foundiy,  agricultural 
implements,  stoves,  etc. 

Stephenson  &  Sears.— Iron  foundry. 

Urhana,  Champaign  County. 
H.  M.  Crane. — Iron  foundry  ;  specialty,  stoves. 
T.  S.  McGowan  &  Co. — Knitting  machines. 
Urbana  Machine  Works. — Water  wheels  and 
machinery. 

C.  H.  Ward. — Lightning  rods. 

Van  Wert,  Van  Wert  County. 
Eagle  Stove  Works. — Stoves. 
Jas.  E.  Noble. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
A.  R.  Strotha. — Iron  foundry. 

Wadsworth,  Medina  County. 
Wadsworth  Machine  Shop. — S.  B.  Chandler 
&  Co.    Agricultural  machinery. 

Warren,  Trumbull  County. 
Thos.  Douglass  k  Co. — Steam  engines  and 
machinery. 

James  Reed  k  Son. — Iron  foundry,  and  plows, 
steam  engines,  etc. 

H.  C.  Reid  &  Co.  — Steam  engines  and  saw 
mills. 

Waynesburg,  Stark  County. 
R.  Jones. — Iron  foundry. 

Wellington,  Lorain  County. 
Kirk  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 
W.  McClelland. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Pratt  &  McClelland. — Mowing  machines. 

Wellsville,  Columbiana  County. 
J.  H.  Ady. — Iron  foundry. 
H.  Alexander. — Iron  foundry. 
L.  M.  Dewitt. — Machinery,  boilers,  etc. 
P.  F.  Geisse. — Steam  engines,  machinery,  etc. 
Rogers  &  Smith. — Ii-on  foundry,  agricultural 
implements. 

J.  Uric. — Machinery. 


If 


122 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WOKKS,  ETC. 


Wellsville  Tin  Plate  "Works.— This  woiks 
was  established  in  1873,  and  is  especially  notable 
as  the  first  tin  plate  works  in  the  United  States. 
Both  the  machinery  and  the  product  are  reported 
perfectly  satisfactory.  The  capital  of  the  com- 
pany is  $G0,000,  and  the  works,  including  the 
rolling  mill,  employ  when  in  full  operation  300 
men.  When  the  immense  importation  of  tin 
plate  is  considered,  with  tlie  extensive  consump- 
tion of  the  article  in  the  United  States,  it  is 
highly  desirable  that  the  manufacture  of  this 
article  should  be  encouraged  at  home. 

West  Liberty,  Logan  County. 
Denison  &  WooDWAKD. — Machinery. 

Williamsburg,  Claremont  County. 
John  Park. — Machinery. 

Wilmington,  Clinton  County. 
D.  E.  Morgan. — Iron  foundry. 

Wilmot,  Stark  County. 
PuTNAMS,  Johnston  &  Co.- — Mowers,  reapers, 
separators,  plows,  etc. 

Wooster,  Wayne  County. 
WoosTER  Steam  Engine  and  Boiler  Works. 
— B.  Barrett  &  Co.   Steam  engines,  boilers,  mow- 
ers, reapers,  gas  pipe,  governors,  etc.    40  hands 
employed. 

D.  C.  Curry  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  machinery, 
plows. 

J.  H.  Hinton. — Agricultural  implements. 
McDonald   &  Co.  —  Reapers   and  mowers, 
threshing  machines. 

Thomas  Stibbs. — Woollen  machinery. 

A.  R.  Shively. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Xenia,  Greene  County. 
Dubois  k  Barrows. — Agricultural  implements. 

WiCKERSHAM  &  TRADER.  Plows. 

Yoicngstoion,  Mahoning  County.  [See  Blast 
Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills  of  Ohio.) 

Arms,  Bell  ife  Co. — Youngstown  Nut  and 
Washer  Co.  Nuts,  bolts,  and  washers.  This  is 
an  extensive  works,  employing  100  hands,  with 
a  large  trade  throughout  the  West. ' 

Homer,  Hamilton  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and 
machinery,  iron  foundry,  hot  blasts  for  blast  fur- 
naces. Quality  of  product  the  specialty  of  the 
works,  which  has  an  extended  reputation. 

Mahoning  Stove  Works.  —  Iron  foundry, 
stove  works. 

W.  B.  Pollock  &  Co. — Boilers,  tanks,  wrought- 
iron  work. 

Ward  Margerum  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  and 
machinery,  mill-geaiing,  etc. 


Zanesville,  Muskingum  County. 

H.  &  F.  Blandy. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

J.  K.  Robinson  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  saw 
mills,  and  iron  foundry. 

J.  T.  Fracker. — Iron  foundry,  stoves. 

Griffith  &  Wedge. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Herdman,  Jones  &  Abbott. — Iron  foundry, 
plows. 

F.  Hirschley. — Machinery. 

Ohio  Iron  Co. — {See  Rolling  Mills  of  Ohio.) 

H.  Rockel. — Files. 

A.  WiDNEY. — Scales. 


Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works, 
Iron  Foundries,  and  General  Iron 
Manufactures  of  Pennsylvania. 

Ackersville,  Fulton  Cownty. 
J.  Ackers. — Carding  machinery. 

Albion,  Erie  County. 

G.  C.  Andrews. — Horse  rakes. 
O.  E.  Gleason — Horse  rakes. 
R.  Mason. — Shingle  machines. 
Thos.  Thornton  &  Sons.— Machinery. 

Aldenville,  Wayne  County. 
S.  L.  Buntling. — Machinery. 

Allegheny  City,  Allegheny  County.  {See 
Pittsburgh.) 

Albion,  Hartzie,  Wiley  &  Co. — Enamelled 
hollow-ware. 

Diamond  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — 
Anderson,  Maxwell  &  Porter,  Proprietors. 
Steam  engines  and  machinery. 

H.  Anschutz  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry,  stoves. 
Armstrong,  Hutchinson  &  Co. — Steam  en- 
gines. 

N.  Bandy.— Files. 
Bensen  &  Son. — Pipe  and  tubes. 
Tiios.  Carlin  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  steam 
engines. 

John  Crawford  k  Co — Agricultural  imple- 
ments and  general  iron  work. 

Deming  &  Graw. — Shovels. 

D.  De  Haven  &  Sons. — -Iron  foundry. 

H.  Farnan. — Machinery. 

Fisher,  Graham  &  Co. — General  machinery. 

Gibson  &  Riddle. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Graff,  Hugus  &  Co. — Iron  foundry;  spe- 
cialty, stoves. 

Hewitt  &  Bao. — Iron  foundry. 


DTEECTOET  OF  GENERAL  MACHTNE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


123 


James  Hill  &  Co. — Boiler  makers  and  machin- 
ery. 

J.  Holmes  &  Son. — Boiler  makers. 

Jennings  &  Co. — Machinery. 

A.  H.  Jones. — Hardware  and  malleable  iron. 

Excelsior  Rolling  Mills. — Lewis,  Oliver  & 
Phillips.  Hardware  and  wagon  irons.  [See  also 
Rolling  Mills  of  Pean.;  also  3Ionongahela 
Bolt  and  Nut  Works?) 

L.  O.  Livingston  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  gen- 
eral castings. 

McLean  &  Slater. — Iron  foundry. 

A.  J.  Nellis  &  Co. — Patent  power  hay  forks, 
agricultural  steels,  etc. 

L.  J.  Peterson. — Iron  foundry ;  specialty, 
stoves. 

Beiter  &  Armor. — Hinges,  butts,  etc. 
Beiter,  Sutton  &  Co. — {See   Crucible  Steel 
Works.) 

S.  Beynolds. — Iron  foundry,  builders'  hard- 
ware. 

S.  B.  Ross. — Hardware. 
C.  BozEN. — Steam  engines. 

B.  W.  White  &  Bro. — Steam  engines  and 
boilers. 

W.  WiGHTMAN. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chineiy. 

Allen,  Cumberland  County. 
A.  W.  Plank. — Plows. 

Allentovm,  Lehigh  County. 

Allbright  Bros  &  Co. — Pipe.  {See  Pipe  and 
Tube  Works.) 

Allentown  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — 
Barber  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, boilers,  mill  work,  etc. 

H.  Beck. — Machinery. 

W.  Becker  &  Co. — Steam  bending  works. 

Cole  &  Heilman. — Boilers  and  plate-iron 
work. 

H.  H.  Fisher. — Iron  foundry,  architectural 
iron  and  car  castings. 

Gennell  &  Williams. — Files. 

Lehigh  Valley  Spike  Works. — Bolts,  nuts, 
spikes,  etc. 

Mabig  &  Wright. — Machinery. 

W.  F.  Moser  &  Co. — Forge,  hammered  axles. 

Noble  &  Bhoda. — Boiler  makers. 

NiPPORT  &  BucRUPP. — Files. 

H.  Nadig. — Iron  foundry. 

W.  B.  Powell  &  Son. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

J.  Taylor  &  Deeth. — Pipe.  {See  Pipe  and 
Tube  Worlcs.) 

C.  F.  Wolfertz. — Cutlery. 

S.  H.  &  S.  B.  Yeakel. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments and  machinery. 


Valley  Spike  and  Rivet  Works. — James 
Wilson  &  Sons. 

Altoona,  Blair  County. 
D.  CoLCLESSER. — Axes. 

Penn.  Railroad  Machine   Shop.— 2,400  men 
employed.    {See  Car  Works  of  Penn.) 
J.  J.  Piper. — Bridges. 

Apollo,  Armstrong  County. 
Jack  &  Keltering. — Iron  foundry. 

Armagh,  Indiana  County. 
W.  TiMB. — Iron  foundry. 

Ashland,  Sehuylkill  County. 
Ashland  Iron  Works. — J.  &  M.  Gardner, 
Proprietors.     Iron  foundry  and   general  iron 
work. 

Gaedner  &  Christian. — Iron  foundry. 

Athens,  Bradford  County. 
Blood  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Avondale,  Chester  County. 
Avondale  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Watson,  Carlile,  James  &  Co.    Foundry  and 
machinery. 

BaWs  Mill,  Lycoming  County. 
S.  Ball. — Ma'chinery. 

Bar  re  Forge,  Huntingdon  County. 
Denis  &  Co. — Forge,  bloomery.    {See  Blast 
Furnaces  of  Penn.) 

J.  R.  Hunter  &,  Co. — Forge. 

Beaver  Falls,  Beaver  County. 

Beaver  Falls  Cutlery  Co. — H.  Beeve,  Pres- 
ident and  Superintendent;  John  Reeve,  Treas- 
urer and  Secretary.  Pocket  and  table  cutlery. 
300  hands  employed. 

Western  File  Works — Blake  &  Fessenden, 
Proprietors.  New  York  office,  96  Chambers 
Stieet.  200  hands  employed. — Said  to  be  the 
largest  file  works  in  the  world. 

Emerson  Saw  Works. — Ford,  Emerson  &  Co. 
Saws. 

J.  M.  Fife  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Joseph  Graff  &  Co. — Axes,  hoes,  etc. 
Myers  &  Armer. — Shovels.    60  hands  em- 
ployed. 

A.  F.  Wolff  &  Co. — Iron  foimdry,  stoves. 
Beiter  &  Armor. — Wrought  butts  and  hinges. 
150  hands  employed. 

Beavertown,  Snyder  County. 
M.  Specht. — Iron  foundry,  threshing  machin- 
ery, etc. 


12.4 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACIIESTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


George'  Stetler. — Iron  foundry,  threshing 
machines,  plows,  etc. 

Bedford,  Bedford  County. 
P.  H.  Shires. — Machinery. 
Shires  &  Jordan.— Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 
ings. 

Bellefonte,  Centre  County. 
George  A.  Bayard. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  P,  Duncan. — Iron  foundry. 

Bemville,  Berks  County. 
HoAG,  Kline  &  Co. — Iron  foundiy  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Klahn  &  Son. — S^jikes. 

Berryshurgh,  Dauphin  County. 
Berrysburgh  Ikon  Foundry. — J.  D.  Snyder. 
Iron  foundry. 

Berwick,  Columhia  County. 
Jackson  &  Woodin  Manufacturing  Co. — {See 
Car  '[Vorks  o  f  Penn. ) 

Bethlehem,  Northamjyton  County. 
Abbott  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry,  steam  engines, 
machinery,  rolling-mill  castings. 

C.  F.  Beckel. — Iron  foundry  and  machineiy. 

B.  E.  Letiman. — Machinery  and  brass  foundry. 
Lehigh  Shovel  Co. — Shovels. 

The  Lehigh  Zinc  Co. — B.  C.  Webster,  Presi- 
dent ;  Gordon  Monges,  Treasurer.  Is  also  located 
at  Bethlehem,  and  has  in  operation  the  largest 
stationary  engine  in  the  world,  being  of  3,000 
horse-power,  and  used  in  pumping  water  from  the 
mines. 

Birmingham,  Allegheny  County  {See  Blast 
Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills  of  Penn ^ 
Thos.  Fisher  &  Co.— Iron  foundry,  general 
castings. 

A.  Garrison  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  ;  rolling-mill 
work,  specialty.  This  works  is  celebi-ated  for  the 
production  of  rolls  for  rolling  mills,  and  has  cast 
the  largest  chilled  rolls  in  the  world,  which  are 
now  in  use  in  the  plate  mills  of  the  Abbott  Iron 
Company  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  the  Mill  vale 
Works  of  Graff,  Bennett  k  Co.,  Pittsburgh.  The 
foundry  is  very  extensive,  and  employs  80  men. 

Klein,  Logan  &  Co. — Tools.  50  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Monongahela  Iron  Works. — Lewis,  Oliver  & 
Phillips,  Proprietors.  Bolts  and  nuts.  Rolling- 
mill,  foundry,  and  machine  shop.  350  hands  em- 
ployed. 

KossiTER  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery  ; 
rolling-mill  machinery  a  specialty,  for  which  the 
firm  is  celebrated. 

C.  J.  Schultz. — Nuts  and  bolts. 


Standard  Nut  Co. — George  C.  McMnrtric, 
President.  Nuts  and  bolts.  Formerly  James 
Wood's  Sons  &  Co. 

Blairsville,  Indiana  County. 
Walker,  Still  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  . 

Bloody  Bun,  Bedford  County. 
J.  A.  Grump. — Iron  foundry. 

F.  Felton. — Iron  foundry. 

Bloomfeld,  Perry  County. 
Wm.  Snyder.— Iron  foundry. 

Bloomsburg,  Columhia  County. 
TuRNBACH,  Hess  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Columbia  Iron  Works. — J.  J.  Robbing.  Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

Sharpless  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Blossburg,  Tioga  County. 
T.  J.  Moore. — Iron  foundiy. 

Boalsburgli,  Centre  County. 
A.  &  D.  Stover. — Agricultural  implements. 

Boyerstoion,  Berks  County. 
Brendlinger  &  Co. — Ii-on  foundry. 
J.  ScHAELER. — Machinery. 

Braddock'' s  Fields,  Alleghany  County. 
McVay,  Walker  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
cars.    {See  Car  Works  of  Pennsylvania.) 

Brady^s  Bend,  Armstrong  County. 
Brady's  Bend  Iron  Co. — {See  also  Blast  Fur- 
naces and  lioUin.g  Mills  of  Pennsylvania.) 
Rolling  mills,  blast  furnaces,  iron  foundry,  and 
machinery. 

Bridgejwrt,  Montgomery  County. 
J.  Hebertson  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  HoLMAN. — Iron  foundry. 

G.  M.  Smith. — Machinery. 
W.  S.  Swan. — Iron  foundry. 

Bridesburgh,  Philadelphia  County. 
Bridesburgh    Manufacturing    Co. — Cotton 
and  woollen  machinery.    Barton  H.  Jenks,  Presi- 
dent. 

Brookville-  Jefferson  County. 
Brown,  Son  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
saw  mills,  water  wheels,  and  foundry  work. 
E.  English. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 
W.  E.  &  J.  U.  Gillespie. — Iron  foundry, 
plows,  etc. 

Brownsville,  Fayette  County. 
Wm.  Faull. — Steam  engines,  iron  foundry,  etc. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


John  Getty. — Boilers,  etc. 
J.  Gibbons. — Steam  engines. 
Fayette  Foundry. — John  Herbertson  &  Co., 
Proprietors.    Steam  engines  and  machinery. 

I3runnerville,  Lancaster  County. 
Brunnerville  Machine  Shop  and  Foundry. — 
E.  Bruimer,  Proprietor. 

W.  Keller. — Iron  foundry. 

JButler,  Butler  County. 
W.  &  G.  Bauers. — Machinery. 
J.  G.  &  W.  Crawford. — Iron  foundry. 

A.  CuTHBERT. — Machinery. 

Cambridge,  Lancaster  County. 
H.  B.  Kent. — Machinery. 

B.  Marple. — Rakes. 

Canton,  Bradford  County. 
Thompson  &  Kucker. — Iron  foundry. 

Carbondale,  Luzerne  County. 

J.  Benjamin  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery.   50  hands  employed. 

Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co.  Railroad  ma- 
chine shop. 

F.  T.  Gelder. — Iron  foundry. 

W.  Lindsay  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Carlisle,  Cumberland  County. 
Lehigh  Forge. — Bricker  &  Jacobs.  Forge. 

F.  Gardner  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural 
implements,  steam  engines,  etc.  30  hands  em- 
ployed. 

G.  Kutz. — Machinery. 

H.  DiNKEL. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Carmichaels,  Green  County. 
J.  E.  EiCHER. — Iron  foundry. 

Catasauqua,  Lehigh  County.    {See  Blast  Fur- 
naces and  Boiling  3Iills  of  Pennsylvania.) 
G.  M.  Boyle. — Shovels. 

Frederick  &  Co. — {See  Car  Works  of  Penn- 
sylvania.) 

Brenig,  Demick  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

D.  Davis  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Lehigh  Valley  Car  Wheel  Works. — McKee, 
Fuller  &  Co.  {See  Car  Wheel  Works  of  Penn- 
sylvania.) 

D.  Wilson. — ^Boilers  only. 

Williams,  Davis  &  Co. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

Ca,fawissa,  Columbia  County. 
Geo.  Hughes  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Centre  Hall,  Centre  County. 
Van  Pelt  &  Wolf. — Machinery  and  agricul- 
tural implements. 


Chambershurgh,  Franklin  County. 
Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  macliine  shop. 
H.  S.  Gilbert. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

C.  Gilbert  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  foundry. 

Huber  &  Co.— Tools. 

Shipler,  Myers,  Hack  &  Co. — Reapers. 

Franklin  Foun^dry. — J.  B.  Wood  &  Co.  Steam 
engines,  machinery,  and  water  wheels. 

C harming s ford,  Berks  County. 
W.  &  B.  F.  Taylor. — Iron  foundry. 

Cheltenham,  Montgomery  County. 
T.  Rowland  &  Sons. — Shovels  and  spades. 
Coatesville,  Chester  County.    {See  Boiling  Hills 
of  Pennsylvania.) 
C.  Ridgeway. — Iron  foundry. 

Columbia,  Lancaster  County.    {See  Blast  Fur- 
naces and  Boiling  3Iills  of  Pennsylvania.) 
Perottet  &  HoYT. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Columbia  Steam  Boiler  Works. — T.  Skeen. 
Boilers  only. 

Supplee  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Concord,  Franklin  County. 
J.  H.  McKin. — Iron  foundry. 

ConneautvUle,  Crawford  County. 
G.  T.  Eberhart. — Agricultural  implements. 
R.  F.  Davis  &  Co.— ^Machinery. 
T.  MouLTHROPP  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

F.  M.  Robinson  &  Bro.  —Iron  foundry. 

Connellsville,  Fayette  County. 

National  Locomotive  Works. — Dawson  & 
Bailey,  Proprietors.  {See  Locomotive  Works  of 
Pennsylvania.) 

Pittsbui-gh  and  Connellsville  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Thos.  St.  John. — Augers,  bolts,  etc. 
Connellsville  Machine  and  Car  Co. — {See 
Car  Works  of  Pennsylvania.) 
Stouffer,  Porter  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Consholiocken,  Montgomery  County. 

W.  Bate  &  Co. — Boilers  only. 

S.  Fulton  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  pipes. 
{See  Pipe  and  Tube  Works  of  Pennsylvania.) 
400  hands  employed.  Philadelphia  office,  242 
South  Third  Street.  {See  also  Blast  iHirnaces 
and  Boiling  Mills  of  Pennsylvania.) 

Conyngham,  Luzerne  County. 
S.  Bennep.. — Iron  foundry. 


126  DinrcTORY  of  geotsra 

Coopershurgh,  Lehigh  County. 
N.  Weaver. — Machinery. 

Corry,  Erie  County. 
Climax  Mower  and  Reaper  Co. — Mowers  and 
reai)ers. 

H.  King  &  Son. — Machinery. 
W.  W.  Emery. — Machinery. 
Buffalo,  Corry  and  Pittsburgh  Raih'oad  machine 
shop. 

Corsica,  tTefferson  County. 
McGriffin,  Ferguson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry 
plows,  etc. 

J.  P.  Wann. — Machinery. 

Corwinsville,  Clearfield  County. 

R.  Jackson. — Machinery. 
J.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  M.  Welch. — Iron  foundry. 

Dale,  JBerhs  County. 
A.  Eltz. — Forge. 
Dale  Forge. — D.  Schall.  Forge. 

Danville,  Montour  County.  ( See  Blast  Furnaces 
and  Rolling  Mills  of  Penn.) 

Eagle  Foundry.— W.  Biddle.    Iron  foundry. 

D.  Cary. — Machinery. 

S.  Huber  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and  plows. 
T.  W.  Thatcher. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  H.  Law. — Boilers  and  machinery. 

Dillsburgh,  YorJc  County. 

E.  Moore.— Chain. 
P.  Shaeffer. — Chain. 

Douglassville,  Berks  County. 
H.  F.  Bush. — Threshing  machinery.  * 
Dover,  York  Comdy. 

G.  &  E.  Danne. — Machinery. 

Doylestown,  Bucks  County. 
Jas.  Blebier. — Iron  foundry. 
Hulshizer  &  Lazalere. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Duncannon,,  Perry  County.    {See  Blast  Fur- 
naces and  Rolling  Mills  of  Penn.) 
W.  McIlvaine  &  Son. — Forge  and  machinery. 

H.  Moreland. — Machinery. 

Duncansville,  Blair  County.    (See  RolVmg  M  Is 
of  Penn.) 

T.  J.  Armstrong  &  Co.— Forge  and  bloomery. 
J.  McGibbony. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  stoves, 
etc. 

Broad  Top  City,  Huntingdon  County. 

J.  W.  Scott.— Iron  foundry,  coal-car  cast- 
ings. 


-  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 

East  Berlin,  Adams  County. 
G.  Baker. — Plows. 
J.  Hartley. — Wire. 
Eebbert  &  Brougii.— Hay  rakes,  etc. 
IscHOP  &  Hartman. — Machineiy. 

East  Liberty,  Alleghany  County. 
Snyder  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 

Easton,  Northampton  County.    [See  Blast  Fur- 
naces and  Rolling  Mills  of  Penn.) 
L.  A.  Buckley. — Iron  foundry  and  threshing 
machinery. 

D.  Martin, — Hammered  axles. 
Wilson  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 
Young  &  Sciileugh. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Ebensburgh,  Cambria  County. 
CoNNERY,  Vinro  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  A.  Shoemaker. — Threshing  machinery, 

Eberley's  Mills,  Cumberland  County. 
D.  Drawbaugh. — Machinery. 

Elderton,  Armstrong  County. 
J.  Craft. — Iron  foundry. 

Eddyville,  Armstrong  County. 
A.  Glenn. — Iron  foundry. 

Effert,  Monroe  County. 
Geo.  Wagner. — Iron  foundry. 

Elizabethtovm,  Luncaster  County. 
Busch  &  Groff.— Machinery-. 

Elk  Lick,  Somerset  County. 
Ohley    &    Lepley. — Machinery    and  iron 
foundry. 

Emaus,  Lehigh  County.    [See  Blast  Furnaces 
of  Pe7in.) 
Pennoyer  &  Seems. — Iron  foundry. 

Emle7iton,  Venango  County. 
Crawford,  Livingston  &  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
R.  Lecky. — Iron  foundry. 

Ephrata,  Lancaster  County. 
R.  RoYER. — Iron  foundry. 

Erie,  Erie  County. 
W.  Althof. — Files. 
11.  Althof. — Iron  fences. 
J ohnson.  Black  &  Co.— Iron  foundry.  {See 
Stove  Manufacturers^ 

Bass  &  Gorr. — Iron  fences.  * 
Bay  State  Iron  Works.— Noble  &  Hall,  Pro- 
prietors.   Iron  foundry  and  general  iron  work. 
GO  hands. 


DIKECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


127 


Davenport,  Fairbaien  &  Co. — i^SeeCarWheel 
Works.) 

Erie  City  Foundry. — Cleveland  k  Co.,  Pro- 
prietors. Steam  engines  and  pipe  foundry.  50 
hands  employed. 

Erie  City  Car  Works. — W.  R.  Davenport, 
President.    {^Sce  Car  Works  of  Penn.) 

Erie  City  Iron  Works. — Geo.  Selden,  Presi- 
dent ;  John  H.  Bliss,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  saw  mills,  boilers,  etc. 

R.  Galloway. — Boilers  only. 

Erie  Torsion  Spring  Co. — Goggin,  Gear,  Her- 
shey  &  Dudley.  Springs. 

J.  Gear. — Iron  fences. 

Petroleum  Brassand  Iron  Works.—  Jarecki, 
Hays  <fe  Co.  Iron  and  brass  work,  machinery, 
etc. 

F.  Kessel. — Machinery. 

Seldon  &  Griswold  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Builders'  hardware,  butts,  etc. 

S.  SiLEY  &  Son. — Machinery. 

South  Erie  Iron  Works. — H.  Seibel  &  Co. 
Iron  foundry,  stoves.    90  hands  employed. 

Thayer,  Malick  &  Co. — Hooks,  hasps,  and 
staples. 

Presque  Isle  Iron  Works. — Stearns,  Clark, 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.  Steam  saw  mills,  machineiy, 
and  iron  foundry.    100  handa  employed. 

F.  Stollates.— Files. 

TiBBALS,  Shirk  &  Whitehead. — Iron  foundry. 
(/See  Stove  3Icmufacturers.) 

Humboldt  Iron  Works. — A.  Volck  &  Co.,  Pro- 
prietors.   Iron  foundry. 

Exeter  Station,  Berks  County. 

J.  MoWE. — Forge,  bar  iron. 

G.  Meyer. — Forge,  blooms. 

Exeter  Steam  Forge. — R.  B.  Seidel.  Car- 
hooks,  draw-bars,  and  general  forgings. 

Fairchance  Iron  Works. — {See  Blast  Fur- 
naces of  Penn.) 

Geo.  W.  Parell. — Iron  foundry, 

Fairview,  Cumberland  County, 

McConnuck  &  Co. — Nail  works. 

Fallston,  Benver  County. 

M.  &  S.  H.  Darrah. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

J.  W.  Thornley. — Iron  foundry,  stoves. 
W.  P.  Townsend  &  Co. — Rivets,  wire-works, 
etc. 

Fleetwood,  Berks  County. 

Fleetwood  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Schaefer,  Merkel  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Iron  foun- 
dry and  general  machinery. 


Flemington,  Clinton  County. 
A.  GiBB. — Machinery. 
S.  B.  Hyatt. — Iron  foundry. 

Fogelsville,  Lehigh  County. 
H.  Brophy. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  SiTLER. — Agricultural  implements. 

Franklin,  Venango  County. 

Boston  Iron  Works. — James  Smith.  Oil 
tools  and  oil-well  machinery. 

Emery  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Smith  &  Co. — Machinery. 

WiNSOR  Bros.  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

G.  W.  Warren. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Freedom,  Beaver  County. 
McKasky  &  Kerr. — Steamboat  builders. 
Snead  &  Co. — Steamboat  builders. 

Freeport,  Armstrong  County, 
Wolfenden  Bros.  &  Martin. — Iron  foundry, 
agricultural  implements,  and  threshing  machines. 

Fryhxirg,  Clarion  County, 
D.  DoTTER.— Iron  foundry. 

Gettyshurgh,  Adams  County. 
D.  Steiner. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
A.  M.  Hunter. — Machinery. 

Glen  Rock,  York  Comity, 
Fry,  Herbst  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,   {See  Car 

Wheel  Works.) 
Heathcote,  Herbst  &  Co. — Machinery.  {See 

Car  Works  of  Penn.) 

Ginglersville,  Berks  County, 
Gingler,  Herberling  &  Co. — Files, 
Schnader  &  Bro. — Rifle  barrels. 

Great  Bend,  Susquehanna  County. 
Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  R.  R.  ma- 
chine shop, 

Greensburgh,  Westmoreland  County. 
G.  L.  Potts. — Machinery. 
J.  S.  Fisher. — Iron  foundry. 

Greencastle,  Franklin  County, 
Cromwell  &  Deardorf. — Machinery. 
Stikell  &  Fuss. — Plows. 

Greenville,  3Iercer  County. 
Hamlin,  Kreps  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Greshville,  Berks  Cownty. 
Brendlinger  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 


128 


DIUECTOIIY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Halifax,  Dauphin  County. 

C.  KopPESHOFER. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Hamilton,  Jefferson  County. 
Brower  &  Blose. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Marsh. — Iron  foundry. 

Hamburgh,  Berks  County. 

B.  Derr. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 
G.  A.  Hander.— Machinery. 

Keystone  Foundry. — Seivert  &  Stahlnecker. 
Iron  foundry,  pfows,  and  machinery. 
G.  A.  Xander. — Machinery. 

Hanover,  York  County. 
J.  FiTZ. — Steam-engines,  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

J.  &  P.  Hickinger. — Agricultural  implements. 

D.  Hickinger. — Agi-icultural  implements. 
Hanover  Branch  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

C.  MouL. — Reapers  and  mowers. 

Harmony,  Hutler  County. 
Latchaw  &  Ziegler. — Machinery. 

HarrishurgJi,  Dauphin  County.     {See  Dlast 
Furnaces  and  Rolling  3Iills  of  Penn.) 

E.  J.  BosTGEN. — Files. 
Bay  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry. 

Central  Iron  Works. — RolUng  mill  and  boil- 
ers.   200  hands  employed. 

Harrisburgh  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — W. 
Colder,  President;  W.  D.  Hildrup,  Superintend- 
ent. 1,000  men  employed.  {See  Car  Works 
and  Car  Wheel  Works  of  Penn.) 

Harrisburgh  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — D. 
A.  Bolt,  Superintendent,  connected  with  Harris- 
burgh Car  Manufacturing  Co.  Machine  tools, 
drills,  bolt  and  nut  machines,  etc.  150  hands 
employed. 

Harrisburgh  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. — 
{See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

Eagle  Works. — Wm.  O.  Hickock.  Ma- 
chinery, cider  presses,  etc.    200  hands. 

Franklin  Iron  Works. — W.  W.  Jennings. 

J.  C.  Martin. — Steam  engines  and  machinery. 

Pennsylvania  Steel  Works  Co. — {See  Bes- 
semer Works  of  Penn.) 

Parsons  &  Finney. — Agricultural  implements. 

R.  Tippett. — Boilers  only.  30  hands  employed. 

D.  T.  Wilson  <fc  Bro. — General  machineiy.  50 
men, 

Hawley,  Wayne  Cou/nty. 

Knapp  &  Charlesworth. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

F.  Bea. — Steam  engines. 
W.  Mill. — Machinery. 


R.  Westlake. — Machinery. 

Hazelton,  Luzerne  County. 
Lehigh  Valley  R.  R.  INIachine  Shops. — Cars 
and  machinery.    Formerly  A.    Pardee  &  Co.'s 
shops. 

Mans  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  > 

Hellertown,  Northampton  County. 
Mahoney,  Keenan  &  Curley. — Iron  foundry. 
{See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Penn.)> 

Hollidaysburgh,  Blair    County.    {See  Blast 
Furnaces  and  Tiolling  Mills  of  Penn.) 
-i3ETNA  Iron  Works. — Geo.  D.  Isett  k  Bro. 
Forge. 

J.  Hemphill.— Iron  foundry. 

Franklin  and  Louisa  Maria  Forges. — E. 
Hammond,  Proprietor.    Forge  and  bloomaries. 

McLanahan,  Stone  &  Bailey. — Iron  foundry 
and  machinery. 

Hollidaysburgh  Foundry. — J.  R.  McFarlane 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.    Iron  foundry. 

Cove  Forge. — John  Royer,  Proprietor.  Forge 
and  bloomary. 

Honesdalc,  Wayne  County. 
Knapp  &  Charlesworth. — Steam  engines,  por- 
table and  stationary. 
G.  White. — Edge  tools. 

Hopewell,  Bedford  County. 
C.  W.  Ascheun. — Iron  foundry. 

Houseville,  Centre  County. 
C.  &  M.  HousER  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Hublershurgh,  Centre  County. 
G.  SwARTZ  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Hughesville,  Lycoming  County. 
Kelly  &  Santee.— Steam  engines,  maclyjiery, 
plows,  etc. 

J.  Robbins. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

E.  S.  Sprout  &  Bros.— Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Jonestown,  Lebanon  County. 
Monroe  Forge. — F,  K.  Spang  &  Co.  Forge, 
charcoal  blooms. 

Union  Forge  Co. — Forge,  blooms,  and  bars. 

Johnstown,  Cambria  County. 

Johnstown  Mechanical  Works. — J.  M. 
Campbell,  President ;  V.  Elder,  Superintendent. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  iron  and  brass  foun- 
dry.   75  hands  emjjloyed. 

S.  R.  Varner. — Machinery. 

Kelly sville,  Delaware  County. 

F.  C.  Allen  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


129 


Jyennett  Square,  Chester  CoKUtij. 
The    Pennock    Manufacturing    Co. — Iron 
foundry,  agricultural  implements,  and  cars. 

Kittanning,  Armstrong   County.    (See  Ulast 
Furnaces  and  Rolling  3lills  of  Penn.) 
Robinson  &  Crawford. — Iron  foundry. 

Kiitztown,  J3erks  County. 
Zehm  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Lamar,  Clinton  County. 
R.  LovELAND. — Axes. 

Lambs  P.  O.,  Venango  County. 
Bryan,  Dillingham  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Murphy  &  Fisher. — Machinery. 

Lancaster,  Lancaster  County. 

Lancaster  Boiler  Works. — J.  Best,  Proprie- 
tor.   Boilers  only. 

R.  Blinkenderfer. — Iron  foundry. 

DiLLER  &  Stehman. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural implements.    30  hands  employed. 

Conestoga  Rifle  Works. — H.  E.  Leman,  Pro- 
prietor. 

Harberger,  McColley  &  Harberger. — Steam 
engines,  machinery,  and  iron  foundry. 
KiLNER  &  Co. — -Files. 

Keystone  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Landes  &  Frick,  Proprietors.  Steam  engines, 
machinery,  etc. 

Lancaster  Union  Agricultural  Works. — S. 
Keeler,  Proprietor.    Agi-icultural  machinery. 

Lancaster  Manufacturing  Co. — (Rolling 
mill  and  ii-on  works.)  Agricultural  iron  and 
hardware. 

J.  Shutz. — Edge  tools. 

H.  K.  Struer. — Agricultural  implements. 

J.  Brenderly.— Agricultural  implements. 

J.  Davis. — Agricultural  implements. 

Lansdale,  Montgomery  County. 
D,  Heebner. — Machinery. 

Laneshoro,  Susquehanna  County. 
A.  &  S.  W.  Barnes. — Iron  foundry. 

Lebanon,  Lebanon  County.    (See  Plast  Fur- 
naces and  Polling  3Iills  of  Penn.) 
Brightbell  &  XJrich. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Lebanon  Manufacturing  Co.^ — C.  D.  Glonin- 
ger,  President ;  J.  G.  Gettle,  Superintendent. 
Cars  and  agricultural  implements.  125  hands 
employed. 

Rosenberger,  Light  &  Co. — Iron  and  bell 
foundry. 

Meyerstown  Foundry. — Seidle  &  Sherk, 
Iron  foundry. 


Union  Forge  Co. — M.  Weedmau,  Superintend- 
ent. Forge. 

Van  de  Sand  &  Cap. — Forge. 

Weimer  Machine  Works,  U.  S.  Coil  Tuyere 
Works,  and  Lebanon  Car  Works. — P.  L. 
Weimer  &  Bros.,  firm  changing  in  December,  1873. 
Works  to  be  started  under  new  firm  early  in  1874. 
250  hands  employed. 

Lcliighton,  Carbon  County. 
Lehigh  Stove  and  Manufacturing  Co. — {See 
Stove  Manufacturers.^    60  hands  employed. 

Leroysville,  Pradford  County. 
E.  M.  Bailey, — Iron  foundry. 

Lewisberry,  York  Cownty. 
W.  S.  Hammond. — Spring  manufacturers. 

Lewisburgh,  Union  County. 
R.  Cockuff. — Machinery. 

Jas.  S.  Marsh  &  Co.— Iron  foundry,  machinery, 
and  agricultural  implements. 

Slifer,  Walls  &  Shimas  Manufacturing  Co. 
—  S.  Geddes,  Treasurer.  Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural machinery. 

Lewistown,  3Iifflin  County.  {See  Plast  Fur- 
naces and  Rolling  3Iills  of  Penn.) 

Crucible  Steel  Works. — {See  Crucible  Steel 
Works.)  Office,  218  South  Fourth  Street,  Phila- 
delphia.   Locomotive  tires  and  cast  steel. 

Lewistown  Boiler  Works. — Snyder,  Weidner 
&■  Co.    Boilers  and  locomotive  tanks. 

Wm.  Mann,  Jr.,  &  Co. — Axles.  50  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Lewistown  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — T. 
B.  Reese  &  Co.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Paulding  &  Co. — Boilers  only. 

Lewis  Township,  Union  County. 
W.  E.  Smith. — Iron  foundry. 

Lightstreet,  Columbia  County. 

J.  M.  Hulshizer. — Machinery. 
W.  Schuyler. — Machinery. 

Liverpool,  Perry  County. 
H.  W.  Shuman. — Mine  tools. 
A.  D.  Vandling. — Iron  foundry. 

Laubachsville,  PerJcs  County. 
W.  S.  Reinart. — Machinery.  ^ 

LocJchaven,  Clinton  County. 
Fisher  &  Allenson. — Boilers  only. 
Ricker,  Fredericks  &  Cramer. — Steam  en- 
gines, and  mill  gearing,  iron  foundry,  etc. 

Knight,  Agar  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery, iron  foundry,  etc. 


2 


130 


DIRECTOliY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


O.  H.  ELarvey. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Harvey,  Hale  &  Hutson. — Saws. 

Lockport,  Westmorclmid  County. 
WiLSOX  &  Gaeder. — Gas  retorts. 

Lykens,  Dauphin  County. 
Garman  &  Co, — Steam  engines  and  iron  foun- 
dry 

Snyder  &  Erdman. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

3IcEwansviUe,  Nortlmmherland  County. 
J.  BousH. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  P.  Armstrong  &  Co. — Machinery. 
3IcKeesport,  Allegheny  County.    (See  Rolling 
3Iills  of  Penn.) 

Pittsburgh  and  McKeesport  Car  Co. — Iron 
foundry  and  machinery,  (/See  Car  Works  of 
Penn.) 

3Ic  Veytown,  Mifflin  Cov/nty. 
J.  W,  PiNCEiN. — Iron  foundry. 

Mahanoy,  City,  Schuylkill  County, 
Lee  <fe  Wren. — Machinery. 
Thos.  Wren. — Iron  foundry. 

Manheim,  TMncaster  County. 
Erb  &  Bruner. — Machinery. 
M.  G.  Miller.— Machinery. 

3Iarietta,  Lancaster  County.  {See  Ulast  Fur- 
naces of  Penn. ) 

Marietta  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Stibgen  &  Son.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Marietta  Casting,  IIollow-ware,  ajjd  Emam- 
ELLING  Co. — H.  Musselman,  President;  A.  Lum- 
my, Secretary.    Tin  and  enamelled  iron  ware. 

Martinshurgh,  Blair  County. 
H.  S.  Crawford. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

S,  Horn. — Iron  foundry, 

MarysvUle,  Perry  County. 
J  B,  Seidel. — Forge. 

3Iauch  Chunky  Carhon  County. 

Allbright  <fe  Stroh. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Hazard  Manufacturing  Co. — Wire  rope. 

J.  W.  Salkeld  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  steam 
pumps,  boilers,  and  general  machinery,  Roberts' 
Patent  Steam  Pump.  Works  cover  an  area  of  six 
acres.    Sales,  $200,060  annually. 

Meadville,  Crawford  Cownty. 
R.  Buckley. — Iron  foundry. 


Dicks  Iron  Works. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

W.  H.  Curry  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
C.  J.  Fox. — Machinery. 
J.  Hazlett. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Meadville  Agricultural  Works. — Mowers, 
reapers,  etc. 

Mechaniceburg,  Cumherlamd  Cownty. 
S.  &  G.  Hauck. — Threshing  machinery  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Mehoopany.,  Wyoming  County. 
VosE  &  Ingham  . — Iron  foundiy. 

Mercer,  fiercer  County. 
Albin  &  Sykes. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Sykes  &  Son. — Agricultural  implements. 
Gundy  k  Boyden. — ^Iron  foundry. 
S.  R.  Thompson. — Iron  foundry,  steam  engines, 
and  wood-working  machinei-y. 

Myerstovm,  Lebanon  County. 
Harpel  &  Seibert. — Iron  foundry. 
H.  G.  Miller. — Agricultural  implements  and 
machinery. 

H.  M.  Sibent  &  Co — Iron  foundry. 

3Iiddletown,  Dauphin  County. 

Middletown  Car  and  Manufacturing  Co. — 
R.  J.  Young,  President;  E.  B.  Cobaugh,  Treas- 
urer.   {See  Car  Works  of  Penn.) 

Raymond  &  Campbell. — Iron  foundry. 

Mifflinsburgh',  Union  County. 
G.  &  S.  Mader. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 
Zimmerman  &  Stayman. — Iron  foundr\',  plows. 

Mifflin,  tTuniata  County. 
J.  A.  Cresswell. — Iron  foundry. 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  machine  shojJ. 

Milesburgh,   Centre  County.      {See  Plast  Fur- 
naces and  Polling  Mills  of  Penn.) 
N.  B.  Haupt. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Holmes  &  Essington. — Axes. 

Millbrook,  3Iercer  County. 
W.  A.  Carroll  &l  Co.— Iron  foundry. 

31illersburgh,  Dauphin  County. 
P.  A.  Campbell. — Machinery,  dies,  and  stamps, 
MussER  &c  Schreiber. — Iron  foundry,  agricul- 
tural and  saw  mill  machinery. 
M.  Weaver.  — Machinery. 

Millerstovm,  Lehigh  Cou/nty. 
Newman  &  Miller. — Iron  foundry. 
Seip  &  Schmoyek. — Machinery. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


131 


Millerstown,  Perry  County. 
T.  &  D.  Orneb. — Iron  foundry. 

3Iillershorough,  Washington  County. 
J.  BoswELL. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 
J.    M.    Ammons. — Iron   foundry;  specialty, 
plows. 

inilersville,  Lancaster  County. 
Gall  &  Marsteller. — Machinery. 

Hall,  Clinton  County. 
R.  Mann. — Axe  manufacturer. 

Millheim,  Centre  County. 
R.  B.  Hartman. — Iron  foundry. 

Hilton,  Northumberland  County. 
Lawson,  Mervine  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Milton  Car  Works. — Murray,  Dougal  &  Co., 
Proprietors.  {See  Car  Woi'ks  of  Penn.)  Iron 
foundi-y,  machinery,  boilers,  cars,  etc. 

J.  M.  Sassajian. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

MitchelVs  Ifills,  Indiana  County. 
Spaulding  &  Ferron. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 
S.  RoLKEY. — Iron  foundry. 

3finersville,  Sc/mylkill  County. 
J.  L.  Fisher. — Iron  foundry,  boiler  maker,  and 
machinery. 

Gabtley  &  Fox. — Machinery. 
J.  Laubenstein. — Wire  work. 

Ilohn's  Store,  Perks  County. 

F.  Schnader.— Gun  barrels. 
H.  Warley. — Gun  barrels. 
M.  YosuM. — Forge. 

Monongahela  City,  Washington  County. 
Jones  &  Davy. — Marine  railway  works. 

G.  A.  Keller. — Iron  foundry. 

Montrose,  Susquehanna  County. 

S.  H.  Saybe  &  Bro. — Iron  foiindry. 

H.  W.  Shellenberg. — Machinery. 

Mount  Carmel,  Northumberland  County. 
J.  Gilmour. — Machinery. 

3Iount  tT ly,  Ixmcaster  County. 
Wm.  Brady  &  Son. — Axes  and  edge  tools. 
Brady  Manufacturing  Co. — Malleable  iron 
foundry. 

BucHMAYER,  Meishey  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  A.  Snyder. — Iron  foundry. 
Marsh,  Grier  <fe  Co. — Iron  foundry,  machinery, 
and  agricultural  implements,  reapers,  etc. 


D.  Root  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and  plows. 
WoLGAMUTH  &  KuYBlLL. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

3Iount  Pleasant,  Westmoreland  County. 
Cunningham  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  H.  Baltz.— Drills. 
J.  D.  McCaleb. — Iron  foundry. 

B.  MiLLiNGER. — Machinery. 

Mount  Nebo,  Lancaster  County. 
D.  G.  Smith. — Forge. 

Muncy,  Lycoming  County. 
P.  M.  Trumboueeb  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Sprout  Bros. — Forks  and  cutters. 

Nazareth,  Northampton  County. 
J.  Henry  &  Son. — Gun  work. 
R.  MiSKSCH. — Iron  foundry. 
Nazareth  Agricultural  Machine  Works. — 
Agricultui-al  machinery. 

New  Pcthlehem,  Clarion  County. 
New  Bethlehem  Machine  Shop. — C.  R.  Mc- 
Nutt  &  Co. — General  machinery  and  iron  foun- 
dry. 

New  Prighton,  Peaver  County. 

Keystone  Stove  Works. — Merrick  &  Co. — 
Iron  foundry,  stoves. 

W.  P.  TowNSEND  &  Co. — Juniata  Wire  and 
Rivet  Mills.  Wire  and  rivets.  Capacity,  800 
tons  wire,  600  tons  rivets.    50  hands  employed. 

C.  R.  Tuttle. — Machinery. 
T.  C.  White  &  Son.— Bridges. 

New  Brighton  Cutlery  Wobks. — S.  Mason 
&  Sons,  Assignees.    40  hands  employed. 

M.  Darragh  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  Thornley. — Iron  foundry. 

Newcastle,  Lawrence  Countjf.  {See  Plast  Fur- 
naces and  Polling  3fills  of  Penn.) 

Cunningham  <fe  Co. — Iron  foundry,  and  machin- 
ery, water-wheels,  etc. 

Newcastle  Agbicultueal  Works. — Agricul- 
tural implements. 

Newcastle  MANUFAcTURfNO  Co. — Iron  foun- 
dry, and  machinery,  nuts,  bolts,  etc. 

Quest  &  Shaw. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Monitor  Printing  Press  Co. — Printing 
presses. 

New  Haven,  Lancaster  County. 
C.  B.  Becker. — Machinery. 
J.  W.  Sechrist. — Machinery. 

Newtown,  Pucks  County. 
J.  H.  HiLBORN  &  Co. — Agricultural  machinery. 


132 


DIItECTOIlY  OF  GE^STEUAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Norristown,  Montgomery  County.    (See  H/ast 
Furnaces  and  liolling  3I'dls.) 

James  Hooven  &  Sons. — Furnace,  rolling 
mills,  boilers,  and  machinery. 

Hutchinson  &  Fagan. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Jones. — Agricultural  implements. 
W.  Mover. — Edge  tools. 

Eagle  Works.- — R.  S.  Newbold  &  Son.  Steam 
engines,  machinery,  etc.    70  hands  employed. 

NoRRis  Iron  Co. — Woodruif  Bros.  60  hands 
employed.  Machinery.  This  works  is  building 
the  machinery  work  for  the  Reading  Railroad 
steam  colliers. 

Penna  Tack  Works.— C.  P.  Weaver  &  Co. 
Tacks. 

C.  RiTTENHOUSE. — Agricultural  implements. 

Norrittonville,  Monty omery  County. 

D.  S.  HuBNER. — Machinery. 

North  East,  Erie  County. 
Glass  &  Chase. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Oak  Dale,  Dauphin  County. 
D.  K.  McClure.— Forge. 

Oil  City,  Venango  County. 
CuiMJiiNGS  Bros. — Machinery. 
W.  J.  Innis. — Machinery.    30  hands  employed. 
Mount  &  Kugler. — Oil-well  machinery. 

C.  RoBSON  &  Co. — Oil-well  fittings. 

D.  L.  Trax.— Oil-well  machinery. 

D.  MuRDOCK  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  W.  Smith. — Boiler  maker, 

Oxford,  Chester  County. 
S.  H.  Worth. — Machinery  and  agricultural 
implements. 

Dickey,  Harlan  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machineiy. 

Oxford  Co-operative  Car  Co. — (<See  Car 
"Works  of  Penn.) 

JParker''s  Landing,  Armstrong  County. 
Bradley  &  Duff. — Machinery. 
Hart  &  S.mith. — Machinery. 

Peach  Hottom,  York  County. 
Castle  Finn  Iron  Works. — B.  Eby,  Projnie- 
tor.    Iron  foundry. 

Petroleum  Centre,  "Venango  County. 
S.  Colfield  &  Co. — Boilers  and  machinery. 
Fisher,  Norris  &  Co. — Oil-well  machinery 
and  tools. 

F.  J.  Hanna  &  Co. — ]\Iachincry, 


Steam  Engine  Builders  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Philadelphia,  Pliiladelphia  County. 

Alden  Bros. — 2218  Race  Street.  Steam  en- 
gines. 

A.  L.  Archambault. — Kensington  Iron 
Works.  Corner  Beach  and  Vienna  Streets. 
Marine  and  portable  engines ;  specialty,  tug  en- 
gines and  tugs. 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works.^ — {See  Locomo- 
tive Works.) 

Geo.  C.  Howard. — 17  South  Eighteenth  Street. 
Steam  engines.     {See  Machine  Works.) 

Johnson,  Hess  &  Co. — 1314  Button  wood 
Street.  Steam  engines.  {See  Macldne  Works 
also.)    35  hands  emi)loyed. 

W,  H.  King. — 1015  Sansom  Street.  Steam 
engines. 

J.  L.  Knowlton. — Steam  engines.  130  Reed 
Street. 

J.  D.  Moore.— 30  Hudson's  Alley.  Steam  en- 
gines. 

Morgan  &  Orr. — 1219  Callowhill  Street 
Steam  engines.    {See  Machine  Works.) 

I.  P.  Morris  &  Co. — 1057  Richmond  Street 
Steam  engines  of  every  kind. 

The  specialty  of  this  firm  is  blowing  and  piunp- 
ing  engines  of  large  size,  and  many  of  the  finest 
blast-furnace  engines  of  the  country  have  been 
here  constructed.  The  works  is  celebrated  for  the 
thorough  excellence  of  construction,  and  lias  a 
high  reputation  for  quality  of  product. 

C.  W.  Myers.— 245  North  Front  Street. 
Portable  and  stationary  engines. 

Neafie  k  Levy. — Penn  Works.  Corner  of 
Beach  and  Palmer  Streets.  {See  also  Iron  Ship 
Yards.)  Steam  engines,  principally  marine; 
specialty,  ship  yard.  Works  includes  iron  and 
wooden  ship  yard,  machine  sliop,  iron  and  brass 
foundry,  and  a  large  blacksmitJi  shop  and  forge, 
where  the  hea\iest  ship  forgings  are  made. 
When  running  full,  from  350  to  400  hands  are 
employed. 

Philadelphia  Hydraulic  Works. — Evelina 
Street,  near  Third  Street.  I.  S.  Waterman,  Pres- 
ident ;  E.  P.  Dwight,  Superintendent.  Specialty, 
steam  fire-engines. 

J.  Rust. — Steam  engines.  Trenton  A  venue  and 
Adams  Street. 

RuTciiMAN  Bros. — Berks  and  Manor  Streets. 
Steam  engines,  etc. 

E.  C.  Seamen. — 157  North  Second  Street. 
Small  portable  steam  engines. 

A.  H.  Smith  &  Co. — G07  Commerce  Street. 
Steam  engines,  etc. 


DIRECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACIIIlSrE  WORKS,  ETC. 


13,3 


B.  Snyder  k  Co. — 516  Beach  Street. 

J.  L.  Somerset  &  Son. — 12U7  Hamilton  Street. 
Steam  engines. 

Jas.  Watson.  — 1608  South  Front  Street. 
Steam  engines. 

Grace  &,  Long. — Locomotive  and  Machine 
Works.  1340  Beach  Street.  G.  W.  Grice,  Trus- 
tee.   Light  locomotives  and  dummy  engines. 

Thompson  Bros. — 112  Bread  Street.  Princi- 
pally machinery. 

Walker  Bros.  &  Co.— 2227  Wood  Street. 
Steam  engines. 

T.  WiLBRATAM  &  Bros. — Frankford  Road  and 
Amber  Street.  Stationary  and  portable  en- 
gines. 

Perseverance  Iron  Works. — Williamson 
Bros.  Corner  Richmond  and  York  Streets. 
Steam  engines. 


Boiler  Makers  of  Philadelphia. 

Wm.  H.  Burr. — 126  Reed  Street.  Steam 
boilers. 

CuM>[iNGS  &  Myers. — 607  Cherry  Street. 
Steam  boilers. 

Deiley  &  Fowler. — 39  Laurel  Street.  Boil- 
ers and  gas  holders. 

GiLMAN  &  Farran.— 1108  Beach  Street. 
Boilers  and  all  kinds  of  plate-iron  work. 

Geo.  C.  Howard. —17  South  Eighteenth 
Street.    Principally  machinery. 

Harrison  Boiler  Works. — Gray's  Ferry  Road 
and  Carpenter  Street.  Specialty,  Harrison  Boil- 
er, the  invention  of  the  proprietor,  who  has  re- 
ceived tlie  highest  premiums  for  it,  among  which 
was  the  Runiford  Medal,  awarded  by  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  at  Boston, 
Jan.  9tii,  18?  2.  This  boiler  is  in  extensive  use 
in  Philadelphia,  and  claimed  to  be  absolutely 
non-explosive. 

J.  L.  Knowlton. — 130  Reed  Street.  Steam 
boilers. 

J.  B.  Lady.— 3029  Chestnut  Street.  Lady's 
Patent  Non-explosive  Boilers. 

Geo.  Myers. — 204  North  Broad  Street. 
Ranges-boilers,  tanks,  etc. 

H.  M.  Myers.— 839  North  Fourth  Street. 
Steam  boilers. 

Steam  Generator  Manufacturing  Co. — N. 
J.  Nickerson,  President ;  E.  H  Graham,  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer.  Office,  30  North  Fifth 
Street. 

John  Soott  k  Sons. — Front  at  Oxford  Street. 
Steam  boilers. 

Thompson  Bros. — 112  Broad  Street.  Steam 
boilers. 


E.  Weicke.— -i026  New  Market  Street.  Steam 
boilers. 

Williamson  Bros. — Perseverance  Iron  Works. 
Richmond  and  York  Streets.  Steam  boilers.  50 
hands. 

T.  WiLBRAHAM  &  Bbos. — Frankford  Road  and 
Amber  Street. 

J.  N.  WiLFONG.— 2131  Cherry  Street  and  135 
North  Twenty-second  Street. 

J.  Zeb,— 1900  North  Ninth  Street.  Steam 
boilers. 


Machinery  Works  of  Philadelphia. 

M.  F.  Ackley. — Millwi  ighting,  steam  fitting. 

Penn  Axle  Works. — Advena  &  Heald.  Fif- 
teenth Street  and  Fairmouiit  Ave.  Carriage  and 
wagon  axles. 

Alden  Bros.,  Enterprise  Machine  Works. 
2218  Race  Street. — Fans,  pumps,  general  ma- 
chinery. 

W.  C.  Allison  &  Sons.— Thirty-first  and  Wal- 
nut Streets.     [See  Car  Works.)    Flues,  etc. 

This  v/orks  employs  800  hands.  (/See  also  Pipe 
and  Tube  Works.) 

W.  W.  Altemus. — 116  Edward  Street.  Bob- 
bin machinery. 

American  Buttonhole  Overseaming  and 
Sewing  Machine  Co. — Office,  1318  Chestnut 
Street.  Works,  Washington  Avenue.  Button- 
hole sewing  machines,  carpet  sewing  macliines, 
etc. 

American  Meter  Co. — Twenty-second  and 
Arch  Sti-eets.    Gas  meters. 

This  is  a  veiy  extensive  works,  having  almost 
an  exclusive  control  of  the  specialty,  and  employ- 
ing several  hundred  hands. 

C.  A.  Anderson.— 3231  Market  Street. 
Builders'  iron- work,  shutters,  railings,  etc. 

A.  L.  Arc  iiajicault. — Beach  and  Vienna 
Streets.    Principally  steam  engines. 

A.  AssMAN. — 1631  Barker  Street.  General 
iron  work. 

Murray  Bacon.— 7  Commerce  Street.  Light 
lathes  and  general  machinery. 

Beckman  &  Engleman. — Scales.  Ninth  Street, 
near  Girard  Avenue.  This  firm  has  manufactured 
some  fine  scale  worlc. 

The  Industrial  Works,  Philadelphia. — Wm. 
B.  Bement  &  Son,  Pi'opricitors. 

This  establishment  occupies  nearly  the  whole 
square  bounded  by  Twentieth,  Twenty-first,  and 
Callowhill  Sti-eets,  and  the  Philadelphia  and  Read- 
ing Railroad. 

The  senior  member  of  the  present  firm  has  been 
prominently  connected  with  the  business  ever 


134 


DIUECTOIiY  OF  GENKIJAL  MACHINE  AVORKS,  ETC. 


siuce  its  commencement,  iu  1851.  Jn  that  year 
IMarsliall,  Bement  &  Colby  established  the  niaun- 
facture  of  machinists'  tools  in  a  building  which 
yet  stands  near  the  centre  of  the  premises,  and 
which  had  three  floors  of  about  90  by  45  feet 
each.  Even  of  this  small  amount  of  room  a  con- 
siderable portion  was  at  that  time  leased  to  other 
parties. 

The  firm  has  successively  been  Bement,  Colby, 
Dougherty  Co. ;  Bement,  Dougherty  &  Thomas ; 
and  Bement  &  Dougherty,  until,  in  1870,  Mr. 
Dougherty,  who  had  been  connected  with  the 
business  for  some  17  years,  retired  and  gave  place 
to  Mr.  Clarence  S.  Bement,  of  the  present  firm. 

Meanwhile,  tlie  modest  manixfactory  of  1851 
has  steadily  and  rapidly  increased,  until  it  has 
established  an  enviable  reputation  in  North  and 
South  America  and  Europe,  and  has  placed  its 
productions  in  many  poi-tions  of  those  countries. 

Its  buildings  present  a  continuous  front  on 
Callowhill  Street  of  372  feet,  and  on  Twenty-first 
Street  of  265  feet ;  and  contain  a  floor  space  of 
nearly  2^  acres,  or  the  equivalent  of  a  two-story 
building  50  feet  wide  and  more  than  1,000  feet 
long.  Branches  of  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading 
ludlroad  enter  the  premises,  and  deliver  coal  and 
iron  at  convenient  points. 

The  pattern  store-house  is  a  fire-i)roof  struc- 
ture nearly  200  feet  long  by  40  feet  wide,  con- 
taining on  its  three  floors  the  patterns  for  more 
than  one  hundred  and  eighty  machines. 

These  represent  pretty  thoroughly  the  best 
jiractice  of  the  j^reseut  day  iu  the  various  opera- 
tions of  tlie  machine  shop,  smith  shop,  boiler 
shop,  and  foundry,  from  the  formation  of  the 
most  delicate  parts  oi  rifles  or  sewing  machines, 
to  the  turning,  planing,  and  fitting  of  the  parts  of 
the  largest  engines  and  machinery. 

Many  of  the  designs  embodied  in  this  large 
collection  have  originated  at  these  works ;  and 
many  others  have  here  received  such  improve- 
ment as  have  added  much  to  their  usefulness. 

The  drawings  i-epresenting  them  will  be  found 
compactly  and  conveniently  arranged  in  the 
drawing-room,  a  light  and  airy  ai)artment  60  feet 
square,  occupying  the  entire  second  floor  of  the 
office  building. 

Here  are  also  drawings  of  designs  which  belons; 
to  the  past.  Each  of  the.se  has  in  its  time  been 
considered  valuable — has  indeed  been  so,  but  has 
been  superseded  by  something  better,  or  been  ren- 
dered unnecessary  by  some  of  the  many  changes 
constantly  taking  place  in  the  mechanic  arts. 

The  parts  of  a  superaniuiated  locomotive  or 
steamboat  can  be  made  useful  again  as  material, 
but  a  superannuated  design  can  oidy  be  of  use  as 
a  matter  of  history  or  curiosity.    And  it  is  in- 


structive to  trace  the  stages  of  inij)rovement  as 
developed  in  the  successive  drawings  of  the  same 
machine,  and  it  gives  a  new  insight  into  one  of 
the  great  sources  of  expense  attending  the  manu- 
facture of  machinery. 

It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind,  also,  that  the  desired 
change  is  not  completed  when  the  new  drawing 
has  been  made,  but  that  it  still  remains  to  re- 
make or  remodel  the  pattern,  which  is  in  many 
cases  a  tedious  operation. 

This  we  shall  see  more  fully  if  we  visit  the 
pattern  shop. 

We  are  acciistomed  to  see  wood  wrought  very 
rai)idly  by  the  familiar  processes  of  turning,  saw- 
ing, and  planing  by  power.  And  not  many  years 
since,  it  was  considered  good  engineering  to  adopt 
such  outlines  for  the  parts  of  machinery  as  would 
admit  of  the  construction  of  j)atterns  mainly  by 
means  of  those  processes.  Consequently,  right 
lines  and  sharp  angles  were  the  rule,  as  to  forms ; 
and  any  curves,  except  such  as  coidd  be  made  by 
the  turning  lathe,  the  exception. 

This  construction  involved  many  faults.  Sharp 
angles  afforded  great  probability  of  breakage  in 
the  castings,  even  by  their  own  interaal  strains ; 
any  proper  distribution  of  metal  was  nearly  ini- 
])Ossible  ;  convenience  was  sadly  sacrificed ;  while 
gracefulness  or  beauty  of  outline  must  be  entirely 
disregarded. 

It  is  not  strange,  therefore,  that  some  lead- 
ing constructors  soon  became  dissatisfied  with  such 
forms ;  and  in  their  practice  made  the  first  cost 
of  jjatterns  a  secondaiy,  instead  of  primary,  con- 
sideration. Prominent  among  these  was  Mr. 
Bement,  whose  designs  have  for  years  possessed 
a  sort  of  individuality,  and  occupied  a  front  rank 
foi-  combined  mL.,ssiveness,  elegance,  and  adajjta- 
tion  to  their  various  purposes. 

We  are  therefore  not  surprised  to  find,  that 
while  the  pattei-n  shop  of  the  Industrial  Works  is 
well  equipped  with  the  various  kinds  of  wood- 
working machinery,  the  shaping  and  finishing  of 
the  patterns  is  very  largely  done  by  hand.  We 
shall  also  discover  that  care  and  skill  are  required 
in  the  work,  and  that  none  but  a  high  class  of 
skilled  labor  can  be  made  available  in  this  de- 
partment of  the  business. 

Another  feature  in  the  construction  of  machin- 
ery has  become  much  more  general  within  the 
past  few  years,  for  which  the  mechanical  world  is 
largely  indebted  to  the  Industrial  Works. 

The  same  general  ideas  which  disi)layed  them- 
selves in  harsh  and  crude  outlines,  found  ftirther 
cxpi-ession  in  making  the  frames  of  machines  as 
plain  and  bare  as  j)ossible,  and  attaching  all  nec- 
essary projecting  parts  by  bolts.  The  objects 
sought  were  simplicity  in  the  patterns,  and  con- 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENEEAL  MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


185 


sequent  ease  iu  making  tlie  castings.  But  these 
were  attained  only  by  the  use  of  much  unneces- 
sary material  and  the  saciifice  of  both  strength 
and  beauty. 

True  economy,  thereforej  demanded  that  as  far 
as  possible  the  framing  of  a  machine  and  its 
permanent  attachments  should  be  iu  one  piece  of 
casting.  This  principle  was  probably  as  early 
recognized,  and  as  faithfully  pursued,  at  these 
works  as  at  any  other  in  this  country  or  Europe. 
And  the  skill  which  has  been  attained  by  their 
pattern-makers  and  founders  in  producing  with 
ease  and  certainty  castings  of  very  complicated 
form,  is  something  well  worthy  of  notice. 

In  the  foundry  are  furnaces  and  cranes  capable 
of  melting  and  distributing  twenty-five  tons  of 
iron  at  one  heat,  with  all  the  facilities  for  mak- 
ing, moving,  and  drying  the  various  moulds  and 
removing  the  castings  when  made. 

The  interior  of  a  foundry  presents  very  little 
which  is  attractive  to  tlie  casual  observer  ;  but  a 
brief  examination  of  the  mimerous  processes 
which  are  being  carried  on  makes  it  evident  that 
skill,  judgment,  and  patience  are  x'equired  in 
making  the  castings  vised  in  machinery.  No 
small  amount  of  ingenuity  is  developed  merely 
in  the  expedients  by  which  many  of  the  patterns 
are  removed  from  the  sand  which  forms  the 
moulds. 

The  sand  itself,  distributed  about  in  heaps 
which  appear  like  ordinary  loamy  earth,  requires 
careful  selection  and  mixture,  and  must  possess 
peculiar  properties.  It  must  be  sufficiently  fine 
and  ruiiform  to  receive  a  smooth  and  perfect  im- 
pression from  the  pattern ;  cohesive  enough  to 
retain  its  form  while  lifted,  turned  over,  and 
handled  in  various  ways ;  yet  so  porous  as  to 
aftbrd  instant  and  ample  escape  for  the  volumes 
of  gas  and  vapor  generated  when  the  molten  iron 
is  brought  into  contact  with  it.  And  any  one  of 
these  properties  is  required  more  or  less  than  the 
others,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  proposed 
casting. 

Several  kinds  of  sand  must  therefore  be  sup- 
plied, some  of  which  are  brought  from  consider- 
able distances.  And  the  consumption  is  large, 
inasmuch  as  that  which  has  once  been  in  contact 
with  the  melted  iron  is  of  no  further  use. 

In  making  castings  for  the  rougher  kinds  of 
machinery,  or  for  any  purpose  in  which  quality 
is  not  important,  no  particular  preparation  of  the 
surface  of  the  mould  is  necessary,  further  than  to 
see  that  it  has  the  exact  form  of  the  pattern. 
But  when  superior  quality  and  a  fine,  smooth  sur- 
face are  required,  just  here  comes  in  a  large  ex- 
penditure of  time  and  labor.  The  mould  is  coated 
with  various  preparations,  among  which  phim- 


bago  and  coal  of  several  kinds  are  most  impor- 
tant. These  having  previously  been  ground  to 
the  fineness  of  fiour,  are  applied,  sometimes  dry, 
and  sometimes  as  a  wash.  The  new  surface  must 
be  carefully  smoothed  and  dressed,  a  process 
which  requii-es  a  dexterity  only  acquired  by 
practice.  Heat  is  in  many  cases  made  use  of ; 
and  one  mode  of  applying  it  is  to  place  the  mould, 
often  weighing  many  tons,  on  an  iron  car,  and 
roll  it  into  a  Inige  oven  kept  heated  for  the  purpose. 

When  a  mould  which  has  a  depth  of  three  feet 
is  filled  with  fluid  iron,  each  square  foot  of  its 
lower  part  is  under  a  pressure  of  considerably 
more  than  half  a  ton  ;  and  in  a  large  mould  this 
pressure  becomes  something  enormous.  Any 
yielding  to  this  force  would  of  course  destroy  the 
perfection  of  the  casting,  and  must  be  most  thor- 
oughly guarded  against.  It  is  this  consideration 
which  renders  necessary  the  heavy  frames,  or 
flasks,  in  which  the  moulds  are  made,  and  the 
strong  bolts,  clamps,  and  other  devices  vised  to 
secure  them.  As  these  flasks  are  mostly  made  of 
ii'on,  and  the  variety  of  forms  and  sizes  is  almost 
endless,  the  expense  of  providing  and  furnishing 
them  for  a  large  foundry  is  a  very  important 
item. 

The  selection  of  iron  is,  of  course,  a  matter  of 
prime  importance.  In  these  works  no  foreign 
iron  'is  used.  By  proper  selection  and  mixture  of 
the  numerous  brands  of  American  iron,  castings 
can  be  made  of  excellent  quality,  and  suitable  for 
any  possible  purpose.  The  reputation  of  the 
Industrial  Works  for  sound  and  beautiful  cast- 
ings extends  not  only  to  all  parts  of  tliis  country, 
but  to  Euro})e,  and  is  evidence  of  the  variety 
and  value  of  the  irons  produced  in  Pennsylvania. 

All  the  furnaces,  cranes,  immense  ladles,  and 
other  appliances,  with  which  castings  weighing  as 
much  as  eighteen  tons  each  have  been  made,  are 
of  the  firm's  own  manufacture,  and  they  have 
equipped  in  full  foundries  of  much  greater  capac- 
ity than  their  own. 

Brass  castings  are  not  required  in  any  consid- 
erable quantity  in  the  manufacture  of  machinists' 
tools,  though  for  some  purposes  iu  that  liue  of 
business  they  can  be  employed  with  greater  ad- 
vantage than  any  other  material,  provided  always 
that  the  quality  be  strictly  good.  The  proprietors 
of  the  Industrial  Works  found  it  necessary,  some 
years  since,  to  erect  a  small  but  completely 
equipped  brass  foundry  on  their  own  premises, 
not  so  much  as  a  source  of  profit  or  economy  in 
itself,  as  a  means  of  being  able  to  control  with 
certainty  and  uniformity  the  quality  of  the  brass 
castings  used  in  their  machinery. 

The  smith  shop  contains  a  large  number  of 
forges,    two    steam-hammers    in    constant  use, 


136 


DIRECTORY  OF  GET^ERAL  MACHHSTE  WORKS,  ETC. 


cranes,  case-Lardening  furnaces,  etc.,  all  of  •which 
have  been  made  by  tlic  firm  on  the  premises. 

In  vei-y  many  kinds  of  business  a  smith  shop  is 
required  simply  to  duplicate  in  great  numbers  a 
few  forms,  running  through  a  specified  range  of 
sizes.  In  such  cases,  by  a  judicious  outlay  in 
special  tools,  skilled  labor  of  any  high  class  can 
be  dispensed  with. 

Eut  in  the  present  case  the  variety  of  forms  is 
almost  infinite,  and  new  ones  are  daily  demanded, 
so  that  for  the  general  purposes  of  this  business 
special  forging  appliances  cannot  be  extensively 
used,  and  the  most  skilful  workmen  must  be  em- 
ployed. 

The  machine  shops  are  well  provided  with  the 
great  variety  of  tools  and  machines  rendered  nec- 
essary by  the  demands  of  modern  engineering. 

Some  of  these  attract  attention  by  their  great 
capacity  and  power.  Such  are  a  planing  ma- 
chine, cajmble  of  planing  a  horizontal  surface  10 
feet  wide  and  45  feet  long ;  another  which  will 
plane  a  vertical  surface  12  feet  long  and  8  feet 
high  ;  a  lathe  which  will  turn  a  piece  of  work 
(S^  feet  in  diameter ;  a  radial  drill,  with  an  arm 
10  feet  long;  and  a  vertical  machine  for  boring 
and  turning  lai-ge  wheels  and  pulleys  up  to  8  feet 
in  diameter. 

Others,  not  of  remarkable  size,  are  noteworthy 
for  their  ingenious  construction  and  labor-saving 
qualities.  Among  these  are  a  grooving  and  mor- 
tising machine  for  iron  and  steel;  a  double  ma- 
chine for  turning  the  rims  of  pulleys,  and  another 
for  drilling  and  tapping  their  hubs  for  set-screws; 
one  for  making  pins,  screws,  etc.,  from  the  bar ; 
one  for  cutting  the  teeth  of  wheels  by  movements 
entirely  automatic,  with  a  variety  of  others  de- 
signed for  special  jjurposes. 

In  order  to  secui-e  the  greatest  possible  accuracy 
in  cutting  the  threads  of  screws,  particularly  such 
as  ai-e  used  to  move  the  tool  cai'riage  in  engine 
lathes,  the  firm  have  had  a  standard  screw  made 
to  their  order  by  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth,  and  are 
now  building  a  lathe,  which  will  be  upwards  of 
4.5  feet  long,  expressly  to  receive  it.  As  this  will 
not  be  used  for  miscellaneous  work,  it  is  probable 
that  more  accurate  screw  cutting  can  be  done, 
with  these  advantages,  than  has  ever  been  done 
in  this  country. 

There  are  also  a  great  number  of  fixtvires  and 
tools,  each  of  which  is  constructed  expressly  to 
perform  one  single  operation,  the  object  in  most 
of  these  cases  being  not  so  much  to  economize 
time,  as  to  insure  a  greater  degree  of  correctness 
in  the  respective  operations  than  could  be  made 
certain  by  other  means. 

These,  with  the  large  number  of  lathes,  planers, 
drilling,  shaping,  boring,  slotting,  and  milling 


machines,  and  numerous  cranes  conveniently 
placed  for  moving  heavy  weights,  make  the  ma- 
chine shop  of  the  Industrial  Woi-ks  one  of  tlie 
best  equipped  in  tlu!  United  States.  And  the 
variety  of  its  product;ions  affords  profitable  use 
for  all  its  facilities. 

It  may  be  said  that  the  construction  of  ma- 
chinists' tools  imdei'lies  all  othei-  branches  of  man- 
ufacturing. For,  if  we  take  any  finished  product 
whatever,  and  trace  backward  the  means  by 
which  it  has  been  produced,  and  the  machinery 
by  which  those  means  have  ifi  their  tui'n  been  fur- 
nished, we  shall  unavoidably  find  ourselves  face 
to  face  with  an  engine  lathe,  or  planing  or  drill- 
ing machine,  or  all  of  them,  before  we  have  pur- 
sued our  investigations  many  steps. 

The  degree  of  accui-acy  possible  in  any  machine 
is  necessarily  limited  by  that  of  the  tools  with 
which  it  is  made  ;  while  the  economy  with  which 
a  machine  can  be  produced,  and  in  many  cases 
the  feasibility  of  producing  it  at  all,  must  depend 
upon  the  efficiency  of  those  tools.  True  economy, 
therefore,  demands  that  nothing  be  left  undone, 
either  in  their  design  or  execution,  to  secui-e  the 
utmost  correctness,  completeness,  and  efl&ciency. 

The  change  continually  taking  place  in  our 
ideas  as  to  what  constitutes  a  fair  degree  of  cor- 
rectness, is  an  unerring  index  of  our  geneial  prog- 
ress. Not  many  years  ago,  the  man  who  detected 
an  inaccuracy  of  the  one  hundredth  of  an  inch  in 
his  work  prided  himself  both  OJi  his  workmanship 
in  arrivinsc  so  near  to  correctness  and  his  clever- 
ness  in  demonstrating  the  error.  To-day  the  same 
man  would  not  consider  his  resoux'ces  exhausted 
in  detecting,  measuring,  and  correcting  an  error 
of  one  tenth  that  quantity. 

Our  ideas  as  to  the  efliciency  of  tools  and  ma- 
chinery have  partaken  of  the  same  progress,  and 
to  keep  pace  with  them  it  has  been  found  desira- 
ble to  construct  a  great  number  of  machines  for 
special  purposes. 

Mr.  Bement's  exertions,  not  only  to  supply 
but  to  anticipate  the  demand  for  such  machinery, 
have  been  exceedingly  successful. 

The  axle  lathe  and  car-wheel  borer  of  the  In- 
dustrial Works  may  be  found  in  almost  every 
railway  shop  and  car-making  establishment  in  the 
country.  A  drilling  machine,  with  two  spindles 
for  drilling  the  bolt  holes  in  steel  rails,  and 
another  with  six  spindles,  for  drilling  at  once  the 
six  bolt  holes  in  the  arch  bars  of  car  trucks,  are 
widely  known  and  approved. 

A  large  and  expensive  machine  for  the  special 
purpose  of  planing  the  edges  of  locomotive  frames, 
in  which  two  indei)endent  tools  are  working  at 
once,  and  each  at  any  required  angle,  has  been 


found  economical  to  a  high  degree,  and  is  a  fine 
example  of  special  construction. 

A  new  steam  riveting  machine  which  the  firm 
are  building  has  proved  entirely  successful,  and  is 
probably  the  largest  and  most  complete  in  use. 
It  weighs  more  than  eighteen  tons,  and  contains 
one  piece  of  forging  which  alone  weighs  more 
than  five  tons. 

They  also  make  a  planing  machine  expressly 
for  planing  the  edges  of  boiler  sheets.  Both  this 
and  the  riveting  machine,  while  doing  their  work 
very  rapidly,  are  almost  silent  in  their  move- 
ments, so  that  by  their  use  the  fearful  din  of  a 
large  boiler  shop  is  abolished,  a  result  almost  as 
desirable  as  the  great  economy  with  which  they 
operate. 

Another  machine  of  great  importance  in  con- 
nection with  boiler  making  is  one  recently  pat- 
ented by  Mr.  Bement  for  punching  the  rivet 
holes,  the  movements  of  which  are  entirely  auto- 
matic. The  sheet  to  be  punched  is  attached  to  a 
light  but  strong  iron  table,  moving  on  a  bed 
which  is  rigidly  connected  with  the  fraine-work 
of  the  punching  machine.  While  the  punch  is 
out  of  contact  with  the  sheet,  the  table  receives  a 
movement  equal  to  the  required  distance  between 
centres  of  holes.  The  amount  of  this  movement 
is  easily  regulated  to  any  degree  of  nicety.  If, 
for  instance,  two  sheets  difl^er  just  so  much  in 
length  that  when  bent  into  rings  the  one  will  fit 
within  the  other,  the  adjustment  by  which  each 
of  them  will  be  equally  divided  into  the  same 
number  of  spaces  is  made  quiikly  and  certainly. 
Easy  and  correct  adjustments  are  pi'ovided  for 
two  or  more  rows  of  rivet  holes,  and  the  work 
done  has  a  regularity  and  accuracy  never  attained 
with  "  templates  "  or  "  strips." 

Other  special  machines  for  many  of  the  opera- 
tions in  building  locomotives,  iron  ships,  railroad 
cars,  making  guns  and  pistols,  etc.,  etc.,  have 
been  manufactured  by  the  firm  in  large  numbers. 

For  the  past  few  years  a  large  business  has 
also  been  done  at  the  Industrial  Works  in  steam 
hammers.  When  this  branch  of  work  was  taken 
in  hand,  it  was  not  anticipated  that  it  would  be- 
come a  very  imjiortant  one. 

Experience  showed,  however,  that  this  kind  of 
machinery  afforded  a  field  for  improvement,  and 
would  i*epay  careful  attention.  The  ti'uth  of  this 
is  further  proved  by  the  fact  that  this  department 
has  already  outgrown  the  limits  ^assigned  to  it  in 
the  works,  and  the  firm  contemplate  changes  and 
extensions  which  will  give  it  the  needed  room  and 
facilities.  The  variety  of  patterns  covers  all 
usual  requirements  for  blooms,  bars,  and  shapes, 
both  of  iron  and  steel. 

The  system  of  inspection  applied  to  all  the 


machiirery  turned  out  at  these  works  is  wo1«0*y' 
of  notice,  and  contributes  essentially  to  the  hign 
character  of  its  productions.  An  inspector  thor- 
oughly acquainted  with  all  the  details  of  the  bus- 
iness, and  furnished  with  the  most  accurate 
instruments  that  can  be  procured,  is  charged  with 
the  thorough  examination  of  every  macljiue 
made  ;  that  any  defect,  either  in  workmanship  or 
material,  may  be  carefully  noted,  reported,  and 
rectified.  This  system  the  firm  consider  invalu- 
able. 

During  the  year  1873  the  Industrial  Works 
employed  about  450  men  ;  consumed  1,600  tons 
of  coal,  and  2,600  tons  of  iron  and  steel ;  and 
shipped  machinery  to  33  of  the  States  of  the 
Union,  as  well  as  to  Canada,  Cuba,  South  Amer- 
ica, and  China. 

J.  Benezet  &  Co.,  Philadelphia  Elliptic  and 
Platfokm  Spring  Works. — Thirteenth  and  But- 
tonwood  Streets.  Springs. 

J.  BiNG. — 1505  Penna.  Avenue.  General  ma- 
chinery. 

R.  Bishop. — Corner  Edward  and  Hancock 
Sti-eets.    Machine  tools,  bolt  cutters,  etc. 

H.  C.  Blumner. — 512  Vine  Street.  General 
machine  work. 

P.  W.  Brewster  &  Co.— 139  North  Twelfth 
Street.    Lubricators,  etc. 

Bridesburg  Manufacturing  Co. — Barton  II. 
Jeiiks,  President.  65  North  Front  Street. 
Works,  Bridesburg,  Penn.  Cotton  and  woollen 
machinery. 

J.  G.  Brill  &  Son. — Thirty-second  and  Chest- 
Jixit  Streets.    (*S'ee  6'ar  Works.) 

Brinton  &  Johnson.,  Philadelphia  Axle 
Works. — Corner  Twenty-.second  Street  and  Wash- 
ington Avenue.    Hammered  axles. 

F.  Brinstrup. — 403  Green  Street.  Litho- 
gi'apliic  presses. 

Brown  &  Carver. — 610  Jayne  Street.  Card 
and  paper  cutting  machineiy. 

Edward  Brown. — Steam  gauges,  pyrometers, 
etc.    Ofiice,  311  Walnut  Street. 

Bullock  Printing  Press  Co. — 738  Sansom 
Street.  Bullock  printing  presses,  the  fastest 
newspaper  printing  presses  now  in  use. 

H.  W.  BuTTEEWORTH  &  SoNS. — East  York, 
near  Cedar  Street.  Cloth  drying  and  warp  ma- 
chines. 

Jas.  Butterworth  &  Bro. — 2  South  Twenty- 
third  Street.    Shoddy  machines. 

J.  Buckley  &  Co. — 1021  Newmarket  Street. 
Bolts. 

F.  L.  &  D.  R.  Carnell. — 1844  Germautown 
Avenue.    Brick  machineiy. 

Geo.  Caknell. — 1821  Germantown  Avenue. 
Brick  presses,  clay  grinding  machines. 


138 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACIIIlSrE  WORKS,  ETC, 


Chambers  &  Bro. — Thirtieth  and  Chestnut 
Street.    General  machinery. 

Chambers  &  Rieiil. — 1130  Charlotte  Street. 
Looms  and  cotton-mill  machinery. 

Wm.  Chance  &  Son.— 1  GOO  North  Front 
Street.  Springs. 

Jas.  M.  Christian. — Rear  of  420  Walnut 
Street.    General  machinery. 

W.  C.  Clarke. — 1312  Germantown  Avenue. 
Looms  and  lathes. 

D.  B.  Clem.— 413  Cherry  Street.  Reedy's 
patent  hoisting  machine.    Specialty,  elevators. 

M.  J.  Coleman.— Eagle  Bolt  Works.  2030 
Arch  Street.  Bolts  and  nuts  ;  specialty,  carriage 
bolts. 

CoATES,  AsHTON  &  Co. — 436  South  Main 
Street,  Manayunk. 

R.  L.  Cohen. — Hope  and  Canal  Streets.  Shaft- 
ing, pulleys,  etc. 

Geo.  v.  Cresson. — Comer  Eighteenth  and 
Hamilton  Streets.  Shafting,  pulleys,  hangers,  etc. 
This  work  a  specialty,  and  includes  a  patent 
shaft  coupler,  for  which  great  superiority  is 
claimed. 

J.  C.  Dell. — 416  Vine  Street.  Scales. 

Diedrich  Bros. — 506  South  John  Street. 
Shafting,  mill  work,  etc. 

F.  Doebley. — 113  Chestnut  Street.  Works, 
437  Wildey  Street.  Heddles. 

F.  Doellbor. — 405  North  Fourth  Street. 
General  machinery. 

Enterprise  Manufacturing  Co.  of" Pennsyl- 
vania.— Dauphin  and  American  Street.  Grocers' 
and  druggists'  mills,  tobacco  cutters,  meat  chop- 
pers, self-weighing  knives,  etc.  100  hands  em- 
ployed. 

Chas.  Evans  &  Sons. — 207  Quarry  Street. 
Presses  and  general  machinery. 

W.  E.  Facer. — Telegraph  instruments  and 
light  machinery. 

Fareel,  Herring  &  Co. — Office,  807  Chestnut 
Street.  Fire-proof  safes,  burglar-proof  bank- 
vaults,  etc. 

Ferris  &  Miles. — Corner  Wood  and  Twenty- 
fourth  Streets.  Specialty,  steam  hammers,  for 
which  the  firm  has  acquired  a  reputation.  75 
hands  employed. 

LuciEN  B.  Flanders. — Eleventh  and  Hamilton 
Streets.  Patent  spring  packing  for  piston  heads, 
locomotive  packing,  cylinder  boring  machines,  etc. 

Hemming,  Potter  &  Co. — Second  and  Chest- 
nut Streets.  Telegraph  machines  and  philosophi- 
cal instruments. 

H.  Froelich. — 205  Ledger  Place.  General 
machinery  and  patterns. 

M.  A.  Furbush  &  Son.— 118  Market  Street. 
Woollen  machinery. 


H.  S.  Gabriel. — Thirty-first  Street,  near  Chest- 
nut Street.    General  machinery. 

J.  Gardner. — 136  North  Seventh  Street. 
Confectioneis'  machinery. 

Nelson  Gavitt. — 224  Noi-th  Broad  Street. 
Paper-mill  machinery  of  all  kinds.  300  hands 
employed. 

Thos.  Gibb. — 55  Richmond  Street.  Steam 
governors,  mill  work,  etc. 

D.  Gilbert  &  Son.^ — 212  Chester  Street.  Gen- 
eral machineiy. 

E.  &  F.  Gleason.— 27  Haydock  Street.  Wood- 
woi-king  machinery. 

J.  Gleason. — Second  and  Diamond  Streets. 
General  machine  work. 

Good  ALL,  Braun  &  Waters. — 1507  Pennsyl- 
vania Avenue.  Wood-working  machinery,  planers, 
moulding  machines,  mortising  machines.  75 
hands. 

W.  J.  Gordon.— 248  North  Front  Street, 
General  machinery. 

Jas.  Greenwood. — Forty-fourth  and  Lud- 
low Streets.  General  machinery  for  woollen 
mills. 

John  A.  Haase. — 116  Van  Horn  Street. 
Ratchets,  floor  clamps,  etc. 

J.  Hammond. — 241  Race  Sti-eet.  Piercing 
presses,  etc. 

E.  Harrington. — Fifteenth  and  Pennsylvania 
Avenues.  Engine  lathes  and  machine  tools,  ver- 
tical drills,  boring  machines.  Works  100  by  40, 
three  stories  high,  and  employs  90  hands.  A 
considerable  portion  of  the  product  is  exported, 
especially  to  Germany. 

Harris,  Griffin  &  Co. — Twelfth  and  Brown 
Streets.    Gas  meters. 

PIarris  &  Bro. — 1115  Cherry  Street.  Gas 
meters. 

W.  H.  Harrison. — 1708  Barker  Street.  Gen- 
eral machinery. 

C.  Hassendorfer. — 229  Vine  Street.  Safes. 

L.  M.  Haupt.— 3206  Chestnut  Street.  Heat- 
ei's. 

T.  J.  Havv'thorn. — American  and  Jefferson 
Streets.    General  machinery, 

J.  Higinbotham,  Fidelity  Works. — 424  East 
Cumberland  Street.  Pulleys,  shafting,  and  gen- 
eral machinery. 

J.  Henshall,  Kensington  Machine  Works. 
1056  Beach  Street.    General  machinery. 

Hesseni^ruck  &  Co. — 10  North  Fifth  Street. 
Hardware  manufacturers. 

R.  J.  Hollingsworth. — 123  Craven  Street. 
General  machinery. 

HooPES  <fe  Townsend. — 1330  Buttonwood 
Street.    Bolts,  nuts,  etc.    This  is  an  old  and 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


139 


extensive  works,  celebrated  for  quality  of  product. 
The  firm  lias  lately  invented  aud  introduced  into 
their  works  a  process  for  punching  cold  iron  with- 
out strain  or  injury  to  the  iron,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing, by  Coleman  Sellers,  Esq.,  President  of  the 
Franklin  Institute,  is  a  description : 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  held 
in  December,  1873,  two  cold-punched  hexagon 
nuts  were  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Hoopes  &  Town- 
send,  bolt,  nut,  and  washer  makers,  of  Philadel- 
j^hia.  These  specimens  are  worthy  of  attention, 
from  the  fact  that  one  of  them  had  a  hole  one 
q  uarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  one  inch  deep  ; 
the  other  was  perforated  with  a  hole  half  an  inch 
in  diameter  and  one  and  a  half  inches  deep. 

These  specimens  are  remarkable,  when  we  take 
into  consideration  the  oft-made  statement,  "  that 
the  maximum  thickness  of  iron  that  can  be 
punched  cold  is  about  the  diameter  of  the  punch," 
as  the  depth  of  the  smallest  nut  is  four  diameters 
of  the  pimch,  and  the  largest  one  three  diameters 
of  the  punch. 

In  conversation  with  Mr.  Barton  Hoopes,  who 
has  conducted  these  experiments,  I  learn  that 
he  has  since  succeeded  in  2)unching  a  half-inch 
hole  through  an  inch  and  three-quarters  thick- 
ness of  wrought  iron ;  the  punching  which  came 
out  of  the  hole  I  have  examined,  and  it  differs  in 
no  respect  from  ordinary  punchings,  but  it  has 
been  compressed  to  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
length — that  is,  the  punching  shows  an  irregular 
cylinder  half-inch  in  diameter  and  seven-eighths 
of  an  inch  long.  The  metal  forming  the  punching 
is  not  condensed  into  a  smooth  cylinder,  but 
shows  the  usual  roughness  common  to  all  iron 
punchings,  while  the  jjunched  holes  are  very 
smooth. 

The  punch  and  die  hole  were  the  same  size,  and 
there  has  evidently  been  a  side  flow  of  the  cold 
metal  upon  the  entrance  of  the. punch,  and  the 
operation  may  in  a  measure  be  considered  a  pierc- 
ing one  up  to  a  certain  depth,  and  finally  the 
punching  out  of  the  residuum  after  it  has  attained 
that  depth.  In  punching  the  quartei--inch  hole 
thi'ough  one-inch  iron,  the  i)unching  showed  a 
A^ery  smooth  surface,  and  was  only  three-eighths 
of  an  inch  long,  seemingly  very  much  com- 
pressed. 

I  have  examined  the  punches  used  in  this  curi- 
ous experiment :  they  differ  in  no  respect  from 
ordinary  punches ;  they  are  made  of  good  steel 
and  hardened  in  some  peculiar  manner  imknown 
to  me.  Bars  of  iron  one  inch  square,  punched 
with  a  quarter-inch  punch,  show  a  sensible  widen- 
ing under  the  action  of  the  punch,  and  a  bar  of 
inch  and  three-quarters  square  iron,  punched  with 
a  half-inch  punch,  is  swelled  sideways  to  an  inch 


and  thirteen-sixtcentlis,  showing  conclusively  that 
some  of  the  iron  has  been  forced  sideways.  The 
machines  used  in  driving  the  punch  through  this 
great  thickness  are  said  to  be  of  unusual  strength 
and  accuracy  of  construction. 

With  reference  to  the  experiments  described 
in  this  article,  Mr.  Coleman  Sellers  further 
writes :  "  I  should  state  tliat  one  of  these  sam- 
ple nuts,  with  a  |-  inch  hole  through  1^^  inch 
iron,  was  to-day  planed  in  half  lengthways  of 
the  hole.  I  then  etched  the  surfaces  with  acid 
to  expose  the  grain.  It  seems  as  if  the  point 
had  penetrated  ^  inch  without  causing  much 
side  condensation  of  the  metal ;  after  that  the 
compression  seems  to  be  uniform.  The  metal 
punched  out  shows  the  usually  '  scaly '  appear- 
ance of  deep  iron  punchings,  or  as  if  one  part 
was  crushed  over  the  other,  the  projecting  edges 
being  full  to  size  and  burnished.  The  holes  in 
the  nuts  are  smooth  and  polished.  I  cannot  help 
thinking  that  these  are  noteworthy  examples  of 
cold  punching.  Mr.  Hoopes  says  that  he  broke 
many  pimches  before  he  made  one  pierce  such  a 
depth  of  metal." 

Geo.  C.  Howard. — 17  South  Eighteenth  Street. 
Patent  elevators  for  iron  works,  sugar  machinery, 
coining  machinery,  bank-note  printing,  cutting, 
and  perforating  presses,  hydraulic  presses,  etc. 
Mr.  Howard,  besides  his  home  trade,  has  an  ex- 
tensive business  with  the  South  American  gov- 
ernments and  the  Canadian  bank-note  printers. 
The  works  includes  foundry,  machine,  and  steam- 
engine  shops,  boiler  shop,  etc.,  and  employs  100 
hands. 

Hydrostatic  and  Hydraulic  Co. — B.  W. 
Jenks,  President ;  J.  G.  Mitchell,  Treasurer. 
Office,  67  North  Front  Street.  Pum])ing  ma- 
chinery ;  specialty,  Shaw's  propeller  pump. 

John  Jackson  &  Co. — 1089  Germantown 
Avenue.    Cotton  and  woollen  machinery. 

Jackson  &  Creagiie. — Vincent,  near  Green 
Street.    General  machinery. 

J.  Jeffries  &  Sons. — 813  Jayiie  Street.  Steel 
springs.    30  hands  emjiloyed. 

Jenkins,  Johnson  &  Co. — 332  Noble  Street. 
Steam  governors,  valves,  etc. 

Johnson,  Hess  &  Co. — 1314  Buttonwood 
Street.  General  machinery,  engines,  boilers,  etc. 
35  hands  employed. 

W.  H.  Johnson. — Screw  sockets.  Filbert, 
above  Sixth  Street. 

Philip  S.  Justice.— Office,  14  North  Fifth 
Street.  Works,  Seventeenth  and  Coates  Streets. 
Shaw's  dead-stroke  power  hammer,  lifting  jacks, 
etc. 

Kellogg  Bridge  Co. — Chas.  Kellogg,  Presi- 
dent; A.  B.  Burton,  Manager  at  Philadelphia. 


.140 


DIRECTORY  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORK^;,  ETC. 


Office,  424  Walnut  Street.  (See  Iron  Uridge 
Works.)    Works,  Buffalo. 

Keystone  Bridge  Co.— J.  H.  Linville,  IVesi- 
dent.  Office,  218  South  Fourth  Street.  AVorks, 
Pittsburg.    {See  Iron  Bridge  Works.) 

Keystone  Portable  Forge  Co. — W.  T. 
Forbes,  Ageut,  Exchange  Place.    Portable  forges.. 

J.  L.  Knowlton. — 130  Reed  Street.  General 
machinery. 

Kre  IDER,  Zindgraft  &  Co. — 1028  German- 
town  Avenue.    Mill  machinery. 

C.  Lehmann.— 121G  Mascher  Street.  Knit- 
ting machines  and  general  machinery. 

F.  Lentley. — 404  Vine  Street.  Instruments 
and  machinery. 

D.  LiTiiGOW. — 207  Pear  Street.  Steam  and 
water  gauges,  blast  gauges  for  blowing  engines,  etc. 

Jacob  Lodge  &  Son. — 103  Hudson  Street. 
Printing-press  work  and  jew(!llers'  i-oUs. 

T.  S.  C.  Lowe. — Ice  machines.  Built  by  I.  P. 
Morris  &  Co. 

T.  E.  LuTNER. —  88  Taskor  Street.  General 
machinery. 

J.  D.  Lynde. — Safety  valves,  etc.,  405  North 
Eighth  Street. 

C.  H.  Lyons.— 818  Filbert  Street.  General 
macliinery. 

P..  McCalvey. — G02  Cherry  Street.  Hoisting 
machines. 

Martins,  Currie  &  Co. — 1017  Pidge  Avenixe. 
Patterns. 

J.  G.  Mecutchen. — 1008  Gemiantown  Road. 
General  machinery. 

Mellon  &  Orum.— 448  North  Twelfth  Street. 
Cutters,  etc. 

N.  (fe  A.  Middleton. — 945  Pidge  Avenue. 
Car  springs. 

F.  S.  Miles.— 205  Quarry  Street.  Screws: 
set  and  lag  sci^ews,  etc. 

Tiios.  Mills  &  Bro.— 1301  North  Eighth 
Street.  Confectioners'  machinery.  Oscillating 
Drage  pans,  for  sugar  coating,  etc.  Has  the  most 
extensive  trade  in  confectioners'  machinery  in 
the  United  States. 

O.  W.  Minard.— 125  North  Seventh  Street. 
Printers'  and  bookbinders'  machinery. 

James  Moore. — Sixteenth  and  Buttonwood 
Streets.  (Formerly  Matthews  &  Moore.)  Poll- 
ing mill  and  blast  furnace  machinery.  Works  in- 
cludes foundry,  boiler  shop,  machine  shop,  and 
has  a  specialty  in  rolls  and  rolling-mill  macliinci-y. 
The  product  of  this  works  is  to  found  in  all  the 
new  and  best  ecpiipped  rolling  mills  of  the  coun- 
try, and  by  many  the  woi-k  done  here  is  preferred 
to  that  from  any  other  establishment.  The  de- 
mand for  machinery  from  this  works  is  so  great 
as  to  keep  orders  constantly  ahead  of  production. 


J.  C.  Moore  &  Co.— 215  Arch  Street.  Gen- 
eral  machinery. 

Jas.  D.  Moore. — 30  Hudson  Street.  Print- 
ing-press work. 

R.  O.  MooREiiousE  &  Co. — 124  Exchange  Place. 
General  machinery. 

Morgan  &  Orr.— 1219  Callowhill  Street.  Gen- 
eral machinery  and  iron  woi-k.  In  addition  to 
the  foregoing,  this  tirm  manufactures  fine  machin- 
ei-y  for  mints,  coining  presses,  coin  milling  ma- 
chines, etc.  During  the  winter  of  1873-4  there 
was  s]ii[)pcd  from  this  works  a  complete  outfit  of 
the  finest  coining  machinery  ever  manufactured 
in  the  wofld  to  the  San  Francisco  Mint.  The 
firm  manufactures  largely  for  the  United  States 
governm(!iit,  and  has  filled  large  contracts  for  the 
governments  of  South  and  Central  America  and 
INIexico  for  coining  purposes.  In  some  instances 
these  machines  had  to  be  made  in  sections  so  as 
to  admit  of  transportation  on  mules  in  the  moun- 
tain regions  of  South  America.  The  exactitude 
and  perfection  of  the  machinery  made  \\v.v&  has 
given  this  firm  almost  the  exclusive  control  of  this 
line  of  machine  trade. 

Morris,  Tasker  &  Co.,  Pascal  Iron  Works. — 
Office  and  works,  corner  Fifth  and  Tasker  Streets. 
Tasker  Iron  Works,  Newcastle,  Del.  (/See  also 
Pipe  ami  Tube  Works.)  This  is  one  of  the  oldest 
and  best  known  firms  in  the  United  States,  and  was 
established  in  1835  by  Stephen  11.  Morris,  Henry 
Morris,  and  Thos.  Tasker,  Sr.,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  stoves,  the  works  then  and  for  many 
years  subsequently  being  at  Third  and  Pear 
Streets.  In  the  year  of  their  establishment,  1835, 
which  was  also  the  date  of  the  introduction  of 
illuminating  gas  into  Philadelphia,  the  manufac- 
ture of  gas  pipe  was  begun  by  the  firm,  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Wm.  Griffiths,  a 
skilled  mechanic  in  this  line,  from  England,  and 
has  since  formed  the  main  specialty  of  the  works. 
An  extended  description  of  the  pipe  Avorks  will  be 
found  in  the  depai'tment  of  Pipe  and  Tube  Works. 
The  product  of  the  Pascal  Iron  Works  is  not, 
however,  confined  to  pii)e,  but  includes  the  con- 
struction of  gas  works,  gas  retorts,  holdei-s,  gas 
and  steam  fittings,  gas  fitters'  tools,  hot-water  and 
steam  fitting  apparatus,  and  brass  work,  cocks, 
valves,  etc.  The  Pascal  Iron  Works  covers  an 
area  of  almost  three  squares,  the  greater  portion 
of  which  is  fitted  with  large  and  substantiallj 
l)uilt  brick  buildings,  and  tiie  annual  consump 
lion  of  fued  and  iron  is  as  follows  ; 

Coal   35,000  tons. 

Pig  iron   4,500  tons. 

Skelp  (pipe)  iron   8,000  tons. 

Charcoal  iron   0,000  tons. 


DIKECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


141 


The  works  employs  1,G00  hands,  aud  is  run  con- 
stantly night  and  day. 

The'Taskei-  Iron  Works  is  of  late  establishment, 
and  is  not  yet  completed  entirely,  and  is  situated 
on  the  bank  of  the  Delaware  River,  at  Newcastle, 
Delaware,  where  the  firms  owns  a  tract  of  one 
thousand  acres  as  a  site  for  the  present  woi-ks  and 
the  demands  of  the  future.  In  May,  1873,  a 
foundry,  machine  shop,  blacksmith  and  pattern 
shops  were  opened  here  as  the  nucleus  of  the  new 
works,  which  is  to  include  a  bloom  works  for  a 
new  specialty,  tube  mills  for  lap  and  butt-welded 
tubes.  These  mills,  although  separate  buildings, 
are  connected  so  as  to  form  one  works  1,143  feet 
long  by  150  feet  wide.  With  this  works  it  is 
probable  there  will  be  hereafter  erected  blast 
furnaces,  as  the  site  at  the  head  of  Delaware  Bay 
presents  iinusual  facilities  for  the  collection  of 
ores  by  water  freight  from  both  the  Northern  and 
Southern  ore  fields,  with  direct  r'ail  communica- 
tion to  the  coal  regions  of  Pennsyvania,  Mary- 
land, and  Virginia.  A  wharf  800  feet  long  is 
being  constructed  at  the  tube  works,  and  when 
completed  the  entire  works  will  give  employment 
to  3,000  men.  To  accommodate  these  workmen, 
the  firm  is  building  a  village  of  200  houses,  each 
of  which  is  of  five  rooms,  and  supplied  with  bath, 
gas,  hot  and  cold  water,  etc.,  an  amount  of  "  mod- 
em improvements  "  rather  unusual  in  the  dwell- 
ings of  workingmen,  at  least  outside  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia.  A  new  specialty  introduced  by 
this  firm  in  1873  is  the  vulcanized  rubber  'plated 
iron  tube,  which  is  an  iron  tube  lined  with  vul- 
canized rubbei",  the  coating  being  baked  on,  and 
im2Jervious  to  the  action  of  water,  acids,  alkalis, 
or  neutral  salts. 

I.  P.  Morris  &  Co.— 1057  Richmond  Street. 
This  firm  has  for  years  been  celebrated  for  the 
manufacture  of  blast-furnace  and  water-work 
machinery  and  heavy  machinei-y  of  all  kinds. 

The  excellence  of  the  ]»roduct  is  well  known, 
and  commands  a  high  reputation  throughout  the 
United  States. 

Henry  G.  Morris,  Southwark  Iron  Foun- 
dry.— Fifth  Street  and  Washington  Avenue. 
This  works  was  established  originally  and  for 
years  conducted  by  the  late  J.  Vauglian  Merrick, 
a  cotemporary  of  Matthew  Baldwin,  and,  like 
him,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  great  iron  in- 
dustries for  which  Philadelphia  is  so  celebrated. 

The  Southwark  Foundry  under  Merrick  & 
Sous  had  for  years  practically  exclusive  control  of 
the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  sugar-mill  machin- 
ery for  Southern  and  West  Indian  trade,  as  a 
sj)ecialty,  in  addition  to  general  machinery. 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Merrick,  the  business  was 
carried  on  by  his  sons  for  a  short  time,  and  ulti- 


mately disposed  of  to  Henry  G.  Morris,  formerly 
of  the  firm  of  Morris,  Tasker  &  Co.,  of  the  Pascal 
Iron  Works  previously  noted,  and  who  had  re- 
tired from  that  firm  with  what  would  be  generally 
considered  a  princely  fortune.  Since  then  the 
Southwark  Foundry  has  been  under  his  manage- 
ment, and  has  made  a  specialty  of  heavy  machin- 
ery and  iron  work.  The  works  is  very  extensive, 
and  employs  500  hands  in  the  production  of  en- 
gines, boilers,  machinery,  etc. 

Tiios.  J.  Myers. — 1162  Passyuuk  Avenue. 
Hot- water  apparatus. 

Nichols  Pickering  k  Co. — Eighteenth  Street 
and  Pennsylvania  Avenue.  Cast-steel  elliptic 
railway  springs.    50  hands  employed. 

Jacob  Naylor,  People's  Works. — Front 
Street  and  Girard  Avenue.  Machinery,  rolling- 
mill  work,  engines,  etc. 

Thos.  Nixon. — 1758  Howard  Street.  Hand 
looms. 

R.  Orrell  h  Sons.— 1113  Hancock  Street, 
Reeds  and  heddles. 

J.  E.  Packer  &  Sons. — Thirty-first  and 
Market  Streets.    General  machinery. 

Philadelphia  Hydraulic  Works. — Evelina 
and  Levant  Streets.  J.  S.  Waterman,  President ; 
E.  P.  Dwight,  Superintendent.  Steam  fii-e  en- 
gines, pumj^s,  etc. 

Philadelphia  Tool  Co. — J.  H.  Armbruster 
Treasurer.  Corner  Thirteenth  and  Buttonwood 
Streets.  Wrenches  and  tools.  Specialty,  Davis' 
Patent  Duplex  Wrench,  combining  the  advantages 
of  a  monkey  wrench  and  pi])e  wrench  in  one  tool. 
These  goods  have  met  with  considerable  favor  in 
the  trade,  have  been  adopted  by  the  Navy  De- 
partment and  most  railroad  companies,  and  form 
a  convenient  and  valuable  tool,  being  well  made 
and  of  the  best  material. 

L.  Phleger  &  Co. — 3029  Chestnut  Street. 
iySee  J.  XiADY,  Boilers.) 

A.  C.  Pike,  Central  Machine  Works. — G21 
Filbert  Street.    Printers'  machineiy. 

Power,  Tainter  &  Co.— 3003  Cliestnut  Street. 
Wood-working  machinery,  moulding  machines, 
planers,  sash,  blind,  and  door  machines,  etc. 

Price,  Uber  &  Co.,  Keystone  Scale,  Works. 
—421  North  Fifth  Street.  Scales. 

Rex  &  Bockius. — 125  North  Seventh  Street. 
Gas-generating  macliinery. 

Richards,  London  &  Kelly. — North  20th. 
Street.  Wood  working  and  sawiiig  machinery. 
This  firm  has  introduced  a  variety  of  new  and 
ingenious  machines  for  the  specialty,  many  of 
which  have  received  commendation  abroad  as  well 
as  in  this  country. 

Riehle  Bros.,  Philadelphia  Scale  Works. — 
Ninth  aud  Coate  Streets.    Scales  of  every  variety. 


142 


DIRECTOIIY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


with  a  specialty  of  foUing-mill,  blast-furnace,  and 
foundry  tscales.  This  linii  also  iiiaiiufaeturcs  test- 
ing machines  for  iron  and  chain,  which  are  in  use 
in  several  of  the  large  works,  and  of  great  value 
in  obtaLuiug  the  tensile  strength,  torsion  and 
breaking  strain,  elasticity  and  resistance  of  bar 
irou,  plate  iron,  and  chain.  As  the  iron  business 
is  more  intelligently  conducted,  this  branch  must 
grow  ra})idly,  since  consumers  will  soon  insist 
u])on  dotinite  data  as  to  the  strength  of  the  metal 
oii'ered  for  sale. 

M.  KiEUL. — 1505  Willow  Street.  General  ma- 
chinery. 

Jas.  Rust. — Trenton  Avenue  and  Adams 
Street.    General  machinery. 

RuTSCHMANN  Bkos. — Berks  and  Manor  Streets. 
Screw-cutting  machinery,  taps,  tools,  etc. 

F.  Sjhneidek. — 539  China  Street.  General 
machinery. 

P.  ScHOFiELD. — Corner  Collins  and  Sergeant 
Streets.    Steam  gauges. 

J.  A.  Scott. — Corner  Ellen  and  Emerald 
Streets.    Jacquard  looms. 

J.  Scott  &  Sons. — Front  and  Oxford  Streets. 
General  machinery. 

E.  C.  Seamen.-- -157  North  Third  Street. 
Shafting,  pulleys,  general  machinery. 

Wji.  Sellers  &  Go. — IGOO  Hamilton  Street. 
Machine  tools,  railroad  turn-tables,  pivot  bridges, 
and  hne  machinery  of  every  kind. 

The  manufacturing  firm  of  VVm.  Sellers  &  Co. 
of  Philadelphia,  so  noted  as  makers  of  machine 
tools,  steam-hammers,  shafting,  mill  gearing,  turn- 
tables, and  the  Gifford  injector  for  supplying  steam 
boilers  with  water,  had  its  origin  in  1848  under 
the  firm  name  of  Bancroft  &  Sellers,  in  that 
part  of  Philadelphia  known  as  Kensington.  The 
shops  there  occupied  proving  too  small  to  accomo- 
date their  increasing  trade,  they  removed  in  1853 
to  a  lot  bounded  by  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth 
Streets,  and  Hamilton  Street  and  Pennsylvania 
Avenue.  Here  they  erected  shops  of  one  story 
in  height,  which  seemed  to  them  extensive  enoxigh 
for  all  future  wants.  In  1855  Mr.  Bancroft  died, 
and  the  firm  name  was  changed  to  its  present 
style,  two  brothers,  Messrs.  William  and  John 
Sellers,  Jr.,  being  the  only  members  of  the  new 
firm. 

lu  time,  with  a  rapidly  increasing  business,  the 
square  occupied  by  their  shops  did  not  afford  space 
suilici(uit,  even  with  extension  of  their  buildings, 
made  two  and  three  stories  high.  Foi'tunately  an 
adjoining  square  north  of  their  sliops  was  oifered 
for  sale,  and  they  erected  other  buildings  on  it, 
removing  the  foundry  and  pattern  shop  to  the  new 
site.  U[)()n  this  lot  they  have  a  foundry  295  feet 
long  by  80  feet  wide,  of  unobstructed  foundry 


floor.  Of  this  extensive  space,  200  feet  in  length 
is  33  feet  liigli  in  tiie  clear.  A  very  pei-fcct  sys- 
tem of  cranes  swinging  over  the  part  needed  for 
heavy  castings  is  here  provided.  Two  of  theue 
cranes  are  of  a  capacity  to  hoist  50  tons,  others  25 
tons,  and  a  few  of  10  tons  capacity  each. 

The  rooms  for  making  cores,  the  core  ovens,  the 
cupola  room,  pattern  shop  and  rooms  for  storage 
of  patterns,  as  well  as  rooms  for  cl(!auiiig  castings 
are  adjoining  the  main  foundry,  the  whole  s])ace 
under  roof  being  one  hundred  and  seventy-eight 
by  two  hundred  and  seventy-five,  nearly  one  half 
of  this  being  two  stories  high.  The  coal  vaults 
are  under  ground  and  vaulted  passages  give  ac- 
cess to  the  furnaces  for  heating  the  core  ovens. 
In  one  of  the  underground  vaults  ai'e  the  hy- 
dravdic  engines  for  working  the  crane  lioists. 
This  foundry  has  been  fitted  up  with  special  refer- 
ence to  their  peculiar  l)usiness,  and  every  care  is 
taken  to  make  very  superior  castings,  both  as  re- 
gards quality  of  material  and  smoothness  of  sur- 
face. 

The  south  square,  that  is  the  part  first  occupied 
by  the  firm,  is  now  devoted  entirely  to  machine 
shops  and  blacksmith  shops.  The  main  building, 
one  story  high,  is  80  by  3G9  feet.  At  one  end  of 
tlris  large  room  a  space  80  by  80  feet  is  roofed 
over  25  feet  in  the  clear,  while  the  i-emainder  of 
the  building  is  IG  feet  high  under  the  beams. 
The  windows  are  large,  and  the  whole  space  is  ad- 
mirably lighted  and  well  ventilated,  while  in  winter 
all  parts  of  all  their  buildings  ai  e  heated 'by 
steam. 

A  three  story  fire-proof  building,  110  by  55 
feet,  gives  space  for  turidng  shop  and  store  rooms. 
In  this  building  are  also  located  the  oflicc  and 
drawing  I'oom.  Other  buildings  cover  all  the 
available  space  in  the  lot,  and  are  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  specialties.  The  entire  space  oc- 
cupied by  the  works  is  over  five  acres,  in  the  heart 
of  the  city.  A  track  from  the  Reading  Railroad 
passes  into  the  buildings,  crossing  Hamilton  Street, 
aiul  enables  the  distribution  of  coal,  lumber,  and 
material  to  all  needful  parts;  also  fiu-nishing  a 
ready  means  of  shipping  macliinery  by  rail. 

A  noteworthy  feature  of  the  main  machine  shop 
is  a  railroad  track,  laid  on  heavy  foundation  walls, 
extending  the  entire  length  of  the  main  building, 
this  track,  with  convenient  turn-tables  at  pi'ojicr 
intervals  being  a  portion  of  the  i-ailroad  system 
extending  to  the  tracks  of  the  Reading  Railroad. 
The  principal  tools  in  the  main  room  are  set  on 
cast  iron  floor-plates,  resting  on  foinidation  walls, 
while  the  part  of  the  floor  ufjon  which  the  work- 
men stand  is  made  of  wood.  This  arrangement 
insures  great  solidity  to  the  machines.  In  this 
connection  it  will  be  well  to  note  that  prominent 


DIEECTOET  OF  GENERAL  MACHIXE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


among  their  production  is  the  planing  machine 
for  metals  driven  by  a  diagonal  shaft  with  a  spiral 
pinion  gearing  into  a  straight  rack  on  under  side 
of  table.  This  system  permits  the  placing  of  the 
axis  of  the  driving  pulleys  parallel  with  the  line 
of  motion  of  the  bed,  not  at  regular  angles  to  it  as 
was  previously  the  custom,  and  thus  permits  the 
planers  to  be  i)laced  parallel  with  the  lathes  and 
other  machines  and  to  be  driven  from  the  same 
system  of  parallel  lines  of  shafting  or  from  the 
same  line  of  shaft.  The  great  advantage  of  this 
system  of  planing  tools  is  well  examplified  in  this 
shop. 

Among  machinists'  tools  made  by  them,  in 
which  they  profess  satisfaction,  we  may  mention 
the  machine  for  cutting  bolts.  A  correspondent 
of  one  of  the  scientific  journals,  writing  from 
Paris  during  the  time  of  the  Exposition  of  1867, 
says  in  reference  to  the  Bolt  Cutter :  "  The 
greatest  [)raise  that  can  be  given  to  this  machine, 
is  to  notice  how  extensively  it  is  used  in  Eng- 
land, and  how  it  has  been  copied  by  continental 
makers." 

On  April  21st,  18G4,  Mr.  Wm.  Sellers  read  a 
treatise  on  a  "  System  of  screw  threads  and  nuts," 
before  the  Franklin  Institute  of  Philadelphia,  of 
which  he  was  at  that  time  President.  He  recom- 
mended a  system  based  u[)on  formula;,  whereby 
the  diameter  of  the  bolt  being  given,  all  propor- 
tions of  threads,  etc.,  can  be  calculated — recom- 
mending a  change  in  the  form  of  thread,  making  a 
flat  top  and  bottom  to  the  V  thread  of  60*  angle, 
equal  to  one-eighth  of  the  pitch.  The  subject  was 
referred  to  a  committee,  consisting  of  and  repre- 
senting some  of  the  best  engineering  talent  of  the 
Institute,  and  was  by  them  finally  adopted,  since 
which  time  it  has  received  the  sanction  of  the  lead- 
ing railroads  and  work  shops.  The  U.  S.  Navy 
Department  made  it  the  subject  of  a  special  com- 
mission, and  in  an  exhaustive  i-eport  fully  in- 
dorsed it.  So  that  it  has  now  come  to  be  the 
National  standard. 

The  bolt-cutting  machine,  with  this  new  system 
of  thread,  is  fast  finding  its  way  into  every  well- 
arranged  work-shop.  As  a  type  of  their  own 
machinery,  especially  bearing  the  impress  of 
originality,  this  bolt-cutter  is  a  good  illustration. 

This  machine  has  recently  been  very  much  im- 
proved by  the  addition  of  a  self-opening  mechan- 
ism to  the  dies  and  a  system  of  lubrication  that 
effectually  washes  all  chips  out  of  the  dies.  By 
means  of  this  improvement  and  other  changes  in 
this  well  known  tool  a  much  higher  rate  of  speed 
has  been  obtained,  and  it  may  be  noted  that  on 
the  f  inch  bolt  cutter  having  one  die  head  only, 
3,600  f  inch  bolts  have  been  cut  by  one  man  in 
the  space  of  ten  hours. 


We  have  already  noticed  their  machines  {of<^ 
planing  metals  so  far  us  their  novel  form  permits 
them  to  be  i^laced  in  line  with,  or  parallel  witli 
lathes  and  other  tools.  The  use  of  the  spiral  pin- 
ion enables  all  the  working  parts  of  the  planer's 
driving  machinery,  with  the  exception  of  this  one 
diagional  shaft,  to  be  thrown  outside  of  the  pla- 
ner-bed. It  also  allows  the  placing  of  strong 
girts  or  braces  in  that  part  of  the  planer  between 
the  upi-ights,  which  is  usually  cut  apart  by  the 
gearing,  and  which  is  in  reality  the  part  of  the 
machine  most  requiring  all  the  siipport  by  sucli 
means.  The  belt  shifting  motion  is  of  the  most 
novel  and  ingenious  character,  accom])lishing  by 
simplest  means  the  shifting  of  each  belt  indepen- 
dently. 

The  feeding  motion  is  obtained  from  a  .shaft 
making  a  half  revolution  at  each  end  of  the  stroke, 
and  is  quite  free  from  all  friction  during  its  time 
of  rest.  The  tool-lifting  device,  which  raises  the 
tool  on  the  backward  stroke  of  the  planer,  is  origi- 
nal and  effective.  These  have  been  the  subject 
of  various  "Letters  Patent,"  as  devices  applicable 
to  other  machines,  having  been  successfully  in- 
ti'oduced  in  several  important  tools. 

These  planing  machines  are  conceded  to  produce 
better  work  and  in  larger  quantities  than  tools  of 
similar  size  and  power,  driven  in  the  oi'dinaiy 
way  of  "  rack  and  jiinion  "  or  screw.  They  have 
been  in  use  about  fourteen  years,  and  in  no  single 
instance  has  one  of  the  spiral  pinions  been  re- 
placed, nor  do  the  machines  first  built  show  any 
indications  of  wear ;  thus  proving  the  correctness 
of  the  principle  employed. 

In  tui-ning  lathes,  some  very  important 
improvements  have  been  introduced  such  as 
using  a  Hat  top  shear,  and  yet  by  means  of  a  V 
placed  on  the  imder  side  of  the  inner  edge  of  the 
flat  top  iusuriiag  the  alignment  of  the  lead,  thus 
overcoming  the  only  objection  to  the  flat  top  sheai'. 
The  livne  lead  is  arranged  in  such  a  way  as  to 
dispense  with  the  conventional  tail  screw  and  to 
hold  the  spindle  fre6  from  end  motion,  and  yet 
does  not  require  any  collars  on  the  bearing  next  to 
the  face  plate.  To  fully  describe  the  most  impor- 
tant machine  tools  would  require  more  space  than 
we  can  spare.  We  would,  however,  mention  that 
the  attention  of  this  firm  has  been  directed 
towards  the  production  of  machines  which  shall 
with  the  least  skill  on  the  part  of  the  workman  be 
able  to  produce  the  best  work  in  the  largest  quan- 
tities. This  is  noticeable  in  a  machine  for  boring 
locomotive  cylinders,  which  may  be  taken  as  an 
illustration.  In  this  machine  a  19  inch  cylinder 
has  been  bored,  running  three  cuts  through  it, 
sinking  head  cut  off",  flanges  turned  up  and  the 
ends  of  cylinder  counter  bored  for  piston  clear- 


144 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACniNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


ance — in  the  space  of  three  hours  and  twenty 
minutes !  This  is  a  good  illustration  of  what 
may  bo  accomplished  by  machine  tools  built  with 
special  reference  to  the  work  they  have  to  do, 
such  work  usually  requiring  from  one  to  two 
days. 

The  exhibit  of  this  firm  at  the  Paris  Exposition 
was  the  most  extensive  of  its  kind  from  this 
country,  and  to  them  was  awarded  the  "  Grand 
Gohl  Medal,"  the  highest  honor  given  to 'any  one, 
and  the  tools  there  displayed  found  ready  sale  in 
Europe.  In  1873  another  exhibition  was  made  at 
Vienna,  and  the  display  at  this  time  included  in 
addition  to  examples  of  machine  tools,  a  train  of 
rolls  and  mechanical  puddler  made  at  this  establish- 
ment. The  award  of  the  jury  at  Vienna  was  proof 
of  the  appreciation  of  this  exhibit,  inasmuch  as 
the  grand  diploma  of  honor  which  was  awarded 
to  them,  was  not  given  for  excellence  of  design  or 
ingenuity  in  invention,  or  superior  workmanship 
only,  but  was  designed  to  bear  the  character  of  a 
peculiar  distinction  for  eminent  merit  in  the  do- 
main of  science  and  its  application  to  the  educa- 
tion of  the  people,  and  the  advancement  of  the  in- 
tellectual, social,  and  material  welfare  of  man,  and 
was  awarded  exclusively  by  the  Council  of  Presi- 
dents upon  the  proposition  of  the  International 
.lury.  The  translation  of  the  exact  words  of  the 
award  is : 

"  Sellers. — For  pre-eminent  achievements  in  the 
invention  and  construction  of  machine  tools,  many 
of  which  have  been  adopted  as  patterns  by  the 
constructors  of  tools  in  other  countries." 

The  comments  of  the  leading  mechanical  jour- 
nals of  Europe  on  this  exhibit  were  flattering  in 
the  extreme.  From  a  long  article  in  Engineer- 
ing, London,  July  4,  1873,  we  extract  the  follow- 
ing : 

"  A  point  well  worthy  of  the  notice  of  English 
engineers  and  millwrights  in  connection  with 
Messrs.  Sellers'  exhibits  is  the  extreme  lightness 
of  the  belt-pulleys  they  employ,  both  on  the  ma- 
chines themselves,  and  on  the  main  line  and 
counter-shafts.  To  English  eyes  such  pulleys  look 
weak  both  in  the  rims  and  arms,  but  we  are  in- 
.  formed  on.  good  authority  that  a  failure  from 
weakness  is  almost  unknown  with  Messrs.  Sellers' 
pulleys,  and  the  enormous  experience  of  the  firm 
as  millwrights  is  siifiicienfc  guarantee  that  the  re- 
sults of  the  2^ractice  are  satisfactory.  Of  course 
the  pulleys  are  proportioned  with  care,  and  a  high 
quality  of  iron  is  used  in  their  manufacture, 
while  special  arrangements  are  made  for  moulding 
them,  the  result  being  that  they  are  so  true  when 
cast,  that  the  amount  of  metal  cut  away  in  tiirn- 
ing  the  rims  averages  only  fourteen  pea*  cent  of 
their  weight.    That  the  lightness  to  which  we 


have  above  referred,  so  long  as  it  does  not  involve 
weakness,  is  an  important  advantage, — particu- 
larly when  high-speed  siiafling  is  employed, — can- 
not be  denied,  and  we  consider  therefore  that 
Messrs.  Sellers'  practice  in  this  I'espect  is  worthy 
of  careful  attention  in  this  country.  Messrs. 
Sellers  also  show  at  their  stand  specimens  of  their 
admirable  coiiplings  aud  hangers  for  shafting, 
which  were  denser ibed  in  the  lectures  on  shafting, 
delivered  by  Mr.  Coleman  Sellers,  at  the  Stevens 
Institute  of  Technology,  and  lately  published  in 
this  journal ;  and  these  details  also  are  well 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  our  millwrights." 

This  i-efers  to  a  very  important  branch  of  their 
manufacturing  establishment,  viz.,  the  shafting 
and  mill  gearing  business. 

Tlie  late  Mr.  Bancroft  designed  a  peculiar 
kind  of  "  hanger "  for  shafting  purposes,  now 
known  the  v/orld  over,  as  the  Ball  and  Socket 
Hanger.  Previous  to  commencing  business  for 
himself  in  Philadelphia,  he  offered  his  invention 
to  other  machine  shops,  but  no  one  was  wiling  to 
manufacture  them.  The  firm  of  Bancroft  &  Sel- 
lers made  these  hangers  a  specialty  ;  and  the  ma- 
chinery of  many  large  woollen,  cotton  and  other 
factoi-ies,  is  driven  by  shafting  made  by  them  and 
rimning  in  the  cast-iron  boxes  of  hangers  made  by 
this  firm. 

In  the  year  1856,  the  present  firm  produced  a 
coupling  for  uniting  the  various  pieces  of  shafting 
forming  a  line.  This  coupling — now  known  as 
double  cone  and  vise  coupling — admits  of  very 
easy  detachment,  avoiding  the  expensive  and  cai'C- 
ful  fitting  required  to  insure  pei-fection  with  the 
old  plate  coupling,  and  cheapens  the  whole  cost  of 
line  shafting,  by  permitting  the  use  of  hangers 
supported  on  both  sides  of  the  box,  instead  of  the 
old  hook  hangers  (a  necessity  arising  from  the 
use  of  rigid  couplings). 

It  soon  became  evident  that  all  the  adjuncts 
belonging  to  line  shafting,  such  as  hangers,  coup- 
ling and  pulleys,  could  bo  reduced  in  weight,  to 
the  advantage  of  the  iisers  of  shafting.  Dimin- 
ished weight  shovdd  insure  diminishefl  first  cost, 
as  well  as  be  less  expensive  in  the  wear  and  tear 
of  machinery.  They  therefore  commenced  a  long 
and  expensive  series  of  experiments,  continuing 
through  many  years,  to  determine  the  exact  pro- 
portion required  to  produce  the  best  results,  aim- 
ing at  lightness,  strength,  and  entii'e  fitness  for 
the  uses  to  be  served. 

They  then  introduced  a  fixed  scale  of  prices  for 
the  various  articles  comprised  under  the  name  of 
"  shafting,"  offering  shafting  at  so  much  per  foot, 
hangers,  coupling  and  pulleys  at  so  much  per 
piece.  This  was  a  bold  imiovation  on  the  usages  of 
machine-shops. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


145 


Convinced  of  the  correctness  of  this  principle, 
they  turned  their  attention  to  the  designing  of 
tools  adapted  to  this  manufactnre.  These  tools 
were  so  arranged  as  to  insure,  under  proper  sys- 
tem of  inspection,  work  of  the  best  quality,  in  the 
largest  quantities,  without  the  use  of  workmen  of 
great  skill. 

The  result  proved  eminently  satisfoctory. 
Thousands  of  feet  of  "  shafting  "  are  being  shipped 
to  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  largest  cotton 
and  woollen  mills  in  New  England  (the  land  of  en- 
terprise in  this  line),  arc  now  either  furnished,  or 
being  supplied,  with  "  shafting  "  from  Wm.  Sel- 
lers &  Co. 

The  firm  of  Wm.  fellers  &  Co.  was  the  first  in 
the  world  to  conceive  and  execute  the  idea  of 
manufacturing  these  articles  at  fixed  prices.  It 
has  been,  under  their  enei-getic  and  efficient  man- 
agement, an  entire  success,  and  a  source  of  much 
profit. 

This  firm  were  the  first  to  manufacture  the 
Gifford  Injector  to  supply  steam  boilers  with  wa- 
ter, and  wei-e  the  sole  manufacturers  of  these  in- 
struments in  the  United  States  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  original  patent,  and  during  that 
time  introduced  many  important  imi)rovements  iii 
this  valuable  instrument.  At  present  they  are 
arranging  for  a  still  more  extended  use  for  it,  fur- 
nishing four  diiferent  kinds  of  each  size  of  instru- 
ments. 

Their  attention  has  been  directed  of  late  to  hy- 
draulic machines  for  elevators  and  other  hoisting 
machines,  for  forging  purposes  punches,  shears  and 
riveting  machines.  They  have  also  designed  nu- 
merous special  tools  adapted  to  the  now,  in  this 
country,  increasing  industry  of  iron  ship  build- 
ing- 

From  the  beginning  of  their  business  career 
they  have  proceeded  on  the  plan  of  making  all 
machines  to  fixed  gauges — so  as  to  make  the 
same  pieces  of  dilfereut  machines  interchangeable 
and  to  facilitate  renewal  or  repair  of  broken 
parts. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  1873,  the  firm  was 
increased  by  the  admission  to  an  interest  in  the 
business  of  three  new  members,  all  of  whom  had 
been  for  many  years  in  their  employ,  viz.,  Messrs. 
Coleman  Sellers,  J.  Sellers  Bancroft,  and  James 
C.  Brooks. 

In  conclusion  we  give  an  extract  from  the  re- 
port of  Professor  Reuleaux  (Director  of  the  In- 
dustrial Academy,  Berlin),  on  motors,  machines 
and  machine  apparatus  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
18G7: 

"  Upon  the  field  of  inventions  and  of  inventive 
genius,  there  were  but  few  highly  remarkable 
achievements  i)resent,  and  among  these  America 


held  the -first  rank.  Her  machine  exhibition  bore 
almost  exclusively  the  character  of  originality,  and 
although  the  execution  was  not  generally  superior, 
it  contained  examples  of  the  highest  order  of  con- 
structive ability  and  perfect  workmanship." 
"  France  and  Enjjland  ofiered  less  oriffinal  mat- 
ter — more  than  both  Germany  and  Switzer- 
land—" 

"  Upon  the  whole  it  may  be  said  that  in  ma- 
chine industry  England  has  partly  lost  her  for- 
merly undisputed  leadership,  or  that  she  is  at 
least  about  to  lose  it.  The  healthy  young  trans- 
Atlantic  industry,  which  continiially  withdraws 
from  us  energetic  and  intelligent  heails  and  robust 
hands,  makes,  with  the  aid  of  her  peculiar  genius, 
the  most  sweeping  progress,  so  that  we  shall 
soon  have  to  turn  our  front  from  England  west- 
ward." 

"  Newly  devised  motors,  forinmg  part  of  com- 
plete machines  and  models  of  distinct  parts,  ex- 
hibited as  novelties  or  inventions,  were  numerous. 
In  the  first  direction  Sellers  &  Co.,  of  Amei  ica 
(Philadelphia),  have  accomplished  the  most.  The 
constructions  of  Sellers,  some  of  which  have  very 
rapidly  made  their  way  through  Germany,  bear, 
in  regard  to  invention,  tiie  peculiar,  unique  stamp 
of  American  genius.  They  are  distinguished  from 
us  by  more  direct  and  rapid  conception.  The 
American  aims  straight  ways  for  the  needed  con- 
struction, using  the  means  that  appear  to  him  the 
simplest  and  most  effective,  vvhetlier  new  or  old. 
Our  historically  heaped-vq)  material,  and  the  cau- 
tious character  of  the  German,  are  so  inseparably 
interwoven,  that  among  the  number  of  known 
means,  we  often  forget  to  ask  whether  they  are 
the  simplest  or  whether  new  ones  might  not  be 
better.  The  American  really  constructs  in  accor- 
dance with  the  severest  theoretical  abstraction ; 
observing  on  the  one  side  a  distinctly  marked  out 
aim,  weighing  on  the  other  the  already  available 
means  or  creating  new  ones,  and  then  proceeding 
regardless  of  precedents,  as  straight  as  possible 
for  the  object.  This  spirit  is  manifest  in  Sellers' 
lathes,  shafting  and  bearings,  in  his  ])laning-ma- 
cliine  with  diagonal  screw-shaft,  in  his  screw- 
cutting  machine ;  and  is  strikingly  prominent  in 
his  system  of  screw-threads,  which  he  has  boldly 
placed  alongside  of  the  old  venerated  Whitworth 
system,  in  spite  of  the  terror  of  its  numerous  ad- 
herents, after  he  had  discovered  actual  deficien- 
cies. A  proper  valuation  of  this  proceeding  con- 
tains the  most  instructive  hints  for  our  higher 
technical  institution." 

C.  Shurtcliff. — 1226  Germantown  Avenue. 
Knitting  machines. 

SiDEBOTHAM  &  PowELL. — Frankford.  General 
machineiy. 


14G 


DIRECTOllY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


A.  H.  Smith  &  Co. — G07  Commerce  Street. 
General  miicliinery  and  engines. 

J.  B.  Smith  &  Co. — Corner  Second  and  Decks 
Streets.    Model  machinery. 

Chas.  Sirstman  &  Sons. — 416  Noble  Sti-eet. 
Seal  presses,  stamps,  etc. 

Jas.  L.  Somerset. — 1207  Hamilton  Street. 
Genei-al  machinery. 

J.  P.  Stidham  &  Co.— 1034  Washington  Av- 
enue. Iron-roof  frames  and  corrugated  iron  and 
metal  roofs.  These  roofs  have  met  with  great 
favor  among  Western  rolling  mills  and  blast  fur- 
naces, and  are  to  be  found  generally  throughout  the 
West.    The  works,  employs  100  hands. 

E..  T.  H.  Stileman. — 1091  Germantown  Av- 
enue. Cocks,  fire-plugs,  valves,  and  general  ma- 
chinery, 

Stillwell  &  Bro. — 77G  Swanson  Street.  Ship 
work  and  macliinery. 

R.  A.  Stbatton. — 929  Morgan  Street.  Mang- 
ling machines. 

Taws  &  Hartman. — 1235  North  Front  Street. 
Engineers.  Specialty,  blast-furnace  construction, 
hot-blast  ovens,  and  general  contractors  for  blast- 
furnace ei-ection. 

Thompson  Bros. — 112  Bread  Street.  Machin- 
ery, patterns,  and  engines. 

TiiORNE  &  De  Haven. — Twenty-first  and 
Market  Streets.  Drilling  machines.  Specialty, 
portable  radial  drills  of  their  own  invention  and 
introduction,  a  novelty  highly  appreciated  by  the 
trade.  These  machines  can  bo  attached  directly 
to  the  work  and  power  applied  to  them  in  any  po- 
sition, drilling  holes  up  to  two  inclies  diameter 
with  the  same  facility  as  a  stationary  drill.  Tbey 
are  manufactured  of  several  sizes  and  kinds.  The 

firm  also  makes  vertical  drilling  and  boring  ma- 
cs o 

chines,  and  employs  40  hands  with  orders  con- 
stantly ahead. 

Henry  Troemner  &  Son. — 710  Market  Street. 
Scales  ;  specialty,  fine  and  delicate  scales  for  mint 
use.  This  firm  are  celebrated  manufacturers  of 
fine  scale  work,  and  have  furnished  this  winter  a 
shipment  of  scales  for  the  San  Francisco  mint, 
said  to  be  of  more  exact  and  elegant  workmanship 
than  any  scales  heretofore  made. 

W.  P.  Uhlinger,  Columbia  Works. — Colum- 
bia Avenue,  jiear  Second  Street.  Jacquard  ma- 
chine looms.    125  hands. 

M.  Van  Houten. — Corner  Front  and  Oxford 
Streets.    Carriage  springs. 

Veerkamp  &  Leopold. — 1505  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,    Presses,  stamps,  etc. 

Jas.  Watson,  Novelty  Machine  Works. — 
1C08  South  Front  Street.  General  machinery  and 
engines. 

Williamson    Bros.,    Perseverance  Iron 


Works. — Corner  Hichmond  and  York  Streets. 
Machinery,  engines,  etc. 

li.  Witiiington, — lOlG  New  Market  Street. 
Mill  work. 

R.  D.  Wood  &  Sons.— Office,  404  Chestnut 
Street.  Works,  Millville,  N.  J.  Machinery  and 
foundry  for  cotton  mills  of  firm, 

Thos.  Wood,  Power  Loom  Works. — Cotton 
and  woollen  machinery,  looms.  Twenty-first  and 
Hamilton  Streets,  and  Fairmount  Machine 
Works,  210G  Wood  Street. 

Wm.  Wood  &  Co. — Twenty-fourth  and  Ham- 
ilton, and  Twenty-second  and  Spring  Garden 
Streets.  General  machinery,  looms,  shafting, 
hangers,  pulleys,  etc.    200  hands  employed. 

Thos.  B.  Woodward.— 1020  New  Market 
Street.    Mill  machinery, 

J,  W.  Wright. — 112  Spruce  Street.  General 
machinery, 

Wright  &  Kidward. — Frankford.  General 
machinery. 

W.  J.  Young.— 43  North  Seventh  Street. 
Optical  and  mathematical  instruments. 

J.  Zabel. — 1207  Vine  Street.  General  ma- 
chinery. 

Iron  Foundries  of  Philadelphia. 

(See  Stove  Manufacturers  of  Philadelplvia.) 

Jas.  T.  Bradshaw. — 951  Beach  Street.  Spe- 
cialty, rolling-mill  castings,  rolls,  etc.  50  hands 
employed. 

Barrows,  Savery  &  Co. — Front  and  Pteed 
Streets.    Hollow-ware,  sad  irons,  general  castings. 

CoNARD  &  Murray. — Thirtieth  and  IMarkct 
Streets.  General  castings.  Miscellaneous  castings, 
architectural  iron  work,  etc.    75  hands  employed, 

Samuel  J.  Creswell,  Jr. — 812  llacc  Street. 

A.  Danvers.— Dickenson  Street  Wharf.  Sash 
and  clock  weights,  general  castings. 

Devinney,  White  &  Hitzeroth. — 3124  INIarket 
Street.    Ornamental  and  architectural  iron  work. 

T.  Ellis  &  Bro.— Fair  Hill  Foundry.  2303 
Coral  Street. 

Ferrell  &  Burns. — 1400  North  Ninth  Street. 
20  hands. 

Field  &  Todd.  — 1223  Passyunk  Avenue, 
General  castings.    50  hands  employed. 

Fitzgerald,  Flagg  &  Co.— 218  North  Third 
Street.  Iron  and  Brass  Foundry;  Keystone 
Malleable  and  Gray  Iron  Works,  1109  North 
Front  Street ;  Union  Malleable  Iron  and  Bi-ass 
Works,  Nineteenth  Street  and  Penna.  Avenue. 
Malleable  and  gray  castings,  hardware,  etc. 

J.  J.  &  G.  Gillingham. — 983  North  Front 
Street. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACmNE  WORKS,  ETC.  147 


Lewis,  Pakish  &  Stokes. — Globe  Iron  Woi-ks. 
2309  Wood  Street.  General  and  macliiue  cast- 
ings. 

GooDELL,  Braun  &  Waters. — Fifteenth  and 
Hamilton  Streets.    Locomotive  woi-k. 

Green  &  Co. — 41  Wasliington  Avenue. 

L.  Green. — Adams  and  Frankford  Road. 

HoFF,  Fontaine  &  Abbott. — 1152  North 
Third  Street. 

J.  D.  Johnson. — 109  North  Seventh  Street. 
Plumbers'  iron  work. 

Jos.  Johnson. — Central  Iron  Foundiy.  G15 
Filbert  Street.    General  castings. 

Geo.  W.  James. — Corner  Plum  and  Race 
Streets,  Frankfoi'd. 

Leich  &  Morton. — West  End  Foundry.  Cor- 
ner Twenty-third  and  Cherry  Streets. 

John  Levatt. — York  and  Thompson  Streets. 
Hollow-ware  and  general  castings. 

I.  P.  Morris  &  Co. — Port  Richmond  Iron 
Works.    (See  Engine  and  Machine  Worhs^ 

Henry  G.  Morris. — Southwark  Foundry. 
Fifth  and  Washington  Avenue.  (See  Machine 
'Worlis. ) 

Morgan  &  Orr.— 1219  Callowhill  Street.  {See 
Machine  'Worlis.) 

J.  E.  Mitchell.— 1829  North  Sixth  Street. 
Builders'  iron  work. 

J.  H.  Murphy  &  Bros. — Twenty-third  and  Fil- 
bert Streets.    {See  Bridge  TFor/tS.) 

McIlvain  &  Bros. — Fifteenth  and  Hamilton 
Streets. 

J.  Naylor. — People's  Works.  Front  and 
Girard  Avenue.  {See  Engine  and  Machine 
Works^ 

H.  C.  Oram  &  Sons. — Builders'  castings,  iron 
fronts,  etc. 

J.  Robinson. — 53  North  Seventh  Street. 
Plumbers'  iron  work. 

Rogers  &  Owens. — Twenty-fifth  and  Lombard 
Streets.    General  castings. 

Royer  Bros. — Ninth  and  Montgomery  Avenue. 
Builders'  iron  work,  architectural  iron  work,  and 
general  castings.    75  hands  employed. 

Ruhland,  Rebmann  &  Co. — 1404  North 
Twenty-second  Street. 

Geo.  W.  Shaffer.— 1756  North  Fourth  Street. 

I.  A.  Sheppard  k  Co. — Berks  and  Mont- 
gomery Avenue.  Specialty,  stoves,  hollow-ware, 
plumbers'  and  general  castings.  These  works  are 
extensive ;  have  a  melting  capacity  of  20  tons  a 
day,  and  a  product  of  8,000  tons  a  year,  with  a 
floor-room  of  nearly  two  acres.  Works  also  at 
Baltimore. 

Smith  &  Ellis. — {See  Pipe  TFbrZrs.) 
Jas.  T.  Stilejian. — 1089  Germantown  Avenue. 
General  castings. 


Wm.  Sellers  &  Co.— 1600  Hamilton  Street. 
Railroad  turn-tables,  ])ivot  bridges,  machine  cast- 
ings.  {See  Machine  'Worhs.^ 

F.  A.  Shute. — Quaker  City  Foundry. 
T.  J.  Springer. — General  castings. 

N.  H.  Supplee. — General  castings. 

W.  Wark. — 1716  Barker  Street.  General  and 
machine  castings. 

J.  S.  Levering  Wharton. — Fifteenth  and 
Wood  Streets.  Builders',  architectural,  and  gen- 
eral eastings. 

A.  Whitney  &  Sons. — Sixteenth  and  Callow- 
hill  Streets.    {See  Gar  'Wheel  'Works.) 

T.  Wilbraham  &  Bros.— 2103  Frankford 
Road,  corner  of  Amber  Street.  General  castings. 
{See  also  Engine  and  Macldne  TForA's.) 

R.  Wood  &  Co. — 1136  Ridge  Avenue.  Iron 
railings,  architect  ui-al  and  ornamental  castings, 
iron  and  bronze  statuary,  etc.  This  works  has 
turned  out  some  of  the  finest  bronze  statuary 
outside  of  Munich,  which  place  has  been  celebrated 
for  the  finest  bronzes  of  modern  times. 

R.  D.  Wood  &  Co.— Office,  400  Chestnut 
Street.  Works,  Florence  and  Millville,  New 
Jersey.  {See  Pipe  'Worhs.)  Lamp-posts,  hy- 
drants, heavy  castings,  turbine  wheels,  etc.  Llelt- 
ing  capacity  of  both  works,  25,000  tons  per  an- 
num. The  Jonval  turbine  wheels  made  at  these 
works  are  supplied  generally  to  water  works,  those 
at  Fairmount,  Philadelphia,  having  been  entirely 
from  here.  500  men  are  employed  by  this 
firm. 

Jas.  Yocum  &  Son. — City  Iron  and  Brass 
Foundry.  Specialty,  grate  bars  and  anti -friction 
metals. 

Saw  and  File  Works  of  Philadelphia. 

Saml.  p.  Aires. — 319  South  Sixth  Street.  Files. 
W.  H.  Ashmore.— 3221  Market  Street.  Saws. 

G.  &  H.  Barnett,  Black  Diamond  File 
Works. — 41  Richmond  Street.  60  hands  em- 
ployed. 

S.  B.  BuTLAND. — 732  South  Front  Street. 
Saws,  squares,  bevels,  etc. 

T.  Bringiiurst. — Saws. 

J.  C.  Cooke.  —1024  Federal  Street.  Files. 

J.  Calverly,  Reliance  Saw  and  Tool  Manu- 
facturing Co. — 130  Pegg  Street.  Saws  and 
tools. 

E.  L.  Davenport. — 1902  Germantown  Avenue. 
Saws. 

Henry  Disston  &  Sons,  Keystone  Saw  Works. 
— Front  and  Laurel  Streets. 

This  is  the  largest  saw  works  in  the  world,  with 
a  product  of  five  tons  of  finished  saws  per  day, 


148 


DIRECTOKY  OF  OENEUAL  MACniNE  "WOKKP,  ETC. 


and  which  represents  the  best  article  in  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world.  The  specialty  of  the  works 
is  circular  and  hand  saws ;  but  not  only  are 
these  made  in  great  variety,  there  being  eighty 
diffeient  styles  of  carpenters'  saws  and  circular 
saws,  from  four  to  seventy-two  inches  in  diameter, 
but  the  product  includes  cross-cut  saws,  butcher's- 
saws,  stone  and  iron  cutting  saws,  concave  circu- 
lar saws  for  wheel  felloes  and  sawing  irregular 
shapes,  and  graduated  saws,  plumb  level  and 
square  gauge  saws.  The  works  are  well  built,  and 
cover  an  area  of  eight  acres,  the  whole  establish- 
ment representing  the  continued  effort  of  one  man 
and  his  sous,  a  long  fight  against  foreign  compe^ 
tition,  home  prejudice,  business  difficulties,  and 
matei-ial  obstacles,  ending  in  the  magnificent  suc- 
cess which  downright  energy  and  pluck  alone 
could  have  accomplished. 

The  firm  manufacture  and  roll  their  own  steel 
(See  Crucible  Steel  Works  of  Pliiladelphia),  for 
which  large  quantities  of  steel  scraji  and  converted 
(cemented)  steel  is  used  in  the  melting  house. 
Connected  with  the  melting  liouse  is  the  rolling 
mills,  where  the  ingots  are  taken  from  the  heating 
furnaces  to  a  six-ton  Sellers  liammer,  and  drawn 
down  and  welded  for  the  rolls.  There  are  fo\ir 
stands  of  rolls,  respectively  of  26,  30,  32,  and  GG 
inches  by  24  inches,  the  last  capable  of  rolling  a 
saw  plate  64  inches  wide.  The  plates  are  rolled 
in  tliree  heats  from  the  bloom,  and  are  scaled  at 
each  heat.  The  capacity  of  the  rolling  mill  is 
seven  tons  per  day,  or  40  tons  weekly.  Froin  the 
mill  the  plates  go  to  the  cutting  and  shaping  de- 
partment, where  they  are  trimmed  into  saw  shapes 
under  presses  and  shears,  this  department  being 
supplied  with  the  best  and  latest  labor  saving  ma- 
chinery and  appliances.  From  the  shaping  de- 
2)artment  the  saw  blanks  go  to  the  grinding  depart- 
ment, where  they  receive  the  first  grinding,  tlience 
to  the  tempering  shop,  where  they  are  heated 
cherry  red,  the  temper  drawn  to  the  desired 
color,  and  then  hardened  in  oil — a  gentler,  slower, 
and  more  easily  controlled  hardening  than  water, 
which  wouUl  not  answer  for  saw  plates.  This  is 
done  in  quantity  by  means  of  elevators,  by  v/liich 
they  are  immei'sed  in  wells  of  oil,  some  of  wliich 
are  nine  feet  deep.  This  tempering  and  harden- 
ing leaves  the  blanks  "  with  a  buckle  "  and  out  of 
shape.  They  are  next  heated  and  flattened  under 
hydraulic  pressure,  and  again  ground,  and  lastly 
polished  on  emery  wlieels.  From  this  process  they 
proceed  to  the  hammer  room,  where  they  are 
hammered  to  true,  and  herein  lies  the  greatest 
skill  of  the  saw  maker,  the  art  in  its  perfection 
being  possessed  by  comparatively  few  men.  The 
t'.ictli  are  next  cut,  which  is  done  entirely  by  ma- 
chinery, after  which  the  handles  are  fitted  and 


fastened  with  brass  rivets.  Both  the  handles  and 
the  brass  work  are  madt;  entirely  in  tlie  establish- 
ment, the  wood  used  for  the  former  being  almost 
exclusively  apple  wood. 

The  different  floors  of  the  establishment 
are  connected  by  elevators,  and  each  depart- 
ment is  siq)plied  with  fire-proof  .safes  for  the 
storage  of  unfinished  and  finished  work.  All  the 
floors  are  also  supplied  with  tracks  and  cars  for 
the  transportation  of  the  saws  from  one  depart- 
ment to  another. 

The  works  employs  over  1,000  hands,  with  a 
pay-roll  of  $076,000  per  annum.  In  addition  to 
the  Keystone  Saw  works,  the  firm  has  a  wood- 
working shop  and  a  file  works  at  Faconia,  where 
they  are  building  dwelling-houses  for  their  hands, 
and  propose  extending  the  works  largely  for  the 
production  of  files.  Disston's  saws  have  a  truly 
world-wide  reputation,  and  when  they  engage  in 
the  manufacture  of  files  on  the  same  scale,  their 
quality  will  be  assured  in  advance. 

This  is  one  of  the  works  which  give  Philadel- 
phia the  credit  of  bciing  the  great  manufacturing 
city  of  the  world. 

James  M.  Earnest.— 1625  North  Fifth  Street, 
Files. 

Jas.  Gilfeatiier. — 1651  Germantown  Avenue. 
Files. 

H.  Hadfield. — 2237  Sharswood  Street.  Files. 

Henster,  Morley  &  Co,  Thrifty  File  Works. 
— 1354  Crease  Street.  Files. 

W.  HoDKiNSON. — 1209  Germantown  Avenue. 
Files. 

S.  R.  Kexnedy. — Twelfth  and  Buttonwood 
Streets.  Saws. 

A.  Krumbhaar,  Philadelphia  File  Works. — 
1601  Spring  Garden  Street. 

McCaffrey  &  Bro.,Penns\tlvania  File  Works. 
—1732  North  Fourth  Street.  Files.  25  hands 
employed. 

W.  McNiece.~407  Cherry  Street.  Saws. 
J.   &    H.    NicHOLLS. — 119    Gothic  Street. 
Saws. 

J.  Barton  Smith. — 211  New  Street.  Files  and 
rasps ;  specialty,  shoe  rasps^  for  whicli  they  have 
a  great  reputation. 

F.  Steiger. — 1033  East  Cumberland  Street. 
Files. 

H.  Shipley,  Coquanock  Cutlery  Works. — 
Ninth  Street  and  Columbia  Avenue. 

L.  A.  &  S.  Taylor. — Adams  &  Kensington 
Streets,  Frankford.  Files. 

Jas.  Turner.— 1121  St.  John  Street.  Chair 
and  jig  saws. 

L.  B.  Towns. — 434  Lynd  Street.  Saws. 

B.  C.  Weeks.— 811  South  Front  Street. 
Saws. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACinNE  WORKS,  ETC. 


149 


Bolt  and  Nut  Makers  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

M.  J.  Coleman,  Eagle  Bolt  Works. — 2030 
Arch  Street.    Specialty,  carriage  bolts. 

Geokge  COLcnER  &  Co.— 212  Dickerson  Street. 
Bolts,,  etc. 

A.  &  M.  Hayden. — Tweuty-second,  near  Vine 
Street.    Carriage  bolts. 

HoopEs  &  TowNSEND. — 1330  Button  wood 
Street.    (A^ee  Afachine  Woi-ks.) 

Thomas  Shields. — Pennsylvania  Avenue, 
near  Twenty-second  Street.  Carriage  bolts.  70 
bands  employed. 

Wm.  Shields,  Girard  Bolt  Works. — Twenty- 
third,  near  Pace  Street.    Carriage  bolts. 

Tiios.  N.  Skelly. — Twenty-fourth  and  Callow- 
hill  Streets.    Carriage  bolts. 

L.  Sykes  &  Son. — 939  North  Delaware 
Avenue.    Railroad  bolts. 

Simpson  &  Jackson. — Twenty-second  and  Fil- 
bert Streets.    Carriage  bolts. 

TowNSEND,  Wilson  &  Hubbard. — 2301  Cherry 
Street.    Carriage  bolts. 

J.  Yeakle. — 2042  Kressler  Street.  Bolts. 


Wrought  Iron  Works,  Doors,  Shutters, 
Fences,  etc.,  of  Philadelphia. 

R.  F.  Bancroft. — 711  Jayne  Street.  Doors, 
shutters,  railings,  etc, 

R.  S.  Browning. — 4824  Frankford  Avenue, 
Frankford. 

W.  Clarence  &  Son. — IGOO  North  Front 
Street.    Iron  railings,  etc. 

Corrugated  Iron  Ceiling  Co. — J.  Gilbert, 
President.    Office,  429  Walnut  Street. 

Green  &  Co. — 41  Washington  Avenue.  Orna- 
mental railings. 

Garland  &  Vandegrift. — 239  North  Fifteenth 
Street.  Railings. 

W.  P.  Hood.— 680  North  Broad  Street.  Rail- 
ings. 

Hanson  &  Kirk. — Twelfth  and  Hamilton 
Streets.    Railings,  etc. 

Jones  &  Reed. — 222  Callowhill  Street,  Rail- 
ings, etc. 

Matsinger  Bros. — 1224  Race  Street.  Fire- 
proof doors,  shutters,  and  general  wrought-iron 
work.    Established  in  1829, 

Ornamental  Iron  and  Bronze  Co. — 1514 
Spring  Garden  Street.  Stable  fittings,  ornamental 
work  of  all  kinds. 

W.  M.  Sands.— 20  Hudson  Street.  Doors, 
shutters,  etc. 

Steward  &   Stivers. — 602    Cherry  Street. 


Doors,  shutters,  building  v/ork,  beams,  girders, 
columns,  etc.  This  tirm  started  thirty  years  ago 
with  a  capital  of  $50,  and  have  now  an  extensive 
business,  having  furnished  the  iron  work  for  some 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  city.  The  firm  has 
one  peculiai-ity  which  is  noteworthy,  viz.,  no 
note  has  ever  been  given  either  by  the  firm  or 
partners,  all  bills  being  cash.  Hence  tlie  panic  of 
1873  did  not  affect  them  by  unpaid  obligations. 

J.  B.  Wickersham. — 408  North  Tenth  Street. 
Railings,  etc. 

Robert  Wood  &  Co. — Cast  and  wrought  iron 
work,  railings,  etc.    {See  Iron  Fotmdries.) 

Hardware  Manufacturers  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

W.  Esterbrook. — 311  Cherry  Street.  Fire 
shovels,  hods,  etc. 

W.  Evans. — 1719  Jones  Street.  Hinges. 

Enterprise  Manufacturing  Co. — II.  Asbury, 
President.  American  and  Dauphin  Streets.  Gro- 
cers' hardware. 

Geo.  Griffiths,  Keystone  Works. — 511  Lo- 
cust Street.  Coal-hods,  shovels,  spades,  etc.  50 
hands  employed. 

Hazleton  &  Co. — Coal-hods,  etc, 

Philadelphia  Hardware  and  Malleable 
Iron  Works. — Carr,  Crawley  &  Devlin.  Of- 
fice, 307  Arch  Street.  Builders',  carriage,  sad- 
dlery, and  shelf  hard  ware.  Malleable  iron  work, 
etc.    250  hands  employed.  . 

J.  Pfeifer. — 1  Fetter  Lane.  Coal-hods. 

J.  Peters.— 1934  North  Front  Street.  Strap 
hinges. 

Philadelphia  Tool  Co. — Thirteenth  and  But- 
ton wood  Streets. — Wrenches,  etc. 

M.  Rowland  &  Co. — 503  Commerce  Sti-eet. 
Shovels. 

Stewart  &  Mattson. — 447  North  Bi-oad 
Street.  Builders'  and  shelf  hardware,  knobs, 
door  furniture,  etc.    GO  hands  employed. 

W,  T,  Snell.— 124  Church  Street.  Coal-hods. 

Edge  Tool  and  Cutlery  Manufactur- 
ers of  Philadelphia. 

T.  G.  Armstrong  &  Son. — Dental  instruments. 
T.  R.  Barnett.— 1726  North  Fourth  Street. 
Edge  tools. 

J.  Beatty  &  Co. — Edge  tools,  axes,  etc. 
Works,  Siiringfield,  Delaware  Coxmty. 

W,  P,  Ijeatty. — 501  Commerce  Street,  Edge 
tools, 

L.  BECit.— 541  North  Third  Street.  Cutlery. 
Blatter  Bros. — 241   Arch   Street,  Cutlery 
and  surgical  instruments. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  JIACIIINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


C.  II.  Blittersdorf. — 218  Noitli  Fourth 
Street.  Ciitlci-y. 

J.  Brown. — 770  South  Fourth  Street.  Cut- 
lery. 

A.  Clark. — 410  Arch  Street.  ShoemakcrH' 
tools. 

Geo.  Z.  Creuztburg. — 119  Noi-th  Sixtli  Street. 
Cutlery. 

Copper  &  Fry. — Seventh  aud  Jaue  Streets. 
Book-binders'  tools. 

A.  J.  CoLTON. — 355  Nortli  Fourth  Street. 
Planes. 

C.  Crossley  &  Son. — 1411  Barclay  Street. 
Mill  picks,  stone-cutters'  tools. 

Dewitt,  Morrison  &  Kelly. — Twenty-second, 
near  Market  Street.    Augers  and  bitts. 

G.  D.  Ellis.— 307  Race  Street.  Curriers' 
tools. 

C.  II.  Erhardt.— 8G6  Randolph  Street.  Cut- 
lery. 

F.  M.  Geci{XE.--1122  North  Third  Street. 
Cutlery. 

C.  Hammond. — Thirteen  North  Fifth  Street. 
Edge  tools. 

L.  V.  Helmbold.— 127  South  Tenth  Street. 
Cutlery  and  surgical  instruments. 

L.  Holtzscheider.- — 1417  North  Tenth  Street. 
Cutlery. 

B.  HooPES. — John  Street,  Fraukford.  Cut- 
lery. 

W.  Horn. — 218  Pi,ace  Street.    Curriers'  tools. 
L.  Herder  &  Son. — GGO  Arch  Street.  Cut- 
lery. 

M.  S.  HuBER.— 507  Ninth  Street.  Saddlers' 
tools. 

H.  G.  Kern.^ — Surgical  instruments. 

J.  A.  KiRciiNER.- — ^204  Vine  Street.  Cutlery. 
J.  Kline.— 1219  Ridge  Avenue.  Cutlery. 

D.  W.  KoLB. — Surgical  instruments. 
McLaughlin,  Grover  &  Lloyd. — 112  Bread 

Street.    Edge  tools,  machine  knives,  etc. 

J.  L.  Miller.— 815  North  Fourth  Street. 

Miller  &  Oram. — Fifteenth  and  Hamilton 
Streets.    Moulding- machine  cutters,  etc. 

J.  NuES. — 829  Callowhill  Street.    Stove  tools. 

A.  NiTTENGER. — 828  North  Fourth  Street. 
Butchers'  tools. 

]M.  Pratt. — Cutlery. 

J.  Plumaciier. — Tenth,  near  Market  Street. 
Cutlery. 

J.  Reist. — 531  Race  Street.  Cutlery. 

M.  Rieiil. — 1505  Pennsylvania  Avenue.  Book- 
bindei's'  tools. 

W.  W.  Richardson. — Fifteenth  and  Hamil- 
ton Streets.  Cutlery. 

Wm.  Rose  &  Bros.— 3535  Filbert  Street. 
Saddlers'  tools,  trowels,  etc. 


J.  Robinson. — 4352  Crcf.sou  Street,  Mana- 
yuuk.  Cuth'ry. 

J.  RuPERTUS. — 125  North  Seventh  Street. 
Edge  tools. 

Saxton  &  Howard. — 148  Bread  Street.  Ic. 
tools. 

H.  N.  Shipley,  Coquanock  Cutlery  Works. — 
Ninth  Street  and  Columbia  Avenue. 

J.  G.  Scott  &  Co. — 115  South  Seventh  Street. 
Surgical  instruments. 

Selsor,  Cook  &  Co. — Armat  Street,  German- 
town.    Hatchets,  etc. 

Snowden  &  Bro.— 23  South  Eighth  Sti-eet. 
Surgical  instruments. 

J.  Stortz. — 210  Vine  Street.  Cutlery. 

J.  Taylor  &  Sons. — Kensington  Avenue  and 
Venango  Street.    Edge  tools. 

J.  J.  Teufel.— 103  South  Eighth  Street. 
Cutlery,  surgical  instruments,  etc. 

S.  J.  Tongue. — 33  Richmond  Street.  Edge 
tools. 

J.  Veit.— 601  New  Market  Street.  Planes. 

John  P.  Verbee  &  Co. — 503  Commerce  Street. 
Works,  Vei-rec's  Mills,  near  Bustleton.  Hatchets, 
hand  axes,  etc. 

J.  Wenzel.— 833  South  Fourth  Street.  Cut- 
lery. 

J.  Whittington. — 4G18  Frankford  Avenue, 
Fraukford.  Cutlery. 

Windhoevel  &  Voos. — G29  St.  John  Street. 
Cutlery. 

White  &  Sanson. — 73  Laurel  Street.  Table 
cutler}'.    40  hands. 

A.  H.  WiRZ. — Surgical  instruments. 

Yerkes  &  Plumb. — 415  Commerce  Street. 
Works,  Fraukford.    Edge  tools,  hammers,  etc. 

J.  Zebley. — 402  Cherry  Street.    Edge  tools. 


Anchor  and  Chain  Manufacturers  of 
Philadelphia. 

Bradlee  &  Co.,  Empire  Chain  Works.— Office, 
19  South  Fourth  Street.  Works,  Fair  Hill. 
All  sizes  chains  from  best  refined  iron  made  by 
Hughes  &  Patterson,  Delaware  Rolling  Mill,  ad- 
joining. 

H.  J.  Mitchell  &  Co. — Chains. 

Stilwell  &  Bro. — 77G  Swanson  Street.  An- 
chors and  chains. 

P.  Waltzer. — Front  and  Berks  Streets. 
Chains. 

JPit  Hole,  Venango  County. 
Otto  Genner. — Oil-well  tools. 
J.  S.  Murphy. — Oil-well  tools. 
C.  H.  Duncan. — Oil-well  tools. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENEKAL  MACIIIITE  WOKKR,  ETC. 


Pittshuryh^  Alleghencj/  County. 
{See  Ulast  Furnaces,  liolling  Mills,  Crucible 

Steel  Works,  Locomotive  Works,  Iron  H ridge 

Works  of  Penn.) 

Samuel  Alcott. — Files. 

Allegheny  Valley  R.R.  machine  shop. 

Penna.  Boiler  Works. — D.  F.  Agnew.  Boil- 
ers only. 

Ahlbun,  Neckerman  &  Co. — Axles  and  malle- 
able-iron work. 

Andrews  <fe  Armstrong. — Machinery. 

W.  J.  Anderson  <fe  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Anderson  &  Bro. — Steam  engines. 

Anderson  &  Woods. — Springs  and  steel. 

Atlas  Works. — Steam  engines  and  boilers. 
Thos.  N.  MuUer,  President. 

Albun,  IIartje,  Wiley  &  Co. — Malleable  iron. 

W.  BuRNHiLL. — Boilers. 

Keystone  Hot  Air  Foundry. — Bissell  &  Co. 
Stoves  and  heaters. 

H.  M.  Bole  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  boilers. 

Central  Foundry. — Bagaley,  Young  &  Co. 
Iron  foundry.  Specialty,  rolls  and  rolling-raill 
castings. 

Etna  Stove  Foundry. — A.  Bradley  &  Co. 
{See  Stove  Manufacturers.') 
Brenneman  cfe  Ward. — Boilers. 
J.  M.  Brich  ife  Son. — Boilers. 
K.  Butt  &  Sons. — Steam  engines  and  boilers. 
W.  A.  Bunting. — Dies,  presses,  stamps,  etc. 
J.  BowN. — Rifles. 

Fort  Pitt  Boiler  Works. — Carroll  &  Snyder. 
Boiler  makers. 

Chess,  Smyth  &  Co. — Tacks  and  nails. 

J.  Cochran  &  Bro. — Iron  railings. 

W.  S.  CoLWELL  &  Co. — Wood  and  iron  work- 
ing machinery,  saw  mills,  shafting,  etc. 

DuQUESNE  File  Works. — Chas.  Challinor. 
Files. 

J.  Crossland. — Files. 

National  Malleable  Iron  Works. — John 
Crawford  &  Co.    Saddlery  hardware. 

J.  H.  Davis. — Gas  and  steam  fittings. 

Daniels  Patent  Car  Spring  Co. 

Iron  City  Foundry. — Dickson,  Marshall  &  Co. 
Iron  foundry. 

DiLWORTH,  Porter  &  Co. — Railroad,  spikes, 
bolts,  nuts,  etc. 

De  Haven  k  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Douglass  &  English. — Boiler  makers. 

Evans,  Dalzell  &  Co. — Tubes.  {See  Pipe 
and  Tube  Works.) 

Pittsburgh  Cast  Steel  Spring  Co. — A.  French 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.    Cast-steel  car  springs. 

Wm.  Fisher. — Steam  engines,  oil-well  machin- 
ery. 

John  Freisel. — Iron  foundry,  general  cast- 


{See  AUcglienh)  Qitp.) 
Steam  engines  and  tA^^ 


{ See  ■  Car 
foundry. 


ings.    A.  Garrison  it  Co 
C.  F.  Graham  &  Co.- 
chiuery. 

John  J.  Gill,  Jr. — ^Iron  foundry. 
Whed  Works.) 

Gilliam  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron 
saddlery  hardware,  etc. 

Jos.  Graff  &;  Co. — Axes. 

Graff,  Hugus  &  Co. — {See  Allegheney  City.) 

Wm.  Graff  &  Co.,  Graff  Tube  Works. — {Sea 
Pijye  and  Tube  Works.) 

M.  Graver. — Tanks. 

Samuel  Hare  &  Son. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Valley  Forge. — John  Hall  &  Co.,  Proprie- 
tors.   Agricultui'al  implements,  plows,  etc. 

A.  Hartupee  &  Co. — Hartupee's  Combined 
Moderator  engines  and  machinery. 

John  B.  Herron  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  {See 
Stove  Manifacturers. ) 

Keystone  Bolt  Works. — Hubley,  Adams  & 
Co.,  Proprietors.    Nuts,  bolts,  etc. 

Hussey,  Wells  &  Oo.—{See  Crucible  Steel 
Works.) 

C.  G.  Hussey  &  Co. — Brass  and  copper  rolling 
mills,  plumbago  crucibles,  etc. 

Globe  Plow  Works. — Hall  &  Spear.  Works, 
Allegheney.  Plows. 

Hubbard,  Lippincott,  Bakewell  &  Co.— Saws 
and  axes.    200  hands  employed. 

O.  Helmbold. — Cutlery. 

Hyams  Meter  Co. — Meters. 

Great  Western  Gun  Works. — J.  H.  John- 
son.   Giins,  rifles,  pistols,  etc. 

Jones  &  Nimick  Manufacturing  Co. — General 
hardware  manufacturers. 

Keystone  Spring  Works. — Springs.  G.  W, 
Morris,  I'roprietor. 

Keystone  Bridge  Co. — {See  Bridge  Works.) 

Keystone  Axle  Works. — Hammered  axles. 

F.  C.  Kram.— Tools. 

Iron  City  Tool  Works. — Kloman,  Park  &  Co. 
Tools  and  machinery. 

Knapp  Fort  Pitt  Foundry  Co. — Chas.  Knaj)p, 
President ;  G.  Metcalf,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  ; 
N.  K.  Wade,  Engineer.  Blast-furnace  machinery, 
cannon,  etc.  At  this  foundr.y  have  been  cast  the 
largest  cannon  made  in  the  United  States,  and. 
the  works  was  of  immense  benefit  to  the  govern- 
ment during  the  war  of  the  rebellion. 

KuNTZ  &  LiMPERT. — Boilers  only. 

Kinzer  &  Jones. — Biiildei-s'  hardware. 

J.  Lancashire. — Edge  tools. 

R.  Lea. — Steam  engines. 

Anchor  Machine  Works. — Lindsay,  Murray 
&  Co.,  Proprietors.    General  machinery. 
Logan  Gregg  &  Co. — Hardware. 


152 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACIUNE  WOEKfi,  ETC. 


LocKHARDT  &  Co. — Lightning  I'ods. 

Livingston  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  hardware. 

Eagle  Malleable  Iron  Foundry. — McCon- 
way,  Sorley  &  Co.,  Pi'oprietors.    Malleable  iron. 

Metcalf,  Paul  &  Co.,  Verona  Tool  Works. 
— Hammers,  sledges,  stone-masons'  and  black- 
sn)ith  tools,  etc. ;  railroad-track  tools  a  speci- 
alty. 

These  works  are  situated  at  Verona,  on  the 
Alleghany  Valley  Railroad,  ten  miles  from  the 
city.  The  present  factory,  built  early  in  1873,  is 
adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  railroad-track  tools 
of  every  description,  the  special  line  of  goods 
being  track  chisels,  spike  mauls,  sledges,  napping, 
and  striking  hammers ;  these  are  made  entirely 
by  machinery,  and  at  07ie  heat,  there  being  no 
hand  woi'k  on  them  excepting  finishing  points  or 
faces.  The  advantages  in  this  way  of  manufac- 
tui'e  of  steel  tools  are  claimed  to  be  great ;  but  one 
heating  of  the  steel  is  required,  thereby  running 
no  risk  of  over-heating  or  burning  the  material  as 
is  the  case  when  tools  are  made  wholly  or  in  part 
by  hand.  The  immense  and  uniform  pressui'e 
given  to  the  steel  in  forming  the  tools  tends  to 
greatly  improve  its  quality,  besides  making  a  uni- 
form tool. 

The  firm  manufactures  also  tools  for  black- 
smiths, miners,  and  stone  masons ;  and  are  pre- 
pared to  do  any  forging  required  by  railroads. 
The  present  capacity  is  from  one  hundred  and 
fifty  to  two  himdred  per  hour  of  any  one  of  these 
articles.  There  are  five  forges  with  places  for  five 
more,  two  large  furnaces,  and  three  small  furnaces, 
and  a  machine  shop,  with  plenty  of  room  to  ex- 
tend, having  some  six  acres  of  ground. 

Wm.  McKee  &  Son. — {See  Stove  Manufactur- 
ers.) 

McNiSH  &  Butler. — Wood- working  machin- 
ery. 

McIntosh,  Hemphill  &  Co. — Steam  engines  ; 
specialty,  large  blowing  engines  for  blast-fur- 
naces, and  pumping  engines.  This  woi-ks  has 
completed  some  of  the  largest  engines  in  the 
United  States;  and  their  engines  may  be  seen  in 
connection  with  most  of  the  blast  furnaces  of  the 
West. 

Mansfielb  &  FiTZSiMMONS. — Steam  engines 
and  brass  work. 

J.  &  J.  B.  Millholland. — Shovels  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Crescent  Steel  Works. — Miller,  Barr  &  Par- 
kin. {See  Crucible  Steel  Woi'ks.)  Steel  and 
steel  axles. 

Mitchell,  Stevenson  &  Co. — {See  Stove 
Manufacturers.) 

Novelty  Works. — Moorehead,  Adams  &  Co. 
Malleable-iron  works,  scales,  coffee  mills,  etc. 


DuQUESNE  Forge. — W.  Miller,  Hammered 
axles. 

Jas.  McNeil  &  Bro. — Boilers  only. 

Black  Diamond  Steel  Works. — Park,  Bro.  h 
Co.,  Proprietors.  {See  Crucible  Steel  Works.) 
Steel  of  all  kinds. 

Park  &  Co. — Rolling  mills. 

Phillips  &  Cluley.  {See  Pipe  and  Tube 
Works.) 

Rosedale  Stove  Manufacturing  Co. — L.  Pe- 
terson &  Co.  Iron  foundry.  {See  Stove  Manufac- 
turers.) 

Pittsburgh  Bolt  Co. — E.  Kayler,  President ; 
R.  H.  Lewis,  Treasurer ;  H.  L.  Lynch,  Secretary. 
Bolt^,  nuts,  splice  bars,  etc. 

W.  Peak. — Nails. 

Pennsylvania  Boiler  Works. — D.  F.  Agnew. 

Pittsburgh  Steel  Casting  Co.— Steel  cast- 
ings under  Hainsworth's  patent. 

Duquesne  Spring  and  Axle  Works. — Moore, 
Davis,  De  Haven  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Office,  171 
Penn  Avenue.  Works,  Sixteenth  Street  and 
Al\eglieny  River. 

Pittsburgh  Locomotive  and  Car  Works. — 
{See  Locomotive  and  Car  Works.) 

Porter,  Bell  &  Co. — {See Locomotive  Works.) 

Pittsburgh  Steam  Hammer  and  Manufactur- 
ing Works. — Marchand  &  Morgan,  Proprietors. 
Works,  Alliance,  Ohio.    Steam  hammers. 

Rasner  &  DuGER.^ — Galvanized  iron  cornices. 

Robson  &  Campbell. — Chains. 

Reeter  h  Armor. — Builders'  hardware. 

James  Reese. — Steam  engines. 

S.  Reynolds. — Malleable  Iron.  {See  Alle- 
(jheny  City.) 

Reiter,  Sutton  &  Co. — {La  Belle  Steel 
Works.    See  Allegheny  City.) 

T.  Rephan  &  Co. — -Boilers  only. 

Superior  Iron  Co. — Richey,  Herron<fe  Co.  L. 
S.  pig-iron. 

Reesick  &  Bro. — Safes  and  machinery. 

Hecla  Foundry.- — -John  Rooney.  Iron  foun- 
dry. 

Washington  Works. — Robinson,  Rea  &  Co. 
Steam  engines,  blast-furnace  engines,  pumping 
engines,  etc.  Firm  are  celebrated  for  character  of 
work  done,  and  have  a  specialty  in  furnace  and 
rolling-mill  engines. 

Wm.  B.  Scaife  &  Sons. — Boilers,  iron  roofs, 
and  corrugated  iron  roofing.  This  firm  has  fur- 
nished iron  roofs  and  frames  for  most  of  the  West- 
ern works,  and  has  a  specialty  in  their  manufac- 
ture. 

S.  Severance. — Spikes,  rivets,  nuts,  bolts, 
etc. 

Sheffield  Steel  Works. — Singer,  Nimick  & 
Co.,  Proj)rietors.    Steel,  and  axles,  springs,  etc. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


153 


West  Point  Foundry. — L.  H.  Smith  &  Co. 
Iron  foundry. 

National  Foundry  and  Pipe  Works. — (See 
Pipe  and  Tube  TFbrArs.) 

Spratt,  Johnston  &  Co. — Plows. 

A.  Stetler  &  Sons. — Boilers. 

J.  R.  Taylor  &  Co. — Wire  work. 

Jas.  Thorn  &  Co. — Boilers. 

Mont  Blanc  Foundry. — Tomlinson  &  Mc- 
Kee.    Iron  foundry. 

Fulton  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — Totten 
&  Co.,  Proprietoi-s.  Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery ;  specialty,  rolls,  rolUng-mill  work,  and  nail 
machines. 

W.  P.  TowNSEND  &  Co. — {See  Allegheny.') 
Utility  Works. — Malleable  iron  work. 
Union  Iron  Mills. — Carnegie,  Kloman  &  Co. 
Axles  and  i-oUed  iron.    (*S'ee  Rolling  Mills.) 
Watson  &  Munroe. — Boilers. 
Wood  &  Brown. — Plows. 

J.  C.  Wilson  &  Co. — Agricultural  machinery 
and  implements. 

J.  Wilkinson. — Chain. 

Winter  &  Epping. — Steam  pumps. 

Woods  &  Linton. — Cutlery. 

Young  &  Murphy. — Agricultural  implements. 

Phillipshurgh,  Centre  County. 
M.  Gnoland. — Iron  foundry. 

Phcenixville,  Chester  Coimt]/.  {See  Blast  Fur- 
naces and  Rolling  3fills  of  Perm.) 

Phcenix  Iron  Co. — S.  J.  Reeves,  President. 
Office,  410  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Phcenix  Bridge  Works. — Clark,  Reeves  <fe 
Co.  Office,  410  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 
{See  Rridge  Works.) 

Pine  Grove,  Schuylkill  County. 
Lee  &  Christian. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Tremont  Iron  Works. — Rice  <fe  Moody. 
Works,  7  miles  from  Pine  Grove.  Mowing  ma- 
chinery, 

D.  A.  Ferg. — Mining  machinery  and  miners' 
tools. 

Ellwood  Forge. — Eckert  &  Benson.  Forge 
6  miles  from  Pine  Grove,  blooms. 

Pittston,  JLuzerne  County. 
Vincent  &  Frear. — Iron  foundry.  {See  Stove 
Mamufacturers. ) 

Wisner  &  Strong. — Machinery, 

Pleasantville,  Venango  County. 
Ley  &  Rose. — Machinery. 
J.  Locke  &  Son. — Machinery, 
Murphy  &  Fisher. — Oil  tools,  etc. 
t 


Plymouth,  Luzerne  County. 

Plymouth  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry 
and  machinery. 

Wren  Iron  Works, — John  Y.  Wren.  Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

Port  Alleghany,  McKean  County. 

A.  Crandall. — Iron  foundry, 

Portland,  Northampton  County. 

L.  &  B.  Pearson. — Machinery. 

Pottstown,  Montgomery  County. 

{See  Plast  Fkirnaces  and  Rolling  3fills  of 
Pennsylvania. ) 

Brendlinger  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

L.  B.  Byar. — Machinery. 

W,  L.  Sands  &  Co.— (^^e  Car  Works  of 
Pennsylvan  ia. ) 

Schuylkill  Bridge  Co — J.  Thompson,  Treas- 
urer. Bridges. 

Pottsville,  Schuylkill  County. 

{See  Plast  Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills  of 
Pennsylvania. ) 

Allison  &  Bannan. — Iron  foundry.  Works 
at  Port  Carbon,    50  hands  employed. 

Z.  P.  BoYER. — Iron  foundry  and  furnace  at 
Port  Carbon. 

C.  W.  Brushar. — Bolts,  screws,  etc, 

Jos.  Derr, — Iron  foundry, 

Simon  Deri?. — Iron  foundry. 

J.  T.  Noble. —  Machinery. 

B.  F.  PoMEROY  &  Son. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

G.  W.  Snyder, — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  ii-on  foundry.    50  hands  employed. 
J.  Sparks. — Boilers. 

Orchard  Iron  Works. — Pott  &  Vastine, 
Proprietors.  Iron  foundry,  mine  work,  50 
hands  employed. 

Providence,  Z/uzerne  County. 
P.  Carter. — Edge  tools. 
White,  Jenison  &  Sons. — Edge  tools. 

Pulaski,  Lawrence  County. 
J.  H.  Porter  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Punxutavmey,  Jefferson  County. 
T.  Campbell. — Iron  foundry. 
W.  E.  &  J.  U.  Gillespie, — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery, 

Quakertown,  Rucks  County. 
Kraus  &  Bro. — Machinery. 
Quakertown  Stove  Works. — Roberts,  Thom- 
as &  Co.    {See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

Quincy,  Franklin  Cowaty. 
Hess  &  Ernst, — Machinery, 


154 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACIIINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


J.  Metcalf. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Heading,  UerJcs  County.  {See  JSlast  Furnaces 
and  Moiling  3Iills  of  Pennsylvania.) 

Addison  &  Warren. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chiuciy. 

P.  C.  Clark. — Machinery. 

Reading  Brass  Works. — Douglas  &  Counard. 
Iron  and  brass  foundry,  machinery,  and  locomo- 
tive work. 

J.  O.  Hall. — Machinery. 

Reading  Hardware  Works. — Harbster  Bros. 
&  Co.  Iron  foundry,  malleable  iron,  and  hard- 
ware. 

J.  R.  Keppleman. — Iron  foundry,  railings,  etc. 
L.  K.  Moore. — Scales. 

MiLLERTS  &  KiNSEY. — West  Reading  Boiler 
and  Machine  Works.  Boilers,  machinery,  and 
pipe.  {See  Pipe  and  Tube  Vi^orks.)  50  hands 
employed. 

L.  Neudorffer. — Wire  work. 

F.  J.  Obert. — Union  Boiler  Works.  Boilers 
only, 

Orr,  Painter  &  Go. — Iron  foundry. 
Reading  Railroad  Company's  car  and  machine 
shops. 

This  shop,  in  addition  to  the  regular  work  of 
the  road,  has  built  the  engines  for  the  steam  col- 
liers building  for  the  company.  (uSee  Iron  Ship 
Yards.') 

West  Reading  Boiler  Works. — E.  Reazer  & 
Co.  Boilers. 

W.  D.  Rorke. — Iron  foundry. 

Seyfert,  McManus  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  ma- 
chinery, and  tube  works.  {See  Plast  Furnaces, 
Polling  3Iills,  Pipe  and  Tube  Works.)  Office, 
631  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Franklin  Iron  Works. — Shaaber  &  Johnson. 
Iron  foundry.  {See  Car  Works  of  Pennsylva- 
nia.) 

J.  H.  Sternbergh. — Reading  Rolling  Mill 
and  Forge.  Bolts  and  nuts.  Rolls  iron  for  bolts 
only.    Celebrated  for  specialty. 

R.  Wagner.— Iron  railings. 

Grxscom  Lock  Works. — D.  J.  Young  &  Co. 
Locks.    50  hands. 

M.  Yocum. — Forge  and  bloomary, 

H.  Tragle. — Files. 

Rick  Bros.  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Pimersburgh,  Cla/rion  County. 
J.  E.  Caster  &  Son. — Iron  foundry.  {See 
Stove  3Ianufacturers.) 

Ping  gold,  tTefferson  County. 
HOLTEN  &  WiLLiON. — Iion  foundry. 


Pockville,  Chester  County. 
L.  Milligom. — Iron  foundiy. 

Pome,  Lancaster  County. 
JosLiN  &  Son. — Agriciiltural  implements. 

Posepoint,  Lawrence  County. 
D.  Foe. — Machinery. 
J.  McCaslin. — Machinery. 

Pochester,  Peaver  County, 
Pittsburgh  National  Plow  Manufacturing 
Co. — Mowers,  reapers,  plows,  etc.    150  hands 
employed. 

Pouseville,  Venango  County. 
F.  S.  Tarbett. — Machinery. 
C.  J.  Cronia. — Boilers. 

Rouseville  Iron  Works. — Thos.  Smith. 
Steam  engines,  oil-well  machinery,  iron  foun- 
dry. 

Poyer''s  Ford,  3Iontgomery  County. 
SnouTZ  &  Keeley.— Iron  foundry. 
Smith,  Johnson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Royer's  Ford  Iron  Co. — Iron  foundry,  sad 
irons,  etc. 

St.  Glair,  Schuykill  County.    {See  Plast  Fur- 
naces of  Pennsylvania. 

A.  S.  &  J.  A.  BowEN. — Shovels. 

St.  Jlary^s,  Elk  County. 
L.  H.  Garner  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

R.  C.  McGiLL. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Schuylkill  Haven,  Schuykill  County. 
BiCKLEY  Bros. — Horseshoes  and  rolling  mill. 

Scioto,  Blonroe  County. 
J.  Marsh  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Scranton,  Luzerne  County. 
{See  Plast  Furnaces  and  Polling  Mills  of  Penn- 
sylvania.) 

S.  G.  Barker. — Scales. 
P.  Carter. — Axles. 

Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  R.  R.  ma- 
chine shop. 

DiRKsoN  Manufacturing  Co. — Steam  engines, 
machinery,  boilers,  etc.  {See  Car  and  Locomo- 
tive Works  of  Pennsylvania.) 

A.  P.  Finch  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
etc. 

Seitzinger  &  Co. — Wire  work. 
Scranton  Stove  and  Manufacturing  Co. — 
{See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

H.  O.  SiLKMAN. — {See  Stove  3Ianvfacturcrs.) 
J.  White  &  Son. — Edge  tools. 


DIRECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHIIfE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


155 


Setinsgrove,  Snyder  County. 
RoHRBACH  &  Rudy. — -Iron  foundry. 

Sellersville,  Bucks  County. 
M.  Fretz. — Machinery. 

Setzler's  Store,  Chester  County. 
Wm.  Smith. — Sewing  needles. 

Shamolcin,  Northumberland  County. 
W.  Brown. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Hoffman  &  Mullery. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundry. 

FisLER,  Metlar  &  Co. — Machinery  and  iron 
foundrj''. 

Sharon,  Beaver  Goumty. 
'  M.  &  S.  H.  Darragh. — Iron  foundry. 

Sharon,  Mercer  County. 
{^See  Blast  Furnaces  and  Boiling  Mills  of  Penn- 
sylvania. ) 

Sharon  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — 
Wm.  McGilvray  &  Co.  Steam  engines,  machin- 
ery, and  castings. 

J.  King  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

RiMSER  &  Co. — Boilers  and  machinery. 

Sharpsville,  Mercer  County. 
[See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Bemisylvania.) 
Geddes,  Pierce  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery ;  specialty,  furnace  hot  blasts. 
Gemmill  &  Hawthorne. — Boilers  only. 

Shenandoah,  Schuylkill  County. 
Shenandoah    Iron    Works. — John  Gather- 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 

SJdppenshurgh,  Cumberland  County. 
S.  Donnelly. — Iron   foundry,  threshing  ma- 
chines, plows,  reapers,  etc. 
John  Gish. — Plows. 

D.  Lafever. — Agricultural  implements,  thresh- 
ing machines,  etc. 

WuNDERLicn  &  Mell. — Machinery. 

Shrewsbury,  York  County. 
S.  Klinefelter  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 

Sinnamahoning,  Cameron  County. 
D.  H.  Ball  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Slatington,  Behigh  County. 
Geo.  W.  Brown. — Machinery,  boilers,  and  iron 
foundry. 

Somerset,  Somerset  County. 
N.  G.  Keim  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

So^ith  Easton,  Northampton  County. 
Stewart  &  Co. — Wire. 


Easton  Foundry. — Young  &  Sleught.  Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

Eyerman  &  Co. — Sad-irons. 

Springfield,  Delaware  County. 
J.  C.  Beatty  &  Bro. — Edge  tools,  axes,  etc. 

Springville,  Chester  County. 
Shautz  &  Keely.— Iron  foundry,  stoves. 

Spruce  Creek,  Huntingdon  County. 
{See  Blast  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania.) 
S.  Thompson.— Iron  foundry. 

Steintown,  Northampton  County. 
F.  Lurk. — Cars.    {See  Car  Works.) 

Strasburg,  Bancaster  County. 
H.  N.  Breneman. — Agricultural  implements. 
Herr,  Brackbill  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Valley  Spring  Machine  Works. — J.  Weaver. 
Threshing  machines. 

J.  Spiehleman. — Agricultural  implements. 

Strattonville,  Clarion  County. 
A.  B.  Forman. — Machinery. 
S.  S.  Wilson. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
machinery. 

Stroudsburgh,  Monroe  County. 

F.  Landers. — Iron  foundry. 

Geo.  E.  Stouffer  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Tannite  Emery  Co. — T.  D.  Paret,  President. 
Tannite  emery  wheels. 

Sunbury,  Northu/mberland  County. 

G.  RoHRBACH  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry,  agi'icul- 
tural  implements. 

Tamaqua,  Schuylkill  County. 
(See  Boiling  Mills  of  Pennsylvania) 
Carter,  Allen  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  min- 
ing machinery. 

PiOBiNSON  &  Co. — {See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

H.  Walters. — Iron  foundry  and  mining  ma- 
chinery. 

W albridge  Bros. — Stoves. 

Tarentum,  Allegheny  County. 
E.  M.  &  K  S.  P.  McCall. — Iron  foundry,  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

Tidioute,  "Warren  County. 
Andrews  &  Co. — Machinery  for  oil  wells. 
W.  Campbell. — Machinery  for  oil  wells. 

Titusville,  Crawford  County. 
Novelty  Iron  W orks. — Bryan,  Dillingham  & 
Co.    Steam  engines,  machinery,  brass  and  iron 
work. 

Gibes,  Russell  &  Sterrett. — Steam  engines. 


DIIIECTOET  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


156 

boilers,  machinery,  etc.  Works  at  Nunda,  N.  Y., 
also. 

W.  J.  Innis. — Patent  tubing  stays  and  tool 
wrenches. 

Towanda,  Bradford  County. 
C.  D.  Bartlett. — Iron  foundry.' 
Towanda  Agricultural  Works. — M.  C.  Mer- 
cier.    Agricultural  machinery. 

Tremont,  Schuylkill  County. 
R.EECE  &  Moody. — {See  Car  Works.) 
Donaldson  Iron  Works. — A.  Ferg.  Steam 
engines,  etc. 

Troy,  Bradford  County. 
S.  W.  Paine. — Iron  foundry,  stoves,  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 

Tunkhannock,  Wyoming  County. 
Gearhart  &  OsTERHOUT. — Iron  foundry. 

Tyrone,  Slair  County. 
Wm.  Edge,  Cold   Spring  Eorge. — Charcoal 
blooms. 

N.  W.  Nerling  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Union  Mills,  Erie  County. 
Carroll,  Johnson  &  Co. — Iron  foundi-y  and 
machinery. 

Todd  &  Steinrod. — Machinery. 
P.  H.  Thompson. — Machinery. 

Uniontown,  Fayette  County. 
J.  Alder  &  Bro. — Machinery. 
Uniontown    Iron    Foundry.— D.   C.  Nace. 
Iron  foundry. 

Valley  Forge,  Chester  County. 
P.  R.  Edward. — Agricultural  implements  and 
machinery. 

Warren,  Warren  County. 
Brown  &  Struthers  Iron  Works. — Steam 
engines,  boilers,  saw  mills,  etc. 

Wayneshorough,  FranJdin  Courdy. 

Fhick  &  Bowman. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
machine  tools,  etc.    50  hands  employed. 

Geiser  Manufacturing  Co. — D,  Geiser,  Pres- 
ident ;  D.  Hoover,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
Threshing  machines. 

A.  E.  Waynant. — Machinery. 

Waynesborough  Manufacturing  Co. — Agri- 
cultural implements. 

Wayneshurgh,  Green  County. 

Eagle  Foundry. — C.  W.  Bowers.  Iron  foun- 
dry. 

Wellsborough,  Tioga  County. 
W.  C.  Kress. — Agricultural  implements. 


Westchester,  Chester  County. 

E.  T.  Cope  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 

Conner,  Wright  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Evans,  Griffiths  &  Roberts. — Agricultural 
implements. 

HooPEs  Bros.  &  Darlington. — Spikes  and 
machinery. 

Geo.  Lad  LEY. — Iron  foundry. 

West  Grove,  Chester  County. 
Carlisle  &  Miller. — Machinery. 
J.  W.  Harrison. — Iron  foundry. 

West  3fiddlesex,  Mercer  County. 
{See  Ulast  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania.) 

Russell  &  Williamson  Iron  foundry,  stoves, 

etc. 

West  Newton,  Westmoreland  County. 

I.  N.  DoAVNS. — Iron  foundry.  {See  Stove 
3fanufacturers.) 

J.  Fries  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  fences,  stoves, 
general  castings. 

White  Marsh,  3fontgomery  County. 
A.  J.  CoNNARD.— Augers. 
J.  R.  Ellis. — Iron  foundry. 

Wilkesbarre,  Luzerne  County. 

A.  Behee. — Iron  foundry. 

Dickson  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Branch  of  Dickson  Manufacturing  Co.,  Scrantou. 
Machinery,  etc. 

C.  Gates. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Haz^uid  Manufacturing  Co. — Wire  rope, 
mine  rope,  etc. 

Vulcan  Ikon  Co. — R.  Jones,  President.  Steam 
engines  and  mining  machinery. 

Wyoming  Valley  Manufacturing  Co. — W. 
L.  Stuart,  President.    Boilers  and  cars. 

Williamsburg,  Ulair  County. 
{See  Ulast  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania. 
J.  Hoo'ser. — Machinery. 

Franklin  Forge. — E.  Hammond.  Charcoal 
blooms. 

Williamsburg  Foundry. — Reilley  &  Soutzer. 
Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 

Rochdale  Foundry. — Schwartz  &  McCarthy 
— Plows. 

Snyder  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 

Cove  Forge. — J.  Royer.  Blooms. 

Williamsport,  Lycoming  County. 
Williamsport    Saw   Works. — E.  Andrews. 
Saws  and  files. 

S.  Achenbach.— Machinery. 
Dubois  &  Bengler. — Scroll  saws. 
Eagle  Lock  Co. — Builders'  hardware. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


157 


F.  Graeff. — Files. 

Reley  &  Maitland. — Architectixral  iron. 
MiLLSPAUGH,  Rowley  &  Millspaugh. — Ma- 
chinery. 

Jas.  Monkoe. — Saws. 

West  Branch  Iron  Works. — A.  T.  Nichols  & 
Co. 

Palmer,  Tiffany  &  Co. — Files. 

G.  W.  Sands. — Boilers. 

Snyder  Bros. — Boilers  and  bi-ass  foundry. 
West  Branch  Boiler  Works. — Boilers  only. 

Wbmelsdorf,  Berks  County. 
W.  B.  F.  Taylor. — Iron  foundry. 

Woodbury,  Bedford  County. 

Hetrick  &  Crotzer. — Iron  foundry,  thresh- 
ing, separating,  and  smut  machinery. 

J.  Gordon. — Carding  machines. 

J.  Snowden. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural  im- 
plements, 

Yellow  Springs,  Blair  County. 
Etna  Iron  Works. — Forge,  bloomary,  and 
furnace.     Capacity,  800  tons  C.  blooms.  {See 
Blast  Furnaces  of  Pennsylvania.) 

York,  York  County. 
Empire  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — M.  Schall. 
{See  Car  Works.) 

H.  K.  Bell.— Files. 

J.  W.  Baugher  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry.  60 
hands. 

BiLLMYER  &  Small. — {See  Ccw  Works.) 

G.  L.  Heidler. — Agricultural  implements. 
A.  B.  Farquhar. — Machinery.  35  hands. 
Frey,  Motler  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 

machinery. 

Fry,  Herbst  k  Co. — {See  Car  Works^  At 
Glen  Rock. 

Heathcote,  Herbst  k,  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Root  &  Chase. — Scales. 

Variety  Iron  Works. — E.  G.  Smyzer.  Iron 
foundry. 

J.  H.  Shieeman. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  Wainbaugh. — Iron  foundry. 

H.  S.  Merger  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Steam  Engine   and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Oregon. 

Albany,  Jjinn  County. 

A.  F.  CHERRy. — Iron  foundry. 

CoLVER  &  Beard. — Agricultural  implements. 

Corvallis,  Benton  Cou/nty. 
C.  Gaylord. — Machinery. 


Dayton,  Yam  Hill  County. 
Baxter  &  Weed. — Machinery. 

Eugene  City,  Lane  County. 
Campbell  &  Gardnier. — Machinery, 

Oregon  City,  Clackamas  County. 
J.  W.  Lewis. — Ags-icultural  implements. 
Oregon  City  Foundry. — Machiuery  and  cast- 
ings. 

David  Smith. — Iron  foundry. 

Portland,  Multnomah  County. 

F.  Delschneider. — Iron  foundry. 
Gaildieng  &  Bacon. — Machinery. 
D.  Monastes. — Iron  foundry. 

Oregon  Iron  Works. — D.  McCully,  President. 
Machinery  and  general  iron  work, 

Portland  Machine  Works. — Machinery. 

Smith  Bros. — Machinery. 

Willamette  Iron  Works. — Machinery  and 
iron  work. 

Salem,  llarion  County. 
B.  F.  Drake. — Iron  foundry. 
Leffel  &  Myer. — Agricultural  implements. 
D.  L.  Riggs. — Machinery. 

Steam  Engines  and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Rhode  Island. 

Anthony,  Kent  County. 
S.  CoLViN  &  Co. — Cotton  machinery. 

Bristol,  Bristol  County. 
J.  B.  Herreshoff. — Steam  engines,  marine  and 
stationary. 

Providence,  Warren  and  Biistol  R.  R.  machine 
shop. 

Brookville,  Addison  County. 
Barrett,  Bowman  &  Brooks. 

Central  Falls,  Providence  County. 
Central  Falls  Steam  and  Gas  Pipe  Co. — {See 
Pipe  Works.) 

Fanning  &  Newhall. — Machinery. 

Fast  Greenwich,  Kent  County, 
B.  Arnold. — Machinery. 

Exeter,  Washington  County, 
A.  MooNEY. — Machinery. 
N.  DuTEMPLE. — Edge  tools,  etc. 

Foster  Centre,  Providence  County, 

G.  W.  Philijps. — Iron  foundry  and  carriage 
hardware. 

Stephen  Walker. — Machinery,  plows. 
Gloucester,  Providence  County. 
I     F.  H.  BuYTON. — Machinery. 


158 


DIRECTORY  OF  GEJTERAL  MACnilSTi;  WORKS,  ETC. 


Geo.  H,  Wilcox. — Machinery. 

Hope  Vidlcy,  IVushliifflo/i  Coiintij. 
Nichols  &  Langworthy. — Ii-on  foundry,  steam 
engines,  machinery,  printing  presses,  etc. 

Nasonville,  Providence  CownfAj. 
HoLMAN  &  Johnson. — Scythes. 

Newport,  Newport  County, 
W.  Brownell. — Stoves. 

Boston,  Newport  and  New  York  Steamboat 
Co.'s  macliine  and  boiler  works.  J.  Mahoney, 
Superintendent. 

Clark,  Titus  k  Co. — Stoves. 

Narragansctt  Steamship  Co.'s  boiler  works. 
— J.  H.  Bacon,  Jr.,  Treasurer;  J.  B.  Brayton, 
Agent. 

North  Scituate,  Providence  County. 
A.  W.  Harris. — Spindles. 
A.  Westcot. — Spindles  and  rings. 

Pascoag,  Providence  County. 
H.  L.  Hopkins  &  Co. — Spindles,  fulling  mills, 
etc. 

Pawtiichet,  Providence  County. 
American  File  Co. — N.  Bates,  Treasurer;  H. 
Eichbaum,  Resident  Agent.  Boston  office,  G7  Com- 
mercial Street.  Files. 

G.  W.  AsHTON. — Woollen  and  cotton  machin- 
ery. 

J.  Arnold  &  Son. — Machinery. 
C.  Arnold. — Belt  hooks. 

H.  C.  Baker. — Machinery. 

BoswoRTH  Machine  Co. — J.  I.  Bosworth. — 
Edge  tools. 

J.  S.  Brown. — Cotton  and  woollen  machinery. 

E.  .  R..  Carpenter. — Machinery. 

Central  Falls  Steam  and  Gas  Pipe  Co. — 
(^See  Pipe  Works.) 
,  Chajibers  File  Co. — Files. 

Cole  Brothers. — Steam  fire  engines. 

M.  S.  Collyer. — Calico  and  bleaching  machin- 
ery. 

Easton  &  BuRNHAM. — Spindlcs. 

J.  Fales  &  Son. — Iron  and  brass  foundry,  ma- 
chinery, etc.    400  hands  employed. 

Rhode  Island  Stove  Works. — S.  Fifield. 
i^See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

C.  E.  Griffin. — Machinei-y. 

W.  H.  Hathaway  &  Co. — ^Machinery. 

W.  H.  Haskell.— Bolts  and  screws. 

F.  V.  Kelly  &  Co.— Wire. 

W.  Jeffers. — Iron  and  brass  foundry.  Steam 
fire  engines. 

Tiios.  I.EWis. — Machinery. 
Payne  &  Mattiiewson. — Spindles. 
J.  S.  Pervier. — Bolts  and  nuts. 


Pawtucket  Steam  and  Gas  Pipe  Co. — (*See 
Pipe  and  Tube  Works.) 

Pavvtucket  Tack  Co. — G.  H.  Cooper,  Treas- 
urer and  Agent.  New  York  office,  37  Chambers 
Street. 

J.  A.  Smith. — Steam  engines  and  machinery. 
L.  Upham  &  Co. — Macliincry. 
Z.  P.  &  J.  S.  White. — Cotton  and  woollen  ma- 
chinery and  castings. 

Phoenix,  JK^ent  County. 
L.  &  S.  H.  Brayton. — Iron  foundry. 
Lanphear  Machine   Co. — S.   P.  Lanphear, 
Treasurer,    General  and  mill  macliinery. 

Providence,  Providence  County. 

American  Butt  Co. — P.  F.  Peabody,  Treas- 
urer, New'  York  office,  97  Chambers  Street. 
Butts,  Hinges,  etc. 

American  Machine  Co, — G.  W.  Budloug. 
General  machinerj-. 

American  Screw  Co. — E.  G.  Angell,  Presi- 
dent ;  W.  H.  Henderson,  Treasurer ;  A,  G,  An- 
gell, Agent.    Screws,  rivets,  etc. 

American  Ship  Windlass  Co. — J.  P.  Manton, 
Agent.    Windlasses  and  hoisting  machineiy. 

American  Horse  Nail  Co. — E.  Tallman, 
Treasurer ;  R.  G,  Livingston,  Agent.  Horse 
nails, 

Barstow  Stove  Works  Co. — A,  C,  Barstow, 
Treasurer.    {See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

F.  Bannon, — Tools, 

H,  Blundell  &l  Co. — Jewellers'  tools. 

Brown  &  Sharp  Manufacturing  Co. — Milling 
machines,  sewing  machines,  tools,  wire  gauges, 
etc. 

Builders'  Iron  Foundry, — Z.  Chaffee,  Treas- 
urer and  Agent.    Heavy  castings  and  machinery. 
Silver  Lake  Foundry. — C.  Butler. 
S.  BuLLAS. — Files, 

G.  Chatterton. — Files, 

City  Machine  Co, — A,  Wade,  Treasurer. 
General  macliineiy. 

CoNGDON  &  Carpenter. — Iron  and  steel. 

Corliss  Steam  Engine  Co. — G.  H.  Corliss, 
President;  W.  Corliss,  Treasurer.  Corliss  Steam 
engine. 

Comstock  Foundry  Co. — C.  Greene,  Treas- 
urer ;  C.  H,  Perkins,  President.  General  cast- 
ings. 

Cove  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — W.  S. 
Granger,  Treasurer.    [See  Stove  Manufacturers.) 

Providence  Spiral  Spring  Co.— A,  B.  Curry 
&  Son.    Spiral  sin-ings. 

Darling,  Brown  &  Sharpe. — Mill  gearing  and 
water  wheels. 

F.  Fenner.— Files, 

H.  II,  Fenner, — Wire  goods. 


DIEECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACinNE  WOllKS,  ETC. 


159 


M.  F.  FiTZ. — Cutlery. 

Franklin  Foundry  and  Machine  Co. — E. 
Thurber,  Treasurer ;  A.  Briggs,  Agent.  Cotton 
machinery,  shafting. 

Fuller  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — Cotton 
machinery. 

Fuller  Iron  Works. — F.  &  W.  O.  Fuller, 
Trustees.  Steam  engines,  boilers,  brass  founders, 
etc. 

B.  F.  Gladding. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Heath. — Skates. 

G.  G.  Hicks. — Boilers. 

H.  &  C.  W.  HoLBROOK. — Cotton  pickers. 

Hope  Iron  Works. — Geo.  Chatterton,  Presi- 
dent ;  J.  Manton,  Treasurer  and  Agent ;  F.  S. 
Manton,  Secretary.  Steam  engines,  boilers,  and 
machinery. 

E.  Ingalls. — Iron  fences. 
Mechanics  Machine  Co. — Looms  and  cotton- 
mill  machinery. 
'  C.  Marsh.— Files. 
W.  McLaughlin. — Tools. 
G.  W.  Miller. — Safes. 

Miller  Iron  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  wire- 
work. 

J.  A.  Miller. — Boilers  and  safes. 
New  York,  Providence  and  Boston  R.  R.  ma- 
chine shop. 

New  England  Butt  Co. — Butts,  hinges,  etc. 
150  hands  employed. 

Nicholson  File  Co. — A.  Fanning,  Treasurer ; 
W.  T.  Nicholson,  Agent.    Machine-cut  files. 

Providence  and  Worcester  R.  R.  Machine  shop. 

Phcenix  Iron  Foundry. — G.  B.  Holmes, 
Treasurer;  J.  S.  Anthony,  Agent.  Castings  and 
machinery. 

Providence  Iron  Co. — N.  Stetson,  President; 
C.  A.  Washburn,  Jr.,  Treasurer.    Nails  and  wire. 

Providence  Machine  Co. — T.  J.  Hill,  Agent. 
Spinning  machinery. 

Providence  Saw  Works. — R.  G.  Hazzard, 
President;  J.  M.  Gross,  Agent.  Saws. 

Providence  Spring  and  Axle  Co. — Axles  and 
springs. 

Providence  Steam  Engine  Co. — H.  W.  Gard- 
ner, Treasurer  and  Agent ;  T.  W.  Phillips,  Secre- 
tary.   Steam  engines,  boilers,  machine  tools,  etc. 

Providence  Tool  Co. — J.  B.  Anthony,  Treas- 
urer and  Agent.  Rifles,  heavy  hardware,  tools, 
etc. 

Providence  Steam  Gas  Pipe  Co. — J.  Grin- 
nell,  President ;  J.  C.  Hartshorn,  Treasurer ;  H. 
A.  Branch,  Secretary.    [See  Pipe  Works.) 

Providence  Horseshoe  Co. — Horseshoe  ma- 
chines, toe  caulks,  etc.  Geo.  J.  Lewis,  Secretary 
and  Treasurer, 

Rhode  Island  Horseshoe  Co. — A.  Sprague, 


Treasurer.  New  York  oflice,  97  Chambers  Street. 
Horseshoes. 

Rhode  Island  Braiding  Machine  Co. — Braid- 
ing machines. 

Rhode  Island  Nut  Co. — C.  W.  Lippett, 
Treasurer.    Bolts  and  nuts. 

Rhode  Island  Locomotive  Works. — (^See  Lo- 
comotive Works.) 

Rhode  Island  Wire  Works. — Wire  goods. 
J.  L.  Sherman  &  Co.,  Proprietors. 

Rhode  Island  Malleable  Iron  Works. 
— Malleable  Iron. 

Rhode  Island  Machine  Co. — Cotton  machinery. 

J.  B.  Rollins. — Saws. 

W.  E.  Robinson. — Tools. 

C.  Ruff. — Cutlery. 

J.  M.  ScHMiD. — Cutlery. 

G.  W.  Smith. — Machinery. 
Searles  &  Hayden. — Wire  goods. 

City  Iron  Foundry. — Smith  &  Carpenter. 
General  castings. 

Spicers  &  Peckham. — {See  Stove  Manufac- 
turers.) 

Sprague  Mowing  Machine  Co. — Mowing  ma- 
chines. 

Star  Tool  Co.— E.  F.  Allen,  etc.  Tools. 

E.  N.  Steere. — Sjnndles. 

Parker  Mixls. — Nails  and  spikes. 

J.  H.  Thatcher. — Files. 

E.  Tower  &;  Son. — Iron  railing. 

Union  Vise  Co.— C.  T.  Child.  Vises, 

Union  Chain  Works. — Chains. 

Union  Horseshoe  Works. — Horseshoes. 

J.  G.  Whipple. — Iron-cutting  saws. 

W.  Wood. — Wire  works. 

Wood  &  Windsor.— Heating  apparatus. 

Thos.  Wyatt. — Chains. 

C.  S.  Wyatt. — Chains. 

River  Point,  I£ent  County. 
L.  Brayton  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
South  Foster,  Providence  County. 

H.  C.  Hopkins. — Axes, 

Valley  Falls,  Providence  County. 
Blackstone  Iron  Works. — Lapham  &  Wood. 
Iron  foundry. 

Westerly,  Washington  County. 
Cottrell  &  Babcock. — Printing  presses.  New 
York  office,  8  Spruce  Street. 

Chapman  &  Mallory. — Machinery. 
N.  Monroe. — Machinery. 
Stillman  Bros.  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Woonsoclcet,  Providence  County. 
American  Twist  Drill  Co. — Drills,  polishing 
machines. 


160 


DIKECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


VV.  H.  Bkiogs. — Flock  machinery. 

Bailey  Washing  and  Wringing  Machine  Co. 
— S.  A.  Bailey,  Treasurer.  Wringers,  washing 
machines,  etc. 

J.  J.  Cass. — Rakes. 

C.  W.  Odiorne  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

A.  Scott. — Machinery. 

j.  A.  Wilcox. — Agricultural  implements,  cider 
mills,  etc. 

Woonsocket  Iron  Foundry. — Cotton  and 
woollen  machinery. 

Wyominff,  Washington  County. 
Wilcox  Caloric  Engine  Co. — Caloric  engines. 
Nichols  &  Langworthy. — General  machinery. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works  and 
Iron  Foundries  of  Tennessee. 

{See  Blast  Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills.) 
Athens,  McMinn  County. 
G.  W.  Wheland. — Iron  foundry. 

Bolivar,  Hardeman  County. 
G.  W.  Lewinboard. — Cotton  presses. 

Bristol,  Sullivan  County. 
J.  B.  Dunn  «fe  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Bristol  Foundry. — Dixon,  Smith  &  Co.,  Pro- 
prietors.   Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Brownsport,  Decatur  County. 
J.  Marion. — Iron  foundry,  hollow-ware,  and 
general  castings. 

Chattanooga,  Hamilton  County. 

Chattanooga  Foundry. — Thomas  Webster, 
Proprietor.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Bromley  &  Evans. — {See  Car  Works.) 

C.  E.  Marshall. — Shingle  machines. 

J.  Ouerbacker. — Stoves,  iron  cornices,  etc. 

Vulcan  Works. — {See  Boiling  Hills.)  Ham- 
mered axles,  boats,  and  bridge  work.  150  hands 
employed. 

J.  McCoRMlCK. — Machinery. 

Clarksville,  Montgomery  County. 

J.  A.  Irnvin. — Machinery. 

Clarksville  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Whitefield,  Bates  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Machin- 
ery, agricultural  implements,  saw  mills,  etc.,  screw 
pfcaoes. 

Cleveland,  Bradley  County. 
J.  H.  Reynolds. — Agricultural  implements. 

Columbia,  Maury  County. 
Marshall  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Kughn  &  TuBPiN. — Agricultural  implements. 


Gallatin,  Sumner  County. 
J.  Nicholson. — Iron   foundry,  general  iron 
work. 

Germantown,  Shelby  County. 
B.  F.  Hurt. — Machinery. 

ITnoxville,  Knox  County. 
Clarke,  Quaift  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  machin- 
ery, stoves,  hoUow-ware.    {See  also  Car  Wheel 
Works.) 

Knoxville  Iron  Co. — {See  Boiling  Mills  of 
Tennessee.)  Steam  engines,  machinery,  railroad 
spikes,  and  general  castings. 

East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  Railroad 
machine  shop. 

Knoxville  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
L.  H.  Regan  &  Co.,  Proprietors.  Iron  foundry, 
castings,  ^nd  machinery. 

Louisville,  Blount  County. 

H.  G.  Mead. — Agricultural  implements. 

Memphis,  Shelby  County. 
CuBBiNS  &  GuNN. — Iron  foundry,  and  machin- 
ery, steam  engines,  mill  work,  and  castings.  75 
hands. 

Chickasaw  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — 
Randle  &  Heath.    Machinery  and  castings. 

Grader  Cotton-gin  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Cotton-gins. 

Johnson,  Risk  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  stoves, 
mantels,  grates,  etc. 

Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Mississippi  and  Tennessee  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

P.  Lawless. — Steam  engines,  machinery. 

G.  W.  Payne  &  Sons. — Cotton  gins,  machinery. 

A.  V.  Schultz. — Iron  foundry. 

Murfreesboro,  Rutherford  County. 
J.  T.  McKenzie. — Novelty  machine  works, 
iron  foundry,  and  light  machinery. 
T.  Robertson. — Machinery. 

Nashville,  Davidson  County. 
Anderson  &  Thomas. — Iron  foundry. 
Brennan  Iron  Works. — Brennan  Bros. 
W.  Culfert.- — Boilers. 

Edgefield  and  Kentucky  Railroad  machine  shop. 
D.  Giles  k  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Horton,  McRoberts  &  Co. — Agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Nashville  and  Decatur  Railroad  machine  shop. 
Phoenix  Manufacturing  Co. — Ii-on  foundry. 
J.  H.  Rumsey. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  B.  Romans. — Iron  foundry. 
Southern  Sorgho   Machine  Co. — Sorghum 
machinery. 


DIEECTOEY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


161 


Stewart  &  Geiger. — Machinery. 

Tennessee  Iron  Car  Roofing  Co. 

Wood  &  Simpson. — Iron  foundry  and  boilers. 

Pulaski,  Giles  County. 
W.  N.  Webb. — Machinery. 

Trezevant,  Carroll  Counti/. 
Jas.  F.  Fuguay  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works  and 
Iron  Foundries  of  Texas. 

Austin,  Travis  County. 
S.  B.  Brush. — Stoves, 

Hcllevillc,  Austi/t  County. 
W.  Dankwoktu. — Machinery. 

Dallas,  Dallas  County. 
Neagle,  Angers  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Galveston,  Galveston  County. 

J.  AsTALL. — Machinery. 

BocHMAN  &  Sherman. — Boilers. 

H.  A.  Close,  Bro.  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  ma- 
chinery, and  boilers. 

C.  B.  Lee  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  mill  work, 
general  machinery. 

E.  W.  Long  &  Bro. — Cotton  presses. 

W.  Macbeth. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery, 

Galveston  City  Railroad  Car  Sho]'. 

Jas,  Leary  &  Co. — Boilers. 

W.  B.  Sorley  &  Co. — Cotton  gins,  screw 
presses,  steam  engines,  saw  mills,  etc. 

Hallville,  Upshur  County, 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Harrisburg,  Harris  County. 
Galveston,  Hamsburg  and  San  Antonio  Rail- 
road machine  shop. 

Houston,  Harris  County. 

Eagle  Iron  Works. — Lout  &  Richardson. 
Iron  and  brass  foimdry. 

Houston  and  Texas  Central  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Phcenix  Iron  Works. — Steam  engines,  machin- 
ery, etc. 

Wiggins,  Smith  &  Simpson. — Cotton  presses, 
steam  engines,  saw  mills,  shafting. 

Bayou  City  Iron  Works. — A.  McGowan. 
Iron  foundry,  steam  engines,  boilers,  gin  work. 

J.  D.  Richardson. — Rotary  engines. 

Houston  and  Texas  Central  Railroad  machine 
shop. 


Huntsville,  Walker  County. 
W.  n.  Crawford. — Steam  engines, 

tTefferson,  Marion  County. 
G.  A.  Kelly  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Jacksonville,  Cherokee  County. 
C.  B.  Alexander. — Machinery. 

McKinncy,  Colin  County. 
A.  G.  &  I.  R.  CuM.MiNGS. — Machinery. 

Starville,  Smith  County. 
Washington  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. 
Westheimer   &  Grant. — Carriages,  wagons, 
etc. 

Phcenix  Iron  Works.- — Wiggins,  Smith  & 
Simpson.    Iron  foundry,  machinery,  etc, 

Waco,  McLennan  County. 
O.  Cantruson. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  DoHERTY.— Machinery. 
Waco  Bridge  Co. — Bridges. 

White  Oali,  Hopkins  County. 
King  &  Pierce. — Machinery. 

Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  South  Carolina. 

Charleston,  Charleston  County. 

Cameron,  Barkley  &  Co. — Machinery  and 
steamboat  work, 

A.  Duncan  k  Son. — Boilers. 

J.  M.  Eason  &  Bro. — Steam  engines,  sawmills, 
iron  foundry,  etc. 

Freeman  &  Pundt. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Vulcan  Iron  Works. — A.  McLesh, — Machin- 
ery. 

Savannah  and  Charleston  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

South  Carolina  Railroad  machine  shop. 
J.  R.  Smith. — Machinery. 
Phcenix  Iron  Works. — J.  F.  Taylor  &  Co. 
Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

Wharton  &  Pelsh. — Machinery. 
C.  Werner. — General  iron  work. 

Cheraw,  Chesterfield  County. 
Cheraw  and    Darlington   Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Columbia,  Richmond  County. 
E.  Morris. — Cotton  gins. 

Charlotte,  Columbia  and  Augusta  Railroad 
machine  shop. 


162 


DIRECTOIIY  OF  GENERAL  JMACIIINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


CoNGAREE  Works. — J.  Alexander.  Iron  foun- 
dry, pipes,  sugar-mill  machinery. 

Phcenix  Iron  Works. — Goldsmith  &  Kind. 
Iron  foundry.    25  hands. 

Palmetto  Iron  Works. — Shields  &  Glaze. 
Iron  foundry,  machinery,  etc. 

City  Machine  Works. — E,.  Tozer.  Steam 
engines  for  cotton  gins,  and  light  machinery. 

Florence,  Darlington  Gounty. 
North-eastern  Railroad  of  South  Carolina  ma- 
chine shop. 

Helena,  Darlington  County. 
Greenville  and  Columbia   Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Jfgersville,  Williamsburg h  County, 
W.  S.  Lee  &  Sons. — Machinery. 

Winsboro,  Fairfield  County. 
J.  M,  Elliott  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Ybrkville,  Yorkville  County. 
King's  Mountain  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Steam  Engines  and  Machine  Works 
.  and  Iron  Foundries  of  Vermont. 

Albany,  Orleans  Gounty. 
I.  H.  McClary. — Agricultural  implements. 

Athens,  Windham  County. 
Durham  &  Upton. — Agricultural  implements. 

Arlington,  Sennington  County. 
F.  L.  Ames. — Chisels. 

Arlington  Car  Manufacturing  Co. — {See 
Car  Works.) 
I.  McLaughlin. — Machinery. 

Hakersjield,  Franklin  Gounty. 
Brelgham  &,   Barnes. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Sarnet,  Caledonia  County. 
Smith  &    Galbraith. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Jas.  Warden. — Agricultural  implements. 

Marre,  Washington  County. 
Stafford,  Holden  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Smith,  Whitcomb  &  Cook. — Mill  machinery, 
turbines,  etc. 

liellows  Falls,  Windham  County. 
Frost,  Derby  &  Co. — Scythe  snaths. 
Osgood  &  Baekeb. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 


A.  Wortiiington. — Machinery. 
Rutland    and    Burlington  Railroad  maclaine 
shop. 

Denson,  Rutland  County. 
DoRSEY  &  Howard. — Agi-icultural  implements. 

Dennington,  Sennington  County. 

E.  Adams. — Patent  steam  governors. 
Cooper  k,  Tiffany. — Tiffany's  patent  knitting 

machines. 

Putnam  Manufacturing  Co. — II.  W.  Put- 
nam, Treasurer.    Wringers  and  metal  notions. 

Bennington  Machine  Works. — O.  Scott, 
Proprietor.  Paper  and  marble  machinery.  50 
hands. 

A.  Walsh, — Machinery. 

Bethel,  Windsor  Gounty. 
L.  W.  Newton. — Machinery. 
J.  G.  Sargent  &  Co. — Tools. 

Berlin,  WasJiington  County. 
D.  B.  &  J.  S.  Boswortii. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Bradford,  Orange  County. 
R.  R.  Aldrich. —Machinery. 
H.  Strickland. — Iron  foundry,  machinery,  and 
agricultural  implements. 

Brandon,  Rutland  County. 

Brandon  Manufacturing  Co. — N.  T.  Spraguc, 
Jr.,  President ;  W.  W.  Reynolds,  Superintendent. 
New  York  office,  3  Park  Place ;  Boston,  53  Sud- 
bury Street.  Howes'  scales,  weigh-beams,  store 
trucks,  etc.    150  hands  employed. 

Eagle  Foundry. — Payne,  Hcndric  &  Christie. 
Bridge  castings.    {See  Bridge  Works.) 

Brattlehorough,  Windham  County. 
Burnham  &  Willis. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

L.  H.  Crane. — Machinery. 

F.  Tyler. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery,  paper- 
making  machinery. 

S.  M.  Spencer. — Dies. 

Vinton  &  Hines. — Machinery.  ■ 

C.  J.  Weld. — Wood-planing  machines. 

G.  B.  Wheeler. — Edge  tools,  axes,  and  skates, 
drawing-knives,  etc. 

L.  Worcester. — Machinery. 

Bristol,  Addison  Gounty. 
M.  Barlow. — Plow  irons. 
G.  H.   BxVrtlett. — Agricultural  implements 
and  iron  foundry. 

Brooksvilley  Addison  County. 
Brooks  Edge  Tool  Co. — Axes,  hatchets,  etc. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


163 


Uroohfield,  Orange  County. 
Locke  &  Co.- — Agricultural  implements. 
Brookfield  Fork  Co. — Peck,  Clark  &  Co. 
Forks. 

Sridgewaler,  'Windsor  County. 
R.  W.  &  F.  L.  Penney. — Machinery. 

Durlington,  Chittenden  County. 
Brink  &  Co. — Iron  and  brass  foundry. 
W.  G.  Farmer. — Machinery. 
B.  S.  Nichols  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  wood 
and  slate  woiking  machinery. 

P.  M.  Varney. — Machinery,  guns,  etc. 

Castleton,  Rutland  County. 
F.  A.  Barrows. — Iron   foundry,  machinery, 
plows,  etc. 

Calais,  Washington  County. 
W.  C.  Eobinson. — Horse  rakes. 
W.  Chase. — Machinery. 

Cliarleston,  Orleans  County, 

E.  H.  Goodwin  &  Son. — Machinery. 

Dorset,  Hennington  County. 
W.  Allen. — Iron  foundry. 

Danville,  Caledonia  County. 
S.  Ladd.— Edge  tools. 
J.  Gould. — Edge  tools. 

Enoshurgh,  Franklin  County. 
J.  Bust  &  Co. — Machinery. 
J.  Parley  &  Co. — Machinery. 
Sprague  &  Lawrence. — Machinery. 

East  3Tiddlehury^  Addison  County. 
Burlington  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foun- 
dry. 

East  PouUney,  Rutland  County. 
M.  G.  NoYES. — Machinery. 

Fair  Haven,  Rutland  County. 
Leonard  k,  Baldwin. — Machinery. 

Fairlee,  Orange  County. 
H.  S.  Porter. — Scythes  and  axes. 

Groton,  Caledonia  County. 
M.  Wild.— Edge  tools. 

Hartford,  Windsor  County. 
French,  Watson  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments ;  specialty,  forks. 

Ilartland,  Windsor  County. 
N.  F.  English. — Machinery. 

F.  Gilbert. — Agricultural  implements,  stoves, 
plows,  etc. 


Highgate,  Franlclin  County.  . 
B.  Olds. — Machinery. 

D.  V.  Sheridan. — Iron  foundry. 

Sinesburgh,  Chittenden  County. 
J.  Edwin. — Machinery. 

P.  RuFUS  &  Sons. — Agricultural  implements. 

Jericho,  Chittenden  County. 
A.  M.  Ford. — Machineiy,  turbine  wheels,  etc. 
II.  S.  &  F.  D.  Wood. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Johnson,  Lamville  County. 
H.  Stearns. — Horse  rakes. 

Ludloio,  Windsor  County. 

W.  A.  Patrick. — Lathes,  wood  machinery. 
Patrick  &  Gregg. — Machinery. 
J.  P.  Warner. — Machinery. 

Londonderry,  Windham  County. 
Thos.   Gearfield,   Jr. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

H.  Lawrence. — Machinery. 

Mendon,  Rutland  County. 
Walker  &  Riley. — Machinery. 

Middletown,  Rutland  County. 
A.  W.   Gray   &   Son. — -Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

E.  W.  Gray.— Iron  foundry. 
J.  Granger. — Machinery. 
H.  Haynes. — Machinery. 

Middlehxiry,  Addison  County. 
R.  Ross. — Machinery, 
D.  Martin. — Iron  castings  and  machinery. 

Monlpclier,  Washington  County. 

N.  P.  Brooks. — Tools  and  builders'  hardware. 

J.  L.  CuMMiNGS. — Edge  tools. 

Lane,  Pitkin  &  Brook.— Circular-saw  mills, 
water  wheels,  mill  gearing,  etc.    50  hands. 

M.  Wright  &  Son. — Wood-working  machin- 
ery. 

Stimson  &  Co. — Spring  hinges. 

Montgomery,  Franklin  County. 
Carpenter    &    Smith. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

3Iorristown,  Lamoille  County. 

F.  F.  George. — Blachinery. 

Mount  Holly,  Rutland  County. 
M.  Tarbell. — Agricultural  implements. 

Northfield,  Washington  County. 
W.  Briggs.— Tools. 


1G4 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Belknap,  Ely  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  circular- 
saw  mills. 

J.  B.  Smith.— Tools. 

W.  J.  Wright. — Machinery. 

H.  D.  Bean. — Machinery, 

North  Tunbridge,  Orange  County. 
E.  Smith  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

North  2Voy,  Orleans  County, 
Elkins  &  Braley. — Agricultural  implements, 
stump  and  stone  extractors.  » 

North  WiUiston,  Chittenden  County. 
H.  J.  Fay. — Agi'icultural  implements. 
Paine  &  Brown. — Iron  foundry. 

Orange,  Orange  County. 

D.  DiNSMORE. — Agricultural  implements. 

Peru,  Hennington  County. 

E.  P.  Chandler. — Machinery. 

Pawlet,  Rutland  County. 
E.  CoLViN  &  Bro. — Edge  tools. 

Poultney,  Rutland  County. 
H.  M.  lluGGLES. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Putney,  Windham  County. 
W.  Parker. — Rakes. 

Randolph,  Orange  County. 
Jas.  Welch. — Iron  foundry  and  castings. 

Rutland,  Rutland  County. 
Mansfield  &  Stimson. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Lincoln  Iron  Works. — Thos.  Ross  k  Co. 
Steam  engines,  machinery,  and  castings. 

Rutland  Railroad  macliine  shop. 

Rutland  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop. — [See 
Car  Wheel  Worls.) 

A.  L.  Smith. — Tools. 

Steam  Stone  Cutter  Co. — Stone-dressing  and 
quarrying  machinery. 

Rochester,  Windsor  County. 
Pearsons  &  Heath. — Edge  tools. 
A.    Worcester. — Iron  foundry  and  agricul- 
tural iniplements. 

J.  Woods. — Machinery. 

St.  Albans,  Franklin  County. 
St.  Alrans  Foundry  Co. — Smith  k  Co.  Agri- 
cultural implements.     (^See  Car  Wheel  JVorks.) 
II.  I).  Sarin. — Machinery. 
Vermont  Central  Railroad  machine  shoj). 

St.  Johnshury,  Caledonia  County. 
J.  Belknap. — Knives. 


L.  Buzzell. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

E.  k  T.  Fairbanks  &  Co. — Scales.  This  is  the 
celebrated  Fairbanks  Scale  Works,  the  product  of 
which  is  to  be  found  in  every  city  and  village  of 
the  Union,  and  is  al.so  largely  exported.  The 
works  are  very  extensive,  and  combine  the  manu- 
facture of  railroad  track,  platform,  counter,  and 
all  kinds  of  scales  and  balances. 

Jas.  Nutt. — Files. 

Paddick,  Dean  k  Co. — Machinery. 

N.  W.  Peck. — Agricultural  implements. 

B.  F.  Rollins. — Threshing  machines. 

Spaulding  &  Fletcher. — {See  Stove  Manu- 
facturers!) 

Jas.  M.  Warner. — Mowing  machines. 

Connecticut  &  Passumpsic  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

Shoreham,  Addison  County. 
E.  S.  Newell. — Agricultural  implements. 

Sheldon^  FranJclin  County. 
S.  S.  F.  Carlisle  k  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

South  Shaftesbury,  Pennington  County. 
Eagle  Square  Co. — Carpenters'  steel  s(|uares, 
cutlery,  etc.    100  hands.    W.  P.  Mattison,  Treas- 
urer; M.  Pierce,  Superintendent. 

Springfield,  Windsor  County. 
Oilman  k  Townsend. — Last  machines. 
Geo.  Kimball. — Rakes. 
Messenger  k  Davis. — Machinery. 
Parks  k  Woolson. — Cloth-finishing  machin- 
ery. 

Richardson  k  Go. — Agricultui-al  implements, 
castings,  etc. 

StarJxshorottgh,  Addison  County. 
D.  Ferguson. — Agricultural  implements, 
P.  Morrison. — Agricultural  implements,  rakes, 
S.  W.  Nutting. — Agricultural  implements. 

Sunderland,  Pcmiington  County. 
Douglas  Manufacturing  Co. — Edge  tools. 

Srcanton,  Franhlin  County. 
B.  B.  Blake. — -Edge  tools  and  machinery. 
J.  Truax. — Machinery. 
Kidder  k  Rood. — Mowing  machines, 

Tunhridge,  Orange  County. 
J.  L.  Hall. — Axes  and  edge  tools, 
G.  II.  Hacket. — Machinery. 
R.  C.  k  C.  B.  Smith.— Machinery. 

Thctford,  Orange  County. 
A.  S.  Briggs. — Edge  tools. 
S.  C.  Arnold. — Machinery. 
O.  B.  Blake. — Machinery. 


DIRECTOEY  OF  GENERAL 

Verffennes,  Addison  County. 

National  Horsenail  Co. — L.  Barnes,  Presi- 
dent ;  G.  H.  Lewis,  Treasurer.  Horsenails. 

Vekgennes  Machine  Co.- — H.  Stevens,  Treas- 
urer; J.  P.  Flanders,  Superintendent.  Wood- 
working macliineiy. 

JVaUin(/fo7-d,  Rutland  County. 
Globe  Fork  Works. — R.  M.  Green.    Hay  and 
Agricultural  forks.    New  York,  100  Chambers 
Street. 

Batcheller  &  Sons. — Forks,  scythes,  lioes,  etc. 
Office  in  Chicago. 

West  Brattlehorough,  Windham  County. 
J.  Clark. — Machinery. 

Waterhury,  Washington  County. 

D.  K.  Adams  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
H.  W.  JuDSON. — Machinery. 

H.  MoFFETT  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

A.  H.  Sellegk  &  Co. — Carding  machinery. 
Colby  Bros.  &  Co. — Machinery. 
M.  E.  Smilie. — Machinery. 

West  Jlutland,  Rutland  County. 
W.  Graham. — Machinery, 
C.  J.  Lee. — Machinery. 
W,  M.  TUGGY.— Machineiy, 

Wibniiigton,  Windham  County. 
A.  B.  Medbury. — Screws. 

Windsor,  Windsor  County. 

r.  Draper. — Iron  foundry,  general  castings. 

Windsor  Manufacturing  Co. — Jones,  Lamson 
&  Co.  Machinery,  lathes,  drill  presses,  milling 
machines,  etc. 

Lamson  &  Goodnow  Manufacturing  Co. — 
Scythe  snaths.  —  Cutlery  Works.  —  Shelburne 
Falls,  Mass.  Herman  Boker  &  Co.,  110  Duane 
Street,  N.  Y.,  control  cutlery  product. 

Winoshi  Falls ,  Windsor  County. 

E,  .  Daniels,  Edwards,  Stephens  &  Co. — Mill 
and  wood-working  machiner}'-,  water  wheels,  etc. 

Woodstock,  Windsor  County. 
R.  Daniels   Machine  Co. — Rag,  rope,  and 
straw  cutting  machinery,  agricultural  implements, 
etc. 

A.  G.  Dewey. — Scythes  and  axes. 
W.  S.  English. — Rakes. 
A.  H.  Wellington. — Machinery. 
N.  Woodbury. — Machinery. 

Woodbury,  Washington  Coiuity. 
J.  W.  Town. — Machinery. 


Steam  Engine  and  Machine 

and  Iron  Foundries  of  Virginia 

(*9ee  Rlast  Furnaces  and  Rolling  3IiUs.) 

Abingdon,  Washington  County. 

G.  Clarke  &  Co. — Threshing  machines. 
B.  C.  Clark  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  mill  work, 

plows,  etc. 

Campbell  &  Robertson. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Alexandria,  Alexandria  County. 
Germain  &  Gorden. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
etc. 

Jameson  &  Collins. — Machinery  and  brass 
foundry. 

Wm.  S.  Moore  &  Sons.— Steam  engines  and 
machinery. 

Orange,  Alexandria  and  Manasses  R.  R.  ma- 
chine shop. 

Washington  &  Ohio  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Wood  &  Price. — Machinery, 

Arbor  Hill,  Augusta  Cou7ity. 
D.  Palmer. — Machinery. 

Ayletts,  King  William  County. 
J.  T.  Caldwell  &  Son. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

N.  S.  Walker. — Machinery. 

Berry ville,  Clark  County. 
M.  Pulliam. — Machinery. 

JBig  Lick,  Roanoke  County. 
J.  B.  Ferguson. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 
S,  M.  White. — Agricultural  im[)lcmcnts, 

Rristol,  Washington  County. 
Bristol   Foundry. — Dixon,   Smith    &  Co 
Plow  castings. 

Buchanan,  Botetourt  County. 

H.  C,  Snyder. — Machinery  and  mill  work. 

Cedar  Point,  Page  County. 
Tiios.  R.  Powel. — Machinery, 

Christ ianshurgJi,  Montgomery  County. 
Wiiitten  &  McDonald. — Iron  foundry. 
A.  J,  Zink. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Cumberland,  Cundjerland  County. 
J.  T.  Ransom. — Machinery. 
T.  Sims.— Machinery. 

Danville,  Pittsylvania  County. 
J.  C.  &  J.  W.  Crelgler. — Machinery. 
Crews,  Rodenhiser  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 


160 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  AVORKS,  ETC. 


C.  W.  EiPPiN. — Ii'on  foundiy. 
J.  W.  IvAMY  &  Bro. — Machinery. 

Farmville,  Prince  Edward  County. 
J.  A.  Dalby. — Ii-on  foundry. 

Farnham,  liichmond  County. 
C.  G.  Cox. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural  im- 
plements. 

FredericJcshurgh,  Spottsylvania  County. 

Hope  Foundry. — Scott  &  Boweriug.  Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

Bevere  &  Bro. — Machinery. 

Virginia  Stove  and  Agricultural  Works. — 
Hunter  &  Frost,  Proprietors. 

Gordonsville,  Orange  County. 

GORDONSVILLE        AGRICULTURAL       WoRKS. — 

Threshing  machines  and  plows. 

A.  P.  BouTii  &  Co. — Plows  and  wagons. 

Mowardsville,  Albemarle  County. 
E.  Bateman. — Iron  foundry. 

HarrisonbKrgJi,  liochingham  County. 
Harrisonburgii  Foundry. — P.  Bradley  &  Co. 
— Iron  foundry,  and  agricultural  implements. 
J.  G.  Sprenkel. — Machinery. 

Hermitage,  Augusta  County. 
J.  Hildebrand. — Machinery. 

Leeshurgh,  Loudon  County. 
CoCKEY  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
ScHROFF,  Wise  k  Baphil. — Agricultural  ira- 
plenients. 

Lexington,  Roclxhridge  County. 
Mullen  &  Bryant. — Iron  foundry. 

Lynchburgh,  Campbell  County. 
A.  M.  &.  0.  Eaih-oad  machine  shop. 
J.  H.  Bailey. — Agricultural  implements. 
Phcenix  Foundry. — A.  G.  Dabney  &  Son. 
Iron  foundry. 

James  River  Foundry. — Thos.  H.  Early. 
Agricultural  implements. 

Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad  machine  shop. 

Manchester,  Chesterfield  County. 
Bairds  &  Heirs. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Middleto7i,  FredericJc  County. 
E.  C.  Redings. — Machinery. 
Mount  Vernon  Forge,  Hockingham  County. 
Mount  Vernon   Forge. — Abbott  Iron  Co., 
Baltimore,  Proprietors. 

N'ew  Market,  Shenandoah  County. 
C.  T.  Hupp.— Macliinery. 


Norfolk,  Norfolk  Co^mty. 

C.  Billups. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultural 
implements. 

G.  W.  Duval. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 
Elizabeth  Iron  Works. — C.  W.  Pittit,  Agent. 
Machinery. 

S.  Frost. — Machinery. 

J.  W.  Goodwin,  Virginia  Iron  Works. — 
Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

W.  A.  Graves. — Ship-work. 

S.  H.  Hodges. — Iron  works. 

S.  Maiu'H  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  agricultu- 
ral implements. 

Atlantic  Iron  Works  and  Dock  Co. — Pro- 
prietors, Norfolk  Manufacturing  Co.  M.  Parks, 
President.    Machinery,  saw  mills,  iron  boats,  etc. 

Norfolk  Iron  Works. — Steam  engines,  boilers, 
etc. 

Spaulding  &  Guy. — Machinery. 
Virginia  Iron  Works. — F.  W.  Goodwin  & 
Co.,  Proprietors.    Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 
Virginia  and  Tennessee  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

D.  W.  Warren. — Agricultural  im[)lements. 

Petersburg,  Linwiddie  County. 
W.  Crowder. — xVgricultural  implements. 

D.  DoHERTY.^ — Rifles. 

Petersbrrg  Iron  Works. — J.  B.  Dunn,  Presi- 
dent.   Iron  fovuidry  and  machinery. 

Petersburg  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

South  Side  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Tappey,  Lamsden  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

Whitehead  &  Son. — Agricultural  implements. 

Portsmouth,  Norfolk  County. 
Seaboard  and  Roanoake  R.  R.  machine  shop. 
Union  Car  Works  Manufacturing  Co. — (Not 
in  operation.) 

Poioliatan,  Powhatan  County, 
J.  M.  Johnson. — Machinery. 

Richmond,  Henrico  County. 
{See  Blast  Furnaces,  Polling  Mills,  etc.) 
Vulcan  Iron  Works. — Archer,  Goodwin  &  Co. 
Iron  foundry,  machinei'y,  etc. 

Robert  Baird's  Heirs. — Mill  work. 

F.  P.  Brannan  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

E.  Boyle. — Saws. 

W.  M.  Broadin. — Iron  railings. 
J.  W.  Cahdwell  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Phcenix  Foundry. — W.  B.  Cook.  Iron  foun- 
dry and  railings. 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  R.  R.  macliine  shop.  150 
hands. 

G.  C.  CoRMiCK. — Iron  fences. 


DIRECTOKT  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


167 


E.  A.  Dayton. — Steam  engines,  boilers,  etc. 

Ettjger  &  Edjiond. — Iron  foundry,  steam  en- 
gines and  hydi'aulic  macliiuer}'. 

Walsh  &  McLauchlan. — Steam  engines,  ma- 
rine and  stationary,  boilers,  machinery,  etc. 

G.  Gersdorf. — Files. 

Jos.  Hall  &  Co. — Steam  engines  and  iron 
fovmdry. 

Richmond  Steam  Forge  and  Rolling  Mill. — 
J.  E,.  Johnson  &  Co.  Forgings  and  rolled  iron. 
50  hands. 

Metropolitan  Iron  and  Brass  Foundry. — 
Steam  engines,  portable  and  stationary,  saw  mills, 
etc. 

C.  T.  Palmer. — Agi-icultnral  implements. 

Rahm  &  Calder. — Machinery. 

Richmond  and  Danville  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Richmond  Stove  and  Architectural  Iron 
Works.— A.  Snyder,  President ;  R.  Irby,  Vice- 
President.    [See  /Stove  Manufacturers.) 

Richmond  and  York  River  R.  R.  machine 
shop. 

Richmond  and  Petersburg  R,  R.  machine 
shop. 

Richmond,  Fredericksburgh,  and  Potomac  R. 
R.  machine  shop. 

Sloat  &  Addington. — Iron  foundry,  steam  en- 
gines, boilers. 

H.  M.  Smith  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements 
and  machinery.    75  hands. 

P.  H.  Stark. — Iron  foundry,  agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Talbot  &  Sons. — Iron  foundry,  steam  engines, 
saw  mills,  etc. 

Tredegar  Manufacturing  Co. — J.  R.  Ander- 
son, President.  Rolling  mill,  car-wheel  foundiy, 
car  works,  etc. 

Watts  &  Knight. — Plows. 

Hushville^  MocJcingham  County. 
J.  Strioket  &  Son. — Plows. 

Salem,  Roanodke  County. 
W.  DiNGUiD. — Iron  foundry. 
Reed  &  Haelow. — Agricultural  implements. 

Scottsville,  Albemarle  County. 
3.  H.  Briggs. — Iron  foundry. 

Snowville,  Pulaski  County. 
Ammon,  Bill  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  plows,  etc. 

Stannardsville,  Green  County. 
W.  Fishbeck. — Machinery. 

Staunton,  Augusta  County. 

Eyleb,  Cooper  k  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 


Burke  Iron  Works  Co.— Wm.  A  Burke,  Pres- 
ident.   Machinery  castings,  mill  work,  etc. 

StcfMs  Tavern,  liockhridge  County. 
J.  J.  McCoRMlCK. — Agricultural  implements. 

H.  S.  Lyle  &  Co. — Plows. 

SuffolJv,  Nansemoncl  County. 
W.  II.  Bloxom. — Agricultural  implements. 

Winchester,  FredcricJc  County. 
G.  W.  GiNN  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 
Jas.  Kern. — Plows. 

F.  R.  Snapp. — Iron  foundry. 

White  House,  Mechlenhury  County. 
II.  Poole  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

WoodstocJc,  Shenandoah  County. 
Donaldson  k  Kneisley. — Iron  foundry,  stoves, 
etc. 

Steam  Engines  and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  West  Virginia, 

(/S'ce  Ulast  Furnaces  and  Rolling  3Iills.) 

Charleston,  Kanawha  County. 

G.  Davis  &  Co. — Steam-engines,  mill  machin- 
ery, iron  foundry,  stoves,  etc. 

W.  S.  &  V.  A.  Thayer. — Salt  works,  castings. 

ClarJcsburg,  Harrison  County. 
E.  Hart. — Machinery. 

I.  Hart. — Iron  foundry,  portable  saw  mills, 
carding  machinery,  etc. 

Grafton,  Taylor  County. 
Grafton  Iron    Foundry. — J.   Carr.  Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R.  machine  shop. 

Saline,  Kanawha  County. 
J.  T.  DoDDow. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Martinsburgh,  Berkeley  County. 
S.  FiTZ. — Machinery. 

Morgantown,  Monongalia  County. 
G.  M.  Reay. — Iron  foundry. 

A.  Wells. — Agricultural  implements. 

Neio  Cumberland,  Ilancoch  County, 
J.  O.  Miller. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

B.  Stevens. — Machinery. 

Palatine,  Marion  County. 
Marion  Machine  Works. — Machinery. 

ParTcersburg,  Wood  County. 
Novelty  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. — 
R.  Crichton.    Boilers  and  machinery. 


168 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


M.  Kelly. — Iron  foundry. 
M.  J.  Lesse  &  Co. —  Boilers. 
0.  S.  Despard. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Parkersburg  Foundry  and  MACuiiJE  Co. — 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Rathhone,  Wirt  County. 
M.  J.  O'Brien  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Sistersville,  Tyler  County. 

J.  A.  S.  Daniels. — Machinery, 
D.  Haldeman. — Machinery. 

IVellsburgh,  Brooh  County. 
Everett,  Blenkinsopps  &  Co. — Iron  foundry, 
plows,  etc. 

Wellsbukgh  Manufacturing  Co. — Mowing 
machines. 

'Wheeling^  Ohio  County. 

Jas.  Bell  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  (/See  Stove 
Manufacturers. ) 

Cecil,  Hobbs  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Cecil  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Star  Foundry. — Culbertson  and  Fisher.  (/See 
Stove  Manufacturers.) 

Franklin  Machine  Shop. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

GiRABD  k  Tuttle. — Wire  work. 

Hamilton  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  machinery, 
and  iron  foundry. 

D.  Linn  &  Co. — Iron  foundry.  {See  Stove 
Manufacturers. ) 

J.  W.  MooRHEAD. — Boilers. 

Norway  Iron  Tack  Co. — Tacks. 

Sweeney  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  machinery,  and 
boilers. 


Steam  Engine   and  Machine  Works 
and  Iron  Foundries  of  Wisconsin. 

i^See  Blast  Furnaces  and  Moiling  Mills.) 

Alma,  Buffalo  County. 
Albertson  &  Sons. — Agricultui-al  implements. 
Moser  &  Leonhardy, — Lightning  rods. 

Ai^pleton,  Outagamie  County. 
O.  W.  Clark. — Machinery. 
Appleton  Foundry. — Ketcham  &  Morgan. 
Iron  foundiy  and  machinery. 

Augusta,  Eau  Claire  County. 
J.  S.  Teacey. — Agricultural  implements. 

Attica,  Greene  County. 
'  J.  Crompton. — Carding  machinery. 


Avalanche,  Vernon  County. 
D.  BusBEE. — Carding  machinery. 

Baraboo,  Sauk  County. 
J.  LoY. — Machinery. 

Beaver  Dam,  Bodge  County. 

C.  r.  Clark. — Rakes,  etc. 

II.  R.  Hawley. — Agricultural  implements. 

D.  B.  Phelps. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  S.  RowELL  <fe  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Beloit,  Rock  County. 

N.  B.  Gasten. — Iron  foundry. 

O.  E.  Merrill  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  paper- 
mill  machinery,  and  water  wheels. 

Parker  &,  Stone. — Reapers,  mowers,  etc. 

A.  J.  CowLES.— Safes  and  fanning  mills. 

O.  B.  Olmstead  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Berlin,  Green  Lake  County. 
R.  Boyle. — Agricultural  implements. 
Bygert  (fe  McNisH. — Agricultural  implements. 
W.  R.  Davis  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  D.  Porter. — Agricultural  implements. 
C.  P>.  Lear. — Machinery. 
H.  G.  Talbot. — Agricultural  implements. 

Black  River  Falls,  tTackson  County. 
W.  Elmore. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  C.  Hussey. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
R.  G.  Pope. — ^Agricultural  implements. 

Big  Spring,  Adams  County. 
Richardson  &  Beo. — Hop  presses. 

Bristol,  Kenosha  County. 
C.  H.  Levy. — Machinery. 

Burlington,  Racine  County. 
Burlington  Foundey  and  Machine  Shop. — 
H.  Wagner.    Iron  foundry,  threshing  and  general 
machinery. 

A.  ZwEiBLE. — Machinery. 
Mummber  &  Klein. — Plows. 

Cassville,  Grant  County. 
A.  Dache. — Machinery. 

Charlestown,  Calumet  County. 
L.  H.  Baldwin. — Machinery. 

Chippewa  Falls,  Chippewa  County. 
Shaw,  Galloway  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Clinton,  Rock  County. 
J.  P.  Hardy, — Machinery, 

Columbus,  Columhia  County. 
Hall  &  Carswell. — Iron  foundry. 


DIEECTOET  OF  GENEEAL 


MACHINE  WOEKS,  ETC. 


169 


Darlington,  Lafayette  County. 
M.  J.  Alworth. — Agricultural  implements. 
M.  KuMMER. — Macliinery. 

Dodgeville,  Iowa  County. 
Spang  &  Stratman. — Machinery,  plows,  etc. 

Durand,  Pejnn  County. 
Hays  &  Raymond. — Machinery. 

Ihu  Claire,  Eau  Claire  County. 

Graham,  White  &  Co. — Iron  foundry,  steam 
engines,  mill  machinery. 

Shaw  &  Galloway. — Steam  engines,  mill 
work,  and  iron  foundry. 

Fond  du  Lac,  Fond  du  Lac  County. 

Union  Iron  Works.— W.  H.  Hiuer  &  Co. 
Steam  engines,  mill  machinery,  etc.  75  hands 
employed. 

J.  C.  PiEREON. — Boilers. 

Novelty  Works  and  Machine  Shop. — II.  & 
G.  O.  Trowbridge. 

J.  RiDGEWAY. — Files. 

C.  ScEiBNER. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
Sheboygan  and  Fond  du  Lac  Railroad  machine 
shop. 

H.  Shearer. — Files. 

Neenah  and  Appleton  Elevator  Co. — Eleva- 
tors.   Works  at  Neenah  also. 

C.  L.  Pierce. — Plows. 

Fort  Atkinson,  tTefferson  County. 
Powers,  Milne  &  Co. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Crane  Knitting  Machine  Co. — Knitting  ma- 
chines. 

Fort  Howard,  Brown  County. 

D.  Burns. — Boilers. 

Monitor  Iron  Works. — O.  Gray,  President ; 
A.  A.  Warren,  Secretary.  Steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, and  castings. 

Fort  Howard  Foundry  and  Machine  Works. 
— Taylor  &  Duncan,  Proprietors, 

Fountain  City,  Buffalo  County. 
J.  Claek. — Machinery. 

Genesee,  'Waukesha  County. 
Balcome  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 
West  &  Hazleton. — Iron  foundry. 

Grand  Rapids,  Wood  County. 
EoBB  &  Kablin. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Green  Bay,  Brown  County. 
Green  Bay  Iron  Works. — Taylor  &  Duncan. 
Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

V 


D.  Burns. — Boilers, 
H.  O'Leary. — Boilers. 

Hartford,  Washington  County. 
Eowell  &  Reese  Bros. — Plows,  etc. 

Horicon,  Lodge  County. 
J.  B.  Bushnell. — Machinery. 
H.    Barber. — Agricultural    machinery.  100 
hands. 

W.  M.  Jones  k  Co. — Seed  sowers,  patent 
stoves,  etc, 

Hudson,  St.  Croix  County. 
H.  W,  Crosby. — Machinery. 
Coon,  Platt  &  Burch. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

J.  C.  Schneider. — Plows. 

Janesville,  Mock  County. 

R.  R.  Angell. — Iron  foundry. 

Doty  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry; 
specialty,  washing  machines. 

Clow  Reaper  Manufacturing  Co. — Ma- 
chinery. 

Harrison  &  Judd. — Agricultural  implements. 
Rock  River  Iron  Works. — Harris,  Fifeild  & 
Co.  Macliinery. 

Inman,  Withington  &  Co. — Boilers, 

Kenosha,  Kenosha  County. 
Durant,  Vanaesdale  &  Co, — Thimble  skeins, 
hub  augers,  etc, 

B.  F,  Mells. — Agricultural  implements. 

R.  B,  Whitaker  &  Co, — Iron  foundry,  steam 
engines,  boilers,  etc. 

La  Crosse,  La  Crosse  County. 
Eagle  Foundry. — Dean,  Smith  &  Co.  Iron 
foundry  and  machinery. 

M.  Funk. — Iron  foundry  and  boilers. 

C.  C.  &  E.  G.  Smith. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chineiy. 

Lake  Hills,  Jefferson  County. 
Agricultural  Manufacturing  Co. — Agricul- 
tural machinery  and  implements. 

Griswold,  Fargo  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Madison,  Lane  County. 
O.  &  A.  Flom. — Machinery. 
W.  Askew. — Ornamental  iron  work, 
J.  H.  Garnhardt  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

L.  P.  &  M.  P,  Jordee, — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Madison  Manufacturing  Co, — Reapers  and 
agricultural  machinery.  • 

W,  H.  WoRDEN, — Iron  foundry. 


iro 


DIKECTOKY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


3fanitoinoc,  3Tanitoicoc  County. 
A.  F.  DuNCKE  &  Co. — Iron  fouudry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

J.  Richardson. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
H,  D.  Smalley  &  Bro. — Agricultural  impale- 
ments. 

Caloupek  &  Co. — Machinery. 

3Iarrinette,  Oconto  County. 
Marrinette  Iron  "Works. — Iron  foundry  and 
machinery. 

D.  C,  Prescott  &  Co. — Machinery. 

3Iauston,  Juneau  County. 

Mauston  Iron  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron 
foundry, 

3Iayville,  Dodge  County. 
H.  BoEHMER  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  D.  Heokenboah  &  Co. — Guns. 

Menasha,  Winnebago  County. 
Beech  &  Bishop. — Stave  machines. 
S.  L.  Hart. — Machinery. 
Howard,  Hart  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

3fenominee,  Dunn  County. 
Knapp,  Stout  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
3Iilwauhee,  3Iilwaukee  County. 

North-western  Hollow-ware  Co. — G.  A. 
Abert.    Iron  foundry. 

American  Safe  and  Lock  Co. — Safes. 

Bailey  &  Greenslade. — Iron  raiUngs.  50 
hands. 

Brand  &  Corsen. — (See  Stove  3Ianufactur- 
ers.) 

Milwaukee  File  Co. — Buckser  &  Hart. 
Files. 

J.  Bowie  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

C.  F.  DuvALL. — Threshing  machines. 

Cream  City  Iron  Works. — Filer,  Stowell  & 
Co.    General  iron  works.    75  hands. 
F.  M.  CuMMiNGS.' — Boiler  maker. 

D.  Daggett. — Wire  goods. 

Marine  Boiler  Works. — R.  Davis.  Boilers, 
oil  tanks,  etc. 

Dutcher,  Vose  &  Adams. — (See  Stove  3Ianu- 
facturers.) 

J.  W.  EviSTON. — Boilers. 

Goodrich  k  Hill. — Car  wheels.  (See  Car 
Wheel  Worhs.) 

Grimshaw  &  Co. — Steam  engines. 

P.  H.  Gutman  &  Co. — Stoves. 

E.  A.  Harris. — Iron  foimdry. 

Hoffman,  Billings  &  Co. — Iron  pipe.  {See 
Pipe  Worhs?) 

X.  Koestler. —  Safes' and  fences. 
N.  Johnson, — Machinery. 


Wisconsin  Iron  Works. — E.  A.  Owens. 
Threshing  machines. 

Wisconsin  Saw  Works. — C.  C.  Leavitt. 
Saws. 

J.  Leidgen  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Badger  Iron  Works. — W.  Melms.  Steam 
engines  and  macbinery. 

Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Pailroad  machine 
shop. 

Milwaukee  Iron  and  Machine  Shop. — Malle- 
able and  gray  iron  castings  and  machinery. 

Milwaukee  Stove  Co. — {See  Stove  3Ianufac- 
turers.) 

North-western  Saw  Works. — Thos.  Farley. 
Saws. 

Novelty  Iron  Works. — Schumacher  &  John- 
ston. 

Milwaukee  City  Railroad  Car  Shop. — Horse 
cars. 

W.  N.  Pennell. — Safes. 

C.  F.  Raun  &  Bro. — Iron  foundry. 

Reliance  Works. — E.  P.  Allis  &  Co.  Capital, 
$500,000.  Iron  foundry,  steam  engines,  and  saw- 
mills.   [See  also  Pi^^e  Works.) 

These  woi-ks  are  the  outgrowth  from  a  consoli- 
dation of  two  or  three  small  establishments  of 
some  25  years'  standing,  which  came  into  the 
bands  of  the  present  proprietors  in  1861.  They 
at  present  cover  some  six  acres  of  ground,  with 
ample  facilities  for  the  extensive  business  now 
transacted  by  the  firm  as  founders  and  machinists, 
and  in  the  various  branches  of  iron  manufacture 
melt  about  10,000  tons  of  pig  jjer  annum. 

Among  their  specialties  are  steam  engines,  which 
they  build  of  numerous  2)atterns  and  sizes.  They 
are  builders  of  the  pumj^ing  engine  for  the  Mil- 
waukee Water  Works,  having  capacity  for  lifting 
16,000,000  (sixteen  million)  gallons  per  day  130 
feet,  the  large  cylinder  being  5  feet  diameter  by  10 
feet  stroke. 

They  manufacture  machinery  for  grist  and  saw- 
mills very  largely,  their  orders  in  this  line  extend- 
ing throughout  the  North-west ;  also  cast  iron 
steam  boilers  and  radiators  for  heating  apparatus. 

Connected  with  the  works  is  a  foundry  for  cast 
water  and  gas  pipe,  with  capacity  for  melting  about 
4,500  tons  of  iron  per  annum. 

Included  in  their  equipment  are  18  power  iron 
lathes,  2  hand  lathes,  4  power  wood  lathes,  7 
iron  planers,  4  wood-planing  machines,  2  gig  saws, 
2  shaping  machines,  8  stationary  and  2  portable 
drill  machines,  1  gear  cutter,  2  milling  macl  lines, 
1  slotting  macliinc,  2  iron  boring  mills,  1  cutting- 
off  machine,  3  bolt  cutters,  1  iron  punch,  2  steam 
hammers,  2  steam  cranes,  15  hand  power  cranes,  1 
twenty-ton  travelling  crane,  4  rotary  blowers,  5 
cupolas,  5  boilers,  and  5  steam  engines. 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL 


MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


171 


Badger  State  File  Works. — H.  Schley  &  Co. 
Files. 

S.  ScHULTZ. — Coopers'  tools. 

Vulcan  Iron  Works. — Jas.  Sheriff.  Mill  and 
steamboat  work. 

SiMMERLiNG  Bros. — Ivou  foundry. 

Strothman  Bros. — Iron  foundry. 

P.  Weizel. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

Wisconsin  Wire  Works.— C.  A.  Wright. 
Wire. 

Mineral  Point,  Iowa  County. 
J.  Lanyon  &  Co. — Machinery. 
G.  W.  Cobb  &  Co.— Machinery. 
Smith  &  Oats. — Machinery. 
Jno.  Wearne  &  Son. — Iron  foundry. 
P.  Noble  &  Co. — Agricultural  implements. 

Monroe,  Greene  County. 
N".  Churchill. — Machinery. 
Monroe  Manufacturing  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Neceda,  J'uneau  County. 
Bailey  &  Co. — Machinery. 

Neenah,  Winnebago  County. 
E.  Ahrenson. — Iron  foundry. 
MooRE  &  Williams. — Iron  foundry. 
Peckham  &  Kreuzer. — Iron  foundry. 

Neshkiro,  Green  Lake  County. 
Craig  &  Scobie. — Iron  foundry,  plows. 

OcOiiomowoc,  IVaukesha  County. 
J.  S.  Anderson. — Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 
RowELL,  Weltner  &  Co. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Thompson  &  McVean. — Agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

Oinro,  IVimiebago  County. 
Geo.  Challoner. — Iron  foundry. 

Ontario,  Vernon  County. 
M.  Stedman. — Carding  machinery. 

Oregon,  Dane  County. 
Abbott  &  Johnson. — Agricultural  implements. 
Oshkosh,  Winnebago  County. 

A.  Prunes. — Boilers. 

Beckwitii,  Davis  &  Co. — BoUers  and  agi-icul- 
tural  implements. 

Fletcher  &  Everett, — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

B.  Garvin. — Machinery. 

J.  F.  Morse  &  Co. — Steam  engines,  saw  mills, 
machinery,  boilers,  etc.    50  hands. 
P.  Ransom. — Machinery. 
TiLTON  &  Bailey. — Saws  and  mfichinery, 
G.  D.  Wyman. — Plows. 


Ozaukee,  Ozaukee  County. 
Martin  &  Webster. — Iron  foundry. 
L.  Morgan  &  Co. — Smut  machines. 
Gelson  &  Gengler. — Iron  foundry. 

Palmyra,  JTefferson  County. 
J.  E.  Brown. — Iron  foundry. 

Pepin,  Pepin  County. 
J.  Fuller. — Machinery. 

Peslitigo,  Oconto  County, 
WiSNER  <fe  Strong. — Machinery. 
D.  Lester. — Iron  foundry,  boilers,  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Platteville,  Grant  County. 

G.  Hawley  &  Son. — Agricultural  implements. 
R.  Snowden. — Iron  foundry. 

M.  S.  Trowbridge. — Agricultural  implements. 

Plymouth,  Sliehoygan  County. 
Schwartze  Bros.  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 

Portage  City,  Columbia  County. 
Portage  Manufacturing  Co. — C.  R.  Gallett, 
President;  J.  W.  Bacon,  Treasurer;  C.  Wheeler, 
Secretary.    Iron  foundry  and  machinery. 

H.  O.  Lewis. — Agricultural  implements. 
J.  WiLLEY. — Machinery. 

Prairie  Du  Chien,  Crawford  County. 

Harris,  Benson  &  Co. — Plows. 

Princeton,  Green  Lake  County. 

J.  &  J.  Junker. — Iron  foundry, 

Racine,  Racine  County. 

J,  J.  Case  &  Co. — Threshing  machines,  agri- 
cultural implements. 

Blake  &  Elliott. — Fanning  mills. 

Racine  City  Foundry. — A.  P.  Dickey  &  Co. 
Steam  engines,  saw  mills,  grist  mills,  etc. 

J.  R.  Davis. — Iron  foundry. 

S.  Freeman. — Machinery. 

Gieser  Threshing  Machine  Co. — Merrihew 
&  Hamilton,  Proprietors.  Machinery. 

C.  Gainer. — Wire  cloth. 

Osborne  &  Osgood. — Agricultural  implements. 
W.  C.  Wheeler. — Wire  cloth. 

Ri^wn,  Fond  du  Lac  County. 

FuRNiss  &  Zinth. — Iron  foundry  and  machin- 
ery. 

Rolling  Prairie,  Podge  County. 
P.  W.  Dale. — Threshing  machines. 

Rochester,  Racine  Cotmty. 
A.  AsPENWALL. — Wire-work. 
R.  E.  Ela, — Agricultural  implements. 


112 


DIRECTORY  OF  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORKS,  ETC. 


Sauk  City,  Sauk  County. 
J.  A,  Fbenzell. — Iron  foxmdry. 

Schleisingerville,  Washinffton  County. 
C.  RoscHE. — Irou  foundry,  plows. 

Sheboygan,  Sheboygan  County. 

Globe  Foundry. — H.  Foeste  &  Co.  Steam 
engines  and  machineiy. 

VOLLRATH,  BlOCKI  &  Co.  1  ron  foundry,  agri- 
cultural machinery,  thimble  skeins,  etc. 

Sheboygan  Falls,  Sheboygan  County. 
Sanfoed  &  Vebberg. — Iron  foundry  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Sparta,  Monroe  County. 
Irwin,  Noble  k  Co. — Stove  foundry. 
S.  M.  Newbury. — Saw,  smut,  and  shingle  ma- 
chinery. 

Stoughton,  Deane  County. 

B.  L.  Leland. — Iron  foundry. 

C.  Lawsen. — Plows. 

T.  G.  &  G.  T.  Mandt.— Plows,  etc. 

Waterloo,  Jefferson  County. 
Boarman  Bros. — Iron  foundry, 

Watertown,  Jefferson  County. 
Jos.  Davis  &  Bro. — Plows. 
Johnson  &  Co. — Iron  foundry. 
Jos.  Miller. — Machinery. 
Smith  &  Bennett. — Iron  foundry. 
Wait  &  Gallup. — Iron  foundry. 


Woodward  &  Russell. — Agricultural  imple 
raents. 

Waukesha,  Waukesha  County. 
A.  Aiken. — Agricultural  implements. 
Wm.  Blair. — Threshing  machinery. 
Church  &  Reider. — Agricultural  implements. 
M.  S.  Hartvvell  k  Co. — Machinery. 
Hatfield  &  Co. — Stove  foundry. 

Waupaca,  Waupaca  Country. 

Kean  &  Bright. — Fanning  mills. 
J.  RoscHE. — Iron  foundry. 

Waupwn,  Fond  du  Lac  County. 
M.  K.  Dahl.— Plows. 

Whitney  &  Cosgeove. — Agricultural  imple 
ments. 

West  Send,  Washington  County. 
H.  Lucas. — Iron  foundry,  machinery,  and  agri- 
cultural implements. 

Whiteioater,  Walworth  County. 

Winchester  &  Partridge. — Plows,  wagons, 
etc.    125  hands. 

Geo.  Esterly. — Reapers,  agricultural  machines, 
etc.    150  hands  employed. 

Winneconne,  Wimiehago  County. 
BucKWAY  &  Wilson. — Iron  foundry. 
J.  Stanberg. — Machinery. 

White  Creek,  Adams  County. 
Carpenter  &  Hutchinson.— Machinery. 


KEYSTONE  BRIDGE  CO. 

ENGINEERS  AND  CONTRACTORS  ' 

For  the  Manufacture  and  Erection  of 

IRON  TRUSS  BRIDGES, 

PLATE  BRIDGES, 
Suspension  Bridges,  Viaducts,  Iron  Roof  Trusses, 

AND  IRON  BUILDINGS. 

WROUGHT  IRON  TURNTABLES, 

WOODEN  BRIDGES, 

LINVILLE  &  PIPER  PATENT  TUBULAR  COLUMNS 
AND  WELDLESS  CHORD  BARS. 


THEY  ALSO  FURNISH 

CASTINGS,  MILLWORR,  &  GENERAL  MACHINE  WORE. 


ALBUM   OF  DESIGNS, 

With  description  of  our  Long  Span  Bridges,  and  Principles  of  Construction,  mailed  on 

application. 


OFFICE  AND  WORKS, 

PITTSBURGH. 


PRESIDENT'S  OFFICE,  218  SOUTH  FOURTH  STREET,  PHILADELPHIA. 


J.  H.  LINVILLE,  Pres't,  218  South  Fourth  St.,  Phila.     J.  L.  PIPEE,  Gen.  Manager,  Pittshurgh. 

WALTER  KATTB,  Engineer. 


O.  METCALF.  J.  W.  PAUL. 

METCALF,  PAUL  &  CO., 

VERONA  TOOL  WORKS, 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Railroad  Track  Tools, 

Of  all  kinds,  of  any  desired  pattern  or  weight.  Also, 

Stone  Masons',  Blacksmiths'  and  Mining  Tools. 


PATENT  TWIST  DRILLS, 

MACHINE    MADE,    AND    FULLY    EQUAL    TO    ANY    IN    THE    MARKET,    AND  AT 

REASONABLE  PRICES. 


If  any  particular  Pattern  of  any  article  is  desired,  send  Sample,  Wood  Pattern,  or 
Drawing,  otherwise  we  will  send  our  own  styles. 


Our  Tools  are  all  made  by  improved  machinery  designed  for  this  purpose, 
and  are  made  of  the  best  selected  Cast  Steel,  so  that  we  can  guarantee  the  very 
best  of  material  and  workmanship. 

Address,  PENN  and  TENTH  STREETS, 
PITTSBURGH,  PA. 


ALEXANDER  SPEER,  Pres.    JAS.  H.  MURDOCK,  Sec.  and  Treas. 

EDWARD  L.  MAXWELL,  Agent. 


W.  P.  PORTER,  Sup't. 


Pittsburgh  Forge  &  Iron  Co., 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


P.  F.  &  I.         )  Brantls  of  Bar 

&  v.'c.  \ 


Kod,  ]3andl.  Hoop, 
Oval  &  Hair  Oval 


IRON, 


PITTS 


nP-EERY    &  CO., 

THE  ORIENTAL  &  AMERICAN  STOVE  WORKS, 

]>>7o.  115  lliadson.  ^ve.,  ^Ibanj^,  Y., 

St.  George  Building,  No.  86  Beekman  Street,  New  York  City, 

Manufacturers  of  the  Argand  Double  Oven  Cabinet  Range ;  also,  the  same  witli 

Single  Oven, 


ALSO 

The  Argand  Base  Burner,  in  three  forms,  the  Parlor  Stove,  the  Oven  Stove,  and 
the  Parlor  Furnace.    Also,  Bulkley's  Steam  Warm-Air  Furnaces,  and  the 
Double  Radiating  Base-Burning  Furnaces ;  the  New  American 
Cooking  Stove,  and  some  Fifty  other  Patterns. 

SOLE  OWNLKS   OF    PATENTS   FOR  THE     CLINKERLESS "  OR    "  ISOL.VTED  CERATE." 


C.  W.  MATTHEWS,^ 

133  WALNUT  STREET,  PHILADELPHIA, 

R  ^  I  L  S  , 

OF  BEST  AMERICAN  AND  ENGLISH  MAKES. 

Chairs,  Spikes,  Fish  Bars  &  Railroad  Supplies, 

MUCK  BARS,  OLD  RAILS,  SCRAP,  BLOOMS, 

AMEBICAK  AJfD  SCOTCH 

PIG  IRO^  and  IXEETAIaS. 


Charles  Graham, 

MANUFACTURER  OF 

BRIDGES, 

Bridge  Castings,  Bridge  Bolts, 

McLeod's    Patent  Switch 
Stand, 


T-Rail  and  Cast-Iron  Frogs, 
Elliot's  Patent  T-Rail  Fish-Plate 
Crossing  Frog,  Connecting  Rods, 
Head  Blocks,  and  all  kinds  of 
Wrought  and  Cast-iron  Railroad 
Work. 

S274,  276  and  278 

WEST  FRONT  ST., 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


CHICAGO  TIN  PLATE  HOUSE. 


I  keep  Tin  Plates  of  all  sizes  and  qualities,  to  suit  the  demand. 
I  C  and  I,  2,  3,  4  and  5  X,  Bright  and  Leaded,  28  x  20  to  30  x  72. 
Continuous  Roofings,  200  feet  long,  I  C  and  I  X  10,  14,  20,  and  28 
inches  wide. 

ALSO,  THE  CELEBRATED  HENRY  BRANDS. 

HENRY  LUDWIG, 

One  door  East  of  Tremont  House.  75  J)  77  LAKE  STREET. 


The  BANKER'S  Almanac 

FOR  i875, 

(BEING  THE  TWENTY-FOURTH  ANNUAL  VOLUME.) 

TO    BE    ISSUED    IN    JANUARY  NEXT, 

WILL  COE^TASf'J: 

I.  — A  List  of  National  Banks  and  State  Banks  in  the  United  States, 

with  Names  of  President  and  Cashier  of  each,  and  Names  of  New  York  Correspondent  of  eacli.  Also,  Alpha- 
betical Lists  of  Cashiers  and  Assistant  Cashiers. 

II.  — A  List  of  Private  Bankers  in  the  United  States,  with  Name  of  New 

York  Correspondent  of  each. 

III.  — A  List  of  600  Savings  Banks  in  the  United  States. 

IV.  — A  List  of  the  Banks  and  Bankers  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  &c. 

V.  — A  List  of  Banks  and  Bankers  in  the  Leading  Cities  of  Europe. 

Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  South  America,  West  Indies,  &c. 

VI.  — Engraved  Views  of  New  Bank  Buildings  in  New  York  and  other 

Cities. 

VII.  — Engraved  Views  of  the  Bourse  or  Stock  Exchange  Buildings  of 

leading  Cities  of  Europe,  &c. 

VIII.  — Engraved  Fac-Similes  of  New  Coins  issued  in  the  year  1873. 

IX.  — Statistics  of  the  Coinage  of  the  U.  S.  and  of  other  Countries. 

X.  — Statistics  of  the  Production  of  Gold  in  all  Countries ;  with  a  variety 

of  useful  details  relating  to  Banks,  Savings  Banks,  Stocks  and  Bonds  (American  and  Foreign),  Railroads, 
Mercantile  Commodities,  &c..  ' 

ONE  VOLUME  OCTAVO:  PRICE  THREE  DOLLARS. 

Information  and  suggestions  for  the  'new  volume,   and  orders  for  copies,  may  be  addressed  to 

I.  S.  HOMANS,  Publisher,  New  York, 

p.   O.   BOX  4,574. 

THE  CARbS  OF  BANKERS  will  be  inserted  to  order,  in  the  Almanac  for  1875,  at  $25 
per  quarter  page,  and  will  thus  reach  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  leaduig  cities  of  Canada,  Europe,  &c. 

ENGRAVINGS  of  other  new  Banking  Houses  wiU  be  inserted  to  order  on  moderate  terms. 

Office  of  The  Banker's  Magazine  and  The  Banker's  Almanac, 
New  York,  No.  251  Broadway. 


MACHINISTS'  TOOLS. 


MACHINE-SHOP,  FOUNDRY,  SMITH-SHOP,  AND  BOILER-SHOP 

EQUIPMENTS. 

Special  Machines  for  ail  tlie  requirements  of  Locomotive  and  Railway 
Construction  and  Repair  Shops. 

STEAM  HAMMERS 


Of  all  Sizes,  adapted  for  IRON  or  STEEL  WORK,  as  required. 

O  A.R-BTJILDEES'  TOOLS, 

SUCH  AS 

Single  and  Double  Axle  Lathes,  Wheel  Borers,  Hydrostatic  Wheel  Presses,  Upright  Drills,  one,  two,  and 
three  spindle  Bolt  Cutters,  two  and  six  spindle  Nut  Tappers,  double  Car  Box  Borers,  six  spindle 
Drills  for  truck  frames,  Axle-centering  and  Cutting-off  Machines,  Punches  and  Sliears, 
separate  or  combined,  etc.,  etc, 

WM.  B.  BEMENT  &  SON, 

INDUSTRIAL  WORKS,  ......  PHILADELPHIA, 


Corner  21st  and  Callo-whill  Streets. 


PUMPING  MACHINERY 


''Buckeye"  Steam  Pumps,  and  Power 
Pumps,  for  Mills,  Mines,  and 
all  other  purposes. 


McGOWAN  PUMP  CO., 

134  Walnut  Street,  Cincinnati,  O. 


THOMAS  T.  TASKKR,  Jr.  STEPHEN  P.  M.  TASKER. 

MORRIS,  TASKER  &  CO., 

PASCAL  IipN  WOI^KS, 

PHILADELPHIA. 

TASKEI^II^ON  WOI^KS, 

NEW  CASTLE,  DELAWARE. 

^^r.       (  Fifth  and  Tasker  Streets,)  nL:i^j^ij,L:^ 

Offices,  \      South  Third  Street,  \  Philadelphia. 

Office  and  Warehouse,  No.  15  GOLD  STREET,  m\l  YORK. 

Office  and  Warehouse,  No.  36  OLIVER  STREET,  BOSTON. 

Manufacturers  of  Wrought  Iron  Welded  Tubes,  plain, 
galvanized  and  rubber  coated,  for  Gas,  Steam  and  Water.. 
Lap-Welded  Charcoal  Iron  Boiler  Tubes. 
Oil  Well  Tubing  and  Casing. 
Gas  and  Steam  Fittings,  Brass  Valves  and  Cocks. 
Gas  and  Steam  Fitters'  Tools. 
Cast  Iron  Gas  and  Water  Pipe. 
Street  Lamp  Posts  and  Lanterns. 
Improved  Coal  Gas  Apparatus,  &c. 


We  would  call  special  attention  to  our  Patent  Vulcan- 
ized Rubber-Coated  Tube. 


3  3125  00070  7410 


